\ Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy. I ISBN 90-5113-055-4 ISSN 1383-6811

© 2001Tropenbos International

No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any fonn including print photocopy, microfonn, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission.

Cover photo (inset) : Microscopic features of Suya (Pouteria speciosa) Printed by Ponsen en Looijen bv, Wageningen, the Netherlands MAJORTIMBER TREES OF GUYANA WOOD ANATOMY.

Regis B . .Miller and Pierre Detienne

Tropenbos International Wageningen, the Netherlands 2001 The Tropenbos Series presents the results of studies and research activities related to the conservation and wise utilization of forest lands in the humid tropics. The series continues and integrates the former Tropenbos Scientific and Technical Series. The studies published in this series have been carried out within the international Tropenbos programme. Occasionally, this series may present the results of other studies which contribute to the objectives of the Tropenbos programme.

ISSN: 1383-6811

lROPENBOS INlERNATIONAJ. \W CONTENTS

FOREWORD

I. INTRODUCTION ...... I

2. INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES ...... 3

3. INDEX OF VERNACULAR AND TRADE NAMES ...... 7

4. ANA TOMI CAL DESCRIPTIONS...... 39

5. DICHOTOMOUS KEY...... 209

6. LITERATURE ...... 217

FOREWORD

This book on the wood anatomical characteristics of approximately l 00 Guyanese timbers completes a series of books on a major commodity of Guyana: tropical timber.

Wood anatomical data on Guyanese timbers are scarce and scattered. Publications of family treatments in the ongoing Flora of the Guianas project do include such data. Some publications focusing on Suriname and French Guiana do contain wood anatomical data of species also found in Guyana.

The series covers information on the tree morphology (flowers, fruits,and leaves), bark, timber characteristics and technology, and the anatomy as seen with a lens or revealed by the light microscope. Consequently, each species covered in these books can be recognized/identified in the forest as standing tree, in the sawmill as a log, and as timber for export or the local market. Finally, the user not familiar with the wide range of species in Guyana's forests will be able to find specific information on the performance of the lumber when utilized.

These books only cover the major timber species in the northern part of the country. With the extension of the forest lands up to the southern border with Brazil, a similar exercise will be needed for the different species mix in that area. Unfortunately, Guyana has not yet a Forest Products Research Institute. However, some wood technology research is being carried out at present at the Guyana Forestry Commission by Guyanese researchers.

The information collected and published so far in four separate books can be used in an additional way to further promote Guyanese timber species. Leaflets covering all data of one species can now be produced easily.

An international group of institutions was involved in this work, which has now been completed. The CIRAD/Montpellier, the ETH-Zurich, the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, and the Utrecht University have made a useful contribution to the forestry sector of Guyana.

This series was an initiative of the Tropenbos-Guyana programme, providing easily accessible data in addition to the basic and applied research for the development of sustainable forestry. Unfortunately,by the end of this year,changes in development aid policy in The Netherlands will result in a termination of the Tropenbos-Guyana programme, which has been very successful.

Ben J.H. ter Welle, Georgetown, 2001

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to provide complete anatomical descriptions and a dichotomous key of approximately I 00 Guyanese timbers to enable users to accurately identify the various species. All characters and their interpretations follow the IA WA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification (IAWA Committee, IA WA Bulletin n.s. I 0(3):219-332, 1989) which includes both macro­ and microscopic characters. Earlier the book, Major Timber Trees of Guyana: A lens key by Brunner, Kucera, and Zurcher (Tropenbos Series 10, 1994), covered only characters that are readily seen with the naked eye or hand lens.

All characters in the IA WA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list were examined, however, if a character is not mentioned in the description, it is negative or does not apply. For the most part basic specific gravity values were taken from the book Major Timber Trees of Guyana: Timber Characteristics and Utilization by Gerald, Miller, and ter Welle (Tropenbos Series 15, 1996). In a few cases they were taken from other literature sources or based on samples from the wood collections at CIRAD-Foret.

The species or species groups are arranged alphabetically by the scientific name. Indices of scientific, vernacular, and trade names allow users to quickly locate any particular species.

Coupled with each description on the opposing page is a plate of four photomicrographs. The transverse, radial, and tangential sections and a fourth photomicrograph depicting an important feature for the species. Scale bars are shown on the first plate (Abarema jupunba) for the transverse, radial and tangential sections. All other plates have the same scale bars for the transverse, radial and tangential sections. The fourth photomicrograph (lower right hand position) always has a scale bar.

At the end is a dichotomous key that mostly uses characters that require a light microscope. When individual species cannot be accurately separated using features based on the naked eye, hand lens and microscope, they are grouped together (e.g. species of Eschwei/era). Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

2 Indexof Scientific Names

2. INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Scientific name and authors Guyanese name

I Abaremajupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Huruasa 2 Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Yakovlev Blackheart 3 Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baillon Haiariballi 3a Alexa leiopetala Sandw. Haiariballi 4 Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Koraro 4a Andira inermis (Wright) DC. Koraro 5 Anibq hypoglauca Sandw. Yellow silverballi 6 Antonia ovata Pohl Inyak 7 Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson Shibadan 7a Aspidosperma album (Yahl) Benoist Shibadan 8 Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC. Currywood 9 Astronium ulei Mattick Bauwaua 10 Bagassa guianensis Aublet Cow-wood 75a Buchenavia fanshawei Exe II & Maguire Fukadi 11 Calophyllum lucidum Benth. Kurahara 12 Carapa guianensis Aublet Crabwood 12a Carapa procera A. DC. Crabwood 13 Catostemma commune Sandw. Common baromalli 14 Catostemma fragrans Benth. Sand baromalli 14a Catostemma altsonii Sandw. Baromalli 15 Cedrela odorata L. Red cedar 16 Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Rohwer, Richter & van der Werff Greenheart 17 Chrysophyllum pomiferum (Eyma) Penn. Limonaballi/Paripiballi 18 Clathrotropis macrocarpa Ducke Aromata 18a Clathrotropis brachypetala (Tu!.) Kleinh. Aromata 19 Couratari guianensis Aublet Wadara 19a Couratari gloriosa Sandw. Wadara 19b Couratari multiflora (J.E. Smith) Eyma Smooth-leaf wadara 20 Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandw. Dakama 20a Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Huruhurudan 21 Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff Tatabu 22 Dipteryxodorata (Aublet) Willd. Tonka bean 23 Eperuafalcata Aublet Soft wallaba 24 Eperua grandiflora(Aublet) Benth. Ituri wallaba 24a Eperuajenmanii Oliver Ituri wallaba 24b Eperua schomburgkiana Benth. lturi wallaba 25 Eperua rubiginosa Miq. Watapa 26 Eschweilera alata A.C. Smith Guave-skin kakaralli

3 l Mqjor Timber Trees ofGuyana. WoodAnat omy.

Scientific name and authors Guyanese name

27 Eschweilera deco/orans Sandw. Smooth-leafkakaralli 27a Eschweilera coriacea (A. DC.) S. Mori Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27b Eschweilera parviflora(Aublet) Miers Fine smooth-leafkakaralli 27c Eschweilera wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandw. Fine-leafkakaral li 28 Eschweilera sagotiana Miers Common black kakaralli 28a Eschweilera pedicellata (L.C. Rich.) S. Mori Kakaralli 28b Eschweilera subglandulosa (Steud. ex 0. Berg) Miers Black kakaralli 29 Goupia glabra Aublet Kabukalli 30 Humiria balsamifera (Aublet) A. St. Hil. var. balsamifera Tauroniro 31 Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao Suradan 32 Hymenaea courbaril L. Locust 32a Hymenaea ob/ongifolia Huber Locust/Simira 33 Hymenolobiumjlavum Kleinh. Koraroballi 34 Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Maporokon 35 Jryanthera lancifolia Ducke Kirikaua 35a Jryanthera macrophylla (Benth.) Warb. Kirikaua 36 Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don Futui 37 Laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichler Warakairo 38 Lecythis confertiflora (A.C. Smith) S. Mori Wirimiri 39 Lecythis corrugata Poit. Wina 40 Lecythiszabucajo Aublet Monkey pot 41 Licania alba (Bernoulli) Cuatr. Kauta 4la Licania laxiflora Fritsch Kautaballi 4lb Licania majuscula Sagot Kautaballi 42 Licaria cannella (Meisner) Kosterm. Brown silverballi 43 Loxopterygium sagotii Hook.f. Hububalli 44 Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. Bulletwood 45 Mora excelsa Benth. Mora 46 Mora gonggrijpii (Kleinh.) Sandw. Morabukea 47 Moronobea coccinea Aublet Manniballi 48 Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez White silverballi 48a Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Kurahara silverballi 48b Ocotea oblonga (Meisner) Mez Softkereti 48c Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Hard kereti 49 Ocotea rubra Mez Determa 50 Ocotea tomentella Sandw. Baradan 51 Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) B.D. Jackson Barakaro 52 Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Korokororo 53 Parahancorniafasciculata (Lam.) Benoist DukaIi 54 Parinari campestris Aublet Burada

4 Index of Scientific Names

Scientific name and authors Guyanese name

54a Parinari rodolphii Huber Burada 55 Peltogyne venosa (Yahl) Benth. Purpleheart 56 Platonia insignis Mart. Pakuri 57 Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.) Baehni Kokoritiballi 58 Pouteria guianensis Aublet Asepoko 59 Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni Suya 60 Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand Kurokai 61 Pterocarpus rohrii Yahl Hill corkwood 62 Quassia simarouba L.f. Simarupa 63 Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. Sand dukuria 64 Sche./Jlera decaphylla (Seemann) Harms Blunt-leaf karohoro 65 Sche./Jlera morototoni (Aublet) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin Pointed-leafkarohoro 66 Sclerolobium guianense Benth. Kaditiri 66a Sclerolobium micropetalum Ducke Thin-skin kaditiri 67 Sterculia rugosa R. Br. Rough-leaf maho 67a Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann Smooth-leafmaho 68 Swartzia benthamiana Miq. ltikiboroball i 68a Swartzia sprucei Benth. ltikiboroballi 68b Swartzia xanthopetala Sandw. ltikiboroballi 69 Swartzia leiocalycina Benth. Wamara 70 Symphonia globulifera L.f. Manni 71 Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw. var. monophylla Sandw. White cedar 72 Tabebuia serratifolia (Yahl) Nicholson Hakia 73 Talisia squarrosa Radlk. Moroballli 74 Termina/ia amazonia (J.F. Gmelin) Exell Hill fukadi 75 Terminalia dichotoma G. Meyer Swamp fukadi 75a Buchenaviafanshawei Exell & Maguire Fukadi 76 Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Swart Haiawaballi 77 Trattinickia rhoifolia Willd. Ulu 77a Trattinickia demerarae Sandw. Thick-skin ulu 78 Vatairea guianensis Aublet Arisauro 79 Virola michelii Heckel Hill dalli 80 Virola surinamensis (Rolander) Warb. Swamp dalli 81 Vitex stahelii Mold. Hakiaballi 82 Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu lteballi 82a Vochysia schomburgkii Warm. lteballi 82b Vochysia tetraphyl/a (G. Meyer) D.C. lteballi 83 Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Sarebebeballi

5 Major TimberTr ees ofGuyana. WoodAnato my.

6 Index of Vemacu/orand Trade Names

3. INDEX OF VERNACULAR AND TRADE NAMES

Names printed in bold refer to the main Guyanese name. Names printed in italics refer to the international trade name(s).

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Abey Futui 36 Abey blanco Huruasa 1 Abiu Asepoko 58 Abiurana Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Abiurana Kokoritiballi 57 Abiurana Asepoko 58 Abiurana arana Kokoritiballi 57 Abiuranta 57 Abonkini Maporokon 34 Aboonkini Maporokon 34 Acajou blanc Simarupa 62 Acajou de Guyane Red cedar 15 Acana Bulletwood 44 Acapro Hakia 72 Acapurana Koraro 4,4a Acapurana Tatabu 21 Aceituno Simarupa 62 Achua Sand dukuria 63 Adarouna Sand baromalli 14,14a Aguacatillo Kurahara silverballi 48a Agui Barakaro 51 Aieoueko Huruhurudan 20 Aieoueko 20, 20a Aipo Tonka bean 22 Aji Tatabu 21 Ajunado Koraro 4,4a Akajoeran Huruhurudan 20 Akayoran Dakama 20 Aknon Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Akoinsiba Asepoko 58 Aku Futui 36 Aku Simarupa 62 Akurima Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27 Akuyari Red cedar 15 Alasoabo Swamp fukadi 75

7 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. WoodAnatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Alcomoque Tatabu 21 Algarrobito Purpleheart 55 Algarrobo Locust 32 Alma negra Aromata 18 Almendrillo Tonka bean 22 Almendro Koraro 4a Almendro Tonka bean 22 Almendro Hill fukadi 74 Almendro de Rio Koraro 4,4a Almesclao Haiawaballi 76 Amapa DukaIi 53 Amapa 53 Amapa amargoso Dukali 53 Amapa branco DukaIi 53 Amapa-rana Cow-wood 10 Amarante Purpleheart 55 Amarante 55 Amarelo Cow-wood 10 Amargo Arisauro 78 Amarillo Currywood 8 Amarillo Kurahara silverballi 48a Amarillo carabazuelo Hill fukadi 74 Ambay-guazu Pointed-leafkarohoro 65 Amesclao Ulu 77, 77a Amesc/ao 77, 77a Anangossi Hill fukadi 74 Anangossiti Hill fukadi 74 Anani Manni 70 Anani da terra firrne Manniballi 47 Anaura Kautaballi 41, 4Ia,4lb Andira Koraro 4,4a Andira uchi Koraro 4, 4a Andiroba Crabwood 12 Andiroba 12, 12a Andirobeira Crabwood 12 Angelim 33 Angelim Arisauro 78 Angelim amargosa Arisauro 78 Angelim fraco Huruasa l Angelim vermelho Koraro 4, 4a Angel in Koraro 4, 4a Ange/in 4, 4a

8 Indexof Vernacular andTrad e Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Angelino Huruasa 1 Angouchi Hill fukadi 74 Angouchy Swamp fukadi 75 Anjama Huruhurudan 20 Anon ilia Pointed-leafkarohoro 65 Apa Soft wallaba 23 Apa Ituri wallaba 24,24a Apa Watapa 25 Apazeiro Soft wallaba 23 Apazeiro Ituri wallaba 24,24a Apazeiro Watapa 25 Apijo Warakairo 37 Apokonion Maporokon 34 Arabisco Futui 36 Araracanga Shibadan 7a Araracanga 7a Aracuy Arisauro 78 Arakaka Arisauro 78 Araracanga Shibadan 7a Ararama Kaditiri 66 Araurama Kaditiri 66,66a Arawnig Hakia 72 Arenillo Koraro 4a Arenillo Tatabu 21 Aricurana Suradan 31 Arisauro 78 Arisauro 78 Arisoeroe Arisauro 78 Aroematta Aromata 18a Aroma ta 18, 18a Aroma/a 18, 18a Aruain Hakia 72 Asau Haiawaballi 76 Asepoko 58 Asepoko 58 Assao blanc Huruasa 1 Atoreb Red cedar 15 Atoritan Koraroballi 33 Aupar Hububalli 43 Awaloe-pisi Ulu 77, 77a Awapa Softwallaba 23 Awartu Wamara 69

9 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. WoodAn atomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Axua Sand dukuria 63 Azufre Manni 70 Baaka Determa 49 Baaka apici Kurahara silverballi 48a Baaka kiabici Tatabu 21 Baakalaka Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27,27a Baakalaka Common black kakaralli 28,28a Baboen Hill dalli 79 Baboen 79 Baboen Swamp dalli 80 Baboen 80 Baboen wallaba Ituri wallaba 24 Baboonwood Swamp dalli 80 Bacuri Pakuri 56 Bacuri 56 Bacuri-acu Pakuri 56 Bacuri de anta Manniballi 47 Bacury-guazu Pakuri 56 Bacuxiuba Pakuri 56 Bagaceira Cow-wood 10 Bagasse Cow-wood 10 Baikaaki Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27,27a Baikaaki Common black kakaralli 28,28a Bakoeri Pakuri 56 Balata Bulletwood 44 Balata burue Bulletwood 44 Balata franc Bulletwood 44 Balata gomme Bulletwood 44 Balata jaune d'oeuf Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Balata rouge Bulletwood 44 Balata singe rouge Kokoritiballi 57 Balibon Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27, 27a Balibon Common black kakaralli 28,28a Banak Swamp dalli 80 Baradan 50 Baradan 50 Barakaro 51 Baraman Common baromalli 13 Baramanni Common baromalli 13 Baramanni Sand baromalli 14, 14a Barbasco ltikiboroballi 68b Barbosquillo Koraro 4a

10 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Barillo Manni 70 Bario Manni 70 Barmani Sand baromalli 14 Baromalli Common baromalli 13 Baromalli 13 Baroma Iii 14a Baromalli 14, 14a Basra bolletrie Tauroniro 30 Bastard bulletwood Tauroniro 30 Bastard kabukalli Warakairo 37 Bastard kokoritiballi Kokoritiballi 57 Bastard kurokai Ulu 77 Bastard mahogany Crabwood 12 Bastard purpleheart Bauwaua 9 Bat seed Koraro 4,4a Bauwaua 9 Bauwaua 9 Bebe 61 Becuiba Hill dalli 79 Beeberoe Greenheart 16 Beefwood Bulletwood 44 Behoerada Burada 54 Belbarbre Mora 45 Beri oede wallaba Soft wallaba 23 Bibiro Greenheart 16 Bibiru Greenheart 16 Bicuhyba Swamp dalli 80 Bijlhout Softwallaba 23 Bijlhout Ituri wallaba 24 Bijlhout Watapa 25 Billy Webb Blackheart 2 Bin toela Kaditiri 66 Bioudou Softwallaba 23 Bioudou Ituri wallaba 24 Bioudou Watapa 25 Bitter ash Simarupa 62 Black kakaralli 28b Black kakaralli 28, 28a, 28b Blackheart 2 Blackheart 2 Blackheart Aromata 18a Blakaberi Tauroniro 30

11 Major Timber Trees a/Guyana. WoodAnat omy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Blaka kabisi Tatabu 21 Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Boarwood Manni 70 Boes' amandra Swamp fukadi 75 Bofroe-oedoe Sand dukuria 63 Bogamani Swamp dalli 80 Bois bande Burada 54 Bois blanc Inyak 6 Bois blanchet White cedar 71 Bois canelle Brown silverballi 42 Bois cassave In yak 6 Bois gaulette Kautaballi 4lb Bois Jacquot Warakairo 37 Bois macaque Huruasa I Bois macaque de bane de sable Huruasa I Bois macaye Shibadan 7a Bois Marie Warakairo 37 Bois pagode Maporokon 34 Bois pian Futui 36 Bois rouge Tauroniro 30 Bois sabre Aromata 18 Bois sabre Softwallaba 23 Bois violet Purpleheart 55 Boiusse Korokororo 52 Boiussu Korokororo 52 Bolletrie Bulletwood 44 Borracho Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Bosamandel Swamp fukadi 75 Bouchi mouloumba Hill dalli 79 Bougouni Maporokon 34 Brea amarilla Manni 70 Brea-caspi Manni 70 Breu Kurokai 60 Breu grande Haiawaballi 76 Breu manga Haiawaballi 76 Breu preto Haiawaballi 76 Broad-leaved burada Burada 54 Brown ebony Wamara 69 Brown silverballi 42 Brown silverballi 42 Bucare Soft wallaba 23 Buckwax tree Manni 70

12 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Bu(hu)rada Burada 54 Bulletwood 44 Bully tree Bulletwood 44 Bullywood Hill fukadi 74 Bunzquillo Maporokon 34 Burada 54,54a Burada 54, 54a Cabary Aroma ta 18 Cabbage angelin Koraro 4a Cabullo Wina 39 Cachaceiro Kabukalli 29 Cachimbo Wadara 19 Cafetero Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Caguairan Locust 32 Caimite cimarron Warakairo 37 Caimitillo Kokoritiballi 57 Caimi to Asepoko 58 Caimito morado Asepoko 58 Camaticaro Swamp dalli 80 Canadi Manni 70 Canaguate Hakia 72 Canari macaque Wina 39 Canari macaque Monkey pot 40 Canasposo Itikiboroballi 68b Candlewood Burada 54 Candlewood Moroballi 73 Canelo 48b, 48c Canelo amarillo Kurahara silverballi 48a Canshan Hill fukadi 74 Capa de tabaco Wadara 19 Capricornia Kabukalli 29 Capurillo Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Cara pa Crabwood 12, 12a Carapa Crabwood 12 Carapa rouge Crabwood 12, 12a Carbonero Huruasa I Cargamento Suradan 31 Carne asada Suradan 31 Carne asada Moroballi 73 Caroba Futui 36 Caroba do mato Futui 36 Carrizalero Asepoko 58

13 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Casaco Suradan 31 Castanha sapucala Monkey pot 40 Castafio Smooth-leaf maho 67a Cebo Swamp dalli 80 Ceder Red cedar 15 Cedrat Red cedar 15 Cedre blanc White cedar 71 Cedre canelle Brown silverballi 42 Cedre gris Soft kereti 48b,48c Cedre noir Kurahara silverballi 48a Cedro Red cedar 15 Cedro 15 Cedro amargo Simarupa 62 Cedro bateo Crabwood 12 Cedro blanco Simarupa 62 Cedro macho Crabwood 12 Cencerro Blackheart 2 Chacte Blackheart 2 Chakte Blackheart 2 Chaliviande Swamp dalli 80 Champanha Tonka bean 22 Chanul Tauroniro 30 Chanul 30 Chaquiro Kabukalli 29 Charapilla Tonka bean 22 Chi cha Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Chicha brava Smooth-leafmaho 67a Chicharra caspi Futui 36 Chicharro Hill fukadi 74 Chichi pate Blackheart 2 Chigo Koraro 4, 4a Chingale Futui 36 Chiriuana Simarupa 62 Chontaquiro Tatabu 21 Chuponcillo Kokoritiballi 57 Chuya Suya 59 Cigarbox Red cedar 15 Clubwood Wamara 69 Cochun Hill fukadi 74 Coco cabeyo Wadara 19 Coco de mono Monkey pot 40 Coeurs dehors Tatabu 21

