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Dental Health Indicators of the Chernyakhov Population from Shyshaki (Ukraine)

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Dental Health Indicators of the Chernyakhov Population from Shyshaki (Ukraine) Dental health indicators of the Chernyakhov population Nataliia Valentinovna Yanko, Andrij Vladislavovich Artemyev, Lyudmyla Fedorivna Kaskova Anthropological Review • Vol. 84(1), 17–28 (2021) Dental health indicators of the Chernyakhov population from Shyshaki (Ukraine) Nataliia Valentinovna Yanko1, Andrij Vladislavovich Artemyev1,2, Lyudmyla Fedorivna Kaskova1 1Department of Paediatric Dentistry with Dental Diseases Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Poltava, Ukraine 2Archaeological Site Preservation and Studying Centre, Poltava, Ukraine ABSTRACT: Odontological studies of ancient populations represent different indicators related to health state, lifestyle and human diet. The aim of this paper is to determine the dental health indicators in the Chernyakhov population (the end of the IVth c. AD) from Ukraine. The paper also attempts to identify the relationship between sex and these indicators in the studied population. The sample analysed consisted of the dental remains of 25 adult individuals (11 males and 14 females) and 8 children individuals excavated from the cemetery at the archaeological site of Shyshaki (Poltava region of Ukraine). A total of 760 teeth were examined for caries, tooth wear and calculus clinically, and 647 teeth of adults were observed radio- graphically. The studied population presents frequency of caries in individuals of 12.5%. This indicator in adult male and female dentition is 42.86% and 14.0% respectively, and 25% in children. The presented population frequency of caries teeth was 0.88%. Females presented higher caries rate than males (2.72 % females vs. 0.36 % males) (p<0.05). The most frequent were caries lesions of cementum-enamel junction (40%) and combined lesions of crown and root (40%) with no difference in terms of sex. Frequency of dental wear in adult individuals and 8-10 year-old individuals was 100%. The studied population repre- sented TWI (tooth wear index) in adults (2.26), which increased with aging, but the difference in terms of sex is insignificant. Calculus was observed in 64.28% of the females and 63.33% of the males, showing no statistical difference (p>0.5). These findings confirm a very low rate of caries teeth in the territory of Shyshaki during the Late Roman period, which could be related to regional diet and concentration of fluorine in drinking water. The Chernyakhov population presents high dental wear and similar frequency of dental calculus when compared to the population from Roman Britain. Females presented significantly higher frequency of caries than males, whereas no significant sex differences were found regarding dental wear, calculus, and localisation of caries lesions. The authors presume that dental health indicators in the Chernyakhov culture need to be studied more with bigger sample size and data of the populations from other regions of Ukraine. KEY WORDS: dental anthropology, caries, toot wear, calculus, Chernyakhov culture Original Research Article Received: September 15, 2020; Revised: December 10, 2020; Accepted: January 28, 2021 DOI: 10.2478/anre-2021-0002 © 2021 Polish Anthropological Society 18 Nataliia Valentinovna Yanko, Andrij Vladislavovich Artemyev, Lyudmyla Fedorivna Kaskova Introduction (Poltava region) which belongs to the Chernyakhov culture living in the terri- Odontological studies of ancient pop- tory of the Eastern Europe in the Late ulations represent different indicators Roman period. related to health state, lifestyle and diet The Chernyakhov (Santa-de-Mures) of humans, and dental caries is the most culture subsisted in a wide area of visible from them (Lanfranco and Eggers Ukraine, Poland, Moldova and Romania 2012). The social and cultural environ- for a short historical period between the ment has an impact on human health IIId and Vth cc. and strongly influenced diet and activity, and differences in oral the development of the Slavs. The Goths health between the sexes in different an- migrated to Scythia in the IId–IIId cc. cient populations could been interpreted AD after the fall of Roman Empire and with reference to diet (Klaus and Tim nearly became a dominant force in the 2010; Miliauskienė and Jankauskas 2015; Chernyakhov culture (Gwinn 2017). The Michael et al. 2017). aboriginal population from the Ukrainian Carbohydrates and bad oral hygiene area represented by the early Slavs, Sar- facilitate plaque accumulation on teeth, matians, and late Scythians (Magome- but caries demineralization develops dov 2001) accepted the achievements of only with decrease in enamel resistance. Roman material culture – glass, pottery, Enamel resistance falls due to low fluo- jewellery