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A Brief History of Kabarda
A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD] Amjad Jaimoukha T he Russians have been writing Kabardian (and Circassian) history according to their colonial prescriptions for more than a century, ever since they occupied Circassia in the middle years of the 19th century. Simplistic and oftentimes ridiculous accounts of this history were produced in the course of this time. Until this day, these historiographies, with added clauses to reduce the level of inanity and circumvent the rampant contradictions, constitute the official historical narrative in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (and with slight variations in the other ‘Circassian’ republics, namely the Karachai-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adigea). For one, the Kabardians were deemed to have opted to join Russia in the 16th century (much more on this ‘Union’ in the course of this article). In 1957, big celebrations were held in Kabarda commemorating the 400th anniversary of the ‘joyful’ event that saved the Kabardians from perdition. A statue was erected as a symbol of the fictitious union of Kabarda with Russia in downtown Nalchik. The Circassian maiden with an uplifted scroll is exquisite Gwascheney (or Gwaschene; Гуащэней, е Гуащэнэ), daughter of Temryuk Idar (Teimriqwe Yidar; Идар и къуэ Темрыкъуэ), who was betrothed to Ivan IV (1530-1584) on 21 August 1561 AD, to cement the treaty between Temryuk, Prince of Princes of Kabarda, and Ivan the Terrible, ‘Tsar of All Russia’.1 Tsarina Maria Temryukovna (Мария Темрюковна; 1544-1569), as was Gwascheney 1 The corresponding monument amongst the Western Circassians (Adigeans) was built in 1957 in Friendship Square in Maikop, the republican capital, “in honour of the 400th anniversary of the ‘Military and Political Union’ between the Russian State and Circassia”. -
Status of Egyptian Vulture Neophron Percnopterus in the North Caucasus, Russian Federation GS Dzhamirzoev & SA Bukreev
Status of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the North Caucasus, Russian Federation GS DZHAMIRZOEV & SA BUKREEV The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus is a widely distributed species in south- ern Europe, northern Africa and southern Asia. However, its numbers have declined throughout the major part of its Western Palearctic range (Burfield & van Bommel 2004), including Russia (Til’ba 2001). It is included in the Red Data Book of Russia (cat- egory 3, ‘rare species’). Numbers in Europe are estimated at 3500–5600 pairs (Burfield & van Bommel 2004). In Russia the species breeds only in the North Caucasus where the numbers are estimated at 70–120 pairs (Mischenko et al 2004, Belik 2005). The Egyptian Vulture (Plates 1 & 2) is a breeding summer visitor to the North Plate 1. Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Caucasus and the northern limit of its breed- Kasumkentski reserve IBA, Daghestan. © G Dzhamirzoev Plate 2. Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Turanchaij region, Azerbaijan. © K Cepenas 128 Sandgrouse 31 (2009) Sandgrouse32-090723.indd 128 7/23/2009 10:48:45 AM ing range in Russia crosses the region (Figure 1). Egyptian Vultures occur throughout the mountainous parts of the North Caucasus and move into adjacent plains. The species breeds in Krasnodar krai, Adygeya republic, Stavropol krai, Karachaevo-Cherkessia republic, Kabardino-Balkar republic, North Osetia-Alania republic, republic of Ingushetia, Chechen republic and the Daghestan republic. Wandering individuals may reach north to the Kalmykia republic (Figure 1) where some birds were seen at fawning sites of the Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica (Bliznyuk 2004). The Egyptian Vulture is also a very rare vagrant north to the Manych-Gudilo lake area including Rostov oblast (Minoransky et al 2006). -
The Mammals of the Caucasus