14 Index of Ve rnacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Coffee mortar Hill fukadi 74 Coffee mortar Swamp fukadi 75 Cogwood Greenheart 16 Cokerwood Swamp fukadi 75 Common asepoko Asepoko 58 Common baromalli 13 Common black kakaralli 28 Common kurokai Kurokai 60 Congo Koraro 4a Congrio Tatabu 21 Congrio Kaditiri 66 Congrio blanco Kabukalli 29 Conigrio Itikiboroballi 68b Copaia Futui 36 Copa! Locust 32,32a Copa! Kurokai 60 Copalier Locust 32 Copinol Locust 32,32a Copiuva Kabukalli 29 Corkwood Hill corkwood 61 Corobore Locust 32 Coronobo Manniballi 47 Cotoperis Moroballi 73 Cotuplis Moroballi 73 Couatari Wadara 19 Countaballi Kautaballi 41, 4Ib Counter Kautaballi 41 Courali White cedar 71 Courbaril Locust 32 Courbari/ 32, 32a Courouitaballi Kokoritiballi 57 Cow-wood 10 Coyote Blackheart 2 Crabwood 12,12a Crabwood 12, 12a Crappo Crabwood 12,12a Crook Haiariballi 3,3a Crook Korokororo 52 Cuajillo Warakairo 37 Cuajo Swamp dalli 80 Cuangare Swamp dalli 80 Cuapinol Locust 32

15 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Cuchi parutu yura Hill corkwood 61 Cuilimbuco Koraro 4a Cumala Swamp dalli 80 Cumaru Tonka bean 22 Cumaru 22 Cumate Sand dukuria 63 Cupay Futui 36 Cupiuba Kabukalli 29 Cupiuba 29 Currywood 8 Curtidor Suradan 31 Dakama 20 Dakama Huruhurudan 20 Dalli Hill dalli 79 Dalli Swamp dalli 80 Darin a Koraroballi 33 Demerara groenhart Greenheart 16 Deokunud Iteballi 82 Determa 49 Deter ma 49 Diaguidia Kaditiri 66 Dj edoe 66, 66a Doekali Duka Ii 53 Doekoelia Sand dukuria 63 Dokali Dukali 53 Dolly pear Kurahara silverballi 48a Dollywood Swamp dalli 80 Drago Hill corkwood 61 Dukali 53 Dukuria Sand dukuria 63 Dukuria 63 Durban pine Suya 59 Ebano verde Hakia 72 Ebene soufre Hakia 72 Ebene verte Hakia 72 Ebo Tonka bean 22 Encens Kurokai 60 Encens gris Ulu 77 Encens rouge Haiawaballi 76 Enviveira Smooth-leaf maho 67a Epik rik Barakaro 51 Erejoeroe Koraroballi 33

16 Index of Vernacular and Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Espadeira Soft wallaba 23 Espadeira Ituri wallaba 24,24a Espadeira Watapa 25 Farsha Kautaballi 41b Faux simarouba Futui 36 Fava amarela Arisauro 78 Faveira amarela Arisauro 78 Felipe pena Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Figueroa Crabwood 12 Fijnbladige sopo-oedoe Huruasa 1 Fine-leaf kakaralli 27c Fine-leaf wadara Wadara 19a Fine-smooth-leaf kakaralli 27b Firiberoebana Barakaro 51 Flambeau rouge Sand baromalli 14 Foengoe Kautaballi 41,41a, 41 b Foengoe Burada 54 Foetei Sand baromalli 14 Foetei Futui 36 Fongouti koko Burada 54,54a Fukadi 75 Fukadi 75, 75a Futi Futui 36 Futui 36 Gaiac de Cayenne Tonka bean 22 Gambouchi Ulu 77 Garay Suradan 31 Garrote Cow-wood 10 Gaulette blanc Burada 54 Geel hart Pakuri 56 Gele kabbes Arisauro 78 Geli kabissi Arisauro 78 Ginger gale Yellow silverballi 5 Ginja-hoedoe Hill fukadi 74 Gobaja Futui 36 Gobaja 36 Goebaja Futui 36 Goue-goue ltikiboroballi 68 Gou pi Kabukalli 29 Goupie Kabukalli 29 Grandmoni Ulu 77 Greenheart 16

17 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Greenheart 16 Gri-gri Kautaballi 4lb Grignon fou lteballi 82, 82b Grignonfranc Determa 49 Gris-gris blanc Burada 54 Groenhart Hakia 72 Guaba Hill fukadi 74 Guabillo Kaditiri 66 Guacharaco Wina 39 Galanda Futui 36 Guamillo Kaditiri 66 Guarno Maporokon 34 Guapinol Locust 32 Guarabu Purpleheart 55 Guaray Burada 54 Guarumo macho Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Guashi Simarupa 62 Guava-skin kakaralli 26 Guava-skin kakaralli 26 Guayabillo Hill fukadi 74 Guayabo Fukadi 75a Guayacan Hakia 72 Guingamadou Swamp dalli 80 Guitarrero Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Gullikiabicci Koraroballi 33 Guyabo leon Hill fukadi 74 Haiari 3, 3a Haiari Korokororo 52 Haiariballi 3,3a Haiawaballi 76 Hakia 72 Hakiaballi 81 Hakiaballi 81 Haimara-kushi Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Hard kereti 48c Harde zwarte pisi Kurahara silverballi 48a Hariraro shiruaballi White silverballi 48 Hariroroe Inyak 6 Heburu White silverballi 48 Hierrito Kautaballi 41,4la , 4lb Higueroton Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Hill corkwood 61

18 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Hill dalli 79 Hill fukadi 74 Hill iteballi Iteballi 82 Hodeme Moroballi 73 Hoeboeballi Hububalli 43 Hog gum Manni 70 Hoogland baboen Hill dalli 79 Hoogland barklak Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27,27a Hoogland barklak Kakaralli 28a Hoogland bebe Hill corkwood 61 Hoogland kokrikie Barakaro 51 Horowassa Huruasa 1 Horse-eye Korokororo 52 Houmiri Tauroniro 30 Huasai-caspi Tatabu 21 Hububalli 43 Hububalli 43 Huesito Blackheart 2 Huriki Sand dukuria 63 Huruasa I Huruasa 1 Huruhurudan 20a Icanu Inyak 6 Heng White silverballi 48 Imbirema Wadara 19 Incienso Kurokai 60 Inga Maporokon 34 Inga 34

Ingipipa · Wadara 19, 19a, 19b Inguipipa Wadara 19,19a, 19b lnkassa Arisauro 78 Inyak 6 Inyak 6 lpe Hakia 72 Jpe 72 lpoentrie Inyak 6 Iriar Bulletwood 44 Irikwa Hill dalli 79 Irikwa Swamp dalli 80 Irimariye Wadara 19a Ironwood Wamara 69 Ironwood Hakia 72

19 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number lshtapi Futui 36 Itauba branca Greenheart 16 Iteballi 82,82a,82b Iteballi 82, 82a, 82b Itiki boeroeballi Itikiboroballi 68 Itikiboro Hill corkwood 61 Itikiboroballi 68,68a,68b Ituri wallaba 24,24a,24b Ivira Smooth-leaf maho 67a Jacaranda Futui 36 Jamboka Asepoko 58 Jan Snijder Asepoko 58 Jatahy Locust 32 Jatai Locust 32,32a Jatoba Locust 32, 32a Jatoba 32, 32a Jaune d'oeuf Asepoko 58 Jawahedan Cow-wood 10 Jawaledan Kaditiri 66 Jetoeri wallaba Watapa 25 Jigua amarillo Kurahara silverballi 48a Johoto White cedar 71 Juan colorado Asepoko 58 Jumbi bead tree Barakaro 51 Jutai Locust 32,32a Kaapa Crabwood 12, 12a Kabiuk Kabukalli 29 Kabukalli 29 Kabuka//i 29 Kaditiri 66,66a Kaditiri 66, 66a Kaiman-oedoe Warakairo 37 Kaiman oudou Warakairo 37 Kajoewaballi Sand baromalli 14 Kakaralli Guava-skin kakaralli 26 Kakaralli 28a Kalebashout Hill fukadi 74 KaliIi Kaditiri 66 Kalioe oelemaliti Wadara 19, 19a,19b Kamaragwa Haiawaballi 76 Kamarai Brown silverballi 42 Kaneelhart Brown silverballi 42

20 Index of Vernacular and Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Kanee/hart 42 Kaneel-pisie Brown silverballi 42 Kanhoedoe Cow-wood JO Kanirip Currywood 8 Kapai Haiariballi 3a Kara Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Karaba Crabwood 12, 12a Karaba Moroballi 73 Karababalli Moroballi 73 Karamanni Manni 70 Karapai Crabwood 12,12a Karapa-yek Crabwood 12, 12a Karawai Purpleheart 55 Karimora Moroballi 73 Karohoro Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Karohoro Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Kasabahoedoe Inyak 6 Kasaba oudou Inyak 6 Kasave Inyak 6 Kasavehout Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Kaserena Koraroballi 33 Kassavehout Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Kata Kaditiri 66,66a Kata ma Common baromalli 13 Katamana Sand baromalli 14 Katje Aromata 18a Katoelimia Tonka bean 22 Kato war Cow-wood 10 Kauada Kautaballi 41,4lb Kaudanaro Kautaballi 41 Kauta 41a Kauta 4Ja Kautaballi 41,4lb Kautaba//i 41, 4lb Kauwi Aromata 18 Kaw-oedoe Cow-wood 10 Kaw oudou Cow-wood 10 Kawanari Locust 32 Kawioi Yellow silverballi 5 Kereti 48b, 48c Kharemero shiruaballi Brown silverballi 42 Kirikaua 35,35a

21 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Kirikaua 35, 35a Klaipio Huruasa I Kleipjo Huruasa 1 Koatoi Haiariballi 3 Kobe Smooth-leaf maho 67a Kobe 67, 67a Kobero Bulletwood 44 Koebesini Burada 54 Koemaroe Tonka bean 22 Koerahara Kurahara 11 Koerli Kurahara 11 Koko Kautaballi 41, 41a, 41b Kokoritiballi 57 Kokriki Barakaro 51 Konatopo Tatabu 21 Konowadranup Hakia 72 Kooelpialli Hububalli 43 Kopaia Futui 36 Koperi Red cedar 15 Kopie Kabukalli 29 Kopie 29 Kopo Kurahara II Koraro 4,4a Koraroballi 33 Korero Aromata 18, 18a Koroboreli Purpleheart 55 Korokororo 52 Koron Sand baromalli 14 Korongpinbiu Korokororo 52 Kotik Koraroballi 33 KotO Haiariballi 3a Kotore Sand dukuria 63 Kouali Iteballi 82, 82b Kouanda Smooth-leafkakaralli 27,27a Kouanda Common black kakaralli 28,28a Kouatapatou Monkey pot 40 Krapabosi Tonka bean 22 Krapp a Crabwood 12, 12a Kromanti kopi Shibadan 7a Kuiship Futui 36 Kukwi Purpleheart 55 Kumaiteka Wina 39

22 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Kumaru Tonka bean 22 Kume Monkey pot 40 Kupisini Burada 54 Kupiye Kabukalli 29 Kurahara 11 Kurahara silverballi 48a Kurana Red cedar 15 Kurang Maporokon 34 Kurassini Kokoritiballi 57 Kurero silverballi Yellow silverballi 5 Kurokai 60 Kurokai 60 Kut Greenheart 16 Kwai Hill fukadi 74 Kwari Maporokon 34 Kwari lteballi 82 Kwari 82, 82a, 82b Kwariye Maporokon 34 Kwatapatoe Monkey pot 40 Kwateri Smooth-leafkakaralli 27 Kwateri Common black kakaralli 28 Kwatpain Huruasa I Kwatru Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27 Kwatru Common black kakaralli 28 Kwatupana Huruasa I Kwikpa Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Kwipari Hububalli 43 Kwipariye Hububalli 43 La Saint Jean Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 La Saint Jean Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Lacre montanera lteballi 82 Lapacho Hakia 72 Lapacho 72 Lapacho negro Hakia 72 Laurel White silverballi 48,48a,48b,48c Laurel Kurahara silverballi 48a Laurier White silverballi 48, 48a,48b,48c Lauro chumbo Brown silverballi 42 Lebi kiabici Barakaro 51 Lebi kiabici Korokororo 52 Lebi-sali Haiawaballi 76 Lebioueko Maporokon 34

23 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. WoodAnatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Leche amarilla Manni 70 Liadiadan koleroe Koraroballi 33 Liaroekakaralli Wina 39 Licahout Inyak 6 Licano apici Kurahara silverballi 48a Lika oedoe Inyak 6 Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Limonaballi 17 Loboashou Warakairo 37 Locus Locust 32 Locust 32,32a Loka Locust 32,32a Loksi Locust 32 Louro White silverballi 48,48a Louro gamela Determa 49 Louro vermelho Determa 49 Louro verme/ho 49 Lucky seed Barakaro 51 Maats Koraro 4 Mabinanero Koraroballi 33 Macaranduba Bulletwood 44 Macaranduba 44 Mac hare Manni 70 Magui Arisauro 78 Mahaicaballi Burada 54 Maho Common black kakaralli 28, 28a Maho Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Mahot blanc Wirimiri 38 Mahot cochon Smooth-leaf maho 67a Mahot noir Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27a Mahot noir Kakaralli 28a Mahot rouge Wina 39 Mahou Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27 Mahou Common black kakaralli 28,28a Maitakin Manni 70 Maiuarai Kautaballi 41 Majagua Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Makarai Burada 54 Makka kabes Koraroballi 33 Makka krappa Moroballi 73 Manbarklak Smooth-leaf kakaral Ii 27a Manbarklak Kakaralli 28a,28b

24 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Mandiocai Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Mangue Manni 70 Mani Manni 70 Mani 70 Mani I Manni 70 Manil marecage Manni 70 Manil montagne Manniballi 47 Mani) peou Manniballi 47 Manioudou Manni 70 Manni 70 Manniballi 47 Manniballi 47 Mapa Duka Ii 53 Maparajuba Bulletwood 44 Maparana Shibadan 7,7a Maporokon 34 Maquilla Koraro 4a Marako Purpleheart 55 Marapasmukri Asepoko 58 Marawaro Kurahara 11 Marbuk Kirikaua 35,35a Marcelo Warakairo 37 Marimari Wadara 19a Marmite de singe Monkey pot 40 Marupa Manniballi 47 Marupa Simarupa 62 Marupa 62 Marupa fatso Futui 36 Marupauba falso Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Maruwa Kurokai 60 Masabalo Crab wood 12 Mascare Suradan 31 Massaranduba Bulletwood 44 Mataaki Manni 70 Mataki Manni 70 Matakkie Manniballi 47 Mata-mata Smooth-leaf kakaral Ii 27a,27b Mata-mata Common black kakaralli 28,28a Ma tarna ta Wina 39 Matamata preto Fine smooth-leaf kakaralli 27b Matamata preto Common black kakaralli 28a Matapalo Kaditiri 66

25 Major Timber Trees ofG11yana. WoodAnatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Matatauba Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Matazama Pakuri 56 Matchwood Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Matchwood Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Matora Hill fukadi 74 Matou mouloumba Hill dalli 79 Matouni Pakuri 56 Mattoe White cedar 71 Matzingua Huruasa 1 Mayaro poui Aroma ta 18a Mazabalo Crabwood 12 Melassiehoedoe Inyak 6 Merecurillo Burada 54,54a Merendiba branca Hill fukadi 74 Meri Tauroniro 30 Moca Koraro 4a Moelawa Warakairo 37 Moire Locust 32 Mok Purpleheart 55 Mongo matoaki Pakuri 56 Mongui soke Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Moni Ulu 77 Monkey pot 40 Montouchi ltikiboroballi 68 Montouchi Wamara 69 Moonba Swamp dalli 80 Mora Huruhurudan 20 Mora 45 Mora Mora 45 Mora 45 Mora Morabukea 46 Moraballi koeleroe Kokoritiballi 57 Moraboekea Morabukea 46 Mora-boekej a Morabukea 46 Mora de Guyana Mora 45 Mora de Saint Laurent Huruhurudan 20,20a Mora-yek Mora 45 Morabukea 46 Morabukea 46 Morado Purpleheart 55 Morcegueira Ulu 77 Morera Morabukea 46

26 Index of Ve rnacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Moroballi 73 Moroballi 73 Morombo-rai Manniballi 47 Morompo Itikiboroballi 68 Moronobo Manniballi 47 Moroto to Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Morototo 64 Moro to to Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Morototo 65 Morrao Wina 39 Moton Koraro 4a Mouloumba Swamp dalli 80 Moussa Pakuri 56 Moutouchi Hill corkwood 61 Muiracatiara Bauwaua 9 Muirapiranga Soft wallaba 23 Muirapiranga Ituri wallaba 24,24a Mumapage Tonka bean 22 Murewa Warakairo 37 Mutushi Hill corkwood 61 Mututuy da terra firma Itikiboroballi 68 Mutuwali Aromata 18, 18a Naharu Swamp fukadi 75 Nancito Suradan 31 Napo Suradan 31 Naranj o Hill fukadi 74 Nargusta Hill fukadi 74 Nargusta 74 Nazareno Locust 32 Nazareno Purpleheart 55 Nekoe oedoe Korokororo 52 Neko oudou aguitin Korokororo 52 N'Gobaya Futui 36 Nina Tauroniro 30 Nispero Bulletwood 44 Not Locust 32 Nuanamo Swamp dalli 80 Odon Cow-wood 10 Odoun Cow-wood 10 Oemanbarklak Wina 39 Ogoru Tatabu 21 Okoromai Guava-skin kakaralli 26

27 Major Timber Tre es ofGuyana. WoodAnato my.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Okraprabu ltikiboroballi 68 Okro-oedoe Smooth-leaf maho 67a Olgoi Tatabu 21 Olivo negrito Simarupa 62 Ollo Ulu 77, 77a Oloroso Tauroniro 30 Onotillo Hububalli 43 Onnata Hububalli 43 Orilkorong Huruasa I Orumo-macho Pointed-leafkarohoro 65 Otivo Swamp dalli 80 Otobo Swamp dalli 80 Paardevleeshout Bulletwood 44 Pacuare Kaditiri 66 Pacuru Pakuri 56 Pajura Suya 59 Paj ura de Obidos Suya 59 Pakoeli Pakuri 56 Pakoueli Pakuri 56 Paku Common baromalli 13 Paku Sand baromalli 14, 14a Pakuri 56 Pakuri 56 Palakoea Mora 45 Paletuvier jaune Manni 70 Pallewie Watapa 25 Palo de buba Futui 36 Palo de sangre Hill corkwood 61 Palo de sangre Swamp dalli 80 Paloeloipio In yak 6 Palo machete Softwallaba 23 Pamashto Bulletwood 44 Panacoco blanc Barakaro 51 Panama Smooth-leaf maho 67a Panda White cedar 71 Panda cedoe White cedar 71 Pangapanga Soft wallaba 23 Pantano Suradan 31 Papakaie kouali lteballi 82b Para-para Futui 36 Para-para 36 Parahyba Simarupa 62

28 Index of Verna cularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Paraju Bulletwood 44 Parakaua Mora 45 Parakwai Morabukea 46 Paraman Manni 70 Parank Red cedar 15 Parank a Red cedar 15 Parcouri Pakuri 56 Parcouri-manil Manniballi 47 Pardillo amarillo Hill fukadi 74 Pardillo negro Hill fukadi 74 Parewe Soft wallaba 23 Parinari Burada 54a Paripiballi/Limonaballi 17 Paruru Sand dukuria 63 Pasa Futui 36 Pata de danto amarillo Fukadi 75a Pata de Gallina Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Pau mulato brancho Hill fukadi 74 Pau d'Arco Hakia 72 Pau doce Kokoritiballi 57 Pau marjim 8 Pau roxo Purpleheart 55 Pau sangre Hill corkwood 61 Pau violeta Purpleheart 55 Pavito Futui 36 Pen dare Bulletwood 44 Pendarito Kokoritiballi 57 Peramancillo Manni 70 Peto Mora 45 Phootee Futui 36 Pi Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Picaton Hububalli 43 Piento-bolletrie Suradan 31 Pientobolletrie Kokoritiballi 57 Pientokopie Warakairo 37 Pilon Koraro 4,4a Pilon Suradan 31 Pilon 31 Pintrie Hill dalli 79 Piria Warakairo 37 Pisi Hard kereti 48c Pitomba Moroballi 73

29 Major Tim ber Trees of Guyana . WoodAnato my.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Pizarro Hill corkwood 61 Platanillo Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Poko Common black kakaralli 28 Polvillo Hakia 72 Ponsigue montanero Sand dukuria 63 Pookadi Hill fukadi 74 Popo-ati Purpleheart 55 Por Suya 59 Pornai Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Porokai Kurokai 60 Poyak Asepoko 58 Pracuuba Mora 45 Preciosa Brown silverballi 42 Prokonie Maporokon 34 Prukoi Common black kakaralli 28 Puenga Manni 70 Puete Hill fukadi 74 Pu ire Sand dukuria 63 Puna Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Punte Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Purguillo Limonaballi/Paripiballi 17 Purguillo felix Kokoritiballi 57 Purperheart Purpleheart 55 Purpleheart 55 Purue Bulletwood 44 Puy Hakia 72 Quaruba lteballi 82,82b Quaruba 82, 82a, 82b Quatele Monkey pot 40 Quinilla colorada Bulletwood 44 Quinillo colorado Koraro 4a Quinilla colorado Tauroniro 30 Ranai Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Ranoi Hakia 72 Red cedar 15 Rejo Blackheart 2 Ripeiro vermelho Wirimiri 38 Roble Hill fukadi 74 Roble Maria Pakuri 56 Rode kabbes Koraro 4, 4a Rode lokus Locust 32

