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Scientific Instrument Inventor Uses
Accumulator Waldemar Jungner Used to store electrical energy
Used in aircrafts for measuring Altimeter Louis Paul Cailletet altitudes.
Measures strength of electric Ammeter Friedrich Drexler current in amperes.
Measures force and velocity of Anemometer Leon Battista Alberti wind
Measures intensity of sound that is Audiometer Georg von Bekesy it measures how well a person hears.
It is an electromechanical device Accelerometer George Atwood used to measure acceleration forces.
Used to measure atmospheric Barometer Evangelista Torricelli pressure and conditions
Used for continuous recording of Barograph Lucien Vidi atmospheric pressure
Binocular J. P. Lemiere Used to view/see distant objects
Bolometer Samuel Langley Used to measure heat radiation
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Samuel Morey in 1826 Used in an internal combustion Carburettor engine for charging air with petrol Enrico Bernardi in 1882 vapour
Used to measure diameters of thin Calliper Pierre Vernier wire or cylinder
Used to trace the movements of Cardiogram Willem Einthoven the heart, recorded on a cardiograph
Is an instrument used to compare Colorimeter Jules Duboscq intensities of colour
An instrument used for projecting Louis Lumiere and his Cinematograph pictures on the screen and to brother Auguste Lumiere enlarge image of photograph
Used to record the movement of Crescograph Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose the tip of a plant
Used to measure very low Cryometer - temperatures of objects
Converts mechanical energy into Dynamo Michael Faraday electrical energy
Dynamometer Edme Regnier Measures force, torque and power
Used to examine internal parts of Endoscope - the body
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Used for measuring electrical Electrometer William Snow Harris potential differences
Used to measure depth of the Fathometer Herbert Grove Dorsey ocean
Used to reproduce the recorded Galvanometer Johann Schweigger sound
National Symbols of India National Symbols of India: The Republic of India has several national symbols. The national symbols of India represent the culture and nature of India's National Identity. They infuse a sense of pride and patriotism in every Indian's heart. They were picked up at various times. Below is the list of National Symbols of Incredible India that one should be proud of.
National Symbols of India Here is the list of national symbols of India.
Title National Symbols
National Flag Tiranga
National Anthem Jana Gana Mana
National Calendar Saka calendar
National Song Vande Mataram
National Emblem National Emblem of India
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National Fruit Mango
National River Ganga
National Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
National Tree Indian Banyan
National Aquatic Animal Ganges River Dolphin
National Bird Indian Peacock
National Currency Indian Rupee
National Reptile King Cobra
National Heritage Animal Indian Elephant
National Vegetable Pumpkin
Oath of Allegiance National Pledge
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Importance of National Symbols of India
There are 17 national symbols of India. The Importance of National Symbols is given below.
1. They exemplify the rich cultural fiber that resides at the core of the country.
2. Infuse a deep sense of pride in the hearts of Indian citizens.3. Represent a quality unique to India and its citizens.
4. Popularize the object chosen.
5. Help to preserve the chosen national symbol for generations to come.
Here is the detailed information about the national symbols of India.
National Flag: Tiranga
Tiranga is the national flag of India.
The flag is designed by Pingali Venkayya and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd July 1947.
The top saffron colour, indicates the strength and courage of the country.
The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra.
The green colour shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.
Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes.
National Emblem: State Emblem of India
The national emblem of India is adopted from Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath.
Its motto is Satyameva Jayate; ("Truth Alone Triumphs).
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It features four Asiatic lions standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. The National Emblem symbolizes power, courage, confidence and at the bottom is a horse and a bull with beautiful wheel Dharma chakra at centre.
National Calendar: Saka Calendar
Saka Calendar was introduced by the Calendar Committee in 1957. The usage of the Saka Calendar was officially started at 1 Chaitra 1879 Saka Era, or 22 March 1957.
National Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
The National Anthem of India Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.
It was first sung on 27 December 1911 at the then Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.
The complete song consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the National Anthem.
National Song: Vande Matram
The song of India is Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji. On January 24, 1950, the President, Dr. Rajendra Prasad came up with a statement in the Constituent Assembly, "the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it."
National Currency: Indian Rupee
The Indian rupee (ISO code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India.
The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.
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The Indian rupee symbol is derived from the Devanagari consonant "र( "ra) and the Latin letter "R" was adopted in 2010.
It has been designed by Udaya Kumar Dharmalingam.
The INR depicts an equality sign that symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity. The design of the INR was selected from among five shortlisted symbols. According to Udaya Kumar the design is based on the Indian tricolour.
National Animal: Bengal Tiger
Royal Bengal Tiger is the national animal of India and ranks among the biggest cats in the world.
National Bird: Peacock
The Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) is the national bird of India. A bird indigenous to the subcontinent, the peacock represents the unity of vivid colours and finds references in Indian culture.
The Government of India declared the Peacock as the national bird of India on February 1, 1963. It is found in the drier lowland areas and a resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent.
National Aquatic Animal: Dolphin
The Ganges river dolphin has been declared as National Aquatic Animal of India by the Indian government. It is also the city animal of the Guwahati. The South Asian river dolphin primarily found in the Ganges, Yamuna, Chambal river, Brahmaputra river and their tributaries.
National Fruit: Mango
Mango (Mangifera indica) , affectionately called King of Fruits is the National fruit of India
National Flower: Lotus
The national flower of India is Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). It is an aquatic herb that is often termed as ‘Padma’ in Sanskrit and enjoys a sacred status among the Indian culture.
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National Tree: Banyan Tree
The national tree of India is the Banyan tree, designated formally as Ficus benghalensis. The tree is often symbol of the fabled ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ or the ‘Tree of Wish Fullfillment’ as it is associated with longevity and has important medicinal properties. The very size and life span of the banyan tree makes it a habitat for a large number of creatures.
National River: Ganga
The Ganges or the Ganga is the national river of India. It originates in the snowfields of the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as the Bhagirathi River. According to the Hindus, this is the most sacred river on the earth. Interestingly, the Ganga is also the longest river in India covering 2,510 km of mountains, plains and valleys. The major Indian cities through which it passes through are Varanasi, Allahabad and Haridwar.
National Reptile: King Cobra
King Cobra or Snake eater (Ophiophagus hannah) is the National Reptile of India and is found in the forests of India and Southeast Asia.
National Heritage Animal: Indian Elephant
The Indian Elephant has been declared as National Heritage animal of India,native to mainland Asia.
Oath of Allegiance: National Pledge
The National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to the Republic Of India. It is commonly recited by Indians in unison at public events, especially in schools, and during the Independence Day and Republic Day celebrations. The pledge was originally composed in Telugu language by writer Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962.
National Symbols of India: FAQ's
Q1. What is the national flag of India called?
Ans: The National Flag of India is called Tiranga. It was designed by Pingali Venkayya.
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Q2. What is the National Song Of India called?
Ans: The National Song of India is called "Vande Mataram" written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Q3. When was the National Anthem of India sung for the 1st time?
Ans: The National Anthem of India was sung for the 1st time on 27th December 1911 at the Calcutta Session.
Q4. Who designed the symbol of the National Rupee?
Ans: Udaya Kumar Dharmalingam designed the Indian National Rupee.
Q5. How many national symbols do we have?
Ans: There are 17 national symbols of India. List of World Religions, Place of Worship, Religious Text and Founder
Place of Religious Religion Founder Region Worship Book
Buddhist Monastery, Tipitaka (in Gautam Buddha India, Tibbet, Buddhist Pali Script) China, Japan, Temple, Southeast Asia Chaitya, Vihar
Christianity Church Bible Jesus Christ Americas, Europe, Australia
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Place of Religious Religion Founder Region Worship Book
Hinduism Temple Bhagwat … India, Nepal, (Mandir) Gita, Ved, Sri Lanka, UK Upnishad
Islam Mosque Quran, Muhammad Middle east, (Masjid) Sunnah Africa, Asia, Europe,US
Jainism Jain Temple Jain Agamas Rishabh(Adinath), India, South Mahavir Asia
Sikhism Gurudwara Guru Granth Guru Nanak India, Sahib Pakistan, Canada, US, UK
Zoroastrianism Fire Temple Zend Avesta Zoroaster Iran, Western (Agiary) (Zarathustra) costal India
Equivalent Ranks of Officer Rank in Army, Navy and Air Force
Equivalent Ranks of Officer Rank in Army, Navy and Air Force
Army Navy Air Force
General Admiral Air Chief Marshal
Lieutenant General Vice Admiral Air Marshal
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Major General Rear Admiral Air Vice-Marshal
Brigadier Commodore Air Commodore
Colonel Captain Group Captain
Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Commander Wing Commander
Major Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader
Captain Lieutenant Flight Lieutenant Famous slogans of Pre and post-independent India
Famous Quotes and Name Back to the Vedas Dayanand Slogan Saraswati
Inqilab Zindabad Bhagat Singh Aaram Haraam Hai Jawahar Lal (Cast off your laziness) Nehru(Not authentic) Dilli Chalo Subhash Bharat Chhoro Mahatma Gandhi Chandra Bose
'Do or die' (Karo Ya Mahatma Gandhi Jai jawan Jai Kisan Lal Bahadur Maro) Shastri (during Jai Hind Subhash India-Pakistan Chandra Bose War of 1965) Maro Firangon ko Majal Pandey Purna Swaraj Jawahar Lal Nehru Jai Jagat Vinoba Bhave Hindi, Hindu, Bharatendu Hindustan Harishchandra
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Kar mat do (Don't give Sardar Vallabhai A blow to the sticks on Lala Lajpat Rai tax) Patel my head will prove to be the nail of the Sampurn Kranti Jai Prakash casket of the British (Total revolution) Narayan rule
Vijayi Vishwa Shyam Lal Gupta Muslims were foolish, Abul kalam azad Triranga Pyaara councilor they demanded protection and Hindus Vande Mataram Bankim Chandra were also foolish, they Chatterjee rejected that demand. Satyameva Jayate” Pandit Madan Jan Gan Man Rabindra Nath (Truth alone will win) Mohan Malaviya Adhinayak Jaya hey Tagore "Jai Jawan Jai kisan Atal Bihari Samarajywaad Bhagat Singh Jai Vigyan" Vajpayee ka Naash ho “Don't take rest after A. P. J. Abdul Swaraj (Self Rule) is Bal Gangadhar your first victory Kalam my birthright Tilak because if you fail in second, more lips are Sarfaroshi ki tamanna, Ram Prasad waiting to say that ab hamare dil me hai Bismil your first victory was just luck.” Saare jahan se Iqbal achchha hindustan Swaraj Mera hamara Janamsiddh adhikar Adopted by Bal hai, aur main ise lekar Gangadhar Tilak Simon Commission Go Lala Lajpat Rai rahunga back Dushman ki goliyon ka Who lives if India dies Jawahar Lal hum samna karenge, Chandra Shekhar Nehru Azad hee rahein hain, Azad Azad hee rahenge Tum Mujhe Khoon Subhash Jawaharlal Araam Haraam hai Do, main Tumhe Ajadi Chandra Bose Nehru Doonga”. (Give me blood and I will give you freedom)
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Sports
List of International Sports Cups And Trophies
Cups And Trophies Related Sports
American Cup Yacht Racing
Ashes Test Crickets (England & Australia)
Colombo Cup Football (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka And Myanmar )
Corbillon Cup World Table Tennis (Women)
Davis Cup Tennis (Men)
Derby Cup Horse Racing
Fed Cup Tennis (Women)
Holker Bridge
Jules Rimet Trophy World Football (Soccer)
Merdeka Cup Football (Asian Cup)
Ryder Cup Golf (Men)
Reliance Cup Cricket
Solheim Cup Golf (Women)
Sudirman Cup badminton
Sultan Azlan Shah Cup Hockey (Men)
Swaythling Cup World Table Tennis (Men)
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Thomas Cup Badminton (Men)
Tunku Abdul Rahman Asian Badminton Cup
U. Thant Cup Lawn Tennis
Uber Cup Badminton (Women)
Yonex Cup Badminton
Walker Cup Golf
Wightman Cup Tennis (Women)
William Cup Basketball
Wimbledon Trophy Tennis
Prudential World Cup Cricket Number of Players in Each Team
Game Number of Players
Cricket 11
Football 11
Hockey 11
Basketball 05
Baseball 09
Rugby Football 15
Polo 04
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Game Number of Players
Water Polo 07
Volleyball 06
Kabaddi 07
Lacrosse 12
Handball 07
Kho Kho 09
Sepak Takraw 03
Interesting Facts about Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Vishwanathan Anand was the first person to receive Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award. The only chess player who has been awarded with this award so far is Vishwanathan Anand. This award was not conferred to any person in year 1992-93 and year 2013-14. Pankaj Advani is the only recipient who has won this award for two different sports – Billiards and Snooker. Only two cricketers have received this award so far – Sachin Tendulkar in year 1997-98 and Mahendra Singh Dhoni in year 2007-08. Only one Hockey Player has received this award so far – Dhanraj Pillay in year 1999- 20000. Karnam Malleswari was the first woman Awardee of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna who belongs to weight lifting game. She was conferred with this award in year 1995-96. The recent most awardees of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for year 2016 are P V Sindhu, Sakshi Malik, Jittu Rai and Dipa Karmakar. Although P V Sindhu and Sakhsi Malik won silver and bronze medal respectively at Rio Olympics but Jittu Rai and Dipa Karmakar were also selected for this award due to their all-round performance in Rio Olympics 2016.