planifrons Falc. and Equus stenonis Cocchi have been identified. The breccia is underlain by a layer of doleritic lava and is covered by lacustrine sands and clays. The lake sediments are overlain by a layer of dolorite (Zaridze and Tatrishvili, 1948). Thus, in that area, the mammals lived and died during a period when the volcanos in the Lesser Caucasus were dornnant. The next transgression in the Caspian ->- N Basin, a somewhat smaller one, is known ^.AA.>.>J>-Jn,*^f^^v-»L*.-.->4-W-vn-Wtv^ as the Apsheron sea. ;'<,•.•''' OS The Kura bay of the Apsheron sea OB reached the longitude of Kirovabad. The :o:.\-:e:.--i Terek bay was temporarily connected with the Euxinic basin by a strait in the Manych area. The sea reached the latitude of Sarepta and [Lake] Inder in the north. •'•p.;-. .- •«.•.. e". ;..•.*• o*. •.•.; ''•',' 45 o'. • o". ' '•'o'.'- o." ; •.b..'i^-'.'-o'".^•.•<>.• The climate and landforms of the 4>- b-fi.: Caucasus in Apsheron time probably remained the same as in the Akchagyl, and the volcanic activity was of about the same c?o intensity. Torrential mudflows, caused by heavy rains, carried volumes of gravel and boulders from the mountains (Kudryavtsev, 1933); these boulders can 68 'S::^^^^ now be seen on the Kakhetia Plain. d - 5 The land vegetation known from the Apsheron deposits in the Shiraki Steppe consisted of spruce (Picea orientalis) and a number of Recent forms: beech, oak, aspen, apple, willow, filbert, Turkish filbert, walnut (Juglans regia), zelkova, honeysuckle; and Hyrcanian forms: f < oak (Quercus castanei folia), alder (Alnus subcordata), maple (Acer ibericum) (Palibin, 1936). -
North Caucasus)
AE ARCHÄOLOGIE 36 I N EURASIEN 36 ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Excavations 1994−1996 in the Iron Age to early medieval cemetery ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE HEINRICH AND BELINSKIJ B. ANDREJ Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Klin-Yar at population and society Ritual, ANDREJ B. BELINSKIJ AND HEINRICH HÄRKE RITUAL, SOCIETY AND POPULATION AT KLIN-YAR (NORTH CAUCASUS): EXCAVATIONS 1994 – 1996 IN THE IRON AGE TO EARLY MEDIEVAL CEMETERY ARCHÄOLOGIE IN EURASIEN Herausgegeben von Svend Hansen BAND 36 DEUTSCHES ARCHÄOLOGISCHES INSTITUT EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Eurasien-Abteilung Andrej B. Belinskij and Heinrich Härke Ritual, society and population at Klin-Yar (North Caucasus) Excavations 1994 – 1996 in the Iron Age to early medieval cemetery with contributions by Dmitrij V. Bogatenkov, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Mariya V. Dobrovolskaya, Sergej L. Dudarev, Igor O. Gavritukhin, Thomas Higham, Dmitrij S. Korobov, Galina V. Lebedinskaya, Vladimir Yu. Malashev, Mariya B. Mednikova, Sergej N. Savenko, Anna K. Shvyryova and Rebecca Warren HABELT-VERLAG · BONN XVIII, 428 Seiten mit 233 Abbildungen und 7 Tafeln Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliogra- fische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. Umschlagmotiv: Klin-Yar von Südosten, Foto: Heinrich Härke. Goldene Scheibenfibelaus Grab 345, Foto: Igor Kozhevnikov. Gestaltung: Anke Reuter © 2018 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung ISBN 978-3-7749-4154-0 Redaktion: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung, Im Dol 2 – 6, 14195 Berlin Herstellung: druckhaus köthen GmbH & Co. -
Educational Innovation for the Ecological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Wildlife Management
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) 1284 – 1289 WCES 2012 Educational innovation for the ecological assessment of the effectiveness of wildlife management b Olga Perfilova a *, Yulia Alizade a Faculty of Ecology & Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology & Wildlife Management, Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities, Moscow , 109444, Russia b Faculty of Management, Department of Management & Integrated Marketing Communications, Russian State University of Innovation Technologies & Business, Moscow, 105058, Russia Abstract Research is devoted to solving complex aims: educational (the development of ecological competence of managers), and socio- economic (optimization of access to recreational resources) through the improvement of innovative algorithms, theory and practice of wildlife management. We also tried to identify the problems of integration of Natural and Human sciences as the problems of environmental education.This article contains a description of the elements of how to organize environmental management training in real situations. On the example of integrated assessment of the socio-natural potential (of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region) shows the role of competence in making optimal decisions that affect human values. The article emphasized that the possibility of society full of ecosystem services is directly linked to the idea of the uniqueness and intrinsic value of the natural world, whose safety should be regarded as a guarantee of human health. © 20122012 Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu Keywords: innovation technologies; ecological competence; wildlife management; safety of ecological and social interaction; SWOT-analysis; recreational potential; health. Foreword This research is devoted to solving social problems and educational training of modern management, taking into account the immanent nature of the environmental specialist expertise in every field. -
