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In Vitro Inhibition of Plasmodium Falciparum by Substances Isolated from Amazonian Antimalarial Plants

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In Vitro Inhibition of Plasmodium Falciparum by Substances Isolated from Amazonian Antimalarial Plants Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 102(3): 359-365, June 2007 359 In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants Valter F de Andrade-Neto, Adrian M Pohlit*/+, Ana Cristina S Pinto*/***, Ellen Cristina C Silva*/***, Karla L Nogueira*/****, Márcia RS Melo*/**, Marycleuma C Henrique*/***, Rodrigo CN Amorim*/***, Luis Francisco R Silva**/, Mônica RF Costa**, Rita CS Nunomura*, Sergio M Nunomura*, Wilson D Alecrim**, M das Graças C Alecrim**/*****, F Célio M Chaves******, Pedro Paulo R Vieira**/******* Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil *Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brasil **Laboratório da Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil ***Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Campus Universitário, Manaus, AM, Brasil ****Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil *****Centro Universitário Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM, Brasil ******Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brasil *******Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil In the present study, a quassinoid, neosergeolide, isolated from the roots and stems of Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae), the indole alkaloids ellipticine and aspidocarpine, isolated from the bark of Aspidosperma vargasii and A. desmanthum (Apocynaceae), respectively, and 4-nerolidylcatechol, isolated from the roots of Pothomorphe peltata (Piperaceae), all presented significant in vitro inhibition (more active than quinine and chloroquine) of the multi-drug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Neosergeolide presented activity in the nanomolar range. This is the first report on the antimalarial activity of these known, natural compounds. This is also the first report on the isolation of aspidocarpine from A. desmanthum. These compounds are good candidates for pre-clinical tests as novel lead structures with the aim of finding new antimalarial prototypes and lend support to the traditional use of the plants from which these compounds are derived. Key words: neosergeolide - ellipticine - aspidocarpine - 4-nerolidylcatechol - Pothomorphe peltata - Picrolemma sprucei - Aspidosperma spp. Malaria is the main cause of economic loss and high pounds for drug development (Gundidza & Chinyanganya morbidity in the world today and continues to be endemic 1999). The rational search for active substances in me- to tropical regions such as the Amazon. In the Brazilian dicinal plants is a very promising and cost-effective strat- Amazon, 1.6 million positive plates (thick smears) in a egy for antimalarial drug discovery. This approach ben- total of 8 million diagnostic tests for malaria were reg- efits from the accumulated knowledge of the curing ca- istered from January 2004 to February 2007 (Ministério pacity of plants possessed by inhabitants of malaria en- da Saúde, Sivep-Malaria 2007). The lack of an effective demic regions and permits the extensive evaluation of vaccine and the increasing expansion of strains of Plas- natural products derived from these sources (Campbell modium falciparum presenting resistance towards com- et al. 1997, 1998, 2000, Carvalho & Krettli 1991, Car- monly used, low-cost antimalarials make control of this valho et al. 1991, Brandão et al. 1992, 1997, Krettli et disease difficult (Olliaro & Bloland 2001, Wellens & al. 2001, Andrade-Neto et al. 2004a,b). Plowe 2001, Vieira et al. 2001, 2004, Gonzales et al. This triage of useful and effective plants is at the heart 2003, Alecrim et al. 2006). As a result, the World Health of traditional medicinal knowledge and is an extremely Organization (WHO 1978, 1995) has been promoting important source of therapeutic compounds in use to- research on natural product based drugs for treatment of day. Important semi-synthetic, low-cost, highly effective disease and many plant species have been evaluated for antimalarial drugs such as the quinolines (chloroquine, antimalarial activity (Weniger et al. 2004). In these stud- mefloquine, primaquine, etc.) and artemisinin derivatives ies, emphasis has been on the discovery of lead com- (sodium artesunate, arteether, artemether, etc.) owe their initial discovery to the isolation and structural identifica- tion of antimalarial natural products (quinine and arte- misinin, respectively) from traditionally used antimalarial plant species (Cinchona spp. by Amerindians in Peru and Financial support: CNPq/PPG-7 563892/2005-6 and 557106/ Artemisia annua in China, respectively) (Rosenthal 2005-2, CNPq/PNOPG 520354/1999-0 and 550260/2001-3, 2003). Recent studies on traditionally used antimalarial Bioamazonia-Basa-Fepad and Fapeam (PIPT 6/2003, CBA- remedies have revealed plants which produce indole and Ufam 1577/2005, Pinfra 1928/2005) isoquinoline alkaloids, sesqui-, di- and triterpenes, fla- +Corresponding author: [email protected] vonoids and other substances presenting proven in vitro Received 20 February 2007 activity against P. falciparum (Frederich et al. 1999, Accepted 15 May 2007 Phillipson 1999, Muhammad et al. 2004). 