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Sports Awards of India : Dronacharya Award This award is given in the field of Coaching and teaching field of sports. This award was started in year 1985. It carries a cash prize of Rs 3 Lakhs, a bronze statue of Dronacharya and a certificate. Sports Awards of India : Arjuna Awrd This is the oldest National sports award of India. It was instituted in year 1961. It carries a cash prize of Rs 5 Lakhs, a bronze statue of Arjuna and a certificate. For a sportsman to be considered eligible he should have shown good performance continuously for 3 years matching international level. Interesting Facts about Arjuna Awards First Arjun Award winners of year 1961 Krishna Das was the first Arjun Award winner in field of Archery in year 1981. J. Pitchyya was the first Arjuna award winner in Ball Badminton in year 1970. Dhyan Chand Award It is the highest sports awards for lifetime achievement. The award is conferred in the memory of Hockey legend Dhayn Chand. This award was started in year 2002. It carries a cash prize of Rs 5 Lakhs, shield and a certificate.
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Super Senses
Animals have different senses. They can see, hear, taste, smell and feel.
Ants have antennae which they use to smell, touch, feel and communicate with other ants. With the help of these special senses the ants come to know about other ants that are part of its group.
As the ants move, they leave a smell on the ground. The other ants follow the smell to find the way. Ants move in a line by sensing the smell of the leading ants. When their path is blocked, they move in a line again by following the smell of the leading ants.
MOSQUITOES
Mosquitoes can find us by the:
Smell of our body
Smell of the sole of our feet and
Heat of our body. Some male insects can recognize their females by their smell. For example, silkworm.
DOGS Dogs mark out their own area on the road. They can make out if another dog has come into their area by the smell of its urine or potty (latrine). This special sense of smell of dogs is used by humans in the following ways:
For catching criminals
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For detecting undesirable things or bombs
Note: Is a smell ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for everyone in the same way? It depends on how a person feels or thinks about a particular smell.
EYES OF BIRDS
Most of the birds have their eyes on either side of the head. Their eyes can focus on two different things at a time. When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object. Birds like sparrow, crow, pigeon, eagle, etc. have eyes on either side of the head. The size of their eyes is much smaller than that of their head. In most of the birds, eyes are fixed and cannot move. So birds have to turn their heads to see around. An owl has eyes in front of its head (like in humans).
When a bird focuses both eyes on an object, it can estimate the distance. When its eyes focus on two different things, it increases its range of vision. With two eyes, the span of vision increases.
Some birds like kites, eagles, vultures can see four times as far as we can. That is, these birds can see things from a distance of eight metres what we can see from a distance of two metres.
An eagle in the sky can see a roti on the ground from a distance of one and a half to two kilometres.
SEEING COLORS Animals cannot see as many colors as we can. It is believed that animals that are awake in the daytime can see some colors. Those animals that are awake at night can see things only in black and white colors.
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ANIMAL EARS We cannot easily see birds’ ears. Their ears are small holes covered with feathers.
Animals whose ears can be seen are: dog, cat, elephant, cow, buffalo, rabbit, lion, tiger, horse and monkey. Animals whose ears are bigger than our ears are: elephant, dog, horse, buffalo, cow, etc.
Large sized ears of animals can collect more sound waves which make their hearing power stronger than ours.
Snakes do not have external ears (which can be see). They only feel the vibrations on the ground. High up on a tree, a langur warns others of dangers like a tiger or leopard. The Langur does this by making a special warning call. Birds also give alarm calls to warn about the danger. Some birds even have different sounds for different kinds of dangers. For example, there is a different warning call if the enemy is coming from the sky or if the enemy is on the ground. Fishes give alarm call by electric signals. Dolphins also make different sounds to give messages to each other.
Note: Some pet animals like dogs, cats and parrots can be trained to understand our language.
SLEEPING-WAKING Some animals go into a long, deep sleep in certain seasons. Then they are not seen for many months. For example, lizards are not seen during the cold season. They stay awake almost during the entire day in winters. Sloth It looks like a bear but is not. It spends almost 17 hours a day sleeping while hanging upside down on a tree branch. The sloth eats the leaves of the same tree on which it lives. When it has eaten enough leaves from that tree, it moves to the nearby tree. Sloths live for about 40 years and in that time they move around only eight trees. Once a week it comes down from the tree to relieve itself.
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SLEEPING TIME OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Cow No. of shaded sectors = 2 So, sleeping time of cow = 2 × 2 = 4 hours Python No. of shaded sectors = 9 So, sleeping time of python = 9 × 2 = 18 hours
Giraffe No. of shaded sectors = 1 So, sleeping time of giraffe = 1 × 2 = 2 hours
Cat No. of shaded sectors = 6 So, sleeping time of cat = 6 × 2 = 12 hours
TIGER
The tiger is one of the most alert animals.
A tiger can see six times better at night than most of us. The tiger’s whiskers are very sensitive and can sense the movements or vibrations in air. They help the tiger move in the dark and find its prey. A tiger’s sense of hearing is so sharp that it can make out the difference between the rustling of leaves and the sound of an animal moving on the grass. The ears of the tiger can move in different directions and this helps to catch the sounds from all around. Tigers make different sounds for different purposes like when it is angry or to call out to a tigress. It can also roar or snarl. It’s roar can be heard upto 3 kilometres away. Each tiger has its own area which may cover several kilometres. Tigers mark their area with their urine.
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ANIMALS IN DANGER
Elephants are killed for their tusks Rhinoceros are killed for its horn Tigers, crocodiles and snakes are killed for their skins Musk deer are killed to make scent from its musk
People who kill animals are called Hunters and Poachers. The number of tigers and many other animals in our country is reducing. There is a danger that some of them will soon disappear. To protect the animals, our government has made some forests as Protected Areas. Examples, Jim Corbett National Park in Uttrakhand and ‘Ghana’ in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. In these areas nobody can hunt animals or destroy the jungle. Difference Between Humans and Animals
Relationship between Animals and Human Beings
Key Difference Between Humans and Animals.
Key Points of Difference
Origin
The species humans belong from is “Homo Sapiens”.
In the case of animals, there are various species which are involved.
Food Habits
Humans are typically omnivores.
Animals, on the other hand, are herbivores or carnivores, and occasionally both. For example, Raccoons are omnivores.
Brain
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Humans have a complex nervous system. The brain is an integral part of it. The size of the human brain is almost 1.2 kg that is bigger than any average animal.
Most animals have a smaller size of brain. Among exceptions, bottlenose dolphins have bigger brains than humans. It is 1.6 kg. Interestingly, jellyfishes do not have any brain.
Digestive System
While humans possess monogastric digestive systems, some animals have a ruminant digestive system. For example, sheep have a four-chambered stomach. However, their digestion is not as efficient as humans.
Form of Locomotion :
Humans walk upright and on two legs. Therefore they are called bipedal.
Most animals walk on four legs, and they are called quadrupedal.
Mode of Communication
Humans are the only species on earth that has natural language processing ability.
Most animals communicate with each other on a basic level.
Endangerment
Humans have invented science and made several ways so that they live on the planet for years.
Some animal species can become extinct as they are dependent only on nature.
Draw a table, find out the difference between human and animal brains.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. ______has tube feet.
1. Jellyfish 2. Cuttlefish 3. Star fish
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4. Crayfish
Earthworms have ______pairs of hearts.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
What is common between kiwi, penguin and ostrich?
a) Running bird b) Flightless bird c) Migratory bird d) Four-toed bird
Left systemic arch is not present in
a) Reptiles b) Mammals c) Birds
Both mammals and reptiles
Which is not an amphibian?
a) Toad b) Salamander c) Tortoise d) Frog
MCQ answers: a, d, b, c, c.
Fill in the Blanks:
______has pneumatic bone.
Answer: pigeon
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Answer if these following statement are true or false:
a) Ladybugs are carnivores. b) Corals have no brain c) Spiders are herbivores d) A whale is a mammal e) Snakes can hear.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. Which Features Separate Humans From Animals?
Ans. Humans possess many cognitive abilities, like language capacity, reasoning ability, etc. All these qualities distinctly separate humans from animals.
2. Do All Animals Have a Brain?
Ans. Almost all animals have some sort of nervous system. Animals have brains, however; they are not exactly the same as humans. Among exceptions, sponges do not have any nervous system.
3. How Close is Human DNA to Other Animals?
Ans. Research says that humans share almost 99% of DNA with that of chimpanzees.
Objectives of Food Preservation Following are the important objectives of food preservation:
1. To prevent microbial contamination. 2. To kill pathogens. 3. To minimise food spoilage and food poisoning.
Food Preservation Methods Food preservation started long back in ancient times. Cooling, freezing, fermentation, sun-drying, etc., are few age-old food preservation techniques.
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With the advent of technology, modern methods of food preservation were developed. Chemicals and other natural substances were used for preservation. These substances are known as preservatives. Let us discuss some of the methods of preservation in detail. Methods of Food Preservation Chemical Method Salt and edible oils are two main preservatives which are used since ages to prevent microbial growth. This is why we add extra oil to pickles. Preservation by salt is known as salting. Salting helps to preserve fruits for a long term. Meats and fishes can also be preserved by salting. Other synthetic preservatives include vinegar, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite, etc.
Sugar Sugar is another common preservative used in jams and jellies. Sugar is a good moisture absorbent. By reducing moisture content, it restrains the microbial growth.
Heat and Cold Methods Boiling and refrigeration prevent around 70 percent of microbial growth. Boiling kills the microorganisms that cannot tolerate extreme temperatures. Thus, it helps in food preservation. Refrigerators have very low temperatures. Since microbes do not get optimum temperature they need for growth, their growth is inhibited. Pasteurization developed by Louis Pasteur is used until today to preserve milk.
Smoking Smoking prevents dehydration in fish and meat and thus prevents spoilage. The wood smoke contains a large number of anti-microbial compounds that slow the rancidification of animal fats.
Canning The food contents are sealed in an airtight container at high temperatures. Meat, fish, fruits are preserved by canning.
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Sterilization This method is carried out to remove microbes from food. For eg., milk sterilization at 100°C kills the microbes.
Dehydration It is the process of removal of water from food. It is the simplest method and prevents food spoilage by removing water.
Lyophilization This is the process of freezing and dehydration of the frozen product under vacuum.
Radiation This method is also known as cold sterilization. The UV rays, X rays, gamma rays kill all the unwanted microbes present in food.
Parts of Seeds
(Source: Shutterstock)
A seed has the following parts:
Seed coat: It is the outer covering the of seed. It protects the internal parts.
Seed leaves or cotyledons: Cotyledons are present inside the seed. Cotyledons absorb the food from the parent plant and store it for the embryo. They also protect the embryo. Some seeds have two seed leaves like gram, pea, bean, etc. Such seeds are called dicot or dicotyledonous. Some seeds have only one seed leaf. They are called monocot or monocotyledonous.
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Embryo or baby plant: It is present inside the seeds which develop into a new plant. The embryo gives rise to a baby shoot (plumule) and root (radical).
