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North Caucasus) AE ARCHÄOLOGIE 36 I N EURASIEN 36 ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Excavations 1994−1996 in the Iron Age to early medieval cemetery ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE HEINRICH AND BELINSKIJ B. ANDREJ Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Klin-Yar at population and society Ritual, ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE RITUAL, SOCIETY AND POPULATION AT KLIN-YAR (NORTH CAUCASUS): EXCAVATIONS 1994 – 1996 IN THE IRON AGE TO EARLY MEDIEVAL CEMETERY ARCHÄOLOGIE IN EURASIEN Herausgegeben von Svend Hansen BAND 36 DEUTSCHES ARCHÄOLOGISCHES INSTITUT EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Eurasien-Abteilung Andrej B. Belinskij and Heinrich Härke Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Excavations 1994 – 1996 in the Iron Age to early medieval cemetery with contributions by Dmitrij V. Bogatenkov, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Mariya V. Dobrovolskaya, Sergej L. Dudarev, Igor O. Gavritukhin, Thomas Higham, Dmitrij S. Korobov, Galina V. Lebedinskaya, Vladimir Yu. Malashev, Mariya B. Mednikova, Sergej N. Savenko, Anna K. Shvyryova and Rebecca Warren HABELT-VERLAG · BONN XVIII, 428 Seiten mit 233 Abbildungen und 7 Tafeln Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliogra- fische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. Umschlagmotiv: Klin-Yar von Südosten, Foto: Heinrich Härke. Goldene Scheibenfibelaus Grab 345, Foto: Igor Kozhevnikov. Gestaltung: Anke Reuter © 2018 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung ISBN 978-3-7749-4154-0 Redaktion: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung, Im Dol 2 – 6, 14195 Berlin Herstellung: druckhaus köthen GmbH & Co. KG, Friedrichstraße 11/12, 06366 Köthen Kommissionsvertrieb: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Am Buchenhang 1, 53115 Bonn Table of contents Preface of the Editor . IX Lists ....................................................................... X List of authors and contributors ............................................. X List of tables ............................................................. X List of figures ............................................................ XI List of plates ............................................................. XV List of abbreviations....................................................... XV Preface of the authors......................................................... XVII Linguistic conventions..................................................... XVII Acknowledgements ....................................................... XVIII 1 Introduction ............................................................. 1 1.1 Location and context ................................................. 1 1.2 History of research at Klin-Yar .......................................... 2 1.3 The 1994 – 1996 seasons ............................................. 5 2 The Koban Culture graves and finds .......................................... 9 Andrej B. Belinskij and Sergej L. Dudarev 2.1 Grave structures..................................................... 9 2.2 Treatment of the body ................................................ 9 2.3 Ritual inclusions in the graves ......................................... 10 2.4 The provision of grave-goods .......................................... 12 2.5 Grave 355: a ‘shaman burial’? ......................................... 13 2.6 Pottery ............................................................ 13 2.7 Dress ornaments .................................................... 15 2.8 Weapons, tools and accessories........................................ 17 3 The Sarmatian and Alanic graves ............................................ 20 Heinrich Härke 3.1 Burial ritual and excavation technique................................... 20 3.2 Spatial patterning and chronology ...................................... 20 3.3 Grave construction and multiple use of catacombs......................... 21 3.4 Deposition of bodies and ‘family burial’.................................. 25 3.5 The provision of grave-goods in the chamber ............................. 26 3.6 Ritual depositions and activities........................................ 28 3.7 The elite plot ....................................................... 32 4 Pottery vessels from Sarmatian and Alanic graves . 35 Vladimir Yu. Malashev 4.1 Grave 351B......................................................... 35 4.2 End of the Late Sarmatian Period and Beginning of the Hun Period/ Transition Period (RZ and Ia1).......................................... 37 4.3 Periods Ib – e/Iб – д................................................... 45 4.4 Periods IIb2 – IIIc/IIб2 – IIIв . 