30 Index of Ve rnacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Rode salie Haiawaballi 76 Rora(yek) Greenheart 16 Rough-leaf maho 67 Roxinho Purpleheart 55 Saboarana Itikiboroballi 68 Saboarana 68, 68a, 68b Sacha-uva Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Saino Kabukalli 29 Saint Martin blanc Korokororo 52 Saint Martin gris Tatabu 21 Saint Martin gris Koraroballi 33 Saint Martin jaune Koraroballi 33 Saint Martin rouge Koraro 4,4a Saint Martin rouge Korokororo 52 Saka Purpleheart 55 Sali Haiawaballi 76 Safi 76 Samarapa Futui 36 Sand baromalli 14 Sand dukuria 63 Sand mora Moroballi 73 Sangre Hill corkwood 61 Sangre 61 Sangre Swamp dalli 80 Sangrillo Hill corkwood 61 Sangrito Hill corkwood 61 Sangue-de-bio Surad an 31 Sani caspi Warakairo 37 Santa Maria 11 Sapadilla Bulletwood 44 Sapangapanga Aroma ta 18 Sapino Kabukalli 29 Sapucaia Monkey pot 40 Sapucaia 40 Sapupira Tatabu 21 Saraurai Rough-leaf maho 67,67a Sarebebeballi 83 Sarebebeballi 83 Sarrapia Tonka bean 22 Sarrapio montanero Koraro 4,4a Sawariskin silverballi White silverballi 48 Sebo Swamp dalli 80

31 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. WoodAnatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Sedre Red cedar 15 Sekerau Smooth-leaf maho 67a Serena Kurahara 11 Shem po Swamp dalli 80 Shibadan 7, 7a Shibadan 7, 7a Shibadan Currywood 8 Shihuahuaco amarillo Tonka bean 22 Shiraip Wamara 69 Shirima Simarupa 62 Shiritikan Currywood 8 Simana Common baromalli 13 Simana Sand baromalli 14 Simarouba Simarupa 62 Simaruba Simarupa 62 Simaruba 62 Simarupa 62 Sim ere Simarupa 62 Simia chimi Swamp fukadi 75 Simiri Locust 32a Sipiri Greenheart 16 Sipiroe Greenheart 16 Sipu Greenheart 16 Slangenhout Hububalli 43 Slangenhout 43 Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27, 27a Sm ooth-leaf kakarall i 27, 27a, 27b, 27c Smooth-leaf maho 67a Smooth-leaf wadara 19b Soap wood Huruasa I Soemaroeba Simarupa 62 Soewana Kirikaua 35 Soft kereti 48b Soft wallaba 23 Stinking toe Locust 32 Stinkwood Kabukalli 29 Suchi amarillo Hill fukadi 74 Sucupira Tatabu 21 Sucupira 21 Sun-sun Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Suntuch Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Supai yahuar huiqui Hill corkwood 61

32 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Suradan 31 Suradanni Suradan 31 Suriname snakewood Hububalli 43 Suya 59 Suya 59 Swamp baromalli Common baromalli 13 Swamp bloodwood Hill corkwood 61 Swamp dalli 80 Swamp fukadi 75 Swamp kirikaua Kirikaua 35,35a Swanna Kirikaua 35 Tabaca Aromata 18 Tabaca Soft wallaba 23 Tabaco Softwallaba 23 Tabaco Ituri wallaba 24a Tabaco Watapa 25 Tabari Wadara 19 Tabari Wina 39 Tabebuia 72 Tachi Kaditiri 66 Tachy Kaditiri 66 Tahuari negro Hakia 72 Tamad Common black kakaralli 28 Tamanokware In yak 6 Tamanqueira Simarupa 62 Tamaro tan Hill fukadi 74 Tamoene Wina 39 Tampipio Wadara 19 Tananeo Purpleheart 55 Tangare Crabwood 12 Tapaljacote Moroballi 73 Tarco Futui 36 Tatabu 21 Tatajuba Cow-wood 10 Tatajuba 10 Tauaranru Tauroniro 30 Tauari Wadara 19, 19b Tauari 19, 19a, 19b Tauroniro 30 Tawanonero Tauroniro 30 Tekroma Guava-skin kakaralli 26 Temare Kokoritiballi 57

33 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Tento Barakaro 51 Tento 51 Tento Korokororo 52 Tento 52 Teteroma Determa 49 Teteruma Determa 49 Thick-skin kaditiri Kaditiri 66 Thick-skin ulu 77a Thin-skin kaditiri 66a Thin-skin ulu Ulu 77 Thoeraroe lnyak 6 Tiestigo Moroballi 73 Timbo pau Aromata 18 Timbo rana Aroma ta 18 Tinajito Monkey pot 40 Tin chi Hard kereti 48c Tingimoni Haiawaballi 76 Tingimoni Kurokai 60 Tingimoni Ulu 77 Tingui apici Hard kereti 48c Tinguimoni Kurokai 60 Tiniari Brown silverballi 42 Tinto blanco Futui 36 Tobitoutou Blunt-leaf karohoro 64 Tobitoutou Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Toker Kautaballi 41, 41b Tonka Tonka bean 22 Tonka bean 22 Totumillo Hakiaballi 81 Tourou Smooth-leaf maho 67a Trapichero Bulletwood 44 Trompillo Suradan 31 Tuchaua Warakairo 37 Tuwne Cow-wood 10 Tzimbo Swamp dalli 80 Uapa Soft wallaba 23 Uapa lturi wallaba 24a Uapa Watapa 25 Uchy Sand dukuria 63 Ucuhuba-rana Kirikaua 35,35a Ucuuba Swamp dalli 80 Ucuuba da terra firma Hill dalli 79

34 Index of Vernacular and Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Ulu 77,77a Umiri Tauroniro 30 Urimari Wadara 19a Urucurana Suradan 31 Vera de agua Blackheart 2 Verdolago Hill fukadi 74 Virola Hill dalli 79 Virola 79 Virola Swamp dalli 80 Virola 80 Viruviru Greenheart 16 Vonkhout Kautaballi 41, 4la, 41b Vonkhout Burada 54 Wabaima Brown silverballi 42 Wacapou Sarebebeballi 83 Wadara 19, 19a Wadaduri Monkey pot 40 Waika chewstick Manni 70 Wajaaka Brown silverballi 42 Wallaba Soft wallaba 23 Wallaba 23 Wallaba Ituri wallaba 24 Wallaba 24, 24a, 24b Wallaba Watapa 25 Wallaba 25 Wamara 69 Wamara 69 Wamkoam Kaditiri 66,66a Wamuk Burada 54 Wamuku Burada 54 Wana Determa 49 Wana 49 Wana kouali lteballi 82 Wana kwari lteballi 82 Wanaka Korokororo 52 Wane Determa 49 Wantsun Kaditiri 66 Wanu Determa 49 Wapa Soft wallaba 23 Wapa lturi wallaba 24 Wapa Watapa 25 Wapa courbaril Ituri wallaba 24

35 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Wapa montagne Ituri wallaba 24 Wapa riviere Watapa 25 Warabokkadan Korokororo 52 Warakairo 37 Warakairo 37 Warakajaro Warakairo 37 Warakuri White cedar 71 Waramai Kabukalli 29 Waranaka Wadara 19 Warishi Swamp dalli 80 Waroekoeli White cedar 71 Waroes Swamp dalli 80 Warokorie White cedar 71 Waruwai Kurokai 60 Wassiba Hakia 72 Watafa Watapa 25 Watapa 25 Water wallaba Ituri wallaba 24b Water wallaba Watapa 25 Watra bebe Hill corkwood 61 Watra kwari Iteballi 82b Watschir Kurahara 11 Watuwai Warakairo 37 Wayama Ulu 77 We Swamp dalli 80 Weputana Kirikaua 35a Weti apici Soft kereti 48b Weti loabi Wirimiri 38 Wetipaou Inyak 6 White cedar 71 White cedar 71 White oliver Hill fukadi 74 White silverballi 48 White silverballi 48, 48a White tabebuia 71 White wallaba Soft wallaba 23 White oliver Hill fukadi 74 Wild mammee apple Pakuri 56 Win a 39 Wina 39 Wina kakaralli Wina 39 Wirimiri 38

36 Index of Vernacularand Trade Names

Vernacular name Guyanese name Species number

Wirimiri 38 Witte djedoe Kaditiri 66 Wopa Soft wallaba 23 Woraccori White cedar 71 Xpasak Simarupa 62 Yachimambo Futui 36 Yahu Rough-leaf maho 67 Yaksaru Arisauro 78 Yaku Simarupa 62 Yaneau Baradan 50 Yape Tonka bean 22 Yapopari Sand dukuria 63 Yarumero Pointed-leaf karohoro 65 Yawahudan Cow-wood 10 Yawaredan Kaditiri 66,66a Yayamadou grand bois Hill dalli 79 Yayamadou marecage Swamp dalli 80 Yayamadou montagne Hill dalli 79 Yebaro Soft wallaba 23 Yellow poui Hakia 72 Yellow silverballi 5 Yellow silverballi 5 Yellow sweetwood Yellow silverballi 5 Yema de huevo Currywood 8 Yoboko Ituri wallaba 24 Yokar Maporokon 34 Yongo Arisauro 78 Yumbingue Hill fukadi 74 Zabucaio Monkey pot 40 Zapan negro Tatabu 21 Zapatero Purpleheart 55 Zaputi Manni 70 Zwamp panta White cedar 71 Zwarte kabbes Tatabu 21

37 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

38 Anatomical Descriptions

4. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTIONS

39 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

I. Abaremajupullba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Huruasa

Synonym Pithecel/obiumj11punba(Willd.) Urban Family Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Vernacular names Huruasa, Klaipio, Kwatain, Orukorong, Soapwood

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood flesh-colored or pale brown, sometimes with a slight pinkish tinge; sapwood whitish and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with yellowish fluorescence. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.51.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-5/mm2; ( 40-) 120-210(-320) µm in tangential diameter; 340-500 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 5-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; I 060-1350 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma vasicentric, or aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; mostly 5-7 per mm; exclusively uniseriate (occasionally biseriate in part); 130-260 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana Benoist 589, Melinon 119 Guyana FDBG 3255, Persaud 64, Maguire 40552, Polak 185 Suriname Stahel 20 Venezuela Breteler 4968

40 Anatomical Descriptions

I. Abaremajupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip

41 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

2. Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Yakovlev Blackheart

Synonym Sweetia praeclara Sandw. Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Blackheart

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood medium brown to dark chocolate brown; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract sometimes with a blue fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; ranging from 0.53-0.70.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-7/mm 2; (I 00-)135-150( -210) µm in tangential diameter; 420-700 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly 6-7 µm in diameter (occasionally 8); vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; ( 1000-) 1525 (-2100) µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty to vasicentric. Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (occasionally 2-3 rows of square cells, or sometimes procumbent ray cells tending to be square); 5-7 per mm; mostly 1-2 cells wide (in FDBG 2353 mostly uniseriate to only occasionally biseriate in part; in Polak 505 mostly biseriate, rarely triseriate); 400-600 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, occasional in FDBG 2353 in short (2-8) to long (up to 15) chains in chambered axial parenchyma, or absent (rare in ray cells; crystals absent in Polak 505); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2353, Polak 505

42 Anatomical Descriptions

2. Acosmium praeclarum (Sandw.) Yakovlev

43 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

3. Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baillon Haiariballi Sandw. 3a. Alexa leiopetala Haiariballi

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Crook, Haiariballi, Kapai, Koatoi, KOUl

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light or pale creamy brown, occasionally somewhat darker brown, sometimes with a slight pinkish or yellowish tinge; sapwood (7-10 cm) dingy white or yellowish and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.46.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely to occasionally in distinctive long radial 2 multiples of 6-8 small vessels in A. /eiopeta/a); 2-3/mm ; (70-)140-245(-325) µm in tangential diameter; 380-540 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 1250-1950 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma distinctly aliform (rarely confluent); aliform parenchyma generally lozenge type. Banded parenchyma sometimes in faint non-continuous irregular bands, or absent. Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (rarely 2 or 3 rows of marginal square cells); 5-8 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 325-480 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals sporadic in short (4-12) chains in chambered axial parenchyma, or absent (only 3 of 9 specimens with crystals); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Alexa imperatricis Guyana FDBG 916, Polak 54 & 142, SGU 3B (tree 9) Venezuela Breteler 4966, Conejos 31, MERw D 19 Alexa leiopetala Guyana FDBG 3077, Polak 549

44 Anatomical Descriptions

3. Alexa imperatricis (Schomb.) Baillon 3a. Alexa /eiopetala Sandw.

45 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

4. Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Koraro 4a. Andira inermis (Wright) DC. Koraro

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Bat seed, Koraro, Maats

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark red brown or pink brown; sapwood yellowish and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood occasionally with bright or pale yellow fluorescence, or not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract mostly reddish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract mostly reddish brown. Splinter bums to full ash; colour bright white. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity generally medium; average for A. inermis 0.78.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely to 5); l-3/mm2; (70-)145-245(-330) µm in tangential diameter; 280-515 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels sporadic to occasional but always present, colour yellow, or white. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1450-2210 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma mostly lozenge type. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands mostly over 4 cells wide). Marginal banded parenchyma occasionally present, or absent. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays generally heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (occasionally marginal cells not distinctly square); 4-7 per mm; 2-4 cells wide (mostly 2-3); 290-420 µm in height. All rays storied; 2-3 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (4-16) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Andira surinamensis French Guiana: Sabatier 2363; Guyana FDBG 4076, A.C. Smith 3447; Suriname: Stahel 57 Andira inermis El Salvador: USw 166; Guadeloupe: Rollet 1465; Puerto Rico: MADw 11; Suriname: Stahel 109a

46 Anatomical Descriptions

4. Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle 4a. Andira inermis (Wright) DC.

47 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

5. Aniba ltypoglauca Sandw. Yellow Silverballi

Synonym Aniba ovalifolia Kosterm., non Mez Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Ginger gale, Kawioi, Kurero silverballi, Yellow silverballi, Yellow Sweetwood

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood golden or dark brown to brownish yellow or olive with a greenish hue; sapwood white or grey with a yellowish hue and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a yellowish green fluorescence. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a bright blue fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown. Odour distinct (sweet and spicy like many other species of Lauraceae). Splinter bums to charcoal. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; ranging from 0.48-0.53.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; I0-15/mm2; (110-)145(-200) µm in tangential diameter; (250-)670(-830) µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled; (980-) 1410(-1620) µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty (rarely vasicentric). Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 5-6 per mm; 2 cells wide (rarely 3); (160-)385(-500) µm in height. Storied structurenot observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Oil cells frequent and associated with ray and axial parenchyma.

Material studied Guyana Polak 251

48 Anatomical Descriptions

5. A11iba hypoglar1co Sandw.

49 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

6. Antonia ovata Pohl Inyak

Family Loganiaceae Vernacular names Icanu, Inyak, Tamanokware

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellowish or dingy white to grey; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.52.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (often to 6); 21-33/mm2; (40-)60-100(-145) µm in tangential diameter; 435-615 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-5 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; mostly thin-walled; 670-805 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma absent or extremely rare (sometimes scanty paratracheal parenchyma associated with vessels bordering islands of included phloem). Axial parenchyma 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (occasionally heterocellular with one row of square cells); 8-10 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 155-185 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Included phloem in islands more or less concentric (islands 120-250 µm X 90-120 µm; about 5-6/ sq. mm).

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 208 & 306, Feuillet 2310 Guyana A.C. Smith 2196, Polak 313 Suriname Stahel 48

50 Anatomical Descriptions

6. Antonia ovata Pohl

51 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

7. Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson Shibadan 7a. Aspidosperma album (Yahl) Benoist Shibadan

Family Apocynaceae Vernacular names Shibadan

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pinkish brown to pale orange yellow or yellow brown; sapwood light grey to yellowish and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with yellowish to somewhat green fluorescence. Water extract with bright blue fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with blue fluorescence; extract mostly yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium to high; ranging from 0.75-0.79.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels exclusively solitary; mostly 8-14/mm2; (55-)115-145(-195) µm in tangential diameter; 716-1135 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 5-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1540-2125 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids generally absent (occasionally some observed). Parenchyma Axial parenchyma mostly absent or extremely rare (occasionally diffuse strands observed). Paratracheal parenchyma sometimes scanty. Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent (occasionally with 1-3 rows of marginal cells); 6-8 per mm; mostly 2-3(-4) cells wide; 300-475 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals generally in short (4-8) to occasionally long (+ 15) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Latex tubes mostly absent (latex trace found in Sabatier-Prevost 3016).

Material studied A. cruentum Belize Stevenson 8 French Guiana Sabatier-Prevost 2175 & 3016 Guyana Boyan 595, FDBG 3962 A. album Brazil Ducke 154, Museu Goeldi 24 & 25 Guyana A.C. Smith 2433

52 Anatomical Descriptions

7. Aspidosperma cmentum Woodson 7a. Aspidosperma album (Yahl) Benoist

53 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

8. Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC. Currywood

Family Apocynaceae Vernacular names Currywood, Kanirip, Shibadan, Shiritikan

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood bright clear lemon yellow, sometimes with a greenish tinge; sapwood somewhat lighter, but similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with green to slight yellow fluorescence. Water extract somewhat weakly fluorescent, but mostly not fluorescent; extract light yellowish brown (sometimes very pale yellow). Ethanol extract somewhat weakly fluorescent, but mostly not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic SpecificGravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.67.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels exclusively solitary; mostly 40-l 18/mm2; (25-)45-70(-90) µm in tangential diameter; 740-935 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 5-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1356-1685 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids generally absent (occasionally some observed). Parenchyma Axial parenchyma occasionally diffuse (very rarely scanty paratracheal). Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands very fine, 1-2 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 4-6(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; mostly 6-8 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 129-180 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (5-8) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Peru Rafael Lao 73 (fr. 123) Suriname Stahel 323 Venezuela LI. Williams 10125, 11712 & 11829

54 Anatomical Descriptions

8. Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC.

55 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

9. Astronium ulei Mattick Bauwaua

Family Anacardiaceae Vernacular names Bastard purplehe�, Bauwaua

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood rich red or orange-brown to dark reddish brown; sometimes with narrow or wide dark brown to black streaks; sapwood dingy greyish or brownish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a slight yellowish green fluorescence, or not fluorescent. Water extract somewhat weakly fluorescent, but mostly not fluorescent; extract various shades of reddish brown. Ethanol extract somewhat weakly fluorescent, but mostly not fluorescent; extract various shades of reddish brown. Splinter bums to full ash; colour bright white. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity mostly high; average 0.71.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely to 5, sometimes short radial multiples of small vessels); 7-13/mm2; (65-)90-140(-205) µm in tangential diameter; 480-525 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-11 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin- to occasionally thick-walled and very common. Fibres Fibres septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 965-1105 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (mostly with 1-2 rows of marginal or short upright cells; rarely with five rows); (5-)6-8(-10) per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 270-305 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in upright and/or square ray cells; one crystal per cell or chamber. Radial canals commonly present.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2156, A.C. Smith 3126, IICAw SGU IOA (tree 26), Polak 303

56 Anatomical Descriptions

9. Astronium 11/ei Mattick

57 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

10. Bagassa guianensis Aublet Cow-wood

Synonym Bagassa tiliifolia (Hamilton) Benoist Family Moraceae Vernacular names Cow-wood, Katowar, Odon, Tuwne, Yawahudan

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellow when fresh, becoming lustrous golden brown to russet upon exposure; sapwood (2-4 cm) pale yellow, cream or nearly white and sharply distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract with a slight blue fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract generally various shades of yellowish brown. Ethanol extract mostly not fluorescent (occasionally very light blue); extract generally various shades of yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravitymedium to high; average 0.73.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 1-3/mm2; (110-)190-290(-330) µm in tangential diameter; 315-43 5 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Tyloses thin­ walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled (sometimes very thick-walled); 1050-1225 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (restricted to radial walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly scanty, or vasicentric (rarely lozenge aliform). Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes with 2 rows of marginal or upright cells); 4-5 per mm; mostly 3-4 cells wide (occasionally 5 cells wide); 275-620 µm in height. Sheath cells occasionally present, or absent. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals mostly evident in upright and/or square ray cells and in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells (occasionally in chambered axial parenchyma cells); one crystal per cell or chamber. Latex tubes present, or absent (even when present, latex tubes not common within specimen).