Structure of a seed (Source: Shutterstock)
Activity I
Take four shallow dishes. Place cotton in each dish. Take a few gram seeds and put some of them on each dish. Now, follow the steps gives below for each dish.
Dish 1: Keep this dish in a place where it gets an adequate amount of air and warmth. The cotton should be moist.
Dish 2: Place the second dish in the refrigerator and keep the cotton moist.
Dish 3: Place it where it can get an adequate amount of air and warmth. Do not wet the cotton.
Dish4: Place it where it can get adequate sunlight. Keep the seed and the cotton covered with water.
Result: We will see in this activity the seed germinate only in jar B because jar B had water, air, and warmth required for the seed to germinate. Jar A did not have warmth or sunlight. Jar C there was no air for seed. In jar A, the seed did not get water. This shows that if any condition is missing, the seed will not grow into new plants. So air, water, and sunlight are the conditions necessary for germination.
Germination of a Seed
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Germination means the development of a seed into a new plant. All seeds do not germinate. Only those which get suitable conditions grow into new plants. The conditions necessary for a seed to germinate are:
Air to breathe.
Water to make the seed coat soft. This enables the baby plant to break the seed coat open and come out.
Warmth to make its cells active.
(Source: Shutterstock)
Germination occurs in following stages:
The seeds absorb water through the seed hole. The cells of the embryo start dividing and increasing in size.
The seed coat breaks open and the root (radical) sprout and grows downwards.
Then the shoot (plumule) start growing upwards, which later produces stem and leaves.
When the seedling grows green leaves, it starts making its own food.
By this time, cotyledons dry up and fall. The seedling then develops into a new plant.
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Germination of seed (Source: Shutterstock)
Dispersal of Seed
Plants are fixed to the ground. They cannot move from place to place. If all the seeds of a plant fall and germinate near it, they will not get favourable conditions for growth. Therefore, it is necessary for them to get scattered and grow away from the parent plant. The scattering of seed for growing away from their parent plant is called dispersal of a seed.
There are some natural agents that help in scattering the seeds away from the parent plant. These are wind, water, animals and by the explosion of fruits. Some seeds and fruits develop a special structure that helps them in dispersal.
1. Wind Seeds that are small in size and light in weight are dispersed by wind. Cotton, Madar, and dandelion seeds are dispersed by wind. They have fine, long hair around them. So, they are easily carried away by the wind.
Seed dispersal by wind (Source: Shutterstock)
2. Water Seeds of plants growing in water or near water bodies are dispersed by water. These seeds are light in weight and are able to float in water. The spongy fruit of lotus and fibrous outer covering of coconut make them light. This helps a seed float on water and move long distances.
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Dispersal by water (Source: Shutterstock)
3. Animals Many fruits and seeds are spread by animals, birds, and humans. Humans and animals eat fruits and throw away their seeds. These grow into a new plant. Squirrels collect nuts and bury them. When the conditions become favourable, these nuts grow into new plants.
Birds eat fruits sometimes the seeds come out in their droppings undigested. Some seeds get stuck to their beaks while eating fruits. When they rub their beaks, the seeds fall down and later on grow into new plants.
Seed dispersal by animals (Shutterstock. com)
4. Explosion of fruits Pods of some fruits like peas, beans, and balsam burst open or explode when dry, thus scattering their seeds.
An explosion of fruit (Source: Shutterstock)
Solved Example
Q1. Which of the following food crop came from other countries?
a. Potato Tomato Green Chilli All of the above
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Sol. Potato is originated in the area of southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia. It is an edible tuber which contains a high amount of carbohydrates. Tomato is originated from Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Ecuador. It is an edible fruit. It is used in making salads, juice, sauces. Green chillies are originated in Mexico. It is used to spice up the food. Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Traditional water harvesting methods The knowledge of hydrology is deep rooted in the science of ancient India. Our ancestors applied the knowledge in water resource engineering. They designed and constructed dams and a variety of water structures much earlier than the consciously believed Greek, Roman or other ancient civilizations. Every region of our country had its own water harvesting techniques, reflecting the geographical peculiarities and cultural uniqueness of different communities.
Rajasthan, a large part of which is covered by the Thar Desert, has had a long tradition of water conservation. For instance builders of the famous Bundi and Chittorgarh forts had the vision of exploiting the natural catchments in the forts created by undulating hilltops. Rainwater was collected in several ways and water flowing down the hill slopes was also stored in a water body. Two pictures below of Bundi Fort illustrate it. Picture- 1 shows a water path i.e. rainwater flowing down the hill was purified by a jaal (sieve) between the two structures. It then flows into the water body and gets accumulated as seen in picture - 2.
Talab/ Bandhis Talabs were reservoirs. They could be natural, such as the ponds (pokhariyan) at Tikamgarh in the Bundelkhand region or could be man-made, such as the lakes in Udaipur. A reservoir area of less than five bighas was called a talai; a medium sized lake was called a bandhi or talab; bigger lakes were called sagar or samand. The pokhariyan served the purpose of irrigation and drinking. When the water in these reservoirs dried up, the pond beds were used for cultivation.
Johads Johads, in Rajasthan, were small earthen check dams built to capture and conserve rainwater, thus improving percolation and recharging ground water1.
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Pic.-3
Baoris / Bers Baoris or bers were community wells, found in Rajasthan, that were used mainly for drinking. Most of them are very old and were built by banjaras for their drinking water needs. They could hold water for a long time because of almost negligible water evaporation.
Pic.-4
Jhalaras Jhalaras were man-made tanks, found in Rajasthan and Gujarat, essentially meant for community use and for religious rites but not for drinking. Often rectangular in shape, jhalaras have steps on three or four sides. They were ground water bodies which were built to ensure easy and regular supply of water to the surrounding areas. The jhalaras collected subterranean seepage of a talab or a lake located upstream.
Pic.-5
Water Temples or ‘Step Wells’ Another most unique example for harvesting rainwater and providing water for drinking purpose in arid parts of our country was the step well.
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Pic.-6
Step wells are also called water temples of India. The idea to construct step wells was initiated due to the need to ensure water supply during the period of drought. Some of the step wells were dug very close to tanks to get drinking water throughout the year. Step wells are also called Vav, Vavadi, Bawdi, Bawri, Baoli, and Bavadi and can be found in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
Adalaj-Vav is a very popular step-well i.e. about 20 kms from Ahmdabad. It is made in the form of a temple that ends into a well. The well is about six storeys below ground level. Picture 6 illustrates the depth of the well.
Kunds Kunds, covered underground tanks were developed for tackling drinking water problems. Usually constructed with local materials or cement, kunds were more prevalent in the western arid regions of Rajasthan, and in areas where the limited groundwater available is moderate to highly saline. In such conditions, kunds provided convenient, clean and sweet water for drinking. They were also prevalent in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. There are many more such kunds that have met the water needs of the people of Rajasthan and other states over centuries. See picture below (Pic 7 is copyright Centre for Science and Environment or CSE)
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Water and Water Cycle
Two-thirds of the Earths surface is covered by water, seventy-six perfect of your body is made up of water. As you already know water is everywhere and all around. However, we have a fixed amount of water on earth. It just changes its states and goes through a cyclic order, known as the Water Cycle.
As shown in the image above, the water cycle is a natural process that is continuous in nature. It is the pattern in which the water from oceans, seas, lakes etc gets evaporated and turns to vapour. After which it goes through the process of condensation, and finally precipitation when it falls back to earth as rain or snow.
You can download Water – Natural Resources Cheat Sheet by clicking on the download button below
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Browse more Topics under Natural Resources
Air and Air Pollution
Mineral riches in the soil
Biogeochemical Cycle and its role What is Water Pollution?
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater) usually caused due to human activities. Water pollution is any change in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water that will have a detrimental consequence of any living organism.
Drinking water, also called Potable Water, is the water that is considered safe enough for human and animal consumption. This is water that is generally used for drinking, cooking, washing, crop irrigation, etc. These days chemicals, bacteria, and other pollutants are even affecting our drinking water.
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Learn more about Air and Air Pollution here.
Sources of Water Pollution
Some of the most commonly occurring water pollutants are
Domestic Waste
Industrial effluents
Insecticides and pesticides
Detergents and Fertilizers Some of the water pollution that is caused is by Direct Sources, such as factories, waste management facilities. refineries etc, that directly release waste and harmful by-products into the nearest water source without treating them. Indirect sources include pollutants that enter the water bodies via groundwater or soil or via the atmosphere as acid rain.
Effects of Pollution of Water
1. Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases. 2. Destruction of Ecosystems: Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked. 3. Eutrophication: Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the aquatic life there.
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4. Effects the food chain: Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and pollutants in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc) which are then consumed by humans. Prevention
The best way to prevent large-scale water pollution is to try and reduce its harmful effects. There are various small changes we can make to protect ourselves from a scary future where water is scarce.
1. Save Water: Conserving water is our first aim. Water wastage is a major problem globally and we are only now waking up to the issue. Simply small changes you can make domestically will make a huge difference. 2. Better treatment of sewage: So treating waste products before disposing of it in a water body helps reduce water pollution on a large scale. Agriculture or other industries can reuse this wastewater by reducing its toxic contents. 3. Use environmentally friendly products: By using soluble products that do not go on to become pollutants, we can reduce the amount of water pollution caused by a household. Solved Example for You
Q: What is thermal water pollution?
a. Colour of the water is changed b. A change in Water pressure c. Change in temperature of water d. pH of water changes Solution: The correct answer is “c”. Thermal pollution is the rise and fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. And Thermal
Sainik institute Lucknow 09565477302 http://sainikschoolentrance.com/ # 09565477302, 08840527897 Sainik Institute Lucknow Indian Polity GK AISSEE Exam pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water.
Some Important Monuments
➤➤Charminar
Charminar which is a symbolic icon city of Hyderabad was constructed in the year 1591 by QuliQutub Shah. Which is situated on the bank of Musi river. ➤➤TajMahal TajMahal was built the famous Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan who is also called as Mughal Architect. The construction work of TajMahal Started in the year 1632 and completed in 1653. ➤➤FatehpurSikri FatehpurSikri is a planned fully fortified wall city which was founded by Akbar in 1569. ➤➤Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) Harmandir sahib which is popularly known as Golden Temple is Located in Amritsar, Punjab State India. The construction of the temple was started in 1585 and completed in 1604 by fifth Sikh Guru – Guru Arjan. ➤➤GolGumbaz GolGumbaz is basically a tomb of Mohammad Adil Shah and his two wives. This Gumbaz is Located in Bijapur of Karnataka. It was constructed by Adil Shah during 1626 to 1656. ➤➤HawaMahal HawaMahal was built by Sawai king Pratapsingh and the construction was completed in the year 1799. It is situated in Jaipur. ➤➤QutubMinar This Minar was constructed by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in 1193 AD ➤➤JantarMantarOf Jaipur There are total 5 JantarMantars which built by Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur. ➤➤India Gate The India GATE is a war memorial to 82000 Soldiers of the undivided Indian Army who died in the period 1914-21 during the First world war. It’s designer Sir Edwin Lutyens and it’s construction started on 12 Feb 1931. ➤➤Khajuraho Group of Monuments
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The Khajuraho Group of monuments was during the rule of the Rajput Chandela dynasty. The Temple inscription suggest many of the currently surviving temples were complete between 970 and 1030 CE. Temple Place
Virupaksha Temple Hampi, Karnataka
Vitthala Temple Hampi, Karnataka
Meenakshi Temple Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Ramanathaswamy Temple Rameshwaram Island, Tamil Nadu
Suchindram Temple Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu
Ranganathaswamy Temple Tamil Nadu
Brihadeshwara Temple Thanjavur, Tamilnandu
Rajagopalaswamy Temple Tamil Nadu
Airavateswara Temple Darasuram, Tamil Nadu
Venkateswara Temple Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh
Kashi Vishwanath Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
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Vaishno Devi Temple Jammu
Amarnath Cave Temple Jammu & Kashmir
Somnath Temple Gujarat
Dwarakadhish Temple Gujrat
Shirdi Sai Baba Temple Shirdi, Maharashtra
Siddhivinayak Temple Prabha Devi, Mumbai
Badrinath Temple Uttarakhand
Kedarnath Temple Garhwal area, Uttarakhand
Yamunotri Temple Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
Gangotri Temple Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
Konark Sun Temple Odisha
Jagannath Temple Odisha
Lingaraja Temple Odisha
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Sanchi Stupa Raisen, Madhya Pradesh
Padmanabhaswamy Temple Kerala
The Golden Temple Amritsar, Punjab
Mahabodhi Temple Bihar
Kamakhya Temple Nilachal Hill, Guwahati
Famous Monuments in India
Monument Year Place Built by Significance
India Gate 1921 Rajpath Marg, Designed by (1) Also known as All India War New delhi Sir Edwin Memorial. Lutyens (2) Built in memory of Indian soldiers who lost their lives in First World War.
