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Karaçay-Çerkes (Özerk) Cumhurđyetđ'nđn T.C. MARMARA ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ TÜRKĐYAT ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTĐTÜSÜ TÜRK DÜNYASI COĞRAFYASI ANABĐLĐM DALI KARAÇAY-ÇERKES (ÖZERK) CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN DEMOGRAFĐK YAPISI YÜKSEK LĐSANSTEZĐ Murat TOPÇU ĐSTANBUL, 2006 T.C. MARMARA ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ TÜRKĐYAT ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTĐTÜSÜ TÜRK DÜNYASI COĞRAFYASI ANABĐLĐM DALI KARAÇAY-ÇERKES (ÖZERK) CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN DEMOGRAFĐK YAPISI YÜKSEK LĐSANSTEZĐ Murat TOPÇU Danışman: Yrd.Doç.Dr. Hülya KAYALI ĐSTANBUL, 2006 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada Kuzey Kafkasya’da yer alan, Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı, temel demografik tanımlar çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Karaçay ve Nogay Türklerinin, Çerkes, Abaza ve Rusların temel nüfusunu oluşturduğu Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti 1922 yılında özerk bölge olarak kurulmuştur. SSCB dağıldıktan sonra, 1991 yılında Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı cumhuriyet statüsü almıştır. Türkiye’de bölge üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, kaynakların çoğunlukla Rusça olması nedeniyle çok azdır. Rusça kaynakları kullanma imkânı olması böyle bir çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmada esas olarak 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 yıllarında yapılan SSCB ve 2002 Rusya Federasyonu genel nüfus sayımlarının verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bunun dışında istatistik verileri ve konu üzerine yayınlanmış eserler de çalışmaya kaynak olmuştur. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı altı bölümde incelenmiştir. Genel tanıtımı amaçlayan birinci bölümden sonra, ikinci bölümde nüfusun dağılışını etkileyen faktörler olarak Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin coğrafi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti Nüfusunun Tarihi Gelişimi başlığı altında bölgenin 18. ve 19. yüzyıllardaki idari yapısı ve nüfusu, nüfusun gelişimi ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, önceki bölümlerde edinilen bilgiler ışığında nüfusun dağılışı ve nüfus yoğunluğu incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, doğum ve ölüm miktarları, doğurganlık, evlenme ve boşanma, tarihteki nüfus hareketleri ve göç başlıkları altında nüfus hareketleri ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise nüfusun sosyal nitelikleri incelenmektedir. Bu bölümde nüfusun etnik yapısı, dil durumu, oturduğu yer itibarıyla nüfus, yaş ve cinsiyet yapısı, hanehalkı yapısı, nüfusun medeni durumu ve eğitim durumu mevcut veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı üzerine Türkçede ilk olduğunu düşündüğüm bu tez çalışmam sırasında teşvik edici ve yardımsever tutumuyla bana yol gösteren, en iyisi olması için çaba gösteren tez danışmanım, hocam Yrd.Doç.Dr. Hülya Kayalı’ya teşekkür ederim. Murat Topçu ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı incelenmektedir. Kuzey Kafkasya’da bulunan Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti Abhazya, Gürcistan, Rusya içinde de Kabardey-Balkar Cumhuriyeti, Stavropol ve Krasnodar bölgeleri ile sınır komşusudur. 1922 yılında özerk bölge olarak kurulmuştur. Nüfusu esas olarak Karaçay ve Nogay Türklerinden, Çerkes, Abaza ve Ruslardan oluşmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı nüfusunun gelişimi, nüfusun dağılışı, nüfus hareketleri ve nüfusun sosyal nitelikleri başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 ve 2002 yıllarında yapılan genel nüfus sayımı sonuçları ile istatistik verileri esas alınmıştır. ANAHTAR KELĐMELER Abaza, Adıge, Battalpaşa, Çerkes, Çerkez, demografi, göç, Kafkas, Kafkasya, Karaçay, Kazak, Kuban, Nogay, nüfus, nüfus coğrafyası, Rusya Federasyonu, Stavropol ABSTRACT This study focuses on the demographic structure of the Republic of Karachay- Cherkess in Russian Federation. The Republic of Karachay-Cherkess is located in the North Caucasia. She borders Abkhazia, Georgia and the Republic of Kabadian-Balkaria, Stavropol, Krasnodar in the Russian Federation. She was founded as Karachay- Cherkess Autonomous Region in 1922. Her population is mainly composed of Karachay and Nogay Turks, Circassian (Cherkess), Abaza and Russians. In this study, the demographic structure of Republic of Karacay-Cherkess is examined under the headings as the population growth, the population distrubition, the changes in the population and social characteristics of the population. The study is based on the censuses in the years 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 and 2002, additionally statistical data. KEY WORDS Abaza, Adyghe, Battalpasha, Cherkess, Circassian, demography, migration, Caucasia, Karachay, Cossak, Kuban, Nogay, population, population geography, Russian Federation, Stavropol. ĐÇĐNDEKĐLER TABLO LĐSTESĐ ……………………………………………………………….. IV ŞEKĐL LĐSTESĐ ………………………………………………………………… XII EKLER …………………………………………………………………............... XIV KISALTMALAR ……………………………………………………………….. XV GĐRĐŞ ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 I. KARAÇAY-ÇERKES CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN COĞRAFĐ KONUMU ...... 