Material studied Brazil Capucho 365 French Guiana Benoist 518, Petrov 78, 89 & I 00 Guyana A.C. Smith 3543, FDBG 3377 Suriname Stahel 194

58 Anatomical Descriptions

I 0. Bagassa guianensis Aublet

59 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

11. Calopllyllum lucidum Benth. Kura hara

Family Guttiferae Vernacular names Kopli, Kurahara, Marawaro, Serena, Watschir

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale pinkish or reddish brown, sometimes with fine darker striping; sapwood greyish to light brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.56.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels occasionally in diagonal and/or radial pattern; exclusively solitary; 6-l l/mm2; (105-) 150-195(-260) µm in tangential diameter; 675-780 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 4(-6) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (often pits aligned vertically); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 1085-1320 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide, or in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 2-5 cells wide); narrow bands reticulate, or scalariform. Axial parenchyma mostly 8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (mostly one row of square marginal cells; occasionally 2 rows of square cells); 8-13 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 185-250 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals often in long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana SF 01-A Guyana FDBG 5125, Polak 540 Trinidad Forest Dept. s.n. Venezuela LI. Williams 11894

60 Anatomical Descriptions

11. Calophyllum lucidum Benth.

61 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

12. Carapa guianensis Aublet Crabwood 12a. Carapa procera A.DC. Crabwood

Family Meliaceae Vernacular names Crabwood, Karaba, Karapai, Karapa-yek

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale pink, through rich reddish.brown to dark brown, occasionally streaked with black; sapwood pinkish, pale brown, or greyish and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.59.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 5-12/mm2; (90-)125-210(-255) µm in tangential diameter; 445-700 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly 4 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, frequent, colour red brown. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled; 1255-1875 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty, or vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma sporadically to frequently present {bands mostly more than 3 cells wide). Axial parenchyma (4-)6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (mostly 1-2(4) rows of square cells); 4-5 per mm; mostly 3-5 cells wide; 650-1100 µm in height. Sheath cells absent (sometimes the presence of square cells resemble sheath cells). Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (2-8) chains in chambered axial parenchyma, or in upright and/or square ray cells (sometimes in 2-chambered upright cells); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied C. guianensis Brazil: Standley 320; French Guiana: Petrov 109; Guyana: FDBG 966, Polak 143; Suriname: Stabel 105 C. procera French Guiana: Petrov 58 & 67

62 Anatomical Descriptions

� -.- ==:::

12. Carapa guianensisAublet 12a. Carapa procera A.DC.

63 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

13. Catostemma commune Sandw. Common baromalli

Family Bombacaceae Vernacular names Baramanni, Baromalli, Common baromalli, Katama, Paku, Simana, Swamp baromalli

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dull yellowish brown to pinkish brown; sapwood light yellowish brown and similar to heartwood colour.. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity mostly medium; average 0.46.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-5/mm2; (125-)175-270(-560) µm in tangential diameter; 400-450 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (9-) I 0(-11) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits rounded or angular; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; mostly thick-walled; 2060-2600 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma confluent. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (mostly 4-8(-10) cells wide). Axial parenchyma mostly 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (sometimes with less elongated to square cells in the body of the ray and at the margins); 2-3 per mm; (4-)5-9(-12) cells wide; 1900-2200 µm in height; rays of two distinct sizes. Sheath cells present. Axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements storied. Special Characters Prismatic crystals mostly absent, or in chambered upright and/or square ray cells ( 1-4 chambered ray cells in Breteler 3841, scarce in Breteler 4958, and a few crystals in the axial parenchyma of SJRw 32868); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2398, Polak 22 & 60, SJRw 32868 Venezuela Breteler 3841, 4958 & 4972

64 Anatomical Descriptions

13. Catostemma commune Sandw.

65 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

14. Catostemmafragrans Benth. Sand baromalli 14a. Catostemma altsoniiSandw. Baromalli

Family Bombacaceae Vernacular names Adarouna, Bararnanni, Baromalli, Katamana, Koron, Palrn, Sand baromalli, Simana

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dull yellowish brown to pinkish brown; sapwood light yellowish brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.55.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 2-6/mm ; ( 130-) 175-250(-310) µm in tangential diameter; 320-465 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits rounded or angular; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; mostly thick-walled; 2000-2600 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma confluent. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (mostly 3-6(-10) cells wide). Axial parenchyma 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (sometimes with less elongated to square cells in the body of the ray and at the margins); 3 per mm; (3-)4-7(-10) cells wide; 2200-3300 µm in height; rays generally of two distinct sizes. Sheath cells present. Axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements storied. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent, or in procumbent ray cells, or in non­ charnbered axial parenchyma cells, or in chambered axial parenchyma (mostly in short (2-3, rarely 6-8) chains); one crystal per cell or chamber. Intercellular canals of traumatic origin generally absent (sporadic canal lines occasionally present in some specimens).

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 249, 277 & 493, Melinon 58 Guyana Aitken 978 & 983, Persaud 134, SJRw 2115

66 Anatomical Descriptions

14. Catostemmafragrans Benth. 14a. Catostemma altsonii Sandw.

67 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

15. Cedrela odorata L. Red cedar

Family Meliaceae Vernacular names Cedro, Akuyari, Koperi, Kurana, Parank, Paranka, Red cedar

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale pinkish red to reddish brown; sapwood (3-5 cm) pink to white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Odour more or less cedar­ like and distinct to indistinct or absent. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; variable, ranging from 0. 25-0.50.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings distinct. Vessels Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; (115-) 160-235(-350) µm in tangential diameter (mean of first row of vessels 245-270 µm); 305-575 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, frequent, colour red brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1000-1500 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty to vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands 3-8 cells wide). Axial parenchyma mostly 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes two rows); (3-)4-5 per mm; mostly 2-3 cells wide; 255-400 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals rare in procumbent cells; sometimes in upright and/or square ray cells, or in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells, or in chambered axial parenchyma (generally in short (2-4) chains); one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied Brazil Krukoff 6218 French Guiana Melinon 2, SF 6037 Guyana FDBG 2326 Suriname Stahel 103 & 167

68 Anatomical Descriptions

ljj I

15. Cedre la odorata L.

69 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

I 6. Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Rohwer, Green heart Richter & van der Werff

Synonym Ocotea rodiei (Schomb.) Mez Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Bibiro, Bibiru, Cogwood, Greenheart, Kut, Rora(yek), Sipiri, Sipu

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellow beige to dark olive brown, sometimes approaching very dark olive brown or blackish with irregular dark streaks; sapwood pale yellowish or greenish and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood generally not fluorescent (sometimes very pale greenish yellow). Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.80.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 7-12/mm ; (65-)105-130(-165) µm in tangential diameter; 575-700 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 5-6(-8) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits rounded or angular (in the procumbent cells pitting similar to intervascular pitting, but in square/upright cells pitting similar to intervascular pitting or very large, sometimes difficult to find large vessel-ray pits); nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1090-1420 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma sometimes unilateral paratracheal and scanty, or vasicentric. Axial parenchyma mostly 5-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 5-7 per mm; mostly 2-3 cells wide; 350-530 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Oil cells absent.

Material studied Guyana RBHw 10781, CTFw 7830, 10548 & 13859, Polak 239 & 281, FDBG 934, IICAw SGU 13A (tree 35) Suriname RBHw 15662

70 Anatomical Descriptions

16. Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Rohwer, Richter & van der Werff

71 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

17. Cllrysopllyllum pomiferum (Eyma) Penn. Limonaballi/Paripiballi

Synonym Achrouteria pomifera Eyma Family Sapotaceae Vernacular names Aknon, Haimara-kushi, Kwikpa, Limonaballi, Paripiballi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale yellowish brown to dark brown; sapwood greyish white to light brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium to high; average 0.70.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels in dendritic pattern; solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples and commonly in radial multiples of 2 4 or more; approximately 15-30/mm , but difficult to determine because of the diagonal vessel pattern; (55-)85-110(-150) µm in tangential diameter; 650-1090 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. 1ntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (in procumbent cells pitting similar to intervascular pitting); nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1370-1940 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present (often sporadic and sometimes difficult to find). Parenchyma Axial parenchyma diffuse, or diffuse-in-aggregates. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide; bands reticulate. Axial parenchyma ( 4-)6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (mostly 2-5(-8) rows); mostly 10-13 per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 475-675 µm in height (body ray height 320-520 µm). Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Silica in the rays cells (silica nearly filling the entire ray cell).

Material studied Brazil E. Oliveria 2844, INPA 21142 French Guiana BAFOG 343, Sabatier 1513 Guyana FDBG 913 & s.n. (SJRw 32843), Polak JOO

72 Anatomical Descriptions

17. Chrysophy/lum pomiferum (Eyma) Penn.

73 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

18. Clatllfotrophis macrocarpa Ducke Aromata 18a. C/atllfotrophis brac/1ypetala (Tul.) Kleinh. Aroma ta

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Aromata, Kauwi, Korero, Mutuwali

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown in C. brachypetala and pink or red brown in C. macrocarpa; sapwood yellowish to brownish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract with a blue fluorescence, or not fluorescent (fluorescent in FDBG 3732 and somewhat fluorescent in other C. macrocarpa); extract colourless to shades of brown (somewhat yellow-brown in C. macrocarpa). Ethanol extract with a blue fluorescence (more evident in C. macrocarpa); extract colourless to shades of brown (reddish brown in Polak 260). Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; ranging from 0.65-0.80.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solit� and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; mostly 3(-4)/mm ; (125-)160-245(-320) µm in tangential diameter; 355-550 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10(-12) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1170-2020 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent (mostly confluent); aliform parenchyma lozenge type, or winged type. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands short to long and mostly 3-6 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 5-6(-8) per mm; 2-4(-5) cells wide; 350-610 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied C. macrocarpa Brazil: Ducke 25, Krukoff8526; Guyana: FDBG 3732, Polak 241 & 260 C. brachypeta/a French Guiana: BAFOG 368; Guyana: GTw 3213; Suriname: Stabel 345

74 Anatomical Descriptions

18. Clathrotrophis macrocarpa Ducke I Sa. Clathrotrophis brachypetala (Tu!.) Kleinh.

75 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

19. Couratari guianensis Aublet Wadara 19a. Couratari gloriosa Sandw. Wadara 19b. Couratari multijlora(J.E. Smith) Eyma Smooth-leaf wadara

Synonym Couratari pulchra Sandw. (19) Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Fine-leaf wadara, lrimariye, Marimari, Smooth-leaf wadara (C. multif/ora), Urimari, Wadara (C. guianensis, C. gloriosa), Waranka (C. guianensis).

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood cream white to beige or yellow beige, sometimes with a pinkish tinge; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.53.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely to 5); 2-4/mm2; (100-) 140-220(-295) µm in tangential diameter; 615-675 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 9-10 µm in diameter; occasionally vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical, or vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1260- 1670 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide; bands reticulate. Axial parenchyma (4-)6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 6-8 per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 490-1050 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals mostly in very long (2o+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica in the rays cells (scattered throughout ray cells; often embedded in dark ray cell contents).

Material studied C. guianensis Colombia: Nee & Mori 3770; French Guiana: Petrov 41; Guyana: Polak 122; Suriname: Stahel 49 & 58: Venezuela: Breteler 5007, LI. Williams 12729 C. nmltiflora French Guiana: BAFOG 84, Petrov 136; Guyana: A.C. Smith 2496, Maguire et al 40497; Suriname: Stahel 44

76 Anatomical Descriptions

19. Couratari guianensis Aublet 19a. Couratari g/oriosa Sandw. 19b. Couratari multiflora (J.E. Smith) Eyma

77 Major TimberTrees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

20. Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandw. Dakama 20a. Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Huruhurudan

Synonym Dimorphandra hohenkerkii Sprague & Sandw. (20a) Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Akayoran (D. conjugata), Dakama, Huruhurudan (D. polyandra)

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark red brown in D. conjugata, in D. polyandra pink to reddish brown (yellowish brown when fresh); in D. polyandra, occasionally with dark streaks; sapwood whitish or pinkish pale brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with bright yellowish fluorescence. Water extract with yellowish green fluorescence; extract mostly colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with green to yellowish green fluorescence; extract mostly colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium; average for D. polyandra 0.62.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 2-4/mm ; (120-)155-260(-360) µm in tangential diameter; 240-600 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (5-)6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, not frequent, colour red brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1130-1400 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma thick vasicentric to aliform and confluent (somewhat more confluent in D. conjugata); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Axial parenchyma (2-) 4(-6) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (mostly homocellular in D. conjugata and mostly heterocellular in D. polyandra); 5-9 per mm (5-6 in D. polyandra and 8-9 in D. conjugata); in D. conjugata exclusively uniseriate; in D. po/yandra 2 (-3) cells wide; 285-380 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (10+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (chains mostly at boundary of fibrous tissue); one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied D. conjugata: Guyana: FDBG 5236, Polak 577; Suriname: Stahel 186 D. polyandra: French Guiana: BAFOG 8, Petrov 82, 83 & 84; Guyana: FDBG 2477; Suriname: Maguire et al 24197

78 Anatomical Descriptions

20. Dimorphandra conjugata (Splitg.) Sandw. 20a. Dimorphandra po/yandra Benoist

79 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

21. Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff Tatabu

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Konatopo, Ogoru, Olgoi, Tatabu

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood medium to dark brown and sometimes with a reddish or yellowish tinge; sapwood (1-2 cm) whitish to beige or yellowish and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract with a blue fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.8 I.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 4-6/mm ; (I 15-)180-280(-360) µm in tangential diameter; 535-850 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (6-)7-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with naked eye, sporadic but always present, colour white. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; I 400-1970 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly short aliform, or vasicentric; aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Axial parenchyma (2-)4(-6) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (true upright cells normally in last row of ray); 5-7 per mm; mostly 2(-3) cells wide; 400-610 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, mostly in short (2-4(-8)) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Brazil Navy Proj. 159 F35, Maguire et al 5 I 833 French Guiana BAFOG I 6 I & I 80, Petrov 230, 233 & 238 Guyana Polak 294 & 297, SGU-5 (tree 13), SGU-5A (tree 14) Suriname Helstone 500, Stabel 5 Venezuela MERw 1744 (MADw 24012)

80 Anatomical Descriptions

21. Dip/otropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff

81 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

22. Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. Tonka bean

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names AipO, Krapabosi, Kumaru, Tonka bean

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood beige or yellow brown sometimes with a purplish pink tinge; sapwood (2-4 cm) yellowish white to beige brown and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a yellowish green fluorescence. Water extract with a azure fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.97.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples (sometimes to 4); 7-10/mm ; (65-)120-180(-220) µm in tangential diameter; 260-500 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with naked eye or light microscope, occasional to common, colour white, or red brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 980-1450 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma occasionally unilateral paratracheal and aliform (sometimes confluent); aliform parenchyma lozenge type, or winged type. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (bands very fine (uniseriate) and irregular). Axial parenchyma 2 (-4) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (occasionally with one row of less elongated marginal cells); 7-12 per mm; exclusively uniseriate (sometimes in part biseriate, mostly biseriate in FDBG 2016); 200-360 µm in height. All rays storied; 3-4 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in mostly short ( 4-8) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 304 & 358, SF 6134 Guyana FDBG 2016, A.C. Smith 2751 Suriname Stabel 34 Venezuela Wurdack & Adderley 42844

82 Anatomical Descriptions

22. Dipteryxodorata (Aublet) Willd.

83 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

23. Eperuafa/cata Aublet Soft wallaba

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Beri oede wallaba, Parewe, Softwallaba, White wallaba, Wopa

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dull reddish brown; resin produces darker streaks; sapwood (2-12 cm) greyish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract somewhat reddish brown. Ethanol extract occasionally with a greenish fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract quickly becoming reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.74.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 4-6/mm ; (110-)155-230(-295) µm in tangential diameter; 425-650 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 13 50-1730 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty to vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands connecting the axial canals; generally wide, mostly 3-8, sometimes 1-4 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 2- 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (procumbent cells not very elongated, individual ray cell height generally over 30 µm which is unusual for species of Leguminosae); 4-6 per mm; (2-)3-4 cells wide; 700-1620 µm in height. Sheath cells absent (often square and slightly elongated cells along sides of rays). Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (mostly 10+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (chains generally at the boundary of the fibrous tissue and next to rays); one crystal per cell or chamber. Axial canals approximately 80-120 µm in diameter, frequently in long tangential lines.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 143, Petrov 59, 124 & 239 Guyana Conservator ofForests 977-3, Gill 6, GTw 2312, Polak 258 Suriname Stahel 22, 23 & 66

84 Anatomical Descriptions

23. Epemafa/cata Aublet

85 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

24. Eperua gra11dijlora(Aublet) Benth. Ituri wallaba 24a. Eperua jenmanii Oliver Ituri wallaba 24b. Eperua scllomburgkiana Benth. Ituri wallaba

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names lturi wallaba, Water wallaba, Yoboko

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dull reddish brown; resin produces darker streaks; sapwood (2- 12 cm) greyish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract somewhat reddish brown. Ethanol extract occasionally with a greenish fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract quickly becoming reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average for£. grandiflora0.79.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vesselssolitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-8/mm2; (90-) 125-205(-260) µm in tangential diameter; 400-660 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1220-1570 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty to vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands connecting the axial canals; generally wide, mostly 3-8, sometimes 1-4 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (procumbent cells not very elongated, individual ray cell height generally over 30 µm which is unusual for species of Leguminosae); 6-8 per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 410-870 µm in height. Sheath cells absent (often square and slightly elongated cells along sides of rays). Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (mostly 10+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (chains generally at the boundary of the fibrous tissue and also next to rays); occasionally to rarely in the ray cells of E. grandiflora; one crystal per cell or chamber. Axial canals approximately 80-120 µm in diameter, frequently in long tangential lines.

Material studied E. grandiflora French Guiana: Benoist 1595, Thiel 547, 548 & 558; Guyana: GTw 3341, Polak 235 E. jenmanii Guyana: SJRw 5119; Suriname: Stahel 334, Uw 11546 E. schomburgkiana French Guiana: Lescure Orstom 746; Guyana: FDBG 3380

86 Anatomical Descriptions

24. Epentagrandiflora (Aublet) Benth. 24a. Eperuajenmanii Oliver 24b. Epentaschomburgkiana Benth.

87 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

25. Eperua rubiginosa Miq. Watapa

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Watafa, Watapa, Water wallaba

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dull reddish brown; resin produces darker streaks; sapwood (2-12 cm) greyish white and distinct from heartwood colour. ·Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract somewhat reddish brown. Ethanol extract occasionally with a greenish fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract quickly becoming reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium to high; average 0.73.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-8/mm2; (105-)140-175(-205) µm in tangential diameter; 460-488 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1190-1550 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty to vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands connecting the axial canals; generally wide, mostly 3-8, sometimes 1-4 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 2- 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells to heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (procumbent cells not very elongated, individual ray cell height generally over 30 µm which is unusual for species of Leguminosae); 6-8 per mm; 2(-3) cells wide; 585-790 µm in height. Sheath cells absent (often square and slightly elongated cells along sides of rays). Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (mostly 10+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (chains generally at the boundary of the fibrous tissue and next to rays); one crystal per cell or chamber. Axial canals approximately 80-120 µm in diameter, frequently in long tangential lines.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 219, Thiel 574 Guyana GTw 2400, Polak 218, A.C. Smith 2741

88 Anatomical Descriptions

25. Eperua rubiginosa Miq.

89 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

26. Escltweilera alata A.C. Smith Guava-skin kakaralli

Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Guava-skin kakaralli, Kakaralli, Okoromai, Tekr�ma

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale or dull greyish brown to yellow brown and dark brown; sapwood (2-10 cm) light grey or greenish brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fl uorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for E. parviflora (similar to E. a/ata) 0.88.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 3-4/mm ; (90-) 130-185(-230) µm in tangential diameter; 400-575 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin- to thick-walled and common (occasional sclerotic tyloses in FDBG 2560). Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1150-1625 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (often on radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, approximately 5-9 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 11-12 per mm; (1-)2(-3) cells wide (nearly uniseriate in FDBG 2564); 350-680 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Silica bodies up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2560 & 2564, Polak 162 & 50 I, Tillett & Tillett 45825

90 26. Esclnveilera aI ata A.C. Smith

91 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

27. Eschweilera decolorans Sandw. Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27a. Eschweilera coriacea (A. DC.) S. Mori Smooth-leaf kakaralli 27b. Eschweileraparvijlora (Aublet) Miers Fine smooth-leaf kakaralli 27c. Eschweilera wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandw. Fine-leaf kakaralli

Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Akurima, Fine-leaf kakaralli (E. wachenheimii), Fine-smooth-leaf kakaralli (E. parv!flora),Kwateri, Kwatru (E. decolorans) Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale or dull greyish brown to yellow brown and dark brown; sapwood (2-10 cm) light grey or greenish brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for E. coriacea 0.86.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 4(-6), rarely tangential multiples of 2-3); 2-5/mm2; (90-)135-235(-285) µm in tangential diameter; 510-725 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (7-)8-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin- to thick-walled and common (occasional sclerotic tyloses in Polak 104) . Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1300-1875 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (often on radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, approximately 5-9 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 11-12(-14) per mm; (1-)2(-3) cells wide; 360-785 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in very long (2o+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica bodies up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells. Material studied E. decolorans Guyana FDBG 348, 2561 & 2563, Polak 57, 104 & 371 E. coriacea French Guiana BAFOG 76, Mori & Pipoly 15540, Petrov 202 Suriname Stahel 136a & 319 E. wachenheimii Guyana FDBG 3632

92 Anatomical Descriptions

27. Eschwei/era decolorans Sandw. 27a. Eschweilera coriacea (A. DC.) S. Mori 27b. Eschweilera parviflora (Aublet) Miers 27c. Eschweilera wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandw.

93 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

28. Eschweilera sagotiana Miers Common black kakaralli 28a. Eschweilera pedicellata (L.C. Rich.) S. Mori Kakaralli 28b. Eschweilera subglandulosa (Steud. ex 0. Berg) Miers Black kakaralli

Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Black kakaralli, (£. subglandulosa), Common black kakaralli, Kakaralli (E. pedicellata), Kwateri, Kwatu, POkO, Prukoi, Tamad (E. sagotiana).