Red Fort 1638 Old delhi Shah Jahan (1) Originally known as Qila-e- 1648 Mubarak (2) Was actually white as it was made of limestone.
Taj Mahal 1653 Agra Shah Jahan Finest example of Mughal Uttar Pradesh architecture
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Agra Fort 11th Agra, Mughals (1) Was epicentre of power & was Century Uttar Pradesh used to command entire India.
Buland 1576 AD Dadupura, Akbar (1) Highest entrance gate of its Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri, kind Uttar Pradesh in the entire world. (2) Built at the main entrance of Fatehpur Sikri. (3) 42 stepsare to be climbed to reach main platform.
Char Minar 1591 Hyderabad Md. Quli Mosque built to commemorate Qutub Shah eradication of deadly plague
Fatehpur Sikri 1569 Agra Akbar (1) Served as Mughal Capital from 1571-1589. (2) Original name – Fatehabad. (3) Built to commemorate & safeguard the victories against Rajaput Kings.
Gol Gumbaz 1626- Jadar Galli, Md Adil (1) Tomb of Adil Shah & 1656 Vijayapura, Shah his two wives. Karnataka (2) Has a ‘whispering gallery’, even the slightest of sound can be heard.
Hawa Mahal 1799 Jaipur, Sawai Raja (1) 5 storyed building with 953 Rajashthan Pratbh Singh windows. (2) The unique feature is its air conditioning effect.
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Jantar Mantar 1724- Mathura, Maharaja (1) Jantar Mantar of Jaipur – 1736 New Delhi, Jai Singh II largest stone Sun dial. Ujjain, (2) These were astronomical Varanasi, Jaipur observatories
Qutub Minar 1193 AD Maharauli Qutub-ud (1) World’s Largest Brick Minaret. Delhi -din-Aibak (2) Total height is 73 meters. (3) Total number of stairs is 379
Humayun’s 1572 Delhi Bigga Begum 1st garden tomb built in India Tomb
Elephanta 5th – 8th Mumbai, Rashtrakuta Sculpted caves located Caves Century Maharashtra Kings on Elephanta Island. AD
Ellora 600 Aurangabad, Rashtrakutas These Jain caves are Caves 1000 AD Maharashtra built Hindu testimony to the fact that & Buddhist the 3 religions Hinduism, Caves. Jainism & Buddhism are one Yadav Dynasty built Jain caves
Ajanta Caves 2nd – Aurangabad, Gupta Kings (1) Each rock carving was done 6th Maharashtra by hand. Century Sculptures & paintings epitomise AD Buddha & various Jataka tales. (2) UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Khajurao 950-1050 Madhya Chandela (1) Famous for Temples AD Pradesh Dynasty their architecture & style along with symbolism & their erotic sculptures.
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(2) Perfect mix of Hinduism & Jainism
Champaner 18th-14th Panchamahal Mahmud The park includes archaeological, Pavagadh Century Gujarat Begada historic and cultural heritage Archaeological monuments such as chalcolithic Park sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital and remains of the 16th-century capital of Gujarat.
Jama Masjid 1656 AD Central Delhi Shah Jahan Largest Mosque in India
Gateway of 1924 Mumbai – Referred to as Taj Mahal of India Mumbai
Lake Palace 1743- Lake Pichola, Maharana Now a museum that has all the 1746 Udaipur Jagat Singh II royal pictures, clothing and art facts of the Wodeyar dynasty
Mysore Palace 1897 Mysore Rajarshi Also known as Amba Vilas Palace Krishnaraja Palace is a 3-storey stone Wodeyar IV structure made with fine granite, grey in color, having deep pink marble stones atop a 5-storey tower.
Chatrapati 1888 Mumbai, – (1) Was known as Victoria Shivaji Maharashtra Terminus Terminus (2) World Heritage site. (3) Busiest Railway Station in India
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Mehrangarh 1460 Jodhpur, Rao Jodha (1) One of the largest forts in Mahal Rajasthan India. (2) One of the well stocked Museums in India.
Bahai Temple 1986 Delhi Flint & Neill (1) Also known as Lotus Temple. (2) It is a place of worship for every religion & place for meditation.
Jaisalmer Fort 1156 Jaisalmer Rawal Jaisal (1) Largest fully preserved fortified AD cities in the world (2) Fort stands amidst the sandy expanse of Thar Desert
Kumbhalgarh 15th Rajsamand Kumbha (1) Second most important hill fort Fort century Rajasthan of Mewar (2) World Heritage Site (3) Known as Great Wall of India
Bara 1784 Lucknow, Asaf-ud Grandest buildings including Imambara Uttar Pradesh Daula, a step, gateways, minar, mosque and bhul bhulaiya.
Golconda 1600 Hyderabad Kakatiya Known as the Diamond of Kollur Fort Dynasty Mine including gateways, drawbridges, temples, mosques & semicircular bastions.
Basilica of 1605 Goa – (1) Oldest churches in India. Bom Jesus (2) World Heritage Site
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Rani ki Rav 11th Gujarat Queen (1) Massive structure that is century Udayamati around 24 meters deep. AD (2) As a memoriam for King Bhimdev of Solanki dynasty.
Gravitation
Each and every massive body attracts each other by virtue of their masses. This phenomenon is called gravitation.
Newton’s Law of Gravitation The gravitational force acting between two point objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Gravitational force (F) = (Gm₁ m₂)/r²
where, G is universal gravitational constant. Its value is 6.67 × 10-¹¹ N –m²kg^(-2). Gravitational force is a central as well as conservative force.
Acceleration Due to Gravity of Earth The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the earth’s gravitational pull, is called acceleration due to gravity, g = GM/R²
where, M = mass of the earth, R = radius of the earth.
The value of g changes slightly from place to place but its value near the earth’s surface is 9.8 ms^(-2). Gravitational force is the weakest force in nature. It is 10³⁶ times smaller than electrostatic force and 10³⁸ times smaller than nuclear force.
Factors Affecting Acceleration due to Gravity
Shape of Earth – Earth is not completely spherical its radius at equator is approximately 42 km greater than its radius at poles. The value of g is maximum at poles and minimum at equator.
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There is no effect of rotation of the earth at poles and maximum at equator. Effect of Altitude – g decreases with altitude. Effect of Depth – g decreases with depth and becomes zero at centre of the earth.
Mass and Weight
The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is kg. Mass is measured by an ordinary equal arm balance. Mass of a body does not change from place to place and remains constant. The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the earth. Weight of a body (w) = mg
The centre of gravity of a body is that point at which the whole weight of the body appears to act. The centre of gravity of a body can be inside the material of the body or outside it. It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is newton (N). It is measured by a spring balance. Weight of a body is not constant, it changes from place to place.
Weight of a Body in a Lift
When lift is rest or in uniform motion – The weight recorded in spring balance (i.e. apparent weight) is equal to the real weight of the body w = mg. When lift is accelerating upward – The weight recorded in spring balance is greater than then real weight of the body w’ = m(g + a) When lift is accelerating downward – The weight recorded in spring balance is smaller than the real weight of the body w’ = m(g – a). When lift is falling freely under gravity – The apparent weight of the body
w’ = m (g – g) (∵ a = g)
w’ = 0
Threfore, body will experiences weightlessness.
Weight of a Body at the Moon
As mass and radius of moon is lesser than the earth, so the force of gravity at the moon is also less than that of the earth. It’s value at the moon’s surface is g/6.
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Name of some animals and their Goat young one is kid
young ones: Rabbit young one is kit
Hen young one is chick Deer young one is fawn
Duck young one is duckling Sheep young one is lamb
Cat young one is kitten Cow young one is calf
Dog young one is puppy Donkey young one is foal
Frog young one is tadpole Horse young one is colt
Butterfly young one is caterpillar Elephant young one is calf
Buffalo young one is calf Lion young one is cub
Spider young one is spiderling Monkey young one is infant
Pig young one is piglet Tiger young one is cub
Owl young one is owlet Giraffe young one is calf
Kangaroo young one is joey Fish young one is fry
Some of the animals and their babies (young ones) are shown below in the picture.
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Some animals like frogs, hens, crow, etc. lay eggs. The eggs are hatched. After some period of time babies come out of the eggs.
Some animals like fish and a frog do not need to take care of their young ones.
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Cuckoo lays it’s eggs in a crow’s nest. The crow incubates the eggs.
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After a certain period, the eggs are hatched and the babies come out from the eggs.
Some animals reproduce only one baby at a time.
Some animals reproduce more than one baby at a time.
Note:
Reproduce means producing babies.
Hatch: to break in order to allow young animals to come out.
Incubate: to sit on eggs to provide them heat. Parts of Plants
What are Plants?
As collective members of the ecosystem, we all come in contact with plants in our daily lives. Plants form the most vital and most essential components of our environment. Plants, just like human beings, are living organisms that require food, water and sunlight to live. Moreover, like human beings, they grow old and die, they are made up of cells and most importantly, they are equally reactive.
Just like human beings, their physical structure also consists of different parts. Each of those parts has a separate function to fulfill. Without those parts, it would not be possible for a plant to live.
The above discussion is bound to give rise to an important question- Where do plants come from? The answer to this question is seeds. Plants basically germinate from seeds by getting the right amount of air, water and sunlight.
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Another essential question about plants would be – What do plants need to grow? At the very basic level, the answer would be the three most important components for any living being to survive- air, water and sunlight. However, the right proportion of each of the following components is what that drives the growth of plants. For example, when plants are planted in the soil with a proper amount of exposure to sunlight, then only they can grow.
Different parts of a plant
Before we get into the details, first we must be aware of the similarities between plants and human beings. As we have already established, plants are comprised of various parts- a fact similar to human beings who are also made up of different body parts. Just like each body part of a human being has a different role to play, each part of a plant exhibits a unique role that stimulates the growth of plants. Some of the most important parts of plants include roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds. A detailed description of each of the parts of plants is mentioned below:
Roots: Roots are the most important part of a plant as they are responsible for transferring the necessary nutrients to the plant. They are the agents responsible for delivering water and minerals to the plants. Besides that, they are also the active support system of plants without which the plants would fail to stick to the soil. Moreover, they are also responsible for saving up food for later use for the plants.
Stems: Stems are also support systems for the plants. Their main function is to act as delivery agents for the nutrients and water stored in the roots and transferring them to the other plant parts in the form of glucose. Stems also transfer food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
Leaves: Leaves are a fundamental part of a plant as all the necessary food for the plants are stored in the leaves. A special part about leaves is that they are designed for the process of photosynthesis which contributes to the process of making food in the leaves.
Flowers: Flowers are known as the reproductive products of plants. They are mostly responsible for producing fruits. The process is like this- the ovules present in the flowers get fertilized and produces fruit. They also contain pollen which helps in the pollination of the flower. After the combined process of fertilization and pollination, the ovules get transformed into a fruit.
Fruits: Fruits are the products of reproduction in plants. The most essential component from which reproduction starts, that is the seed, is present in the fruit. Therefore, they act as a protective layer for seeds.
Seeds: Seeds are the main agents for reproduction. They can be found most commonly in fruits from where they germinate and develop into new plants.
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Parts of Plants and their Functions
1. The function of roots: Roots have the most crucial function of absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Another of their most fundamental functions is to act as a support system for the plant so that it stands upright on the ground. Other secondary functions of roots include storing food for future use and regulating the growth of plants.
2. The function of stems: The function of the stem is to produce fruit, flowers and leaves. A primary function of the stem is to provide a foundational structure and protection to the plant. Another notable function of the stem is to aid in the vegetative reproduction of plants. Stems protect the plants from grazing animals by transforming their axillary buds into thorns. In hot and humid areas like deserts, there are a few plants whose stems are capable of transforming themselves into broad and pudgy structures. Such stems are capable of storing a huge amount of food for future purposes and prevent the excess loss of water.