46 4.5 Base stamps........................................................ 47 4.6 Conclusions ........................................................ 47 5 Belt sets from Alanic graves: Chronology and cultural links....................... 49 Igor O. Gavritukhin 5.1 Buckles............................................................ 49 5.1.1 Introduction . 49 5.1.2 Round and oval buckles with round-sectioned loop ................. 49 5.1.3 Hollow kidney-shaped (B-shaped) buckles ........................ 54 V Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar 5.1.4 Hollow buckles with raised ‘platform’ on the loop................... 55 5.1.5 Rectangular and trapezoidal buckles ............................. 59 5.1.6 Hollow oval buckles with a pronounced groove for the pin, and with ‘platforms’ in the rear part of the loop..................... 67 5.1.7 Buckles with elongated rear part of the loop ....................... 68 5.1.8 Rare forms .................................................. 70 5.2 Strap-ends and belt mounts ........................................... 71 5.2.1 Introductory notes ............................................ 71 5.2.2 Strap-ends with emphasized upper ‘platform’...................... 71 5.2.3 Rectangular strap-ends with ridge in the lower part ................. 72 5.2.4 Hollow strap-ends with straight sides............................. 73 5.2.5 Hollow strap-ends of complex outline ............................ 75 5.2.6 ‘Box-shaped’ strap-ends ....................................... 76 5.2.7 Belt set with incised components and inlaid repoussé gold appliqué with plaited-cord motif ............................ 81 5.2.8 Suspended strap-ends for fastening ............................. 82 5.2.9 T-shaped hollow mounts ....................................... 84 5.2.10 Trefoil-shaped strap-dividers ................................... 86 5.2.11 Strap-dividers with loop . 88 5.2.12 Horizontally symmetrical mounts with plain scutiform halves (double-scutiform mounts) ..................................... 88 5.2.13 Х-shaped mounts with emphasized central part .................... 90 5.2.14 ‘Circle + shield’ mounts........................................ 91 5.2.15 ‘Circle + trapezium’ (keyhole-shaped) mounts ..................... 91 5.2.16 Scutiform mounts of ‘heraldic’ type .............................. 91 5.2.17 Rectangular mounts, hollow, with bevelled edges and four round cut-outs or their imitations ..................................... 93 5.2.18 Rectangular mounts with rectangular cut-out at the centre............ 93 5.2.19 Crescent-shaped (C-shaped) mounts ............................. 94 5.2.20 Cruciform repoussé mounts with plain lobes....................... 94 5.2.21 Small ‘bird’s face’ mounts...................................... 95 5.2.22 ‘Pyramid + brush’ mounts ...................................... 95 5.2.23 Pseudo-buckles .............................................. 96 5.2.24 Horizontally symmetrical repoussé mounts with hemispheres in relief (‘bunch of grapes’) ..................................... 96 6 Other dating finds from Late Sarmatian and Alanic graves........................ 97 6.1 Glass vessels ....................................................... 97 Igor O. Gavritukhin 6.1.1 Thin-walled conical beaker ..................................... 97 6.1.2 Thin-walled bowl with cut oval decoration and horizontal grooves under the rim . 97 6.1.3 Thick-walled hemispherical bowl with closely cut decoration ......... 98 6.2 Byzantine coins ..................................................... 98 Sergej N. Savenko 7 Social analysis of 4th to 8th century Alanic burials at Klin-Yar ...................... 106 Dmitrij S. Korobov 7.1 The analysis of family patterns at Klin-Yar III .............................. 107 7.2 Identifying male and female grave-goods at Klin-Yar III ..................... 109 7.3 Analysis of the social hierarchy at Klin-Yar III .............................. 114 7.4 Social analysis of Klin-Yar IV burials ..................................... 123 7.5 Conclusions ........................................................ 125 8 Radiocarbon dating at Klin-Yar .............................................. 127 Rebecca Warren and Thomas Higham 8.1 Introduction . 127 8.2 Initial radiocarbon results ............................................. 128 VI Table of contents 8.3 Materials and methods ............................................... 129 8.4 Radiocarbon results.................................................. 130 8.5 Conclusions ........................................................ 132 9 The human bones from Klin-Yar III and IV...................................... 134 Alexandra P. Buzhilova,
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