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale or dull greyish brown to yellow brown and dark brown; sapwood (2-10 cm) light grey or greenish brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for E. subglandulosa 0.87.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 4(-5)); 2-7/mm2; (100-)140-230(-330) µm in tangential diameter; 500-675 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 7-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin- to thick-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1370-1910 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (oftenon radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, approximately 5-9 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 9-11 per mm; (1-)2(-3) cells wide; 420-1010 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in very long (20+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica bodies up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied E. sagotiana French Guiana: Benoist 182, Sabatier 1762; Guyana: FDBG 2556, Navy Proj. 215, Polak 46 & 105 E. pedicellata French Guiana: BAFOG 67; Guyana: A.C. Smith 2490, 3206 & 3162, FDBG 2321; Suriname: Stahel 45a E. subglandulosa Guyana: FDBG 0362; Venezuela: Breteler 5022, 5097 & 5099

94 Anatomical Descriptions

28. Eschweilera sagotiana Miers 28a. Eschweilera pedice/lata (L.C. Rich.) S. Mori 28b. Eschwei/era subglandu/osa (Stcud. ex 0. Berg) Miers

95 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

29. Goupia glabra Aublet Kabukalli

Family Celastraceae Vernacular names Goupi, Kabiuk, Kabukalli, Kupiye, Stinkwood, Waramai

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light pink or reddish brown to orange brown; sapwood (3-8 cm) yellowish grey or beige and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood faintly fluoresces yellowish green, but generally not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Chrome azurol-S test positive. Odour very strong and unpleasant or fetid when fresh, less so when dry, but still distinct. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.74.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels sometimes with smaller (40-90 µm) vessels, but not of two distinct diameter classes; exclusively 2 solitary; 5-10/mm ; (105-)135-175(-210) µm in tangential diameter; 1375-1900 µm in element length. Perforation plates scalariform; bars widely spaced and sometimes branched; generally ranging from 4-8 bars (rarely to 12 bars). Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 4-6 µm in diameter; vessel­ ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, infrequent, when present, colour reddish brown, generally deposits absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1850-2525 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present, or absent. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma diffuse, or diffuse-in-aggregates. Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty, mostly absent. Axial parenchyma 8-16 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes over 10 rows, often separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 9-11 per mm; 2-4 cells wide; 700-1160 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, but often a few in upright and/or square ray cells, or in chambered upright and/or square ray cells; one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied Brazil: Ducke 66; French Guiana: BAFOG 100, Bertin 3019, Petrov 201, 219 & 220; Guyana: FDBG 2125, IICAw SGU-14 (tree 37), Polak 67

96 Anatomical Descriptions

29. Goupia glabra Auble!

97 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

30. Humiria balsaniifera(Aublet) A. St. Hil. var. ba/samijera Tauroniro

Synonym Humiriajloribunda Mart. Family Humiriaceae Vernacular names Bastard bulletwood, Meri, Tauaranru, Tauroniro

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light grey brown or purplish rose brown to dark purplish red brown; sapwood light purplish rose or grey brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.81.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. 2 Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels exclusively solitary; I 0-14/mm ; (95- . )130-150(-175) µm in tangential diameter; 1430-2050 µm in element length. Perforation plates scalariform; mostly 8-15 (-25) bars. Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 4-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1830- 2195 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids frequently present. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma diffuse (sometimes approaching diffuse-in­ aggregates). Paratracheal parenchyma infrequently scanty to absent. Axial parenchyma 8-12 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes over I 0 rows, often separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 8-12 per mm; (1-)2 cells wide; 660-1000 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short to long ( 4-16) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Colombia MADw 10599 French Guiana BAFOG 228, Normand 540 Guyana FDBG 399 & 2055, GTw 1209, Polak 311 Suriname Stahel 90

98 Anatomical Descriptions

)

30. Humiria ba/samifera (Aublet) A. St. Hit. var. balsamifera

99 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

31. Hyeronima a/chorneoldes Allemao Suradan

Synonym Hyeronima laxiflora(Tul.) Muell. Arg. Family Euphorbiaceae Vernacular names Napo, Suradan

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale reddish brown to very dark brown with a purplish cast; sapwood (2-5 cm) greyish to pink brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; mostly ranging from 0.60-0.67.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels exclusively solitary; 4-1 l/mm2; (100-)120-210 (-275) µm in tangential diameter; 730-1300 µm in element length. Perforation plates mostly simple (rarely to occasionally scalariforrnwith 3- 10 bars per perforation plate). Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; (8-)10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses rare in some vessels, but mostly absent. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, not frequent, when present, colour dark reddish brown, but deposits mostly absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1680-2975 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma sometimes difficult to see with a hand lens, but with a microscope clearly diffuse, or diffuse-in-aggregates. Axial parenchyma 4- 8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (often up to I 0 rows, often separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 5-10 per mm; uniseriate rays frequent, multiseriate rays 2-5(-7) cells wide; 600-1040 µm in height. Sheath cells sometimes present, but mostly absent. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in upright and/or square ray cells, or in procumbent ray cells, or in chambered upright and/or square ray cells, or in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells, or in chambered axial . parenchyma (crystals in two chambered upright ray cells and in short (2-8) chains in axial parenchyma); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Brazil Maguire 51887 French Guiana BAFOG 250, Normand 509, SF 04-B Guyana Polak 93 Panama Cooper 368 & 537 Suriname Stahel 102, Navy Proj. 557 & 558

100 Anatomical Descriptions

31. Hyeronima alchomeoides Allemao

IOI Major TimberTrees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

32. Hymenaea courbaril L. Locust 32a. Hymenaea oblongifoliaHuber Locust

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Kawanari, Locust, Moire, Not, Simiri (H. oblongifolia), Stinking toe (H. courbaril).

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light brown to red brown, sometimes with a purplish tinge; often with dark brown streaks; sapwood (6-12 cm) greyish white to cream white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a strong yellowish fluorescence. Water extract not fluorescent; extract sometimes reddish brown, but mostly colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a greenish yellow fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.77.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; ( 160-) 195-240(-290) µm in tangential diameter; 350-580 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10(-11) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, occasional, colour red brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1300-1580 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly aliform (rarely confluent); aliform parenchyma lozenge type (sometimes slightly winged). Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands 2-6(-8) cells wide). Axial parenchyma (2-)4(-6) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent (sometimes with slightly enlarged marginal cells, rarely square or upright); 4-5 per mm; (2-)3-5(-7) cells wide; 430-645 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals generally common and in short (mostly 4-8) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (chains mostly at the boundary of the fibrous tissue and also next to rays, rarely in the ray cells of Petrov 131 and BGFD 943) ; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied H. courbaril: French Guiana: Benoist 1576, Petrov 80, 96 & 131; Guyana: Polak 331; Suriname: Stahel 118 H. oblongifolia: Brazil: Krukoff6323; French Guiana: BAFOG 214; Guyana: FDBG 943, Navy Proj. 216, AC. Smith 2813

102 Anatomical Descriptions

32. Hymenaea co11rbaril L. 32a. Hymenaea ob/ongifolia Huber

103 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

33. Hymenolohiumjlavum Kleinh. Koraroballi

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae). Vernacular names Atoritan, Darina, Kaserena, Koraroballi, Kotik, Mabinanero

Macroscopic features Colour . Heartwood pale brown with pinkish tinge to dark yellow brown; sapwood light yellowish white to light brown and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a very pale yellowish green fluorescence to not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average for H. exce/sum (similar to H.jlavum)0.63.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely to occasionally with radial multiples of 4-10 very small vessels); 1-5/mm2; (155-)245-285(-370) µm in tangential diameter; 480-645 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly 10( -11) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, occasional, colour red brown (rare whitish deposits in FDBG 3047 as seen with the naked eye). Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1500-2200 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent (confluent bands short to long and generally more than 5 cells wide); aliform parenchyma winged type. Marginal banded parenchyma absent (in some specimens, rare bands of non-confluent parenchyma appear straight and less thick (2-4 cells wide) suggesting marginal bands). Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 4-5 per mm; (2-)3-5(-6) cells wide; 280-565 µm in height. All rays storied, or rays and/or axial elements irregularly storied, or storied structure not observed (in Normand 524 and Stahel 115 most rays storied; in Polak 296, FDBG 3047, and SF 1178 rays irregularly or not storied); mostly 2 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals generally common and in long chains (mostly (4-)8-16) in chambered axial parenchyma (chains mostly at the boundary of the fibrous tissue);one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied French Guiana: Normand 524, SF 1178; Guyana: FDBG 3047, Polak 296; Suriname: Stabel 115

104 Anatomical Descriptions

33. Hymenolobiumjlavum Kleinh.

105 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

34. Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Maporokon

Family Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Vernacular names Kurang, Kwari, Kwariye, Maporokon, Yokar

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pinkish brown; often with blurred greenish yellow streaks; sapwood light brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood sometimes with streaks of faint or pale yellowish fluorescence (may be due to the presence of bacteria or fungi). Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test often strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.57.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 4(-5)); 1-3/mm2; ( 155-)205-250(-340) µm in tangential diameter; 380-560 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 7-8(-9) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the naked eye, occasional to infrequent, when present, light brown to cream white, or absent (often occluding or partly occluding the vessel as seen on the transverse section). Fibres Fibres septate; mostly thin-walled; 1260-1530 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma sometimes of the winged type, but mostly lozenge type. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 7-10 per mm; mostly 1- 2(-3) cells wide; 255-320 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, in long ((4-) 8-16) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material stud ied French Guiana BAFOG 160 & 206, SF 06-B Guyana FDBG 2292, Polak 92 Peru Guttierrez 55 (fl.) 121 (fr.) Venezuela Breteler 5058

106 Anatomical Descriptions

34. Inga alba (Sw.) Willd.

107 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

35. Iryanthera lancifoliaDucke Kirikaua 35a. Iryanthera macrophyllaWarb. Kirikaua

Family Myristicaceae Vernacular names Kirikaua, Marbuk, Swamp kirikaua, Weputana

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale pinkish brown to shades of orange brown or dark brown; sapwood variable in width, light brown, and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.49.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 5-I l/mm ; (70-) I00-140(-170) µm in tangential diameter; 1150-1700 µm in element length. Perforation plates rarely simple, about 50-50 scalariform and reticulate; mostly 5-8 (-11) bars. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-I0(-12) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and not common, or absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; mostly thin-walled; 1510-1980 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma occasionally scanty, but mostly absent. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma present (bands 2-4 cells wide, very irregularly spaced). Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes 5 rows); 7-9 per mm; 1-2 cells wide (nearly uniseriate in some specimens); 470-640 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Tanniniferous tubes present.

Material studied I. /ancifolia Guyana Navy Proj. 237, Polak 146 & 282 I. macrophylla Brazil Krukoff7178 Guyana Aitken 975, FDBG 76 Peru LI. Williams 4817

108 Anatomical Descriptions

35. lryanthera lancifo/ia Ducke 35a. lryanthera macrophyffa Warb.

109 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

36. Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don Futui

Family Bignoniaceae Vernacular names Aku, Futui, Kopaia, Pasa, Phootee

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellowish or pinkish white to buffor cream; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average 0.36.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4(-7)/mm2; (115-)160-250(-320) µm in tangential diameter; 450-720 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1100-1250 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (numerous only on the radial walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma sometimes in short confluent bands, but mostly aliform; aliform parenchyma winged type. Axial parenchyma 4-8(-10) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 5-7 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 350-535 µm in height. Storied structurenot observed. Special Characters Crystals absent.

Material studied Colombia Cabrera 40, Cuatrecasas 15264 French Guiana BAFOG 1, Petrov 91, 107 & 108 Guyana Polak 15, A.C. Smith 3474

110 Anatomical Descriptions

36. Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don

l l l Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

37. Laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichler Warakairo

Family Flacourtiaceae Vernacular names Bastard kabukalli, Murewa, Warakairo, Watuwai

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale yellowish brown; sapwood pale yellowish white and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0. 71.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-11/mm2; (100-)128-210(-265) µm in tangential diameter; 750-1500 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1850-2650 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma absent or extremely rare. Rays Rays heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes up to 10 rows, often separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions; uniseriate rays and uniseriate extensions mostly with square or short upright cells; sometimes square cells also in body of ray along the side looking like sheath cells); 9-11 per mm; 3-5(-7) cells wide; 1800-4550 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals mostly in upright and/or square ray cells (rarely in the procumbent cells); druses occasionally in ray parenchyma cells, or absent (always in the uniseriate extensions; sometimes druses stalked and in "paired" ray cells); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Brazil Irwin et al 48294, Krukoff8281, Maguire 51753 French Guiana BAFOG 54, ONF 16-43 Guyana FDBG 917, Polak 118, 137 & 236 Honduras Haufe 12 Peru Jenssen 43 (fl.) Lao 10 I (fr.)

112 Anatomical Descriptions

37. laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichler

113 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

38. Lecythis confertijlora (A.C. Smith) S. Mori Wirimiri

Synonym Eschweilera confertiflora A.C. Smith Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Wirimiri

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark red brown; sapwood greyish or light brown to somewhat yellow brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly to weakly positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for l. pisonis (similar to l. confertiflora) 0.88.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 6); 2-7/mm2; (110-)140-205(-265) µm in tangential diameter; 525-690 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; ·8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1335-2010 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (often on radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-4 cells wide, approximately 3-6 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 10-12 per mm; mostly 2-3 cells wide; 390-595 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in very long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma, or absent; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica bodies up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied Brazil Irwin et al 48314 French Guiana BAFOG 266, Mori & Pipoly 15456 & 15568 Guyana FDBG 2557 & 4806, Polak 279

114 Anatomical Descriptions

38. lecythisconfertif/ora (A.C. Smith)S. Mori

115 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

39. Lecythis corrugata Poit. Win a

Synonym Eschweilera corrugata(Poit.) Miers Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Wina, Wina kakaralli

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood red brown; sapwood greyish or beige to yellow white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly to weakly positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.79.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples (sometimes to 6); 3-5/mm ; (65-)140-180(-260) µm in tangential diameter; 430-590 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (7-)8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the· same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1265-1540 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (often on radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-4 cells wide, approximately 3-6 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present. or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 9-11 per mm; mostly 2(-3) cells wide; 335-545 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in very long (40+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica bodies up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied Brazil Rosa 1068 French Guiana BAFOG 83, Benoist 218 Guyana FDBG 2579, Polak 174 & 264, A.C. Smith 2332 & 2641 Venezuela Marcano-Berti 131, Zabala 98

116 Anatomical Descriptions

39. lecythis corrugata Poit.

117 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

40. Lecytlzis zabucajo Aublet Monkey Pot

Synonym Lecythis davisiiSandw. Family Lecythidaceae Vernacular names Kume, Monkey pot, Wadaduri

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood red brown; sapwood greyish or cream to yellowish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly to weakly positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.82

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 6); 4-7/mm2; (90-)135-255(-335) µm in tangential diameter; 530-700 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (sometimes with two distinct sizes of pits in the same cell, one pit type simple, large, round, oval, or scalariform and the other pit type bordered like intervessel pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1215-1940 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered (often on radial wall, rare on tangential walls). Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma rarely scanty to absent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-4 cells wide, approximately 3-6 per mm); reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present, or absent (marginal bands not easily recognized, often straighter and thinner (mostly 1-2 cells wide)). Axial parenchyma 6-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 6-10 per mm; mostly 2-3 cells wide; 425-695 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in very long (30+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Silica bodies scattered, up to 50 µm in diameter in the rays cells. Material studied Brazil Irwin & Westra 47170 French Guiana BAFOG 158 & 305, Sabatier 1470 Guyana FDBG 330 & 3237, Maguire 40551 Venezuela Conejos 73

118 Anatomical Descriptions

40. lecythiszabucajo Aublet

119 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

41. Licania alba (Bernoulli)Cuatr. Kautaballi 41a. Licania laxijlora Fritsch Kauta 41 b. Licania majuscu/a Sagot Kautaballi

Synonym Licania venosa Rushy (41) Family Chrysobalanaceae Vernacular names Countaballi, Counter, Farsha (L. majuscu/a), Kauada, Kaudanaro, Kauta, (L. laxiflora), Kautaballi (L. alba, L. majuscula), Maiuarai (L. alba), Tokor

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood brown to yellow brown and sometimes with a pinkish or reddish tinge; sapwood light brown or tan and generally distinct from heartwood colour (sometimes not well demarcated). Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.90.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels sometimes of two distinct diameter classes, wood not ring-porous, or not of two distinct diameter classes; exclusively solitary; 2-4/mm2; {115-)180-245(-300) µm in tangential diameter; 730-1125 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; (7-)8-9(-10) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (often vertical); nonvestured. Tyloses thin- or thick-walled, common and oftensclerotic. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1370-1670 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, slightly sinuous); reticulate. Axial parenchyma often over 15 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (procumbent cells very short to nearly square); 10-14 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 455-625 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Silica bodies abundant, up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells. Material studied L. alba: Guyana: Polak 43, 66 & 257; Venezuela: Breteler 3850 L. laxiflora: Guyana: FDBG 3756 L. majuscula: French Guiana BAFOG 62, 77 & 215, Benosit 180; Guyana: A.C. Smith 3095

120 Anatomical Descriptions

41. Licania alba (Bernoulli) Cuatr. 4 la. Licania laxifloraFritsch 41b. Licania majuscula Sagot

121 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

42. Licaria cannella(Meisner) Kosterm. Brown silverballi

Synonym Acroc/idium canne/la Meisner Licaria cayennensis(Meisner) Kostenn. Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Brown silverballi, Kamarai, Kharemero shiruballi, Tiniari, Wabaima

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellow brown, turning dark brown with a red or violet tinge on exposure; sapwood (2-5 cm) light yellow brown and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract very weak in some specimens, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract very weak in some specimens, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Odour pleasant and distinct to indistinct or absent. Splinter burns to charcoal. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; ranging from 0.65-0.90.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 5-l 1/mm2; (100-)120-185(-230) µm in tangential diameter; 630-840 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (I0-)12-14 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled, common and often sclerotic. Fibres Fibres septate; very thick-walled; 1370-1790 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma slightly aliform, or vasicentric (sometimes confluent between close vessels); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Axial parenchyma 4-6(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 4-6 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide (only occasionally to 3); 4!0-565 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Oil cells frequent and associated with ray and axial parenchyma (mostly in the ray margins, generally twice or more as high as marginal cells).

Material studied Brazil Ducke 292 French Guiana Benoist 1568, Petrov I06, Thiel 446 & 476 Guyana FDBG 2577 & 3010, Polak 299

122 Anatomical Descriptions

42. Licaria cannella (Meisner) Kosterrn.

123 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

43. Loxopterygiumsagotii Hook.f. Hububalli

Family Anacardiaceae Vernacular names Aupar, Hububalli, Kwipari, Kwipariye

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pink or orange brown; often with copper coloured, narrow or wide irregular streaks; sapwood (5-8 cm) pale yellow or greyish white and more or less distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a yellowish fluorescence. Water extract not fluorescent; extract orange brown, colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Ethanol extract with a green to yellowish green fluorescence; extract orange brown, colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.56.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial

multiples; I0-13/mm2; (75-)120-140(-2!0) µm in tangential diameter; 475-690 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8- IO µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (often round to oval); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 970-1190 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma when present, mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (rarely with 2 rows); 5-7 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide (rarely 3); 325-390 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals rarely to frequently in upright and/or square ray cells; one crystal per cell or chamber. Radial canals commonly present (generally in rays 3-5(-7) cells wide; canals 30-60 µm in diameter).

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 198 Guyana Navy Proj. 29, 211 & 212, Polak 306 & 309 Suriname Stabel 81

124 Anatomical Descriptions

43. Loxopterygium . sagotii Hook.f.

125 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

44. Manilkara bidelitata (A. DC.) Chev. Bulletwood

Family Sapotaceae Vernacular names Balata, Balata burue, Beefwood, Bulletwood, Bully tree, Iriar, Kobero, Purue

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light to dark red brown changing to brown or dark chocolate brown; sapwood (3-5 cm) pale grey brown or pinkish brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.95.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels sometimes in diagonal and/or radial pattern (more of a tendency toward a short radial pattern); solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (occasionally some clusters); 15-22/mm2; (60-)80-155(-180) µm in tangential diameter; 600-880 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common (occasionally sclerotic in denser specimens). Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1225-1870 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly (1-)2(-3) cells wide, approximately 4-7 per mm); reticulate. Axial parenchyma mostly 8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes up to 6 rows); 8-9 per mm; 2(-3) cells wide; 350-800 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (mostly 4-8) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 263, Petrov 212, 224, & 225 Guyana Conservator of Forests s.n., FDBG 54, Navy Proj. 204 & 206, Polak 308 & 317 Suriname Stabel 4

126 Anatomical Descriptions

44. Mani/kara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev.

127 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

45. Mora exce/saBenth. Mora

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Mora, Mora-yek, Parakaua

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown to reddish or slightly yellowish brown; sometimes with beige or brown streaks, or without streaks; sapwood (up to 15 cm) light yellowish or pinkish grey and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a faint to light yellowish fluorescence, or not fluorescent. Water extract with a very faint greenish fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Ethanol extract with a faint greenish fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown,.or reddish brown. Froth test strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium to high; average 0. 78.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-9/mm2; (70-)110-170(-250) µm in tangential diameter; 345-545 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly 4 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the naked eye, frequent, colour cream to white (occasionally with reddish brown deposits as seen with the light microscope). Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1075-1545 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly aliform to confluent (confluent short and less frequent than in M. gonggrijpii); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma sporadically present (bands mostly uniseriate). Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (marginal cells sometimes slightly enlarged); 6-7 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 270-465 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystalper cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana Navy Proj. 554 & 556, Polak 324 & 610, A.C. Smith 3399 Suriname Stahel 2a Trinidad Forest Dept. s.n

128 Anatomical Descriptions

45. Mora excelsa Benth.

129 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

46. Mora gonggrijpU(Kleinh.) Sandw. Morabukea

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Morabukea. Parakwai

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown to reddish or slightly yellowish brown; sometimes with beige or brown streaks, or without streaks; sapwood (up to 15 cm) light yellowish or pinkish grey and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a faint to light yellowish fluorescence, or not fluorescent. Water extract with a very faint greenish fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Ethanol extract with a faint greenish fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or reddish brown. Froth test strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0. 78.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 5-l l/mm2; (85-)115-185(-230) µm in tangential diameter; 425-630 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly 4 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the naked eye, frequent, colour cream to white (occasionally with reddish brown deposits as seen with the light microscope). Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1070-1580 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly aliform to confluent (confluent short and more frequent than in M. excelsa); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma sporadically present (bands mostly uniseriate). Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (marginal cells sometimes slightly enlarged); 6-7 per mm; many uniseriates, but mostly 2 cells wide (sometimes to 3, rarely to 4); 330-410 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (15+) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied Guyana Aitken 980, Gill 14, Polak 216 & 312 Suriname Stahel 192, Welvaartsfonds 57, WIBw 1057

130 Anatomical Descriptions

46. Mora gonggrijpii (Kleinh.) Sandw.

131 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

47. Moronobea coccinea Aublet Manniballi

Family Guttiferae Vernacular names Manniballi, Morombo-rai

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood brown to yellow brown; sapwood (3-5 cm) light yellow and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.88.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; (130-) 170-260( -355) µm in tangential diameter; 650-1015 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12(-14) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1835-2340 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands mostly (2-)3-4 cells wide, approximately 3(-4) per mm). Axial parenchyma 8-12 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent to heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (marginal cells slightly enlarged or square); 8-11 per mm; (1-)2 cells wide; 600-775 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals sparse in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells (very rare in ray cells); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana Normand 732, SF I, Thiel 576 & 688 Guyana FDBG 164 & 382, Gill 13, A.C. Smith 2964

132 Anatom·ica I Descriptions

47· Moronobea coccinea Aublet

133 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

48. Ocotea canalicu/ata (Rich.) Mez White silverballi 48a. Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Kurahara silverballi 48b. Ocotea oblonga (Meisner) Mez Soft kereti 48c. Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Hard kereti

Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Dolly pear (0. g/omerata), Hard kereti (0. wachenheimii), Hariraro shiruballi, Heburu, !Ieng, Kurahara silverballi, Sawariskin silverballi, Soft kereti (0. oblonga, 0. wachenheimi1), White silverballi (0. canaliculata)

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood very pale brown to cream or beige; sapwood (3-6 cm) pinkish grey and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a very weak greenish yellow fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent. Water extract with a very faint blue fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a very faint blue fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Splinter bums to full ash; colour often black or white to grey. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average for 0. oblonga and 0. glomerata 0.36 and 0.55, respectively.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 6 or 7); 6-10/mm2; (95-)130-185(-220) µm in tangential diameter; 500-890 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12(-14) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; I 000-1350 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma present to absent or extremely rare. Paratracheal parenchyma very scanty. Axial parenchyma 3-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 4-6 per mm; 2- 3 cells wide; 345-580 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent Oil cells common and associated with ray and axial parenchyma (mostly in the ray margins, generally twice or more as high as marginal cells; not common in axial parenchyma).