The most unique qualities of stems can be listed as follows:
Support/foundation: A vital function of the stem is to act as a medium to all the important parts of a plant like buds, flowers, leaves and fruits for the plant. They are the main foundational aspect of the plant that makes it stand firm and erect into the soil. Conveying and hauling: One of the primary functions of the stem is to transport food materials and nutrients that are stored in the roots to the remaining parts of the plant. They also transport the food prepared by the leaves to the rest of the plant body. Storehouse: Stems are the storehouse of food prepared by the leaves. Stems store the food prepared by the leaves in the form of starch. Procreation: Vegetative reproduction is one of the primary roles of a stem. 3. The function of leaves: Since plants contain chlorophyll, most of the food required by the plants is prepared by them with the help of water, sunlight and carbon dioxide. The primary functions of leaves are listed below: Preparation of food through photosynthesis: The leaves of plants get their required air, water and sunlight and prepare the food needed for plants through the process of photosynthesis. Transpiration: The process of transpiration is one of the fundamental functions of leaves. Transpiration is the process in which excess water is removed from the plants through the stomata. Procreation: Leaves sometimes play a role in reproduction as well. There are some particular leaves like Bryophyllum that reproduce new leaves. In Summary
Plants are vital components of the environment that require food to live just like human beings.
A plant is comprised of different parts where each part has a unique function to perform.
The different parts of a plant include roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits.
Roots have the function of absorbing water and minerals from the soil whereas the primary functions of stems are supporting, transporting, storing and reproducing.
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Leaves form a vital component of plants as food for plants is prepared in them. Leaves are capable of performing photosynthesis and transpiration.
Establishment Organization Headquarter Date President/ General Secretary/Head
Asian Infrastructure 16 January Investment Bank (AIIB) Beijing, China 2016 Jin Liqun
New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank) Shanghai, China 15 July 2014 K.V. Kamath
Asian Development Bank Mandaluyong, 19 December (ADB) Philippines 1966 Masatsugu Asakawa
International Monetary Fund Washington 27 December (IMF) DC, US 1945 Kristalina Georgieva
Washington World Bank (WB) DC, US July 1944 David R. Malpass
United Nations Organization 24 October (UN) New York, US 1945 António Guterres (Secretary-General)
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) New York, US 1945 Tijjani Muhammad-Bande
United Nations Children‟s 11 December Fund (UNICEF) New York, US 1946 Henrietta Fore
United Nations Conference on Trade & Development Geneva, 30 December (UNCTAD) Switzerland 1964 Mukhisa Kituyi (Secretary-General )
World Health Organization Geneva, (WHO) Switzerland 7 April 1948 Tedros Adhanom (Director- General)
World Economic Forum Geneva, (WEF) Switzerland January 1971 Klaus Schwab
International Labour Geneva, Organisation (ILO) Switzerland 1919 Guy Ryder (Director- General)
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World Trade Organisation Geneva, 1 January (WTO) Switzerland 1995 Pascal Lamy
World Meteorological Geneva, Organisation (WMO) Switzerland 23 March 1950 Petteri Taalas (Secretory General)
World Intellectual Property Geneva, Organisation (WIPO) Switzerland 14 July 1967 Francis Gurry (CEO)
International Committee of Geneva, 17 February the Red Cross Switzerland 1863 Peter Maurer (President)
United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural 16 November Organisation (UNESCO) Paris, France 1945 Audrey Azoulay (Director- General)
Organisation for Economic Cooperation &Development 30 September (OECD) Paris, France 1961 Jose Angel Gurria (Secretary-General)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna, Austria 29 July 1957 Rafael Grossi
Organization of Petroleum September Exporting Countries (OPEC) Vienna, Austria 1960 Mohammed Barkindo (Secretary General)
Amnesty International London, UK July 1961 Kumi Naidoo
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) London, UK 17 March 1948 Kitack Lim
11 December Head – Queen Elizabeth IISecretary- Commonwealth of Nations London, UK 1931 General- Patricia Scotland
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Kathmandu, 8 December (SAARC) Nepal 1985 Esala Ruwan Weerakoon
Association of South East Jakarta, Nations (ASEAN) Indonesia 8 August 1967 Dato Lim Jock Hoi Mon
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Asia Pacific Economic November Muhyiddin Muhammad Yassin Cooperation (APEC) Singapore 1989 (Chairperson)
North Atlantic Treaty Brussels, Organisation (NATO) Belgium 4 April 1949 Jens Stoltenberg(Secretary-General)
International Cricket Council Chairperson: Shashank Manohar (ICC) Dubai, UAE 15 June 1909 CEO: Manu Sawhney
Food & Agricultural 16 October Organisation (FAO) Rome, Italy 1945 Qu Dongyu
International Court of Justice The Hague, The (ICJ) Netherland 26 June 1945 Abdulqawi Yusuf
International Olympic Lausanne, Committee (IOC) Switzerland 23 June 1894 Thomas Bach
The Fédération Internationale de Football Zurich, Association (FIFA) Switzerland 21 May 1904 Gianni Infantino
World Wide Fund for Nature Gland, (WWF) Switzerland 29 April 1961 Carter Roberts
Bay of Bengal Initiative for BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for Multi-Sectoral Technical and the Chairmanship. The Chairmanship of Economic Cooperation Dhaka, BIMSTEC has been taken in rotation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh 6 June 1997 commencing with Bangladesh.
Montreal, 10 November World Anti-Doping Agency Canada 1999 Witold Bańka
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Highest Indian Literature Awards : Gyanpeeth Award (Jnanpith Award) Gyanpeeth Award Established – 1961 Awarded by – Gyanpeeth Trust First Awardee – G Shankar Kurup in year 1965 Recent-most Awardee – Balchandra Nemade in year 2014 Gyanpeeth award is considered as the highest literature award of India. It is conferred to those Indian citizens who have done some exemplary literature works in any of the official languages of India. This award is associated with a cash prize of Rs 11 Lakhs and the decoration includes a bronze goddess Sarawati idol. Some Interesting Facts about Gyanpeeth Award 1. The well known philanthropist and publishers of Times of India newspaper, Sahu Jain family (Sahushri Shantiprasad Jain and his wife Shanti Jain) established the Gyanpeeth trust in year 1961. This trust is the authority which confers this prestigious Gyanpeeth awards. 2. This award is conferred to Indian citizens only. 3. This award is presented for lifetime achievement works of authors and not on single writing. 4. Till year 2014, 50 persons have been awarded by this prestigious award. 5. The first awardee G Shankar Kurup got this award in 1965 for his Malyalam poem collection named Odakkuzhal. 6. The first Hindi author to get this author was Sumitranandan Pant in year 1968 for his work Chidambara. 7. The first Bengali author to got this prestigious award was Tarasankar Bandhopadhyay in year 1966. 8. K V Puttappa nickname (Kuvempu) was the first person to get this award in Kannada Literature. 9. The first author for Sanskrit language who got Gyanpeeth award : Satya Vrat Shastri in year 2006. 10. The only author belonging to Punjabi literature to get this award was Amrita Pritam in 1981 for his work Kagaj ke Canvas. 2nd Highest Indian Literature Awards : Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Established – 1968 Awarded by – Sahitya Akademi, Govt. of India First Awardee – S. Radhakrishnan, former President of India Recent-most Awardee – S L Bhyrappa (Kannada) and C. Narayan Reddy (Telugu) for year 2015 This is the second highest literary award of India and highest literary award conferred by government of India. This award was established in year 1968 and the former President S. Radhakrishnan was the first fellow. This award is conferred for immortal literature works in any of the officially approved 22 languages of India including Rajasthani and English making the total acceptable languages as 24. First Honorary fellow was Leopold S. Senghor from Senegal and the last honorary fellow was V. S. Naipaul in year 2010. Third Highest Indian Literature Awards : Sahitya Akademi Award Established – 1954 Awarded by – Sahitya Akademi, Govt. of India. First Awardees complete list This is the second highest Literature award conferred by Govt. of Indi and overhaul 3rd highest award of India. This award is also provided by Sahitya Akademi. This award carries a cash prize of Rs 1 Lakh. Other important awards provided by Sahitya Akademi are Premchand Fellowship, Bhasha Samman, Anand Coomarswamy fellowship and Translation awards. First
Sainik institute Lucknow 09565477302 http://sainikschoolentrance.com/ # 09565477302, 08840527897 Sainik Institute Lucknow Indian Polity GK AISSEE Exam awardee and first Hindi poet to get this award was Makhanlal Chaturvedi for his book Him Tarangini in year 1955. Some other authors who were among the first awardees were Jibanandana Das (Bengali), Laxmanshastri Joshi (Marathi), Kuvempu (Kannada) and Jatindranath Dowara (Assamese). Some other Important National Level Literary Awards Indian Literature Awards : Vyas Samman Established – 1991 Awarded by – K K Birla Foundation First Awardee – Dr Ram Vilas, Sharma, in year 1991 Recent-most awardee – Kamal Kishore Goyenka, in year 2014 This award is conferred for Hindi Literature only. This award was established in year 1991 by K.K. Birla Foundation. Vyas Samman in addition carries a cash prize of Rs 2.5 Lakhs. Some other notable hindi authors who received this prize are Girija Kumar Mathur (1993), Dharmvir Bharti (1994), Ramswarup Chaturvedi (1996), Mannu Bhandari (2008) and Narendra Kohli (2012). Indian Literature Awards : The Hindu Literary Prize Established – 2010 Awarded by – Hindu Literary Review (the Hindu Newspaper) First Awardee – Soumya Bhattacharya, Anjali Joseph, Manu Joseph, Anjum Hasan, Daisy Hasan, Tishani Doshi, Manjul Bajaj, Tabish Khair etc. This award is also called as The Hindu Best Fiction award. It is conferred for English literary and translation works by Indian authors. Yuva Puraskar Established – 2011 Awarded by – National Academy of Letters, Government of India As the name suggests, this award is conferred to young writers under the age 35. This award is also called as Sahitya Academy Yuva Awards. It is a literary award provided by National Academy of Letters, Government of India. This award is given annually for outstanding and exemplary literature works in any of 24 Indian Languages. The award is accompanied with cash prize of Rs 50,000 and Copper plaque. Indian Literature Awards : Saraswati Samman Established – 1991 Awarded by – K.K. Birla Foundation First Awardee – Harivansh Rai Bachchan in year 1991 for his autobiography Like Vyas Samman, Sarawati Samman was also established by K.K. Birla Foundation. This is provided for outstanding works in Poetry in any of the 22 Official languages of India. The award comes along with a cash prize of Rs 10 Lakhs. Some notable poets who were conferred with this prestigious award are Vijay Tendulkar (1993), Shankha Ghosh (1998), Indira Parthasarthy (1999), Sunil Gangopadhyay (2004) and Veerappa Moily (2014). Indian Literature Awards : Mahapandit Rahul Sankritayan Award
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Established – 1989 Awarded by – Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India First Awardee – Dr. Kamala Sankritayan, Dr. Shyam Singh Rashi This award is also called as Rahul Sankritayan National Award. This is provided for exemplary works on Travel literature in Hindi language. The name of this award is kept on famous hindi author Rahul Sankritayan who is also known as Father of Hindi Travel Literature. Some Important Literary Awards by State Governments of India Rabindra Puraskar Established – 1950 Awarded by – Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, Bengal State Government First Awardee – Bibhutibhushan Bandhopadhyay, Niharanjan Ray, Satinath Bhaduri in year 1950 This award is conferred by the state of Bengal for distinguished works in Bangla literature. This is the highest literature award conferred by Bengal government. Some eminent persons to receive this award are Amartya Sen (2011), Himani Bannerji (2005), Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya (1975), Buddhadeb Basu (1974), and Sukumar Sen (1965). Kabir Samman Established – 1986 Awarded by – Government of Madhya Pradesh This is a National level award conferred by Culture department of Madhya Pradesh. It is conferred annually for distinguished works in Literature (Poetry). The award contains cash prize of Rs 1.5 Lakhs. This is one of the biggest award provided by Madhya Pradesh Government. This award is provided for significant works in Poetry in different Indian languages like : Kannada, Bangla, Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi and Gujrati. Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar Established – 1983 Awarded by – Gujarat Sahitya Academy, Gujarat Government First Awardee- Vishnuprasad Trivedi This award is conferred by Gujarat state government to the authors for their exemplary contribution in Gujarati literature. The cash prize associated with award is Rs 1 Lakh. Along with cash the winner also receives a plaque and shawl.