Land, Community, and the State in the North Caucasus: Kabardino-Balkaria, 1763-1991
Land, Community, and the State in the North Caucasus: Kabardino-Balkaria, 1763-1991 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ian Thomas Lanzillotti Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor Nicholas Breyfogle, Advisor Professor Theodora Dragostinova Professor David Hoffmann Professor Scott Levi Copyright by Ian Thomas Lanzillotti 2014 Abstract The Caucasus mountain region in southern Russia has witnessed many of post- Soviet Eurasia’s most violent inter-communal conflicts. From Abkhazia to Chechnya, the region fractured ferociously and neighboring communities took up arms against each other in the name of ethnicity and religion. In the midst of some of the worst conflict in Europe since 1945, the semiautonomous, multiethnic Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the North Caucasus remained a relative oasis of peace. This is not to say there were no tensions—there is no love lost between Kabardians, Balkars, and Russians, Kabardino- Balkaria’s principal communities. But, why did these communities, despite the agitation of ethno-political entrepreneurs, not resort to force to solve their grievances, while many neighboring ones did? What institutions and practices have facilitated this peace? What role have state officials and state structures played in, on the one hand, producing inter- communal conflict, and, on the other hand, mediating and defusing such conflict? And why has land played such a crucial rule in inter-communal relations in the region over the longue durée? More than enhancing our knowledge of a poorly-understood yet strategically important region, the questions I ask of Kabardino-Balkaria are windows on larger issues of enduring global relevance. -
The Ash-Tigors' Granaries and Palaeoclimate of the 7Th
GENNADIY E. AFANAS’EV · DMITRY S. KOROBOV THE ASH-TIGORS’ GRANARIES AND PALAEOCLIMATE OF THE 7TH-12TH CENTURIES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS The ethnic name Ash-Tigor was first used to designate a tribal unit located in the North Caucasus in »The Armenian Geography« traditionally attributed to Anania Shirakatsi (7th century). Two versions of transla- tions of this Old Armenian written source are most popular: a Russian version was published by K. Patkanov in 1877 (Patkanov 1877), and in 1881 A. Soukry published his French translation. Already in 1887 the Russ- ian specialist in Iranian studies V. F. Miller put forward the conclusion suggesting that the first part of the ethnic name (Ash) corresponded to the modern term (Os) signifying the modern Ossetians, whilst its sec- ond part (Tigor) might be applied to the Digorians – the western branch of the modern Ossetians (Miller 1887, 105-106). This opinion was then confirmed by V. I. Abaev (Abaev 1958, 79-80), Yu. S. Gagloiti (Gagloiti 1966, 155-166), A. V. Gadlo (Gadlo 1979, 164-165), A. Aleman’ (Aleman’ 2003, 367-371) and many other investigators. In 1963 S. T. Eremyan published a new, Modern Armenian translation of »The Armenian Geography«. In this version the Digorians, the Ash-Tigors and the Alans were interpreted as an ethnically united group (Volkova 1973, 110-111); the attribution of the Ash-Tigors to the Ossetian ethnic group has not been seriously questioned ever since. Only some adherents of the Turkic linguistic attribu- tion of the Alans-Ases adopt a different position (Bidschev 1983, 105; Misiev 1985, 200-205), but it should be pointed out that these views have not been accepted in scientific circles (Kuznetsov / Tsetsenov 2000, 34-45; 93-98). -
A Brief History of Kabarda