Material studied 0. canalicu/ata Brazil: Krukoff 1889; Guyana: FDBG 2411, Polak 400 & 580; Venezuela: Wurdack & Monachino 45 0. glomerata French Guiana: BAFOG 74, 122 & 284, Benoist 1613; Guyana: FDBG 4042 0. oblonga French Guiana: Melinon 99, Petrov 103, SF 98; Guyana: GTw 3465 0. wachenheimii French Guiana: BAFOG 200, SF 1159; Guyana: FDBG 4508; Suriname: Stahel I 96

134 Anatomical Descriptions

48. Ocotea canaliculata (Rich.) Mez 48a. Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez 48b. Ocotea ob/onga (Meisner) Mez 48c. Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist

135 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

49. Ocotea rubra Mez Determa

Synonym Nectandra rubra (Mez) Allen Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Baaka, Determa, Teteruma, Wanu

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pinkish or reddish brown, becoming brown with age; sapwood (2-6 cm) greyish to yellowish and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a very weak greenish yellow fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a very faint blue fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium; average 0.57.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern, or without specific pattern; solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 5-7/mm2; (85-)150-210(-250) µm in tangential diameter; 600-850 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (13-)14-16 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits rounded or angular; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres septate; mostly thick-walled; 1550-2000 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma occasionally diffuse. Paratracheal parenchyma predominately scanty (sometimes slightly aliform and sometimes confluent between close vessels). Axial parenchyma 4(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes with a tendency toward the homocellular condition); 4-6 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 500-750 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Oil cells very abundant and associated with axial parenchyma and present among fibres (often in vertical chains of 2-6(-8) oil cells).

Material studied French Guiana Petrov 23, 49, 72, 171 & 182 Guyana FDBG 222 & 223, GTw 274 Suriname Stabel 35

136 AnatomicalDescriptions

49. Ocotea rubra Mez

137 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

50. Ocotea tomentella Sandw. Baradan

Family Lauraceae Vernacular names Baradan, Yaneau

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood greenish yellow with golden brown or grey overtones; sapwood (1-3 cm) light brown or beige and distinct from heartwood colour.

· Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a very weak greenish yellow fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent. Water extract with a very faint blue fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a very faint blue fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average 0.46.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; mostly 4/mm2; 190 µm in tangential diameter; 790 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 12-14 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1480 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma present to absent or extremely rare. Paratracheal parenchyma very scanty. Axial parenchyma 4(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 4-6 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 590-690 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Crystals absent. Oil cells common and associated with ray and axial parenchyma (mostly in the ray margins, generally twice or more as high as marginal cells; not common in axial parenchyma).

Material studied Guyana FDBG 3367, Polak 555

138 Ana/omical Descriplions

50. Oco/ea /omenlellaSandw.

139 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

51. Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) B.D. Jackson Barakaro

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Barakaro, Epir rik, Jumbi bead tree, Lucky seed

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown to reddish brown; sapwood (4-5 cm) cream or yellowish and distinct fromheartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a very faint yellow fluorescence, but generally not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.60.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (rarely with small vessels up to 4 or 5); l-2/mm2; (175-)210-225(-250) µm in tangential diameter; 420-570 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (9-)10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the light microscope, occasional, colour red brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1600-1830 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliforrn to confluent; aliforrn parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal banded parenchyma generally indistinct or absent (rarely a few very fine bands). Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes with 2 or 3 rows); 4-6 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide; 420-430 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short or long ( 4-16) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 274 Suriname Stabel 357

140 Anatomical Descriptions

SI. Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) B.D. Jackson

141 Major TimberTrees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

52. Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Korokororo

Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Crook, Horse-eye, Korokororo, Korongpinbiu, Wanaka

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown to yellowish or pinkish brown; sapwood pale brown or cream and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.51.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; (105-)175-250(-300) µm in tangential diameter; 415-520 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels absent (rarely orange or reddish brown deposits as seen with the light microscope). Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1570-1825 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes with 2 or 3 rows); 4-6 per mm; mostly 2-3(-4) cells wide; 405-540 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short or long (4-16) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Brazil Ducke 352 French Guiana BAFOG 73, 142 & 212 Guyana Polak 234 Suriname Stahel 251, W.S. 1025 (SJRw 49764)

142 Anatomical Descriptions

52. Ormosia co11tinhoi Ducke

143 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

53. Parahancorniafasciculata (Lam.) Benoist Duka Ii

Synonym Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Duke Family Apocynaceae Vernacular names Amapa, Dukali

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood beige to cream or slightly pinkish; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic SpecificGravity Basic specificgravity low to medium; average 0.44.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-l l/mm2; (65-)105-125(-150) µm in tangential diameter; 735-930 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-5 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1320-1630 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered (only on the radial wall). Parenchyma Axial parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregates. Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (marginal cells procumbent, but less elongated); 7-9 per mm; (1-)2 cells wide; 350-460 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in short (4- 12) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (rarely in radial alignment (4-8 crystals) in procumbent ray cells of BAFOG 104); one crystal per cell or chamber (sometimes 2 crystals per chamber). Latex tubes present (slightly larger in diameter than ray cells, occasionally two in the same ray).

Material studied Brazil Krukoff 1795, Maguire et al 47511, 51772 French Guiana BAFOG 104, 196 & 293, Thiel 527 Guyana FDBG 3442, Polak 355

144 AnatomicalDescriptions

53. Parahancorniafas cicu/ata (Lam.) Benoist

145 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

54. Parinari campestris Aublet Burada 54a Parinari rodolphii Huber Burada

Family Chrysobalanaceae Vernacular names Broad-leaved burada, Burada, Bu(hu)rada, Candlewood, Kupisini, Mahaicaballi, Makarai, Wamuk, Wamuku

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light brown to pinkish brown, rarely yellowish brown; sapwood (4 cm) similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average for P. campestris 0.76.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels sometimes of two distinct diameter classes, wood not ring-porous, or not of two distinct diameter 2 classes; exclusively solitary; 1-3/mm ; (175-)2!0-410(-520) µm in tangential diameter; 580-1145 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits when observed on overlapping vessel element tails and the rare vessel pair, alternate; circular or oval; 6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (often vertical); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1300-2230 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide and 4-5 per mm); reticulate. Axial parenchyma generally over 10 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells; 11-15 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 535-710 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies abundant, up to 20 µm in diameter in the rays cells (sometimes in axial parenchyma).

Material studied P. campestris French Guiana: BAFOG 192, Benoist 270, SF 1119; Suriname: Stabel 84; Venezuela: Breteler 5133 P. rodolphii Guyana: FDBG 3016; French Guiana: Sabatier-Prevost 2128; Venezuela: Conejos 28

146 Anatomical Descriptions

54. Parinari campestris Aublet 54a Parinari rodolplrii Huber

147 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

55. Peltogyne venosa (Yahl) Benth. Purpleheart

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Karawai, Koroboreli, Kukwi, Marako, Mok, Purpleheart, Saka

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood brown when freshly cut, quickly turning purple upon exposure and darkens eventually to dark brown with age and continued exposure to light; sapwood (3-6 cm) pale pink or grayish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood of freshly exposed surface with a strong yellowish fluorescence. Water extract not fluorescent (sometimes with a faint or weak blue fluorescence); extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a blue or yellow fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract purplish red (wine) or reddish brown. Splinter bums to full ash; colour bright white. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.75.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial 2 multiples; 3-8/mm ; (60-)100-210(-285) µm in tangential diameter; 350-550 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1350-1840 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform and unilateral paratracheal (sometimes confluent); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma present (bands 2-4 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 4-6 per mm; 3-5 cells wide; 415-590 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in mostly short (4-12) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 218, Benoist 1625, Petrov 222 & 223, Thiel 687 Guyana FDBG 2077 & 2492 Suriname Stahel 201

148 AnatomicalDescriptions

55. Peltogynevenosa (Yahl) Benth.

149 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

56. Platonia insignis Mart. Pakuri

Synonym According to the officialrules of nomenclature, the name Platania escu/enta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu is also valid Family Guttiferae Vernacular names Pakuri, Wild mammee apple

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale brown to yellow brown, sometimes with yellow beige streaks; sapwood (3-6 cm) beige and generally distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract generally yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract generally reddish brown. Basic SpecificGravity Basic specificgravity medium to high; average 0.77.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; l-2/mm2; (120-)190-305(-430) µm in tangential diameter; 700-800 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; I 0-14 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Tyloses thin­ walled and common. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the naked eye, sometimes present, colour sulfur yellow. Fibres Fibres non-septate; mostly very thick-walled; 2350-3000 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands mostly 3-6 cells wide, approximately 2-3 per mm). Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent, or heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 6-9 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 510-1120 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, when present, crystals in non­ chambered axial parenchyma cells (rarely in two chambered axial parenchyma cells); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana Bertin 3028, Petrov 61, 75, 144, 178 & 179 Guyana FDBG 3188 Suriname SJRw 4181

150 Anatomical Descriptions

56. P/atonia insignis Mart.

151 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

57. Pouter/a cusp/data (A. DC.) Baehni Kokoritiballi

Synonym Pouteria dura Eyma Neoxythece dura (Eyma) Aubr. & Pellegr. Family Sapotaceae Vernacular names Bastard kokoritiballi, Courouitaballi, Kokoritiballi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood brown to pinkish or reddish brown; sapwood mostly light brown and somewhat distinct from heartwood colour, or similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for P. egregia and P. eugeniifo/ia (similar to P. cuspidata)0.88 and 1.08, respectively.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern(generally a short radial pattern); solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples and commonly in radial multiples of 4 or more (sometimes up to 7); 6-8/mm2; (60-)120-200(-235) µm in tangential diameter; 660-1060 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses mostly thin-walled and infrequent to common and oftensclerotic (especially in the denser specimens). Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1605-1880 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids not common, but present. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, approximately 4-5 per mm); reticulate. Axial parenchyma mostly over 12 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (occasionally up to JO rows, sometimes separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); JO.13 per mm; 1-2 cells wide (uniseriate rays abundant and sometimes only occasionally biseriate in part); 465-740 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies abundant, 10-30 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied Brazil Froes 184, 289 & 312, Krukoff 6841 French Guiana Sabatier 1474 Guyana FDBG 3556, Polak 613 & 619 Suriname Maas 10802, Stahel 30 & 307 Venezuela Maguire 41782

152 Anatomical Descriptions

57. Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.) Baehni

153 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

58. Pouteria guianensis Aublet Asepoko

Family Sapotaceae Vernacular names Asepoko, Common asepoko, Marapasnukri, Ptlyak

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood red brown to dark red brown; sapwood yellow brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.95.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels without specific pattern, or in diagonal and/or radial pattern (sometimes difficult to recognize the very short radial pattern); solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 4-6/mm2; (100-) 135-230(-250) µm in tangential diameter; 600-790 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin- to thick-walled and common and often sclerotic (especially in the denser specimens). Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thick-walled; 1275-1680 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids not common, but present. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2(-3) cells wide, approximately 3-4(-5) per mm); reticulate. Axial parenchyma mostly over 12 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (occasionally up to 10 rows, sometimes separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 13-14 per mm; 1-2 cells wide (uniseriate rays abundant and sometimes only occasionally biseriate in part); 450-630 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies abundant, 20-30 µm in diameter in the rays cells (mostly in the procumbent cells, infrequent in the square or upright cells).

Material studied Brazil Capucho 394 French Guiana Sabatier 1759, BAFOG 1293 Guyana FDBG 3346, Polak 97 Suriname BBSw 1068, Kools 1067, Stahel 9 & 272, Welvaartsfonds 67

154 Anatomical Descriptions

58. Pouteria guianensis Aublet

155 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

59. Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni Suya

Family Sapotaceae Vernacular names Chuya, Durban pine, Por, Suya

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light brown or beige; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity low to medium; ranging from 0.36-0.49.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern; solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; (100-)130- 170(-245) µm in tangential diameter; 610-840 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-7(-8) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical (mostly in the square or upright cells), often in the procumbent cells vessel-ray pitting smaller and similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1360-1850 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids not common, but present. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide (bands mostly 1-2 cells wide, approximately 5 per mm); reticulate. Axial parenchyma 4-6(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (rarely to 5 or 6 rows, sometimes separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 7-9 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 540-790 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies frequent, small, mostly 10- 15 µm in diameter in the rays cells.

Material studied Brazil Museu Goeldi tree 727, Silva 4752 Guyana FDBG 3162, Polak 18, 221 & 566

156 Anatomical Descriptions

59. Pouteria sp eciosa (Ducke) Baehni

157 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

60. Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand Kurokai

Family Burseraceae Vernacular names Common kurokai, Kurokai, Maruwa, Porokai, Waruwai

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pinkish grey to pinkish brown; sapwood pinkish or occasionally pale yellow and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.53.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. . Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 12-20/mm2; (60-)90-135(-165) µm in tangential diameter; 465-640 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and sporadic to common. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 870-1240 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes 2 rows); 5-8 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide (uniseriate to rarely biseriate in part in FDBG 3402); 250-380 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals in procumbent ray cells, or in upright and/or square ray cells and in chambered upright and/or square ray cells; one crystal per cell or chamber, or more than one crystal of about the same size per cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 3402, Polak 350, SGU 6a (tree 17), five samples from the Guyana Forestry Commission without numbers

158 AnatomicalDescriptions

60. Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand

159 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

61. Pterocarpus roh'riiYahl Hill corkwood

Family Leguminosae Vernacular names Corkwood, Hill corkwood, ltikiboro, Mutushi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellowish to cream or dirty white, sometimes with traumatic dark brown or purple brown heartwood; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average 0.41.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-IO/mm2; (65-)75-215(-285) µm in tangential diameter; 205-360 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (7-)8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 905-1430 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma somewhat aliform to mostly long confluent. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide, or in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands 2-4(-6) cells wide and joining the vessels); narrow bands typically reticulate. Marginal banded parenchyma present (bands 1-2 cells wide). Axial parenchyma mostly 2 cells per parenchyma strand (occasionally fusiform or strands of 3-4 cells). Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 11-15 per mm; exclusively uniseriate or 1-2 cells wide; 140-230 µm in height. All rays storied; 4-4.5 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in mostly short ( 4-10) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied Brazil Curran 26 (XXIII), Krukoff5474 Colombia Dugand 1037 (486) & 99 (262 B.S.) French Guiana SF 1040 Guatemala Sosa 12 Guyana Polak 305 Nicaragua Shank 21 Venezuela Breteler 3853 & 3956, Conejos 92

160 icaI Descriptions ---�A�nato�m·

161 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

62. Quassia simarouba L.f. Simarupa

Synonym Simarouba amara Aublet Family Simaroubaceae Vernacular names Aku, Bitter ash, Guashi, Shirima, Simarupa, Simere, Yaku

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood cream white to straw yellow; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract sometimes with a faint or weak blue fluorescence, but mostly not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract sometimes with a faint or weak blue fluorescence, but mostly not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low; average 0.35.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-3/mm2; (115-)190-265(-350) µm in tangential diameter; 450-630 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1050-1270 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma winged type. Axial parenchyma 4-6 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 4-6( -7) per mm; 3-5 cells wide; 430-630 µm in height. Mostly all rays storied, or rays and/or axial elements irregularly storied; 2 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (4-10) chains in chambered axial parenchyma (sometimes in non-chambered cells); one crystal per cell or chamber. Intercellular canals of traumatic origin sporadically present (canals imbedded in band of axial parenchyma).

Material studied Brazil Capucho 326, Curran 21-129 Colombia Dugand 814 (367) French Guiana Petrov 9, 93, 102, 180 & 181 Guyana GTw 5881, Polak 307 Panama Kluge 36 Suriname Stabel 17

162 AnatomicalDescriptions

62. Quassia simarouba L.f.

163 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

63. Sacoglottisguianensis Benth. Sand dukuria

Family Humiriaceae Vernacular names Dukuria, Huriki, Kotore, Puire, Sand dukuria, Yapopari

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood greyish or pinkish brown to dark reddish or purplish brown; sapwood light yellow brown to reddish brown and generally similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Splinter bums to full ash, or charcoal; colour white to grey. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity high; average 0.83.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels exclusively solitary; 8- l 3/mm2; (90-) 130- 165(-210) µm in tangential diameter; 1600-2150 µm in element length. Perforation plates scalariform; 8-15 bars. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (occasionally elongate and unilaterally compound); nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled, or very thick-walled; 1930-2280 µm in length; pits distinctly bordered and common on both radial and tangential walls. Vascular or vasicentric tracheids present. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma diffuse, or diffuse-in-aggregates. Axial parenchyma more than I 0 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (occasionally up to 10 rows, sometimes separate multiseriate portions linked together with uniseriate extensions); 12-14 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide; 540-680 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies frequent, very small, mostly less than 12 µm in diameter in the rays cells

Material studied Guyana FDBG 3234, Polak 310 Suriname Stahel 18, Maguire et al 24836

164 Anatomical Descriptions

63. Sacoglollis guianensis Benth.

165 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

64. Schefjleradecaphylla (Seemann) Harms Blunt-leaf karohoro

Synonym SchejJleraparaensis Huber ex Ducke Family Araliaceae Vernacular names Blunt-leafkarohoro, Karohoro, Matchwood

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood greyish white to beige white; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average 0.43.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 12-15/mm2; (75-)130-170(-240) µm in tangential diameter; 1140-1500 µm in element length. Perforation plates occasionally (10-25%) scalariform to simple; mostly 1-8(-12) bars. lntervessel pits alternate; sometimes elongate, but mostly circular or oval; (10-)12-16(-30) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1405-1940 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 2-4 per mm; 3-5 cells wide; 550-865 µm in height. Sheath cells rarely present, mostly absent. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Radial canals present (average lumen diameter 50-70 µm).

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 140, 189 & 360, Benoist 707 Guyana FDBG 2630, Polak 250 Suriname Stahel 327

166 Anatomical Descriptions

I I

64. Schejfleradecaphy//a (Seemann) Harms

167 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

65. Schefjlera morototoni (Aublet) Maguire, Pointed-leaf karohoro Steyerm & Frodin

Synonym Didymopanax morototoni Aublet Family Araliaceae Vernacular names Karohoro, Matchwood, Morototo, Pi, Pointed-leaf karohoro, Pllrnai,Puna

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood greyish white to beige white; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test positive, or negative. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.49.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 9-12/mm2; (70-)95-180(-225) µm in tangential diameter; 860-1890 µm in element length. Perforation plates occasionally (10-25%) scalariform to simple; mostly 1-8(-12) bars. Intervessel pits alternate; sometimes elongate, but mostly circular or oval; 12-18(-30) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1370-2730 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma 4-6 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 2-4 per mm; 3-5(-7) cells wide; 400-965 µm in height. Sheath cells rarely present, mostly absent. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Radial canals present (average lumen diameter 50-70 µm). Material studied Colombia Espina & Giacometto Al2 Cuba Bucher 10 French Guiana CTFTw 22946 & 22950, SF 1136 Guyana FDBG 2928, Polak 91 & 111, A.C. Smith 2477 Suriname Stahel 15 Venezuela Pittier 537

168 Anatomical Descriptio1

65. Schejflera morototoni (Auble!) Maguire, Steyenn & Fredin

169 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

66. Sclerolobium guianensis Benth. Kaditiri 66a. Sclerolobium micropetalum Ducke Thin-skin kaditiri

Synonym Tachiga/i guianensis (Benth.) Zarucchi & Herend. (66) Tachigali micropetala (Ducke) Zarucchi & Pipoly (66a)

Family · Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Araurama, Kaditiri, Kalili, Kata, Thick-skin kaditiri, Thin-skin kaditiri, Warnkoam, Yawaredan

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale brown to dark brown, often with a pink or yellow tinge; sapwood (2-7 cm) light brown or greyish and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a weak to strong yellow fluorescence, or not fluorescent (especially weak or not fluorescent in S. micropetalum). Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract mostly not fluorescent (sometimes with a weak or faint blue fluorescence); extract colourless to shades of brown. Splinter burns to charcoal. Basic SpecificGravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.56.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes to 5); 5-10/mm2; (105-)150-215(-305) µm in tangential diameter; 450-620 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (7-)8(-9) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 990-1600 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma scanty, or vasicentric. Marginal banded parenchyma absent (rarely present in what appears to be traumatic regions). Axial parenchyma 4(-8) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 8-9 per mm; mostly exclusively uniseriate (in part biseriate); 170-300 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies in S. guianensis frequent, mostly 10-15 µm in diameter in the rays cells and absent in S. micropetalum.