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award Established – 1958 Awarded by – Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Kerala Government This award is provided by Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Kerala Government to Malyalam writers for their significant contribution towards Malyalam literature. This award is given in many categories some of which are – Poetry, Novel, Story, Drama, Criticism, Biography, Autobiography etc.
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Sources Of Energy
by E C K S C H O O L / OCTOBER 2, 2017
• Energy comes in different forms and one form can be converted into another. • A source of energy is one which provide adequate amount of energy in a convenient form over a long period of time. Need of energy : • For making food • For lightning • For transport • For running machines • For industrial activities and agricultural work Qualities of a Good Source of Energy (i) Which would do a large amount of work per unit mass. (ii) Cheap and easily available. (iii)Easy to store and transport. (iv)Safe to handle and use. (v) Does not cause environmental pollution. Fuels : The materials which are burnt to produce heat energy are known as fuels. E.g.,wood, coal, LPG, kerosene. Characteristics of a Good Fuel • High calorific value (give more heat per unit mass). • Burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases.• Proper ignition temperature. • Cheap and easily available. • Easy to handle, safe to transport. • Convenient to store. • Burn smoothly.
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CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
Sources of energy which are known to most of the people. E.g., fossil fuels, bio mass etc. I. FOSSIL FUELS : • Fuels developed from the fossils e.g., coal, petroleum. • Take millions of years to form. • Available in very limited amount. • These are non-renewable sources of energy. India has about 6% share in the world reserved coal, that may last 250 years more at the present rate of consumption. Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels • Released oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur (acidic in nature) which causes acid rain that damages trees, plants, reduces fertility of soil.
• Produces large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere which causes green house effect leading to excessive heating of the earth. Controlling Pollution Caused by Fossil Fuels • Increasing the efficiency of the combustion process. • Using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases and ashes into the surroundings. II. THERMAL POWER PLANT : A power plant which uses heat energy to generate electricity. • Burning of fossil fuels produces steam to run turbines. • Set up (power plants) near the coal and oil fields to minimize the cost of transportation and production. • Transmission of electricity is more efficient. III.HYDRO POWER PLANTS : • Convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity. • Hydro power plants are associated with Dams. Around 25% of our country’s energy requirement is met by Hydro Power plants. Advantages : (i) No environmental pollution.
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(ii) Flowing water is a renewable source of electric energy. (iii)Construction of dams prevents flooding of rivers, provide water for irrigation. Disadvantages : (i) Large areas of agricultural land, a vast variety of flora and fauna, human settlements get submerged in the water of reservoir formed by the dam. (ii) Large ecosystems are destroyed. (iii)Vegetation that submerged under water rots under anaerobic conditions and produces large amount of methane which is a green house gas. (iv)Creates the problems of satisfactory rehabilitation of displaced people.
Improvements in the Technology for Using
Conventional
I. BIOMASS : The dead parts of plants and trees and the waste materials of animals and man are called Biomass. (1) Wood : It is a biomass and used as a fuel for a long time.
Disadvantages :
• Produces a lot of smoke on burning. • Do not produce much heat. • Thus by improvement in technology we can improve the efficiency of traditional sources of energy. For e.g., wood can be converted into much better fuel called charcoal. (2) Charcoal : When wood is burnt in limited supply of air, then water and other volatile materials gets removed and charcoal is formed.
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Charcoal is better fuel than wood because : (i) It has higher calorific value than wood. (ii) Does not produce smoke while burning. (iii) It is a compact fuel, easy to handle and convenient to use. (3) Cowdung : It is biomass but it is not good to burn cowdung directly as fuel because : • produces lot of smoke. • cowdung does not burn completely, produces lot of ash as residue. • low calorific value. • by making bio gas (or gobar gas) from cow dung, we get a smokeless fuel. (4) Bio gas : It is produced in a biogas plant. Anaerobic micro organisms decomposes the complex compound of the cow dung + water slurry. It takes few day for the decomposition process and generate gases like methane, CO2, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. Bio gas is stored in the gas tank above the digester from which they are drawn through pipes for use.
Advantages of Bio gas :
(i) It is an excellent fuel as it contains upto 75% methane (CH4). (ii) It burns without smoke. (iii) Leaves no residue like ash in wood & coal burning. (iv) Heating capacity is high. (v) It is also used for lighting. (vi) Slurry left behind is used as excellent manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. (vii) Safe and efficient method of waste disposal.
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Padhte Chalo, Badhte Chalo !
(5) Wind energy : • Unequal heating of the landmass and water bodies by solar radiations generate air movement and causes wind to blow.
• Kinetic energy of the wind can be used : * to generate electricity by turning the rotor of the turbine. * to lift water from the well. * to run the flour mills. • But the output of a single wind mill is quite small so a number of windmills are erected over a large area called wind energy farm. • The minimum wind speed for wind mill to serve as a source of energy is 15-20 KmPH. Advantages : (i) Eco-friendly. (ii) Efficient source of renewable energy. (iii) No recurring expenses for production of electricity. Disadvantages : (i) Wind energy farms need large area of land. (ii) Difficulty in getting regular wind speed of 15-20 KmPH. (iii) Initial cost of establishing wind energy farm is very high. (iv) High level of maintenance of blades of wind mill. • Denmark is called the ‘Country of Winds’. • India is ranked 5th in harnessing wind energy for the production of electricity. • In India largest wind energy farm has been established near Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu and it generates 380 MW of electricity. Alternate or Non-conventional Sources of Energy Day by day, our demand for energy increases, so there is a need for another source of energy.
Reasons for alternate sources of energy (i) The fossil fuel reserves in the earth are limited which may get exhausted soon if we use them at the current rate. (ii) Reduce the pressure on fossil fuels making them last for a much longer time.
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(iii)To reduce the pollution level and to save the environment. I. SOLAR ENERGY : • Sun is the ultimate source of energy. • Energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. Solar constant = 1.4 KJ/s/m2 Outer edge of the earth receives solar energy equal to 1.4 KJ/s/m2 or 1.4 KW/m2 [… 1 KJ/s = 1 KW] Solar energy devices : Devices using solar energy are : (i) Solar cooker (ii) Solar water heater (iii) Solar cells Solar heating devices : • Use black painted surface because black surface absorbs more heat as compared to white or other surface. • Use of glass plate because it allows infrared radiations to enter through it but does not allow the radiations to exit through it, causing more green house effect that result in increase in temperature.
(i) SOLAR COOKER
Box Type Solar Cooker : It consists of a rectangular box which is made up of wood or plastic which is painted dull black. • Inner walls of the box are painted black to increase heat absorption. • Solar cookers are covered with glass plate and have mirror to focus the rays of the sun and achieve higher temperature. • Temperature inside the box increases 100°C-140°C in 2-3 hours.
Advantages : (a) Save precious fuel like coal, LPG, kerosene.
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(b) Does not produce smoke. (c) Nutrients of food do not get destroyed while cooking. (d) Upto four food items can be cooked at the same time. Disadvantages : (a) Solar cookers cannot be used during night. (b) If the day sky is covered with clouds, even then solar cooker cannot be used. (c) Direction of reflector of solar cooker changes from time to time to keep it facing the sun. (d) Cannot be used for frying or baking purpose.
II. SOLAR CELL : • Solar cells convert solar energy into electricity. • A solar cell develops a voltage of 0.5-1 V and can produce about 0.7 W of electricity. • A large number of solar cell are combined in an arrangement called solar cell panel
Solar Cell
Advantages : (a) Have no moving parts. (b) Require little maintenance. (c) Can work without any focusing device. (d) Can be set up in remote and in acessible areas. Disadvantages :
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(a) Manufacturing is expensive. (b) Availability of special grade silicon for making solar cells is limited. (c) Silver wire for interconnection of cells is expensive. Uses of Solar Cell : (a) Artificial satellites and space probes use solar cells as the main source of energy. (b) Radio, TV relay stations in remote locations use solar cell panels. (c) Traffic signals, calculators and many toys are fitted with solar cells.
III.ENERGY FROM THE SEA
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• ‘Geo’ means ‘earth’ and ‘thermal’ means ‘heat’. • Geothermal energy is the heat energy from hot rocks present inside the earth. • When underground water comes in contact with ‘hot spot’, steam is generated. Steam trapped in rocks is routed through pipes to a turbine and used to generate electricity. Advantages : (a) Economical to use geothermal energy. (b) Does not cause any pollution. Limitations : (a) Geothermal energy is not available everywhere. (b) Deep drilling in the earth to obtain geothermal energy is very difficult and expensive. • In New Zealand and USA, there are no. of power plants based on geothermal energy are operational.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
• The energy released during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy. • It can be obtained by two types of nuclear reactions : (i) Nuclear fission (ii) Nuclear fusion (i) Nuclear Fission : • ‘Fission’ means split up. • The process in which the heavy nucleus of a radioactive atom (such as uranium, plutonium or thorium) split up into smaller nuclei when bombarded with low energy neutrons, is called nuclear fission. • A tremendous amount of energy is produced. • U-235 is used as a fuel in nuclear reactor in form of uranium rods. Working : In a nuclear reactor self sustaining chain reaction releases energy at a controlled rate, which is used to produce steam and further generate electricity.
Major Nuclear Power Plants :
(a) Tarapur (Maharashtra) (b) Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)
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(c) Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) (d) Narora (U. P.) (e) Kakrapar (Gujrat) (f) Kaiga (Karnataka) (ii) Nuclear Fusion : When two nuclei of light elements (like hydrogen) combine to form a heavy nucleus (like helium) and tremendous amount of energy is released is called nuclear fusion.
• Very-very high temperature and pressure is needed for fusion. • Hydrogen bomb is based on this phenomenon. • Nuclear fusion is the source of energy in the sun and other stars. Advantage : (a) Production of large amount of useful energy from a very small amount of nuclear fuel.
(b) Does not produce green house gases like CO2 . Limitations : (a) Environmental contamination due to improper nuclear waste storage and its disposal. (b) Risk of accidental leakage of harmful radiations. (c) High cost of installation. (d) Limited availability of nuclear fuel.
Environmental Consequences
Exploiting any source of energy disturbs the environment in some way or the other. Thus, the source we would choose depends upon following the factors : (a) Ease of extracting energy from the source. (b) Cost of extracting energy from the source.
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(c) Efficiency of technology available to extract energy. (d) The environmental damage caused by using that source. In other words, no source of energy is said to be pollution free. Some source are cleaner than the other. For example, solar cells may be pollution free but the assembly of the device would have cause some environmental damage. How long will an energy resource last us ?
Non-renewable Sources of Energy Renewable Sources of Energy Sources that will get depleted some day. Energy sources that can be For example : Fossil fuel regenerated and that will last for ever. For example : Wind energy, water energy. Padhte Chalo, Badhte Chalo !
QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. Give two examples of fossil fuels. 2. Write two characteristics of good fuel. 3. What do you mean by nuclear energy ? 4. Which country is known as ‘Country of Winds’ ? 5. Write the full form of CNG and LPG. 6. Name the main component of solar cell. 7. What do you mean by fuel ? 8. How charcoal is different from wood ?
