Die Potensiële Problematiek Van Kulturele Toeëiening in Hosh Tokolosh

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Die Potensiële Problematiek Van Kulturele Toeëiening in Hosh Tokolosh Die potensiële problematiek van kulturele toeëiening in Hosh Tokolosh M Sorgdrager orcid.org/0000-0002-2476-5951 Verhandeling voorgelê ter nakoming vir die graad Magister Artium in Kunsgeskiedenis aan die Noordwes-Universiteit Studieleier: Dr. M Goosen Eksaminering: November 2018 Studentenommer: 23459514 Die finansiële ondersteuning van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns vir hierdie navorsing word hiermee erken. Menings wat uitgespreek word en gevolgtrekkings wat gemaak word, is dié van die outeur en kan nie noodwendig aan die Akademie toegeskryf word nie Abstract This research investigates questions of cultural appropriation in the music video Hosh Tokolosh by Gazelle, Jack Parow, and Louis Minnaar. Cultural appropriation is a complex psychological game, encumbered with issues of injustice. The construct broadly refers to the unwarranted use and appropriation of marginalised cultures’ cultural products by a prevailing culture that is not bound to that culture. Although acts of cultural appropriation are not new, it has only recently gained media attention, emphasising the need for critical conversations surrounding culture. In this dissertation, I investigate cultural appropriation in a threefold way: 1) as a representation of an asymmetric power landscape 2) as containing and propagating protagonistic and antagonistic elements and 3) as problematically reducing culture to merely a costume. Hosh Tokolosh is ostensibly a comical, frivolous depiction of a Southern African narrative. Through further exploration it appears, however, that the music video is laden with more issues than is immediately apparent. The conceptualisers portray cultural products, such as the tale of the Tokoloshe, to which they are not culturally entitled in order to construct an entertaining music video. I argue that Hosh Tokolosh does not represent one “direct”, apparent form of cultural appropriation but rather encompasses an entanglement of appropriation. Through the position of superiority of its conceptualisers, the music video recreates a landscape of inequality. Hence, a center and a margin are constructed, which, in the case of the music video, is enacted by the characters visualised by Gazelle and Parow and the Tokoloshe respectively. In my view, culture is reduced when cultural narratives and symbolism of stereotypical African referents are propagated – especially when it is packaged as comical and used for entertainment. In the process, cultures are degraded to homogeneous stereotypes that lead to the commodification of culture. The music video frames and uses culture as a costume leading to the perpetuation of an unequal cultural playground, thereby enabling culture appropriation. Keywords: Cultural appropriation, cultural politics, Gazelle, Hosh Tokolosh, Jack Parow, Louis Minnaar. i Opsomming In hierdie navorsing word die problematiek van kulturele toeëiening in die musiekvideo Hosh Tokolosh, wat deur Gazelle, Jack Parow en Louis Minnaar gekonseptualiseer is, ondersoek. Kulturele toeëiening, soos kultuur, is ʼn komplekse psigologiese spel wat met kwessies van onregmatigheid belaai is. Dié konstruk verwys breedweg na die wederregtelike gebruik en leen van gemarginaliserende kulture se kulturele produkte deur ʼn dominante kultuur wat nie aan die gemarginaliseerde kultuur gebonde is nie. Alhoewel dade van kulturele toeëiening nie ʼn nuwe tendens is nie, het dit onlangs eers aandag in die media ontvang, wat die noodsaaklikheid vir kritiese gesprekke rondom kultuur onderstreep. In hierdie verhandeling ondersoek ek kulturele toeëiening drieledig: 1) as verteenwoordigend van ʼn asimmetriese magslandskap 2) wat protagonistiese en antagonistiese referente bewerkstellig en 3) kultuur tot ʼn problematiese kostuum reduseer. Op die oog af kan Hosh Tokolosh as ʼn komieklike, ligsinnige uitbeelding van ʼn Suider-Afrikaanse narratief beskou word. Deur dieper in die musiekvideo in te delf kom dit voor of die musiekvideo meer kulturele problematiek inhou as wat dit voorgee. Die konseptualiseerders verbeeld kulturele produkte, soos die verhaal van die Tokkelossie, waarop hulle nie kultureel geregtig is nie om ʼn vermaaklike musiekvideo te konstrueer. Ek argumenteer dat Hosh Tokolosh nie soseer een “direkte”, voor die hand liggende vorm van kulturele toeëiening verteenwoordig nie, maar eerder ʼn vervlegting van toeëiening omvat. Deur die meerderwaardigheidsposisie van die konseptualiseerders, reflekteer die musiekvideo ʼn ongelyke magslandskap. Voorts word ʼn sentrum en ʼn marge gekonstrueer, wat in die