Material studied S. guianensis French Guiana: BAFOG 252, SF 1197; Guyana: FDBG 423, Polak 210 & 217; Suriname: Stahel 89, Maguire et al 55490 S. micropetalum Guyana: FDBG 331O; Suriname: den Hulster 16, SWF 52 & 56, W.S. 1056

170 Anatomical Descriptions

66. Sclero/obium guianensis Benth. 66a. Sc/erolobium micropetalum Ducke

171 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

67. Sterculia rugosti R. Br. Rough-leaf maho 67a. Stercul/a pruriens (Aublet) Schumann Smooth-leaf maho

Family Sterculiaceae Vernacular names Kara, Maho, Ranai, Rough-leaf maho, Saraurai, Sekerau, Smooth­ leaf maho, Y ahu Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pinkish brown or grey to light reddish brown; sapwood (10-15 cm) greyish white and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average forS. pruriens 0.54.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; l-4/mm2; (105-)160-270(-325) µm in tangential diameter; 400-675 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Tyloses thin­ walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1755-2500 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma sometimes difficult to see with a hand lens, but with a microscope clearly diffuse, or diffuse-in-aggregates. Paratracheal parenchyma occasionally short aliform, but mostly vasicentric. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma sporadically present (bands mostly 2-6 cells wide). Axial parenchyma (2-)4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (sometimes up to 8 rows, uniseriate extensions generally less than 4 cells); 2-3 per mm; (6-)8-14(-16) cells wide; 1650-3500 µm in height. Sheath cells present. Axial parenchyma, vessel elements, and/or narrow rays storied (generally 2-2.5 tiers per mm), wide rays not storied. Special Characters Prismatic crystals generally not common, but present in upright and/or square ray cells, or in procumbent ray cells, or in non­ chambered axial parenchyma cells; one crystal per cell or chamber. Intercellular canals of traumatic origin very rare, mostly absent. Material studied S. rugosa: Colombia: Mariaux 1039; Ecuador: Little 627 S. pruriens: French Guiana: Petrov 90, 94 & 127; Guyana: FDBG 3121, Polak 301, Persaud 30

172 Anatomical Descriptions

67. Stercu/ia nigosa R. Br. 67a. Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann

173 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

68. Swartzia bentliamianaMiq. Itikiboroballi 68a. Swartzia sprucei Benth. Itikiboroballi 68b. Swartz/a xantliopeta/aSandw. Itikiboroballi

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names ltikiboroballi, Morompo, Okraprabu

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood chocolate brown to pale reddish brown or purplish brown, occasionally marked with dark olive or purplish brown stripes; sapwood very wide, yellowish white to nearly white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract with a weak blue fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown (sometimes weakly reddish brown). Ethanol extract with a bright blue fluorescence; extract reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity mostly high; average for S. benrhamiana 0.78.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-5/mm2 (up to 6-7 in S. xanthopetala); (90-)125-180(-240) µm in tangential diameter ((75-)100(-140) in S. xanthopetala); 380-425 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 7-8(-9) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen under the light microscope, frequent, colour yellow brown. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1035-1345 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma winged type. Banded parenchyma in narrow bands or lines, up to three cells wide, or in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands 2-4 cells wide and 4-5 per mm); reticulate. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma present, or absent (when present, bands appear straighter than interspersed bands). Axial parenchyma (2-)4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 13-16 per mm; exclusively uniseriate in S. benthamiana, 1-2 cells wide in S. sprucei and S. xanthopetala; 220-325 µm in height. All rays storied; 3-3.5 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (10-20) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber. Material studied S. benthamiana French Guiana: BAFOG 108, 221, 232 & 282; Guyana: GTw 3195, Polak 228, SGU 11 (tree 28); Suriname: Stahel 369 S. sprucei Guyana: FDBG 3216 S. xanthopetala Guyana: FDBG 5865, Polak 328 & 354

174 Anatomical Descriptions

68. Swartzia benthamiana Miq. 68a. Swartzia sprucei Benth. 68b. Swartzia xanthopetala Sandw.

175 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

69. Swartzia leioca/ycina Benth. Wamara

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Awartu, Brown ebony, Clubwood, lronwood, Shiraip, Wamara

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown or purplish brown to purplish black, occasionally with dark olive or purplish brown stripes; sapwood (7-8 cm) yellow to nearly white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract with a bluish green fluorescence; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a bright blue fluorescence; extract reddish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.87.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 6-l l/mm2; (50-)85-115(-170) µm in tangential diameter; 340-375 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-5 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen under the light microscope, rare to occasional, colour yellow brown, or absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 935-1170 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma short to long aliform (only confluent at the end of the growth ring); aliform parenchyma winged type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma present (generally irregularly spaced). Axial parenchyma 2(-3) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 10-13 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 250-300 µm in height. All rays storied; 3- 3.5 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in long (10-20) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2650, Maas 5923, Polak 220, 233 & 280, SGU 17 (tree 4 7)

176 Anatomical Descriptions

69. Swartzia /eioca/ycina Benth.

177 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

70. Symphonia globuliferaL.f. Manni

Family Guttiferae Vernacular names Buckwax tree, Karamanni, Maitakin, Manni

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale brown to yellowish brown, sometimes with a green or orange tinge; sapwood (2-5 cm) yellowish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a slight or faint yellowish orange fluorescence, or not fluorescent. Water extract with a faint greenish yellow fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent;extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.61.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 3-7/mm2; (110-)150-240(-275) µm in tangential diameter; 550-760 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 9-11 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape (occasionally elongated or unilaterally compound pits); nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and common. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1790-2370 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (bands mostly 3-5 cells wide and mostly linking with vessels, approximately 3-4 per mm). Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (sometimes 2 or 3 rows); 7-9 per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 575- 1080 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals not common, mostly in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells (occasional in 2-3 chambered axial parenchyma cells, sporadic in ray cells); one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 329, Benoist 333, Bertin 3027, Petrov 79 & 95 Guatemala Whitford & Stadtmiller 3 7 Guyana FDBG 906 & 4858 Panama Pittier 4320 Suriname Stahel 8

178 Anatomical Descriptions

70. Symphonia globulifera L.f.

179 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

71. Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw. var. monophylla Sandw. White cedar

Family Bignoniaceae Vernacular names Panda, Warakuri, White cedar, Worccori

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood very pale grey brown, sometimes with an olive or reddish tinge; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fl uorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average 0.57.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 9-l 4/mm2; (85-)110-180(-200) µm in tangential diameter; 380-475 µm in element length. Perforation plates sporadically foraminate but mostly simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 5-6 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1040-1300 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma vasicentric, or aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma often present. Axial parenchyma 2-4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 5-10 per mm; I (-3) cells wide; 235-400 µm in height. Rays and/or axial elements irregularly storied, or storied structure not observed (when storied, 3-4 tiers per axial mm). Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent; occasionally other crystal types present, such as styloids, elongate crystals, and/or small crystals; one or more than one crystal per cell.

Material studied Brazil Ducke 363 French Guiana BAFOG 281 Guyana Aitken 990 & 991, Gill 7, Polak 151 & 569, A.C. Smith 2802 Suriname Stahel 174a

180 Anatomical Descriptions

71. Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandw.var. monophyl/a Sandw.

181 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

72. Tabebuia serratifo/ia(Yahl) Nicholson Hakia

Family Bignoniaceae Vernacular names Arawnig, Aruanin, Hakia, Ironwood, Konawadranup

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light to dark olive brown to black-brown; sapwood (2- 9 cm) yellowish to pale pinkish brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average 0.96.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 12-15/mm2; (60-)75-135(-155) µm in tangential diameter; 245-380 µm in element length. Perforation plates sporadically foraminate but mostly simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Deposits in heartwood vessels as seen with the naked eye, common, colour yellow (compound called lapachol). Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 915-1550 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma aliform, or confluent, or unilateral paratracheal; aliform parenchyma lozenge type, or winged type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma present (bands very fine, mostly uniseriate, sometimes not continuous). Axial parenchyma (1-)2(-3) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 6-11 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 140-250 µm in height. All rays storied; 3-4 ray tiers per axial mm. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent.

Material studied Brazil Curran 16, Pires 3192, Capucho 216 French Guiana BAFOG 262, Benoist 697 Guyana Polak 535 Suriname Navy Proj. 498, Stahel 10 I

182 Anatomical Descriptions

72. Tabebuia serratifolia (Valtl)Nicholson

183 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

73. Talisiasquarrosa Radlk. Moroballi

Family Sapindaceae Vernacular names Candlewood, Karimora, Moroballi, Sand mora

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pale pink brown to yellow brown; sapwood light brown or pale grey brown and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Froth test strongly positive. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for T. esculenta (similar to T. squarrosa) 0.84.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 3-5/mm2; (75-)115-160(-205) µm in tangential diameter; 435-570 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 975-1240 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma long aliform to confluent; aliform parenchyma winged type. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (confluent bands mostly 3-5(-6) cells wide). Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 7-10 per mm; generally exclusively uniseriate, rarely biseriate; 275-430 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (2-6(-8)) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 226, 227, 230 & 245 Guyana FDBG 333, Polak 327, SGU 18 (tree 51)

184 Anatomical Descriptions

73. Talisia squarrosa Radlk.

185 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

74. Termina/ia amazonia (J.F. Gmelin) Exell Hill fukadi

Family Combretaceae Vernacular names Coffee mortar, Hill fukadi, Kwai, Matora, Tamarotan, Pookadi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood golden, yellowish or olive brown to occasionally dark brown; often with prominent reddish or dark brown streaks; sapwood yellowish to yellow brown and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity mostly medium; ranging from 0.58-0.79.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings generally indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 8-15/mm2; (65-)120-170(-210) µm in tangential diameter; 620-720 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Tyloses very thin­ walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres generally non-septate (rarely to occasionally some septate); thin-walled to thick-walled; 1450-1755 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma variable from occasionally unilateral to vasicentric, or aliform (generally short aliform); aliform parenchyma winged type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma sporadically to occasionally present (bands narrow, mostly 1-2 cells wide). Axial parenchyma 4-6 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 9-11 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 265-385 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals in procumbent ray cells, or in radial alignment in procumbent ray cells, or in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells; styloids and/or elongate crystals occasional to frequent; mostly one crystal per cell or chamber (occasionally more than one crystal per cell).

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 241 & 321, Petrov 234 Guyana FDBG 3185, Polak 302 Suriname Stabel 93

186 Anatomical Descriptions

74. Terminalia amazonia (J.F. Gmelin) Exell

187 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

75. Termina/ia dicliotoma G. Meyer Swamp fu kadi

Family Combretaceae Vernacular names Alasoabo, Coffee mortar, Cokerwood, Fukadi, Naharu, Simia chimi, Swamp fukadi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellowish brown to light or creamy brown; rarely with irregular dark streaks, but mostly without streaks; sapwood pale yellow brown and generally similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average for Te rminalia guianensis (similar to T. dicho toma) 0.68.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings somewhat distinct (delimited by marginal bands and darkened fibers). Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 3-7/mm2; (75-) 125-170(-250) µm in tangential diameter; 495-745 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Tyloses very thin­ walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 1365-1790 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma variable from somewhat unilateral to vasicentric, or aliform to confluent (sometimes confluent into bands); aliform parenchyma short to long lozenge type. Banded parenchyma sometimes in wide bands more than three cells wide (mostly 4-6 cells wide). Axial parenchyma mostly 4-6 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 7-10 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 2 I 5-6 14 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals in non-chambered axial parenchyma cells; styloids and/or elongate crystals occasional to frequent; mostly one crystalper cell or chamber. Material studied Brazil Krukoff 6353 & 8472 French Guiana BAFOG 24, Melinon 86 Guyana FDBG 2705 Suriname Stahel 363

188 Anatomical Descriptions

75. Terminalia di chotoma G. Meyer

189 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

75a. Buchenavia/anshawei Exell & Maguire Fukadi

Family Combretaceae Vernacular names Alasoabo, Coffee mortar, Cokerwood, Fukadi, Naharu, Simia chimi, Swamp fukadi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellowish brown to light or creamy brown; sapwood pale yellow brown and generally similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract generally yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract generally yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average for Termina/ia guianensis (similar to B.fanshawei) 0.68. Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings somewhat distinct (delimited by marginal bands). Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 4-9/mm2; (125-) 185-205(-275) µm in tangential diameter; (530-)650(-790) µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Tyloses very thin­ walled and occasionally common in Polak 576, absent in BGFD 3580. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; (1055-) 1525(-2 190) µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly alifonn (rarely confluent); alifonn parenchyma lozenge type in Polak 576, and winged type in BGFD 3580. Marginal (or seeniingly marginal) banded parenchyma occasionally present (bands narrow, mostly 1-2 cells wide). Axial parenchyma mostly 4-6 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent (sometimes marginal cells square like); 7-10 per mm; exclusively uniseriate; 310-790 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals in procumbent ray cells; styloids and/or elongate crystals occasionally in a radial alignment in the rays of FDBG 3580; elagic acid or organic crystals observed in Polak 576, but not in FDBG 3580; one crystal per cell or chamber, or two distinct sizes of crystal in one cell or chamber. Silica bodies frequent, mostly 12-20 µm in diameter in the rays cells of FDBG 3580, absent in Polak 576.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 3580, Polak 576

190 Anatomical Descriptions

75a. Buchenavia fanshawei Exell & Maguire

191 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

76. Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Swart Haiawaballi

Family Burseraceae Vernacular names Asau, Haiawaballi, Kamaragwa

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood orange to reddish brown; sapwood (3-7 cm) pale pinkish or grey brown to yellowish brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract reddish brown. Ethanol extract sometimes with a faint blue fluorescence, but mostly not fluorescent; extract yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium to high; average 0.73.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial

multiples; 12-23/mm2; (60-)90-145(-190) µm in tangential diameter; 370-910 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 850-1685 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (occasionally 2 rows); 6-9 per mm; 1-2(-3) cells wide (rays nearly exclusively uniseriate in Polak 616 and Maguire et al 47107); 270-365 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals in upright and/or s·quare ray cells (rare in procumbent ray cells and axial parenchyma); occasionally crystals in enlarged cells and one crystal per cell or chamber. Radial canals present (average lumen diameter 40-70(-120) µm).

Material studied Brazil Krukoff 5608, Maguire et al 47107 French Guiana BAFOG 327, Petrov 70 & 81 Guyana Polak 616, A.C. Smith 2844 & 3429 Venezuela Breteler 3798

192 Anatomical Descriptions

76. Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Swart

193 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

77. Trattinickia rltoifo/ia Willd. Ulu 77a. Tratti11ickia demerarae Sandw. Thick-skin Ulu

Synonym Trattinickia /awrencei Standl. (77) Family Burseraceae Vernacular names Bastard kurokai, Thin-skin ulu, Thick-skin ulu (T. demerarae), Ulu, Wayama (T. rhoifolia).

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood grey white to pale beige or pinkish brown; sapwood grey white and similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium; average for T. rhoifolia 0.51.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 4-7/mm2; (100-)162-230(-320) µm in tangential diameter; 545-700 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 10-12(-13) µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses very thin-walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled; 1125-1610 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma 4-8(-12) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells

(occasionally 2 rows); 4-6 per mm; 2-3 cells wide; 345-500 µm in I height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Silica bodies frequent in the rays cells (mostly in the upright cells, absent to occasional in the procumbent cells; size ranges from very small (5 µm) to large (30 µm)).

Material studied T. rhoifo/ia French Guiana Petrov 6 & 99, Fouquet 1449 Guyana FDBG 3230, Polak 537 Venezuela Breteler 5055 T. demerarae Guyana FDBG 915, Polak 315

194 Anatomical Descriptions

77. Tr ailin ickia rhoifolia Willd. 77a. Tr atlin ickia demerarae Sandw.

195 Major Timber Tr ees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

78. Vatairea guianensis Aublet Arisauro

Synonym Vatairea surinamensis Kleinh. Family Leguminosae (Papilionoideae) Vernacular names Arakaka, Arisauro, Yaksaru

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood yellow when fresh, darkening on exposure to yellow or orange brown to dark brown; sapwood very pale brown to yellowish brown and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood with a deep orange or slightly purple fluorescence. Water extract with a slight blue fluorescence, or not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a yellow green to yellow fluorescence; extract bright yellow or yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium; average 0.56.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 3-4/mm2; (120-) 150-210(-265) µm in tangential diameter; 370-535 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; (6-)8-10 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled; 1130-1875 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma mostly aliform (sometimes locally confluent); aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal (or seemingly marginal) banded parenchyma sporadically to occasionally present, or absent (when present, bands very fine, mostly uniseriate, sometimes not continuous). Axial parenchyma mostly 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells; 5-7 per mm; 2-3(-4) cells wide; 270-425 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short to long (over 30) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; mostly one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Brazil Ducke 527 French Guiana Fouquet 1497 Guyana FDBG 3072, SJRw 3032 Suriname BBS 1091, SWF 92 Venezuela Breteler 3798

196 Anatomical Descriptions

78. Vatairea guianensis Auble!

197 Major Timber Trees ofG11yana. Wood Anatomy.

79. Virolamicllelii Heckel Hill dalli

Synonym V me/inonii (Benoist) A.C. Smith Family Myristicaceae Vernacular names Dalli, Hil Dalli, Irikwa

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood beige to pale brown; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity mostly medium; average 0.47.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 9-16/mm2; (60-)80-140(-190) µm in tangential diameter; I 060-1300 µm in element length. Perforation plates rarely to infrequently scalariform to mostly simple; 1-15 bars. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-10 µm in diameter (sometimes slightly elongate); vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; non vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 1250-1620 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Banded parenchyma 2-4 cells wide sporadically present, but mostly absent. Axial parenchyma 4-8(-12) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (generally no more than 6 rows, sometimes to I 0 rows); 7-9 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide; 610-830 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Tanniniferous tubes present.

Material studied French Guiana BAFOG 42, Fouquet 1288 & 1375, Melinon 102, SF 1028 Guyana FDBG 2393 Suriname Navy Proj. 538

198 Anatomical Descriptions

79. Virola miche/ii Heckel

199 Major Timber Trees of Guyana. Wood Anatomy.

80. Virolasurinamensis (Rolander) Warb. Swamp dalli

Family Myristicaceae Vernacular names Baboonwood, Dalli, Dollywood, Irikwa, Swamp dalli, Warishi, We

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood beige to pale brown; sapwood similar to heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent;extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity low to medium; average 0.38.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 3-5/mm2; (70-)120-185(-210) µm in tangential diameter; 1215-1365 µm in element length. Perforation plates rarely to infrequently scalariform to mostly simple; 1-15 bars. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; mostly IO µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thin-walled; 1480-1720 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Banded parenchyma 2-4 cells wide sporadically present, but mostly absent. Axial parenchyma 4-8(-12) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells, or heterocellular, more than 4 rows of upright and/or square cells (generally no more than 6 rows, sometimes to 10 rows); 6-8 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide; 700-970 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Tanniniferous tubes present.

Material studied Brazil Krukoff 1971 French Guiana BAFOG 341, Benoist 1583 Guyana Michigan State test 992 & 989, Polak 153, 172 & 176 Suriname Stahel 43 Venezuela Bernardi 7533

200 Anatomical Descriptions

80. Virola surinamensis (Rolander) Warb.

201 Major Ti mber Tr ees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

81. Vitex stallelii Mold. Hakiaballi

Family Verbenaceae Vernacular names Hakiaballi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood light to dark brown; sapwood pale brown and similar to heartwood colour, or distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown, or yellowish brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity medium; average0.60.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels 80-90% solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples (sometimes with the appearance of exclusively solitary); 8- IO/mm2; (90-)130-195(-270) µm in tangential diameter; 500-625 µm in element length. Perforation plates rarely to infrequently scalariform to mostly simple; 1-20 bars. lntervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 8-9 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, or vessel-ray pitting with much reduced borders to apparently simple, pits horizontal to vertical; nonvestured. Tyloses thin-walled and sporadic, but mostly absent. Fibres Fibres septate; thin-walled to thick-walled; 1300-1560 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Axial parenchyma rarely scanty paratracheal to absent or extremely rare. Axial parenchyma 4-8 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays mostly heterocellular, one row of upright and/or square cells (occasionally 2 rows); 4-5 per mm; 2-5 cells wide; 720-1020 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 3228 & 914, Polak 588 Venezuela Conejos 97

202 Anatomical Descriptions

81. Vitexstahelii Mold.

203 Major Timber Tr ees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

82. Vocl1ysia surinamensis Stafleu Iteballi 82a. Vocl1ysia sclwmburgkii Warm. Iteballi 82b. Vochysia tetraphylla (G. Meyer) DC. Iteballi

Family Vochysiaceae Vernacular names Deokunud, Hill iteballi ( V. surinamensis), lteballi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood pink brown to light brown; sapwood greyish white and generally distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Chrome azurol-S test very strong positive. Splinter burns to full ash in S. schomburgkii and V. tetraphyllaand charcoal in V. surinamensis; colour of ash white to grey. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specificgravity medium; average for V. tetraphylla 0.48.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 2-4/mm2; (115-)185-285(-370) µm in tangential diameter; 485-620 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 6-8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Tyloses thin-walled and occasionally common, or absent. Fibres Fibres non-septate; very thin-walled to thin-walled; 1430-1750 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma short to long aliform, or confluent; aliform parenchyma winged type. Banded parenchyma in wide bands more than three cells wide (confluent bands up to 10 cells wide). Axial parenchyma (2-)4 cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays heterocellular, sometimes with one row of upright cells, but mostly heterocellular, 2-4 rows of upright and/or square cells (occasionally to 6 rows); 4-7 per mm (only 2-3 multiseriate rays per mm); 4-6(-8) cells wide; 760-1400 µm in height. Aggregate rays occasionally present, or absent. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals absent. Intercellular canals of traumatic origin frequently to sporadically present.