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9. Biogas is also known as gobar gas. Justify. 10. Name a device which can be used for cooking so as to save fuel.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks) 1. Write two disadvantages of using fossil fuels. 2. What are solar panels ? Write three uses of solar panels. 3. Name four gases mainly present in bio gas. 4. Define nuclear fusion. 5. Write two limitations of using wind energy. 6. Write name of four nuclear power reactors located in India. 7. Write two uses/advantages of geothermal energy. 8. Why we pay attention towards alternative or non-conventional sources of energy ? 9. Write two advantages and two limitations of dams for the production of hydro electricity.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks) 1. Charcoal is a better fuel than wood. Why ? 2. What is bio mass ? How does bio gas plant help to reduce the problem of pollution? 3. Write three advantages and three limitations of using solar cooker. 4. Why it is not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our needs ? State three reasons. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks) 1. Why tidal energy do not become the main source of energy ? 2. What is OTEC ? Which two main points are necessary for its working ? 3. Bio gas is a boom for farmer. Why ? 4. Draw a diagram of bio gas plant. VALUE BASED QUESTION A school organized a study tour for its students to observe how do people in village use energy resources for their living. They observed that in one of the villages, people use wood and cow dung as a fuel while in the nearby village they saw modern technology was used by the villagers
Sainik institute Lucknow 09565477302 http://sainikschoolentrance.com/ # 09565477302, 08840527897 Sainik Institute Lucknow Indian Polity GK AISSEE Exam for better sanitation and management of their bio-waste and sewage materials by establishing bio gas plant. (a) If you compare the situation of both the villages, which practice would you prefer to be the best and why ? (b) What are the advantages of this practice ? (c) State the associated values which you would get from this excursion tour. Hints to Long Answer Type Questions 1. (a) Few sites for building dams. (b) Rise and fall of water during tides is not high enough. 2. OTEC : Device used to harness ocean thermal energy. (a) Temperature difference of 20°C or more. (b) Warm surface boil ammonia and vapours are used to run the turbine.(c) Minimum depth of water – 2000 m. 3. Bio gas is a boom as it is a (a) Clean and safe fuel. (b) Slurry left behind is a good manure. Water Cycle: Description And Processes Involved Before we discuss the water cycle, let us take a look at the distribution of water on earth. Approximately 97% of the earth‟s water resides in the oceans. A fraction of the other 3% is the fresh water which is frozen up into glaciers and icebergs. The same water has been circulating around the earth for the past 4 billion years! Yes, you read that right! Possibilities are that the water that you drink today or take a shower with might have been recycled from the one that was consumed by the T. rex of the Cretaceous period or Julius Caesar of the 100th BC. The gist is that earth‟s water has been moving on, above and below its surface in an ongoing cycle called the water cycle.
What is Water Cycle? The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is the continuous movement of water from the earth‟s surface to the atmosphere and then back to the ground. It is a continuous process. Hence, it does not have a starting or an ending point. Thus, the water present on earth has been in circulation since the evolution of the earth. Water goes through all the three states, solid-liquid-gas, in the process. There are several factors that assist the water cycle, the sun, air currents to name a few. The stages involved in a complete water cycle are:
Stage I: Evaporation and Transpiration The sun’s energy heats up the lakes, rivers, oceans, swamps and other water bodies which subsequently increase the temperature of the water present in them. Consequently, some water evaporates as vapour into the air. The rising air currents take the vapour up in the sky. Simultaneously, plants and trees also lose water to the atmosphere in the form of vapour which rises up in the sky.
Stage II: Condensation As the vapours rise high, the cooler temperatures make them cool down and turn back into liquid – condensation. Wind and air currents move the moisture around, leading to the formation of clouds.
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Stage III: Precipitation Wind movements cause the clouds particles to collide. As they become water laden, they develop into rain bearing clouds and fall back onto the earth’s surface by the process known as precipitation. This may occur in the form of rain, hail, snow or sleet depending upon the temperature conditions.
Stage IV: Runoff and Infiltration The precipitation either runs off into oceans, rivers and ground surface or is absorbed into the soil (infiltration). The 8 Major Types of Farming Systems in India From Subsistence to Commercial, from mixed to terrace. Understand everything about types of farming in India.
Post authorBy B2B Post dateNovember 14, 2016 3 Commentson The 8 Major Types of Farming Systems in India
SOURCE Based primarily on nature of land, climatic characteristics and available irrigational facilities, the farmers in India practise different types of farming.
#1. Subsistence Farming:
SOURCE
Majority of farmers in the country practise subsistence farming.
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It is characterised by small and scattered land holdings and use of primitive tools. As the farmers are poor, they do not use fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds in their fields to the extent they should do. Facilities like electricity and irrigation are generally not available to them.
Features of Subsistence Farming:
The whole family works on the farm Most of the work is done manually The farms are small Tradition methods of farming are followed Yield is not very high Most of the yield is consumed by the family with very little surplus for the family
#2. Shifting Agriculture:
SOURCE
In this type of agriculture, first of all a piece of forest land is cleared by felling trees and burning of trunks and branches. After the land is cleared, crops are grown for two to three years and then the land is abandoned as the fertility of the soil decreases. The farmers then move to new areas and the process is repeated. Dry paddy, maize, millets and vegetables are the crops commonly grown in this type of farming.
This practice is known by different name in different regions of India like:
1. Jhum in Assam, 2. Ponam in Kerala, 3. Podu in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and 4. Bewar masha penda and Bera in various parts of Madhya Pradesh
5. .
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SOURCE As far as possible governments have tried to discourage this practice of cultivation by tribals due to wasteful nature such as soil erosion caused by it, when soil erosion caused by it, when soils are not under cultivation.
#3. Plantation Agriculture:
SOURCE
Plantation farming is bush or tree farming. It was introduced by the British in the 19th century. It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruit crops like apples, grapes, oranges, etc. It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilisers, irrigation, and transport facilities. Plantation agriculture is an export-oriented agriculture. Most of the crops grown in plantation agriculture have a life cycle of more than two years. Natural rubber, coconuts, oil palm, tea, cocoa, and coffee are all tree crops and take years to mature, but afterwards they are productive for long periods. Plantation agriculture is confined within tropical areas, i.e., both sides of the equator. Plantations exist on every continent possessing a tropical climate.
Some of the plantations like tea, coffee and rubber have a processing factory within the farm itself or close to it.
This type of agriculture has developed in hilly areas of north-eastern India, sub-Himalayan West Bengal and in Nilgiri, Anamalai and Cardamom hills in peninsular India.
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#4. Intensive Farming: In areas where irrigation has been possible, the farmers use fertilisers and pesticides on large scale. They have also brought their land under high yielding variety of seeds. They have mechanised agriculture by introducing machines in various processes of farming.
Also known as industrial agriculture, it is characterized by a low fallow ratio and higher use of inputs such as capital and labour per unit land area. This is in contrast to traditional agriculture in which the inputs per unit land are lower.
Remember Intensive Agriculture Development program?
Intensive Agriculture Development program (IADP) was the first major experiment of Indian government in the field of agriculture and it was also known as a “package programme” as it was based upon the package approach.
The programme was launched in 1961 after the Community Development Programme lost sheen. The core philosophy was to provide loan for seeds and fertilizers to farmers. Intensive Agriculture Development program was started with the assistance of Ford Foundation.
The IADP was expanded and later a new Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP) was launched to develop special harvest in agriculture area.
SOURCE The IADP was expanded and later a new Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP) was launched to develop special harvest in agriculture area.
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#5. Dry Agriculture: Dry farming or dry-land farming may be defined as a practice of growing crops without irrigation in areas which receive an annual rainfall of 750 mm – 500 mm or even less.
SOURCE Key elements of effective combat with perils of Dryland agriculture
Capturing and Conservation of Moisture Effective Use of Available Moisture Soil Conservation Control of Input Costs
Dryland agriculture is subject to high variability in areas sown, yields and output. These variations are the results of aberrations in weather conditions, especially rainfall. Alternate crop strategies have been worked out for important regions of the country:
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#6. Mixed and Multiple Agriculture:
Mixed farming is referred to cultivation of crops and raising of animals simultaneously. The multiple farming is used to denote the practice of growing two or more crops together. In such case a number of crops having varying maturing periods are sown at the same time. This practice is followed is areas having good rainfall or facilities of irrigation.
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SOURCE
#7. Crop Rotation:
SOURCE This refers to growing of number of Crops one after the other in a fixed rotation to maintain the fertility of the soil. The rotation of crops may be complete in a year in some of the areas while it may involve more than one year’s time is others.
Pulses or any leguminous crop is grown after the cereal crops. Legumes have the ability of fixing nitrogen to the soil.
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Highly fertilizer intensive crops like sugarcane or tobacco are rotated with cereal crops. The selection of crops for rotation depends upon the local soil conditions and the experience and the understanding of the farmers.
Good time to re-visit the nitrogen cycle again!
SOURCE
#8. Terrace Cultivation:
The hill and mountain slopes are cut to form terraces and the land is used in the same way as in permanent agriculture. Since the availability of flat land is limited terraces are made to provide small patch of level land. Soil erosion is also checked due to terrace formation on hill slopes.
SOURCE
Questions from Previous Year’s Prelims #1. Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? [UPSC 2012]
A. Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops B. Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
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C. Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together D. None of the above.
Ans: C
#2. With reference to Indian agriculture, which one of the following statements is correct? [UPSC 2002]
A. About 90 per cent of the area under pulses in India is rainfed. B. The share of pulses in the gross cropped area at the national level has double in the last two decades C. India accounts for about 15 per cent of the total area under rice in the world D. Rice occupies about 34 per cent of the gross cropped area of India
Ans: A
#3. Which one of the following agricultural practices is eco-friendly ? [UPSC 1999]
A. Organic farming B. Shifting cultivation C. Cultivation of high-yielding varieties D. Growing plants in glass-houses
Ans: A
#4. What can be the impact of excessive/ inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? [UPSC 2015] 1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur. 2. increase in the acidity of soil can take place. 3. Leaching of nitrate to the groundwater can occur. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Ans: C
#5. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? [UPSC 2015]
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1.Terrace cultivation 2. Deforestation 3. Tropical climate Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. I and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Ans: B
Earthquake: Definition, Causes, Types And Seismic Zones Of India Earthquake Definition
An earthquake can be defined as a sudden shaking in the earth‟s crust due to the movement in the plates resulting in the release of sudden energy and the formation of seismic waves. When a part of earth‟s surface starts moving backwards and upwards, tremors are observed on the surface of the earth and hence called an earthquake. Earthquake meaning can be simply said as when Earth „quakes‟. The earth‟s crust is made up of different parts known as plates. In this article, we will cover everything you need to about Earthquake including the causes of an earthquake, facts, and earthquake zones in India.
Types of Earthquake
There are various types of earthquake that can be witnessed:
Tectonic earthquake: It is the most common form of an earthquake. It is generally caused by the movement of plates present in the earth’s crust known as tectonic plates.
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Volcanic earthquake: This type of earthquake is less common as compared to the tectonic earthquake. These type of earthquake happen before or after the explosion of a volcano. It is generally caused due to the magma leaving the volcano which is filled by rocks being pushed to the surface. Collapse earthquake: This type of earthquake occurs in underground mines. The main cause can be the pressure generated within the rocks. Explosion earthquake: This type of earthquake is artificial in nature which means it is generated by the man-made activities. High-density explosion on the ground such as nuclear explosions is the primary cause of explosion earthquake. Force: Definition, Unit, Formula, Effects And Types Cause of an Earthquake
Earth‟s crust consists of several large and small tectonic plates around the earth. The major earthquake happen in the belts coinciding with the tectonic plates and the boundaries of these plates act as an epicentre. These plates form 3 types of boundaries, they move towards each other (a convergent boundary), apart from each other (a divergent boundary) or past each other (a transform boundary). The continuous movements of these tectonic plates along the boundaries build up pressure on both sides of the boundaries until the stress is great and is released in a sudden jerky movement. Hence, seismic waves created due to the energy released, travel through the surface of earth causing the shakes known as an earthquake.
Terms Related to Earthquake Seismology: It is the branch of Geology dealing with the study of an earthquake. Seismic Waves: These are the waves of energy caused by the earthquake that travels through the layers of earth. Epicentre: It is the point on the ground surface that is closest to the focus. Focus or Hypocentre: The place where the origin of seismic waves takes place beneath the earth’s surface is called the focus of an Earthquake. Seismograph: The instrument on which the seismic waves are recorded is known as a seismograph. Richter Scale: The instrument used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. Mercalli Scale: The instrument used to record the intensity of an earthquake. Types of seismic waves: There are 3 types of seismic waves namely Primary waves, secondary waves and Surface or long waves. Seismic Zones of India
The Indian subcontinent is divided into four seismic zones namely II, III, IV, and V based on the seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region. As per the geographical data, almost 54% of India‟s land is prone to earthquakes. Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risk of getting an earthquake while
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Zone 2 is considerably low damage risk zone. Check out the map of India given below for the seismic zones of India based on the risk factor.