360 Antimalarial activity of Amazonian plants • Valter F de Andrade Neto et al. Brazilian flora, especially the vast Amazon forest, is the shade or laboratory and milled prior to extraction. a large, mainly unexplored source of molecules with phar- Structural elucidation of isolated compounds was per- macological potential. Some examples of substances formed by analysis of 1-D / 2-D NMR, mass, infrared derived from plants used by Brazilian indians are pilo- and ultraviolet spectral data and comparison to spectral carpine, extracted from the leaves of jaborandi (Pilo- data available in the literature. carpus jaborandi), emetine, obtained from the roots of Isolation of 4-nerolidylcatechol (1) from P. peltata ipeca (Cephaelis ipecacuanha), guaraná seeds (Pa- - Caapeba-do-norte was cultivated at Embrapa Amazonia ullinia cupana), rich in caffeine, used as stimulant, and Ocidental (Manaus) and harvested. Roots (150 g) were curares, extracted from the leaves of Chondondendron extracted with a 1:1 mixture of CHCl3/EtOH (3 × 150 spp., used in anesthetic techniques. ml; 15 min each) in an ultrasound bath. After total evapo- Despite the richness of our flora, the role of Brazil ration, the extract (19.5 g; 13%) was chromatographed in the global production of drugs has been that of a mere on silica gel using a 9:1 mixture of CHCl3/EtOH 9:1 supplier of starting materials for international industry. which yielded pure 1 (8.6 g, 44.1% w /w based on ex- This industry has grown steadily in recent years and is tract, 5.7% based on dry weight of plant. now estimated at US$ 22 billion each year in phy- totherapeutic agents and plant-derived pharmaceuticals Isolation of neosergeolide (2) from P. sprucei - (Pinto et al. 2002). However, research in Brazil on Caferana was collected in the town of Silves. Roots and chemical, biochemical, and genetic resources must be stems (6.5 kg) were degreased with hexanes in a soxhlet intensified. Also, academy-industry partnerships must apparatus then repeatedly extracted with water using the increase in number and must also be accompanied by same equipment. Continuous liquid-liquid extraction of flexible financing from private and public sectors. the resulting concentrated H2O extract with CHCl3 was Through these and other measures, the identification of then performed. The procedure described up to this point bioactive compounds can in principle be optimized, lead- was essentially that described by Moretti et al. (1982) ing to greater profits from the commercialization of for the isolation of other quassinoids from this plant. plant materials and also lead to a greater degree of sov- We developed a method which obviates the need for a ereignty over our biodiversity. chromatography step. The concentrated chloroform ex- Research on new antimalarials from natural products tracts (35.1 g) were dissolved in a minimum of hot wa- involves coordinated scientific effort on the part of dif- ter and acetone (2:1). The resultant precipitate was frac- ferent professionals. These professionals generally rep- tionally recrystallized to give pure neosergeolide (2) resent distinct academic disciplines, most importantly, (685.4 mg, 0.011% based on dry weight of plant). botany, natural product, and synthetic chemistry, phar- Isolation of ellipticine (3) from A. vargasii - Ama- macology, parasitology, and molecular biology. Groups relão was collected at Inpa's Adolpho Ducke Reserve in with these characteristics can in the short and long run Manaus. Bark (1.30 kg) was macerated in EtOH/1% produce sound knowledge of the chemical, pharmaco- NH4OH (aq.). After filtration, evaporation of solvents logical, and biological diversity. Based on scientifically and freeze-drying, extract (56 g) was obtained which was sound facts, the most promising agents for further clini- dissolved in ethyl acetate and partitioned with dilute, cal and industrial development can be identified. aqueous hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was bas- In this work, the pharmacological potential of sev- ified to pH 8 and then extracted with chloroform. After sepa- eral substances isolated from traditionally used antima- ration of layers and total evaporation, an alkaloid-rich frac- larial plants was evaluated through
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