A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD] Amjad Jaimoukha T he Russians have been writing Kabardian (and Circassian) history according to their colonial prescriptions for more than a century, ever since they occupied Circassia in the middle years of the 19th century. Simplistic and oftentimes ridiculous accounts of this history were produced in the course of this time. Until this day, these historiographies, with added clauses to reduce the level of inanity and circumvent the rampant contradictions, constitute the official historical narrative in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (and with slight variations in the other ‘Circassian’ republics, namely the Karachai-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adigea). For one, the Kabardians were deemed to have opted to join Russia in the 16th century (much more on this ‘Union’ in the course of this article). In 1957, big celebrations were held in Kabarda commemorating the 400th anniversary of the ‘joyful’ event that saved the Kabardians from perdition. A statue was erected as a symbol of the fictitious union of Kabarda with Russia in downtown Nalchik. The Circassian maiden with an uplifted scroll is exquisite Gwascheney (or Gwaschene; Гуащэней, е Гуащэнэ), daughter of Temryuk Idar (Teimriqwe Yidar; Идар и къуэ Темрыкъуэ), who was betrothed to Ivan IV (1530-1584) on 21 August 1561 AD, to cement the treaty between Temryuk, Prince of Princes of Kabarda, and Ivan the Terrible, ‘Tsar of All Russia’.1 Tsarina Maria Temryukovna (Мария Темрюковна; 1544-1569), as was Gwascheney 1 The corresponding monument amongst the Western Circassians (Adigeans) was built in 1957 in Friendship Square in Maikop, the republican capital, “in honour of the 400th anniversary of the ‘Military and Political Union’ between the Russian State and Circassia”. -
Karaçay-Çerkes (Özerk) Cumhurđyetđ'nđn
T.C. MARMARA ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ TÜRKĐYAT ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTĐTÜSÜ TÜRK DÜNYASI COĞRAFYASI ANABĐLĐM DALI KARAÇAY-ÇERKES (ÖZERK) CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN DEMOGRAFĐK YAPISI YÜKSEK LĐSANSTEZĐ Murat TOPÇU ĐSTANBUL, 2006 T.C. MARMARA ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ TÜRKĐYAT ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTĐTÜSÜ TÜRK DÜNYASI COĞRAFYASI ANABĐLĐM DALI KARAÇAY-ÇERKES (ÖZERK) CUMHURĐYETĐ’NĐN DEMOGRAFĐK YAPISI YÜKSEK LĐSANSTEZĐ Murat TOPÇU Danışman: Yrd.Doç.Dr. Hülya KAYALI ĐSTANBUL, 2006 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada Kuzey Kafkasya’da yer alan, Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı, temel demografik tanımlar çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Karaçay ve Nogay Türklerinin, Çerkes, Abaza ve Rusların temel nüfusunu oluşturduğu Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti 1922 yılında özerk bölge olarak kurulmuştur. SSCB dağıldıktan sonra, 1991 yılında Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı cumhuriyet statüsü almıştır. Türkiye’de bölge üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, kaynakların çoğunlukla Rusça olması nedeniyle çok azdır. Rusça kaynakları kullanma imkânı olması böyle bir çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmada esas olarak 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 yıllarında yapılan SSCB ve 2002 Rusya Federasyonu genel nüfus sayımlarının verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bunun dışında istatistik verileri ve konu üzerine yayınlanmış eserler de çalışmaya kaynak olmuştur. Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin demografik yapısı altı bölümde incelenmiştir. Genel tanıtımı amaçlayan birinci bölümden sonra, ikinci bölümde nüfusun dağılışını etkileyen faktörler olarak Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti’nin coğrafi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti Nüfusunun Tarihi Gelişimi başlığı altında bölgenin 18. ve 19. yüzyıllardaki idari yapısı ve nüfusu, nüfusun gelişimi ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, önceki bölümlerde edinilen bilgiler ışığında nüfusun dağılışı ve nüfus yoğunluğu incelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, doğum ve ölüm miktarları, doğurganlık, evlenme ve boşanma, tarihteki nüfus hareketleri ve göç başlıkları altında nüfus hareketleri ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise nüfusun sosyal nitelikleri incelenmektedir. -
Contemporary Long-Term Trends in Water Discharge, Suspended Sediment Load, and Erosion Intensity in River Basins of the North Caucasus Region, SW Russia