production, metallurgy of fer- rine content in drinking water, and diet rous metals, burning charcoal and lime, misbalanced with minerals (Fejerskov et and others (Liubychev 2019; Petrauskas al. 2008). Therefore, caries rate increases et al 2019); but archaeological and palae- in regions with low fluorine content in oenvironmental evidence did not docu- drinking water (Ramezani et al. 2015). ment changes in the dietary habits after Moreover, dental indicators such as tooth the Goths appearance. The time of the wear is related to caries development. Chernyakhov culture was characterized Tooth wear does not only reflect ageing by flourishing agriculture in its territory and food durability, but also changes when land farming was simplified by the the character of plaque accumulation on use of a plug with a steel tip (Zynkivska- teeth (Esclassan et al. 2009). Calculus as ya 2013). Gorbanenko (2014) claims that a dental indicator is interpreted in terms a 1/4 of grains found in the soil were bar- of oral hygiene and diet; high calculus/ ley; rye and emmer wheat each made up low caries rate as evidence for a high pro- approximately 1/5 of grains; common tein diet (Lillie 1996), while elevated cal- wheat was nearly a 1/6; and millet was culus and caries rates have been linked less than a 1/7. During that period the to carbohydrate-rich diets (Humphrey et Chernyakhov people applied mill stones al. 2014). for grain grinding, which were borrowed There is limited research on dental from the Roman Empire, and produced health indicators of ancient populations more refined food than previously used living in the territory of present-day stone mortar and pestle. Animal hus- Ukraine (Lillie 1996; Arnold et al. 2007; bandry, as revealed by survival of bone Karsten et al. 2015; Yanko et al. 2017). remains, seemed to favour cattle, sheep, The authors were interested in the lo- goat and pig breeding (Shyshkyn 1999). cal ancient population from Shyshaki Dental health indicators of the Chernyakhov population 19 The Chernyakhov culture used both only small fragments of the maxilla or cremation and inhumation. Moreover, mandible were preserved as defined by ritual cremations of destroyed burials Vodanovic et al. (2005). Sex in adults was with skeletal fragments was described in diagnosed by AAV on the basis of cranial a few populations including the present and pelvic morphological features (Buik- one (Kokowski 1997; Heiko 2010; Pe- stra and Ubelaker 1994). Adult skeletal trauskas 2014). In addition, destruction age at death was diagnosed by AAV on of skeletons from the studied population the basis pubic symphysis morphology, relates to grave robberies and economic the auricular surface of the ileum, and activity of modern inhabitants. In spite of the sternal end of the ribs (Byers 2005), the fact that the number of skulls could which was from 18 to 70 years old. Fi- be limited, analysis of dental health indi- nally, each adult skeleton was assigned cators allowed the researchers to obtain to one of four age categories: 18–25 years data not only regarding biological con- old (young adult), 26–35 years old (early dition, but also the diet of the present middle adult); 36–45 years old (late mid- population. dle adult) ≥ 46 years old (mature adult) The aim of this paper is to deter- (Powers 2012). Age of a dead child mine the dental health indicators in the was determined by dental development Chernyakhov population (the end of the (Nelson and Ash 2009) and was from 6 IVth c. AD) from Ukraine. The paper also months to 10 years old. Examined chil- attempts to identify the relationship be- dren were divided into two subgroups: tween sex and these indicators in the primary dentition (6 month–2 years old) studied population. and mixed dentition (8–10 years old). AVA and NVY performed the dental Materials and methods examinations. Next categories of missing teeth are recorded as being ante-mortem, Analysed skeletons of the Chernyakhov post-mortem, and unerupted, Unerupted culture were collected at excavations teeth included impacted and congenital- nearby the town of Shyshaki (Poltava ly missing teeth. Caries was diagnosed region) in 2012–2016, which were con- macroscopically under a bright light, ducted by the staff of the Archaeological with the help of a dental probe; only pres- Site Preservation and Research Centre ence of cavity was estimated as caries. (Poltava). The chronological period was The location of carious lesions (root, CEJ defined by archaeologists as the end of (cementum-enamel junction), crown), as the IVth c. AD by the observing the na- well as their location on the crown (prox- ture of the burials and material culture imal, labial/buccal, lingual, occlusal sur- remains. All the individuals were exca- faces), were analysed. Combined lesions vated from the cemetery. included involvement of root and crown. The Chernyakhov
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