Material studied V. surinamensis: French Guiana: BAFOG 15, 82 & 309, Fouquet 1396; Guyana: FDBG 5218 & 5934, Polak 298 V. tetraphylla French Guiana: BAFOG 203, 273, 312 & 315; Guyana: A.C. Smith 2587; Suriname: Stahel 374; Venezuela: Breteler 4977 & 3854

204 Anatomical Descriptions

82. Vochysia s11rinamensis Stafleu 82a. Vochysia schomb11rgkii Wann. 82b. Vochysia tetraphylla (G. Meyer) DC.

205 Major Timber Treesof Guyana. WoodAnatomy.

83. Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Sarebebeballi

Family Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae) Vernacular names Sarebebeballi

Macroscopic features Colour Heartwood dark brown or somewhat yellowish brown; sapwood (2-4 cm) yellowish white and distinct from heartwood colour. Fluorescence & Extracts Heartwood not fluorescent. Water extract not fluorescent; extract colourless to shades of brown. Ethanol extract with a strong blue fluorescence; extract yellowish brown. Basic Specific Gravity Basic specific gravity high; average for V. americana (similar to V. macropetala) 0.82.

Microscopic features Growth Rings Growth rings indistinct or absent. Vessels Diffuse-porous. Vessels solitary and in short (mostly 2-3) radial multiples; 16-26/mm2; (50-)85-95(-150) µm in tangential diameter; 500-570 µm in element length. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate; circular or oval; 4-5 µm in diameter; vessel-ray pitting with distinct borders, similar to intervessel pits in size and shape; vestured. Fibres Fibres non-septate; thick-walled to very thick-walled; 1190-1225 µm in length; pits simple to minutely bordered. Parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma sometimes unilateral paratracheal, or aliform; aliform parenchyma lozenge type. Marginal banded parenchyma mostly absent (sometimes thin discontinuous bands in Polak 318). Axial parenchyma (3-)4(-5) cells per parenchyma strand. Rays Rays homocellular, typically procumbent; 6-7 per mm; mostly 2 cells wide; 225-375 µm in height. Storied structure not observed. Special Characters Prismatic crystals common in short (4-10(-12)) chains in chambered axial parenchyma; one crystal per cell or chamber.

Material studied Guyana FDBG 2460, Polak 318

206 Anatomical Descriptions

83. Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw.

207 Major Timber Tr ees ofGuyana. Wood Anatomy.

208 Dichotomous Key

5. DICHOTOMOUS KEY

1 - Vessels exclusively solitary ...... 2 - Vessels not exclusively solitary; mostly in radial multiples ...... 10

2 - Perforation plates exclusively scalariform ...... 3

- Perforationplates mostly simple ...... 5

3 - Perforationplates with less than 10 bars; rays 2-4-seriate ...... Goupia glabra

- Perforation plates with more than 10 bars; rays 1-2-seriate ...... 4

4 - Vessel-ray pits all small and round ...... Humiria balsamifera

- Vessel-ray pits round to elongated ...... Sacog/ottis guianensis

5 - Vessel-ray pits all small and round; vestured...... 6

- Vessel-ray pits large and elongated; not vestured ...... 7

6 - Rays uniseriate; less than 100 µm in diameter and more than 20 vessels/sq.

mm; marginal bands of parenchyma present ...... Aspidosperma vargasii - Rays biseriate; greaterthan 100 µm in diameter and less than 20 vessels/sq.

mm; marginal bands of parenchyma absent...... Aspidosperma cruentum and A. album

7 - Rays multiseriate...... Hyeronima a/chorneoides

- Rays uniseriate ...... 8

8 - Silica bodies absent...... Ca/ophyllum lucidum - Silica bodies present in ray cells ...... 9

9 - Silica bodies and/or organic deposits abundant in ray cells; nearly every

cell filled with either a silica body or organic deposits ...... Licania alba, L. /axiflora and L. majuscula - Silica bodies and/or organic deposits present, but often not abundant; sometimes horizontal rows of rays cells without silica bodies or organic

deposits ...... Parinari campestris and P. rodolphii

10 - Vessel-ray pits bordered, similar to intervesseI pits in size and shape ...... 11 - Vessel-ray pits simple, rounded to horizontal or vertical and mostly larger

than intervessel pits ...... 63

I I - Rays mostly uniseriate; occasionally biseriate in part ...... 12 - Rays multiseriate ...... 22

209 Major Timber Trees of Guyana:Wood Anatomy

12 - Rays and parenchyma storied...... 13

- Rays and parenchyma not storied ...... 15

13 - Parenchyma mostly aliform to occasionally confluent; banded parenchyma

not common; heartwood fluorescent ...... Dipteryxodorata

- Parenchyma mostly confluent or banded; heartwood not fluorescent...... 14

14 - Storied structure with 4 - 4.5 tiers/mm; basic specific gravity low to medium; fibres thin- to thick-walled; heartwood yellowish to cream or

dirty white ...... Pterocarpus rohrii - Storied structure with 3 - 3.5 tiers/mm; basic specific gravity high; fibres thick-walled; heartwood chocolate brown to pale reddish or purplish

brown, occasionally marked with dark olive or purplish brown stripes ...... Swartzia benthamiana, S. sprucei and S. xanthopetala

15 - Intervessel pits not vestured ...... Talisia squarrosa

- Intervessel pits vestured ...... 16

16 - Included phloem present ...... Antonia ovata

- Included phloem absent ...... 17

17 - Intervessel pits 8-10 µm; styloids or elongate crystals often present in axial

parenchyma; tyloses often present; heartwood not fluorescent ...... 18 - lntervessel pits 8 µm or less; styloids or elongate crystals absent; tyloses

absent; heartwood fluorescent...... 19

18 - Parenchyma mostly vasicentric to short aliform ...... Terminalia amazonia

- Parenchyma mostly aliform to confluent bands ...... Terminalia dichotoma and Buchenaviafanshawei

19 - Prismatic crystals present ...... 20

- Prismatic crystals absent ...... 21

20 - Parenchyma mostly vasicentric to slightly aliform, rarely confluent......

...... A barema jupunba - Parenchyma thick vasicentric to aliform and confluent ...... Dimorphandra conjugala and D. polyandra

21 - Silica bodies common in ray cells ...... Sc/erolobium guianense

- Silica bodies absent ...... Sc/erolobium micropeta/um

22 - Intervessel pits vestured ...... 23

- Intervessel pits not vestured ...... 44

210 Dichotomous Key

23 - Intervessel pits <6 µm, mostly 4 µm ...... 24

- Intervessel pits >6 µm ...... 28

24 - Parenchyma diffuse-in-aggregate; latex tubes present...... Parahancornia fasciculata

- Parenchyma not diffuse-in-aggregate; latex tubes absent ...... 25

25 - Rays storied ...... Swartzia leiocalycina

- Rays not storied...... 26

26 - Vessel diameter generally > l 00 µm; heartwood colour mostly medium

brown; frothtest positive ...... �...... 27 - Vessel diameter generally <100 µm; heartwood colour mostly very dark

brown froth test negative ...... Vouacapoua macropetala

27 - Parenchyma lozenge aliform, sometimes confluent...... Mo ra excelsa

- Parenchyma lozenge to winged aliform, often confluent...... Mo ra gonggrijpii

28 - Rays homocellular ...... 29

- Rays heterocellular ...... 32

29 - Septate fibres common ...... Inga alba

- Septate fibres absent ...... 30

30 - Unilateral paratracheal parenchyma present; heartwood purple ...... Peltogynevenosa

- Unilateral paratracheal parenchyma absent; heartwood not purple ...... 31

31 - Parenchyma mostly aliform and marginal; heartwood fluorescent...... Hymenaea courbaril and H. oblongifolia

- Parenchyma mostly confluent and banded; heartwood not fluorescent ...... Clathrotropis macrocarpa and C. brachypetala

32 - Rays and parenchyma storied or irregularly storied ...... 33

- Rays and parenchyma not storied ...... 34

33 - Rays mostly 2-3 cells wide and 6-7 rays per mm; storied, 2-3 tiers/mm ...... Andira surinamensis and A. inermis - Rays mostly 3-5 cells wide and 4-5 rays per mm; storied, mostly 2

tiers/mm ...... Hymenolobiumjlavum

34 - Axial canals in tangential lines or bands ...... 35

- Axial canals absent ...... 36

211 Major Timber Trees ofGuyana: Wood Anatomy

35 - Rays mostly 4-6 per mm ...... Eperuafa/cata

- Rays mostly 6-8 per mm ...... Eperua grandiflora, E. jenmanii, E. schomburgkiana and E. rubiginosa

36 - lntervessel pits 6-8 µm ...... 37

- Intervessel pits mostly >8 µm ...... 40

37 - Rays 4 or more cells wide; chrome azurol-S test positive ...... Vochysia surinamensis, V. schomburgkii and V. tetraphylla

- Rays less than 4 cells wide; chrome azurol-S test negative ...... 38

38 - Vessel diameter less than 170 µm; parenchyma mostly vasicentric, not

aliform ...... Acosmium praec/arum

- Vessel diameter more than 170 µm; parenchyma mostly aliform ...... 39

39 - Parenchyma aliform to confluent; heartwood light to medium or pinkish

brown white deposits not in heartwood vessels ...... Ormosia coutinhoi - Parenchyma aliform; heartwood dark brown; white deposits often in

heartwood vessels ...... Dip/otropis purpurea

40 - Parenchyma mostly aliform; confluent parenchyma rare to occasional...... 41

- Parenchyma aliformto abundantly confluent and banded ...... 42

41 - Heartwood with an orange fluorescence; froth test negative; crystals common ..

...... Va tairea guianensis

- Heartwood not fluorescent; froth testpositive; crystals absent or not common ...... Alexa imperatricis and A. /eiopetala

42 - Rays mostly 2 cells wide...... Ormosia coccinea

- Rays often wider than 2 cells ...... 43

43 - Heartwood generally dark brown ...... C/athrotropis macrocarpa and C. brachypetala

- Heartwood generally pale brown with a pinkish tinge . .... Hymenolobiumjlavum

44 - Septate fibres common ...... 45

- Septate fibres absent ...... 48

45 - lntervessel pits 4-6 µm; perforation plates exclusively simple ...... 46

- lntervessel pits >6 µm; perforation plates simple and scalariform ...... 47

212 Dichotomous Key

46 - Rays heterocellular with long uniseriate extensions; mostly more than 4 rows

of upright cells; crystals present in ray cells ...... Laetia procera - Rays heterocellular with short uniseriate extensions; mostly less than 4 rows of

upright cells; crystals present in axial parenchyma cells ...... Carapa guianensis and C. procera

47 - Radial canals present...... Schejjlera decaphylla and S. morototoni

- Radial canals absent...... Vitexstahelii

48 - Parenchyma in narrow or wide bands ...... 49 - Parenchyma not in bands, except foroccasional marginal bands ...... 56

49 - Parenchyma in narrow apotracheal bands; silica bodies present in ray cells ... 50 - Parenchyma in wide bands; silica absent ...... 53

50 - Rays < 9/mm; bands of parenchyma mostly1 or partially 2 cells wide...... 51 - Rays 2: 9/mm; bands ofparenchyma 1-2 to 4 cells wide ...... 52

51 - Silica bodies sporadic and very large; fibres very thick-walled ......

...... Lecythis zabucajo

- Silica bodies numerous and medium sized; fibres thin- to thick-walled ...... Couratari guianensis, C. gloriosa and C. multiflora

52 - Bands of parenchyma 2 to 4 cells wide, about 3 or 4/mm ...... Lecythisconfe rtifloraand L. corrugata

- Bands ofparenchyma 1-2(3) cells wide, about 5 to 9/mm ...... Eschweilera spp.

53 - Rays 1-2 cells wide ...... Talisia squarrosa - Rays wider than 2 cells ...... 54

54 - Axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements storied; rays mostly 2-3 cells wide; tyloses common ...... 55 - Axial parenchyma and/or vessel elements not storied; rays mostly 4-10 cells

wide; tyloses generally absent, not common ...... Catostemma commune, C.fragransand C. alstonii

55 - Parenchyma strands mostly 4 cells; heartwood sometimes with a faint

yellowish or orange fluorescence...... Symphonia globulifera

- Parenchyma strands 4-8 cells; heartwood not fluorescent...... Platonia insignis

56 - Rays, axial parenchyma, and/or vessel elements storied ...... 57 - Rays, axial parenchyma, and/or vessel elements not storied ...... 59

213 Major TimberTr ees ofGuyana: Wood Anatomy

57 - Rays not storied; axial parenchyma, and/or vessel elements storied; rays often

over 7 cells wide ...... Stercu/ia rugosa and S. pruriens

- Rays storied; rays not over 7 cells wide ...... 58

58 - Storied, 2 tiers/mm; crystals in axial parenchyma; no deposits in vessels ...... Quassia simarouba - Storied, 3-4tiers/mm; crystals absent; yellow deposits, as seen with naked eye,

occasionally in vessels (lapachol) ...... Tabebuia serratifo/ia

59 - Wood semi-ring or ring porous ...... Cedre/a odorata

- Wood diffi.Jseporous ...... 60

60 - Rays homocellular ...... 61

- Rays heterocellular ...... 62

61 - lntervessel pits 5-6 µm ...... Tabebuia insignis

- lntervessel pits 8-10 µm ...... Jacaranda copaia

62 - Intervessel pits 10-12 µm; crystals present in ray and axial parenchyma cells;

vessel diameter >150 µm ...... Bagassa guianensis

- Intervessel pits 5-7 µm; crystals absent; vessel diameter < 150 µm ...... Ch/orocardium rodiei

63 - Radial canals present...... 64

- Radial canals absent...... 67

64 - Perforation plates simple and scalariform...... Schejjlera decaphylla and S. morototoni

- Perforation plates exclusively simple ...... 65

65 - Rays 2-3(-4) cells wide; tyloses thin- to occasionally thick-walled and very

common; sometimes with streaks; heartwood often fluorescent ...... 66 - Rays nearly exclusively uniseriate to occasionally biseriate; tyloses absent or

occasionally few; heartwood not fluorescent...... Tetragastris a/tissima

3 66 - Basic specificgravity high > 0. 70; air-dry density > 850 kg/m ......

...... Astronium ulei 3 - Basic specificgravity medium < 0.60; air-dry density < 700 kg/m ...... Loxopterygium sagotii

67 - Septate fibres common ...... 68

- Septate fibres absent ...... 74

214 Dichotomous Key

68 - Oil cells present ...... 69 - Oil cells absent...... 72

69 - Oil cells in rays and axial parenchyma, not present among fibres...... 70 - Oil cells in axial parenchyma and present among fibres (often in vertical chains

of2-6(-8) oil cells), very numerous ...... Ocotea rubra

70 - Parenchyma vasicentric to alifonn...... Licaria cannel/a - Parenchyma absent, scanty paratracheal, or rarely vasicentric; not aliform .... 71

71 - Parenchyma scanty paratracheal, sometimes vasicentric ...... Aniba hypoglauca

- Parenchyma mostly absent, rarely scanty paratracheal ...... Ocotea canaliculata, 0. glomerata, 0. oblonga, 0. wachenheimii and

...... 0. tomentel/a

72 - Rays 2-5 cells wide; most vessel-ray pits small and circular, some elongated; Vitex perforation plates rarely scalariform ...... stahelii - Rays mostly 2 cells wide; vessel-ray pits generally large and elongated; perforation plates exclusively simple ...... 73

73 - Crystals in ray cells; silica bodies absent...... Protium decandrum - Crystals absent; silica bodies in ray cells ...... Trattinickia rhoifolia and T. demerarae

74 - Silica bodies absent...... 75 - Silica bodies present in ray cells ...... 81

75 - Tanniniferous tubes present in rays; perforation plates simple and scalariform or exclusively scalariform ...... 76 - Tanniniferoustubes absent; perforation plates exclusively simple ...... 78

76 - Perforation plates exclusively scalariform or reticulate ...... Jryanthera lancifolia and /. macrophylla

- Perforation plates mostly simple, rarely to occasionally simple ...... 77

2 77 - Vessels frequency> 8/mm ...... Virola michelii 2 Vessels frequency< 8/mm ...... Virola surinamensis

78 - Intervessel pits 6-8 µm ...... 79 - Intervessel pits 9-14 µm ...... 80

79 - Parenchyma banded, bands mostly 2 cells wide ...... Manilkara bidentata - Parenchyma not banded, scanty or vasicentric, sometimes unilateral

paratracheal ...... Chlorocardium rodiaei

215 Major Timber Treesof Guyana: Wood Anatomy

80 - Rays 3-10 cells wide and > I mm in height; axial parenchyma and/or vessel

elements storied ...... Catostemma commune, C. fragrans and C. alstonii - Rays 1-2 cells wide and < I mm in height; axial parenchyma and/or vessel

elements not storied ...... Moronobea coccinea

81 - Tracheids present ...... 82

- Tracheids absent ...... 85

82 - Silica bodies sporadic and verylarge, nearly filling the ray cell...... Chrysophyllum pomiferum

- Silica bodies common in ray cells, 10-30 µm ...... 83

83 - Tyloses thin- to thick-walled and common and often sclerotic (especially in the denser specimens), basic specific gravity high (>0.75)...... 84

- Tyloses absent; basic specific gravity medium (0.40-0.75) ..... Pouteria speciosa

84 - Intervessel pits 6-8 µm ...... Pouteria cuspidata

- lntervessel pits 8-10 µm...... Pouteria guianensis

85 - Rays < 9/mm; bands of parenchyma mostly I or partially 2 cells wide ...... 86

- Rays::: 9/mm; bands ofparenchyma 1-2 to 4 cells wide...... 87

86 - Silica bodies sporadic and very large; fibres very thick-walled ...... Lecythis zabucajo

- Silica bodies numerous and medium sized; fibres thin- to thick-walled ...... Couratari guianensis, C. gloriosa and C. multiflora

87 - Bands of parenchyma 2 to 4 cells wide, about 3 or 4/mm ...... Lecythis confertiflora and L. corrugata

- Bands ofparenchyma 1-2(3) cells wide, about 5 to 9/mm...... Eschweilera spp.

216 Literature

6. LITERATURE

Cassens, D.L. and Miller, R.B. (1981). Wood anatomy of the new world Pithecellobium (sensu Jato). J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 1-44. Brunner, M., Kucera, L.J. and Zurcher, E. (1994). Ma jor Timber Trees of Guyana: a Lens Key. Tropenbos Series 10. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Detienne, P., Jackquet, P. and Mariaux, A. (1982). Manuel d'identification des bois tropicaux. 3. Guyana fram;aise. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent­ sur-Mame, France. Detienne, P. and Jacquet, P. (1983). Atlas d'identification des bois de l'Amazonie et des regions voisines. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. Detienne, P. and Welle, B.J.H. ter. (1989). "Wood and timber", pp. 123-149 in: R.S. Cowan and J.E. Lindeman (eds.), Flora of the Guyanas 88, Caesalpiniaceae. Koeltz, Koenigstein., Germany. Dos Santos, G. and Miller, R.B. (1992). "Wood anatomy ofTecomeae", pp. 336-358 in: A.H. Gentry (ed.), Fl ora Ne otropica. Monograph 25(//). Bignoniaceae - Part II. (Tr ibe Tecomeae). The New York Botanical Garden, USA. Dos Santos, G. and Miller, R.B.. (1997). Wood anatomy of Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae): Systematic relationships in sections Monolobos and Dilobos by twig and stem wood rays. !A WA J. 18: 369-383. Gasson, P. (1996). Wood anatomy of the tribe Swarzieae with comments on related Papilionoid and Caesalpinioid Leguminosae. !A WA J. 17: 45--75. Gerard, J., Miller, R.B. and Welle, B.J.H. ter. (1996). Ma jor Timber Trees of Guyana: Timber Characteristics and Utilization. Tropenbos Series 15. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. IA WA. ( 1989). IAWA list of microscopic features forhardwood identification. Eds.: E.A. Wheeler, P. Baas and P. Gasson. !A WA Bulletin n.s. 10: 219-332. Kukachka, B.F. (1978). Wood anatomy of the neotropical Sapotaceae. IV Achrouteria. USDA Forest Service, For. Prod. Lab., Res. Pap. FPL 328. Kukachka, B.F. (1979). Wood anatomy of the neotropical Sapotaceae. XII Neoxythece. USDA Forest Service, For. Prod. Lab., Res. Pap. FPL 353. Kukachka, B.F. (1981). Wood anatomy of the neotropical Sapotaceae. XX Manilkara. USDA Forest Service, For. Prod. Lab., Res. Pap. FPL 37 1. Mennega, A.M. (I972). Wood structure of the genus Talisia (Sapindaceae). Acta. Bot. Ne er/. 21: 578-586. Metcalfe, C.R. and Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vols. I & JI. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. Miller, RB. (1975). Systematic anatomy of the xylem and comments on the relationships ofFiacourtiaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 56: 20-102. Polak, A.M. (1992). Major timber trees of Guyana: A Field Guide. Tropenbos Series 2. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

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