hydrology Article Contemporary Long-Term Trends in Water Discharge, Suspended Sediment Load, and Erosion Intensity in River Basins of the North Caucasus Region, SW Russia Artyom V. Gusarov 1,2,* , Aidar G. Sharifullin 3 and Mikhail A. Komissarov 4 1 Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia 2 Federal and Regional Centre for Aerospace and Ground Monitoring of Objects and Natural Resources, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobedy Str. 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russia 3 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] 4 Ufa Institute of Biology UFRC, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Oktyabrya 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: For the first time, contemporary trends in water discharge, suspended sediment load, and the intensity of overall erosion in the river basins of the North Caucasus region, as one of Russia’s most agriculturally developed geographic areas, were identified. The study was carried out using monitoring data of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of the country for 21 rivers by comparing two periods: 1963–1980 and 2008–2017. According to the study’s results, trends of an increase in the mean annual water discharge (by 2–97%) and the essential reduction in its intra-annual variability have been found in most of the studied rivers. On the contrary, the trends of reduction in annual suspended sediment load and the intensity of erosion in the river Citation: Gusarov, A.V.; Sharifullin, basins were identified in most of the study region. -
Supplementary Reports Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus 2020 Edition
ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUS 2020 EDITION SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUS 2020 EDITION SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS TBILISI 2020 The Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus has been revised in the frame of the Transboundary Joint Secretariat-Phase III Project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through KfW Development Bank and implemented by WWF Caucasus Programme Office with the involvement of the AHT GROUP AG - REC Caucasus Consortium. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of organizations and institutions who were involved in preparing ECP 2020 or who provided financial support or support in kind. None of the entities involved assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of information disclosed in the publication. Editors: N. Zazanashvili, M. Garforth and M. Bitsadze Ecoregional Maps: G. Beruchashvili and N. Arobelidze, WWF / © WWF Suggested citation for the publication: Zazanashvili, N., Garforth, M. and Bitsadze, M., eds. (2020). Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus, 2020 Edition: Supplementary Reports. WWF, KfW, Tbilisi. Suggested citation for each report – see at the end of the reports. ISBN 978-9941-8-2374-9 Designed by David Gabunia Printed by Fountain Georgia LTD, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2020 2020 EDITION SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 2020 Edition of the Ecoregional Conservation Plan (ECP) for the Caucasus is published -
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Advances in Engineering Research, volume 177 International Symposium on Engineering and Earth Sciences (ISEES 2018) Landscape and Geoecological Analysis of Small River Basins Within Nature Protection of Mountain Territories Kipkeeva P.A. Volosukhin Ya.V. Karachay-Cherkess State University named U.D. Aliyev Engineering Consulting Center on Hydraulic Karachayevsk, Russia Structures Safety [email protected] Novocherkassk, Russia [email protected] Ivankova T.V. Potapenko Yu.Ya. Institute of Hydraulic Structures Safety North Caucasian Interdepartmental Novocherkassk, Russia Stratigraphic Commission [email protected] Essentuki, Russia nupotap@ yandex.ru Shubayeva N.V. Pyatigorsk State University Pyatigorsk, Russia [email protected] AbstractThree large rivers of the North Caucasus, namely environmental and social aspects of sustainable use of water the Kuban, the Terek and the Kuma play a key role in water resources were classified as the most urgent. The World Water supply of adjacent steppe territories of Ciscaucasia. The mass Forums held every three years since 1997 clearly demonstrate run-off of these rivers is formed within a mountain relief. The this fact. river heads of the Kuban and the Kuma are located in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The landscape and geoecological The North Caucasus is located in the western part of a research of small river basins of the republic was aimed to collect steppe belt and on the termination of the desert belt of Eurasia. the information for further nature protection of basin geosystems The northern macroslope of the Greater Caucasus mountain of the 1-4 orders. The hierarchy, landscape structure and structure with the riverheads of three large rivers – the Kuban, environmental condition of basins typical for six sublatitudinal the Terek and the Kuma serves the main water supply of the morphostructures of the Karachay-Cherkessia were studied.