3 II. KARAÇAY-ÇERKES CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN COĞRAFĐ ÖZELLĐKLERĐ .................................................................................................... 5 A. Yeryüzü Şekilleri ...................................................................................... 5 B. Đklim ........................................................................................................... 7 C. Bitki Örtüsü ................................................................................................ 10 D. Akarsular ve Göller .................................................................................... 11 E. Tarım ve Hayvancılık ................................................................................. 14 F. Yeraltı Kaynakları ....................................................................................... 15 G. Sanayi ......................................................................................................... 15 H. Ulaşım ........................................................................................................ 16 Đ. Turizm .......................................................................................................... 16 III. KARAÇAY-ÇERKES CUMHURĐYETĐ NÜFUSUNUN GELĐŞĐMĐ ....... 19 A. 18. ve 19. Yüzyıllarda Bölgenin Rusya’nın Đdari Yapısı Đçindeki Yeri ve Nüfusu ..................................................................................................................... 19 1897 Rusya Đmparatorluğu Birinci Genel Nüfus Sayımı ............................ 28 B. Karaçay-Çerkes ÖB’nin Kuruluşu ve Yapılan Đdari Düzenlemeler ........... 30 C. Genel Nüfus Sayımlarına Göre Karaçay-Çerkes Özerk Bölgesi/ Cumhuriyeti Nüfusunun Gelişimi ........................................................................... 32 IV. NÜFUSUN DAĞILIŞI .................................................................................... 52 Nüfus Yoğunluğu …........................................................................................ 55 V. NÜFUS HAREKETLERĐ ................................................................................ 57 A. Yıllık Doğum Miktarları ............................................................................ 57 B. Yıllık Ölüm Miktarları, Nedenleri, Ölüm Yaş Sınırı, Bebek Ölümleri ve I Nedenleri ................................................................................................................. 59 C. Doğurganlık ................................................................................................ 66 D. Evlenme ve Boşanma ................................................................................. 73 E. Doğal Nüfus Artışı ..................................................................................... 75 F. Tarihi Gelişim Đçinde Nüfus Hareketleri .................................................... 79 1. Rusya’nın Bölgeyi Đşgali ve Yerli Nüfusun Göç Ettirilmesi ................... 81 2. Karaçayların Orta Asya’ya Sürgünü ....................................................... 82 G. Đç ve Dış Göçler, Nedenleri, Coğrafi Dağılımı, Göçe Katılan Nüfusun Yaş Yapısı .............................................................................................................. 84 Göçmenlerin Etnik Yapısı .......................................................................... 92 VI. NÜFUSUN SOSYAL NĐTELĐKLERĐ ......................................................... 98 A. NÜFUSUN ETNĐK YAPISI .................................................................... 98 1. Sovyet ve Rus Terminolojisinde Etnik Kavramlar ve Adlandırmalar .... 98 2. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti Nüfusunu Oluşturan Etnik Gruplar …..... 102 a. Karaçaylar ........................................................................................... 102 b. Çerkesler ............................................................................................. 103 c. Abazalar .............................................................................................. 104 d. Nogaylar ............................................................................................. 105 3. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’ni Oluşturan Etnik Grupların Nüfusu ….. 106 Etnik Grupların Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’ndeki Nüfusu ................. 116 (1). Etnik Grupların Bölgelere Göre Dağılımı ve Nüfusları ................ 121 (2). Etnik Grupların Şehir ve Kır Nüfusları ......................................... 134 B. NÜFUSUN DĐL DURUMU ....................................................................... 138 1. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nde Konuşulan Diller .............................. 138 a. Karaçayca ............................................................................................. 138 b. Nogayca ...............................................................................................
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