musiekvideo deur die karakters van Gazelle, Parow en die Tokkolossie, onderskeidelik beliggaam word. Uiteindelik word kulture, myns insiens, gereduseer deur kulturele narratiewe en simboliek van stereotipiese “Afrika”- referente onder ʼn komiese mantel vir vermaak te verpak. In die proses word kulture gedegradeer na homogene stereotipes wat lei tot die kommodifisering van kultuur. Die musiekvideo verpak en gebruik kultuur as ʼn kostuum wat lei na die voortsetting van ʼn ongelyke kulturele speelveld, wat kulturele toeëiening moontlik maak. Trefwoorde: Gazelle, Hosh Tokolosh, Jack Parow, kulturele politiek, kulturele toeëiening, Louis Minnaar. ii Bedankings My beursdonateurs, die Noordwes-Universiteit en die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, word hiermee vir die finansiële bydrae wat die voltooiing van hierdie studie moontlik gemaak het, bedank. Hierdie verhandeling is ʼn produk van ʼn uitgebreide ondersteuningsraamwerk. Baie dankie aan die volgende onvervangbare persone: My studieleier, Dr. Moya Goosen, vir al die rooibostee, katjiefoto’s en stapsessies. Jou oneindige kennis en insig bemoedig my baie meer as wat jy besef. Hierdie was ʼn berg, maar dit was ʼn fees om haar saam met jou te klim. Spesiale dankie aan my voortreflike en deeglike taalversorger, Prof. Willemien Froneman. Jou wyshede en kritiese insigte word opreg waardeer. My kollegas by die navorsingsnis ViNKO vir al hulle raad en interessante gesprekke. Besonderse dank aan Prof. Rita Swanepoel en Willem Venter wat die lewe kleurvoller maak. My ouers, Bert en Mara Sorgdrager, vir oneindige liefde en passie vir my belangstellings. Julle laat my toe om te wees wie ek is. My dankbaarheid vir julle kan nie in woorde vasgevang word nie. My broer, Albert, vir al die moed inpraat en afstandsondersteuning. My uiteenlopende vriendekringe vir gesprekke oor kultuur, onreg en kos. In besonders wil ek vir Suanné Mulder en Lisia Labuschagne (deur die jare verander na Barnard) dankie sê vir al julle aanmoediging. Marli Oosthuizen, dat jy saam my in die metaforiese kraamsaal van hierdie verhandeling se onderwerp was. My gunsteling, Wynand Holtzhausen, vir alles en meer. iii Inhoudsopgawe Abstract ....................................................................................................................... i Opsomming ................................................................................................................. ii Bedankings ................................................................................................................ iii Hoofstuk 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Die konseptualisering van Hosh Tokolosh ........................................................ 4 1.3 Teoretiese aspekte ......................................................................................... 13 1.4 Sentrale teoretiese stelling ............................................................................. 19 1.5 Metodologiese benadering ............................................................................. 20 1.6 Literatuurstudie ............................................................................................... 21 1.7 Ontleding en interpretasie van musiekvideo ................................................... 21 1.8 Hoofstukindeling ............................................................................................. 21 Hoofstuk 2 Hosh Tokolosh as simboliese koloniale speelveld ................................. 23 2.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Die sogenaamde norm van kulturele hegemonie ............................................ 23 2.2.1 Kulturele toeëiening en meerderwaardigheidsproblematiek ..................... 27 2.3 Die hegemoniese inburgeringsproses ............................................................ 31 2.4 Die setlaarhouding en die nagevolge van ʼn ongelyke landskap ..................... 36 2.5 Hosh Tokolosh as simboliese koloniale speelveld .......................................... 43 2.6 Gevolgtrekking ................................................................................................ 48 Hoofstuk 3 Protagonistiese en antagonistiese komponente in Hosh Tokolosh ........ 50 3.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Kulturele toeëiening: ʼn inbraak op kulturele identiteit ..................................... 50 3.3 Die spanning tussen protagonistiese en antagonistiese kulture ..................... 53 3.4 Kulturele toeëiening en ʼn houding van witheid ............................................... 59 3.5 Protagonistiese elemente in Hosh Tokolosh ................................................... 61 iv 3.6 Antagonistiese elemente in
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