List of International Organizations and their Headquarters
International organizations Headquarters
United Nations Organisation New York
United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) New York
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) New York
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington DC
World Bank Group (WBG) Washington DC
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World Health Organisation (WHO) Geneva
International Labour Organisation Geneva
International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva
World Trade Organisation Geneva
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva
International Organization for Standardization Geneva
UNAIDS Geneva
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Paris
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Paris
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Vienna
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) London
Commonwealth of Nations London
Amnesty International London
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Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Rome
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Brussels
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Jakarta
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Singapore
Transparency International Berlin
International Renewable Energy Agency Abu Dhabi (UAE)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Kathmandu
Worldwide Fund for Nature Gland, Switzerland
World Economic Forum Cologny-Geneva, Switzerland
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Gland, Switzerland
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva, Switzerland
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) New York, USA
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Geneva, Switzerland
World Food Programme (WFP) Rome, Italy
Question of GK
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1. The initials A.R. in the name of the (c) Manipuri famous music composer A.R.Rehman (d) Kuchipudi stands for Answer: Kathak (a) Abdur Rasool 6. Sonal Mansingh is famous for which (b) Anjaneyulu Ramakant form of dance ? (c) Aravindan Raja (a) Bharatnatyam (d) Allah Rakha (b) Manipuri Answer: Allah Rakha (c) Kuchipudi 2. Kathak is classical dance of (d) Kathak (a) Kerala Answer: Manipuri (b) North India 7. Amjad Ali Khan is famous for which (c) Manipur Musical Instrument? (d) Tamil Nadu (a) Violin Answer: North India (b) Tabla 3. With which one of the following dance (c) Flute form is Madhavi Mudgal associated? (d) Sarod (a) Bharat Natyam Answer: Sarod (b) Kathakali 8. Ali Akbar Khan is famous for which (c) Kathak Musical Instrument? (d) Odissi (a) Flute Answer: Odissi (b) Veena 4. Yamini Krishnamurti is famous for (c) Sitar which form of dance ? (d) Sarod (a) Kuchipudi Answer: Sarod (b) Kathak 9. Alla Rakha Khan is famous for which (c) Manipuri Musical Instrument? (d) Bharatnatyam (a) Flute Answer: Bharatnatyam (b) Sarod 5. Birju Maharaj is famous for which form (c) Sitar of dance ? (d) Tabla (a) Kathak Answer: Tabla (b) Bharatnatyam
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10. Zakir Hussain is famous for which (c) Sitar Musical Instrument? (d) Flute (a) Sitar Answer: Flute (b) Veena 15. Shubha Mudgal is famous vocalist for (c) Tabla which form of Classical Music? (d) Veena (a) Carnatic Answer: Tabla (b) Hindustani 11. M. S. Gopala krishnan is famous for (c) Thumri which Musical Instrument? (d) Dhrupad (a) Veena Answer: Hindustani (b) Tabla 16. Bheemsen Joshi is famous vocalist for (c) Violin which form of Classical Music? (d) Sarod (a) Hindustani Answer: Violin (b) Thumri 12. Bismillah Khan is famous for which (c) Carnatic Musical Instrument? (d) Quwwali (a) Veena Answer: Hindustani (b) Shehnal 17. Pandit Jasraj is famous vocalist for (c) Sitar which form of Classical Music? (d) Flute (a) Dhrupad Answer: Shehnal (b) Quwwali 13. Ravi Shankar is famous for which (c) Hindustani Musical Instrument? (d) Thumri (a) Sitar Answer: Hindustani (b) Tabla 18. M. S. Subbalakshmi is famous vocalist (c) Shehnal for which form of Classical Music? (d) Veena (a) Hindustani Answer: Sitar (b) Carnatic 14. Hari Prasad Chaurasia is famous for (c) Quwwali which Musical Instrument? (d) Dhrupad (a) Sitar Answer: Carnatic (b) Sarod
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19. Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan is famous (c) Argentina vocalist for which form of Classical (d) Mexico Music? Answer: Brazil (a) Thumri 24. To which state does the Sattriya (b) Dhrupad dance belong? (c) Quwwali (a) Mizoram (d) Carnatic (b) Manipur Answer: Thumri (c) Assam 20. Compact discs, (according to the (d) Meghalaya original CD specifications) hold how Answer: Assam many minutes of music? 25. In music how many quavers equal a (a) 74 mins crotchet? (b) 90 mins (a) 6 (c) 56 mins (b) 8 (d) 60 mins (c) 2 Answer: 74 mins (d) 4 21. What type of musical instrument is a Answer: 2 goombay? 26. Country whose National Anthem has (a) Symbols only music not words is (b) Drum (a) India (c) Guitar (b) Bahrain (d) Piano (c) Germany Answer: Drum (d) Spain 22. Which is the International Dance? Answer: Bahrain (a) Romantic Dance 27. Rouff is a folk dance. It has its origin in (b) Bibhu ? (c) Odissi (a) Assam (d) Chau (b) Mizoram Answer: Chau (c) Kashmir 23. Samba dance is famous in (d) Himachal Pradesh (a) Brazil Answer: Kashmir (b) Peru
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28. Bharatnatyam is a dance form of (d) Sikkim (a) Jandk Answer: Sikkim (b) Rajasthan 33. Which is the Rajasthani dance that is (c) Tamil Nadu performed by women by carrying (d) Uttar Pradesh earthen pots on their heads? Answer: Tamil Nadu (a) Raika 29. A Passion For Dance was wirtten by (b) Tera Tali (a) Rukmani Dev Arundale (c) Panihari (b) Dr. Padma Subramanyam (d) Suisini (c) Sonal Man Singh Answer: Panihari (d) Yamini Krishnamurthy 34. Which of the following folk dances is Answer: Yamini Krishnamurthy performed by women in Punjab? 30. Dance patterns considered sacred to (a) Garbha Lord Shiva are in (b) Giddha (a) Bharatanatyam and Kathakali (c) Ghero (b) Kathak and Bharatanatyam (d) Goncha (c) Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam Answer: Giddha (d) Oddissi and Bharatanatyam 35. Tamasha or Lalvani is the folk dance Answer: Bharatanatyam and of which Indian State? Mohiniyattam (a) Maharashtra 31. Rouff is a folk dance. It has its origin in (b) Rajasthan ? (c) Assam (a) Mizoram (d) Madhya Pradesh (b) Himachal Pradesh Answer: Maharashtra (c) Assam 36. Which of these dances are performed (d) Kashmir on the edge of brass plates ? Answer: Kashmir (a) Bharatnatyam 32. The Kagyat Dance is typical of (b) Kuchipudi (a) Nagaland (c) Kathakali (b) Tripura (d) Manipuri (c) Manipur Answer: Kuchipudi
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37. r which Indian dance form? 42. Bhangra is dance of (a) Bharatnatyam (a) Gujarat (b) Kathakali (b) Punjab (c) Kuchipudi (c) Bihar (d) Oddissi (d) Uttarakhand Answer: Kuchipudi Answer: Punjab 38. Karnataka is famous for the dance 43. Chhau is dance of form (a) Karnataka (a) Bharatanatyam (b) Bihar (b) Kathakali (c) Uttarakhand (c) Yakshagana (d) Gujarat (d) Kuchupudi Answer: Bihar Answer: Yakshagana 44. Garhwali is dance of 39. Kuchipudi dance originated in - (a) Gujarat (a) Karnataka (b) Rajasthan (b) Kerala (c) Karnataka (c) Orissa (d) Uttarakhand (d) Andhra Pradesh Answer: Uttarakhand Answer: Andhra Pradesh 45. Garba is dance of 40. Bharat Natyam is dance of (a) Gujarat (a) Punjab (b) Kerala (b) Bihar (c) Karnataka (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Rajasthan (d) Assam Answer: Gujarat Answer: Tamil Nadu 46. Hattari is dance of 41. Bihu is dance of (a) Karnataka (a) Bihar (b) Andhra Pradesh (b) Uttarakhand (c) Rajasthan (c) Assam (d) Kerala (d) Punjab Answer: Karnataka Answer: Assam 47. Kathak is dance of (a) Andhra Pradesh
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(b) Mizoram (d) Meghalaya (c) Rajasthan Answer: Meghalaya (d) Kerala 53. Mohiniattam is dance of Answer: Rajasthan (a) Goa 48. Kathakali is dance of (b) Himachal Pradesh (a) Madhya Pradesh (c) Manipur (b) Kerala (d) Kerala (c) Andhra Pradesh Answer: Kerala (d) Mizoram 54. Mando is dance of Answer: Kerala (a) Himachal Pradesh 49. Kutchipudi is dance of (b) Bihar (a) Andhra Pradesh (c) Goa (b) Meghalaya (d) Manipur (c) Mizoram Answer: Goa (d) Madhya Pradesh 55. Manipuri is dance of Answer: Andhra Pradesh (a) Manipur 50. Khantumm is dance of (b) Orissa (a) Mizoram (c) Himachal Pradesh (b) Kerala (d) Bihar (c) Madhya Pradesh Answer: Manipur (d) Meghalaya 56. Nati is dance of Answer: Mizoram (a) Himachal Pradesh 51. Karma is dance of (b) Jammu Kashmir (a) Madhya Pradesh (c) Bihar (b) Goa (d) Orissa (c) Meghalaya Answer: Himachal Pradesh (d) Kerala 57. Nat-Natin is dance of Answer: Madhya Pradesh (a) Jammu Kashmir 52. Laho is dance of (b) Karnataka (a) Kerala (c) Bihar (b) Manipur (d) Orissa (c) Goa Answer: Bihar
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58. Rauf is dance of 63. Sonal Mansingh is famous for which (a) Karnataka form of dance ? (b) Assam (a) Bharatnatyam (c) Tamil Nadu (b) Manipuri (d) Jammu Kashmir (c) Kathak Answer: Jammu Kashmir (d) Kuchipudi 59. Yakshagan is dance of Answer: Bharatnatyam (a) Karnataka 64. Kathak, Nautanki, Jhora and Kajri are (b) Punjab the important dances of (c) Tamil Nadu (a) Jharkhand (d) Assam (b) Chattisgarh Answer: Karnataka (c) Uttar Pradesh 60. Lezin dance is popular in which State? (d) Uttaranchal (a) Maharashtra Answer: Uttar Pradesh (b) Kerala 65. Kathakali, Mohiniatam and Ottam are (c) Andhra Pradesh the famous dances of (d) Assam (a) Tamil Naidu Answer: Maharashtra (b) Kerala 61. Gafa dance is popular in which State? (c) Karnataka (a) Maharashtra (d) Orrissa (b) Gujarat Answer: Kerala (c) Haryana 66. The dance in Himachal Pradesh, (d) J K performed indoor, solo or duet, Answer: Maharashtra especially when life comes to a 62. Bala Saraswati is famous for which standstill during cold winter is form of dance ? (a) Munzra (a) Bharatnatyam (b) Rouf (b) Kuchipudi (c) Luddi Dance (c) Kathak (d) Giddha parhaun (d) Manipuri Answer: Munzra Answer: Bharatnatyam 67. The dance performed by women to invoke rain in Bihar is
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(a) Faguna or Fog (d) Assam (b) Bihu Answer: Goa (c) Purbi 72. Pashto is the language of which (d) Jata Jatin country? Answer: Jata Jatin (a) Pakistan 68. Which is a post-harvest folk dance in (b) Sri Lanka Assam? (c) India (a) Ojapali (d) Afghanistan (b) None of them Answer: Afghanistan (c) Ankia Nat 73. Which language is used in Benin? (d) Bihu (a) French Answer: Bihu (b) English 69. Which of the following dances belong (c) Portuguese to Meghalaya? (d) Burmese (a) Naga dance and Manipur Answer: French (b) None of them 74. In which country do people speak the (c) Wangala laho language they call Nihongo? (d) Chiraw and kullan (a) Japan Answer: Wangala laho (b) China 70. Which of the following dances of India (c) N Korea is based upon the principle of (d) S Korea Natyashastra? Answer: Japan (a) Odissi 75. Afrikaans language is mainly spoken in (b) None of them (a) Western Africa (c) Bharatnatyam (b) Eastern Africa (d) Both are correct (c) Southern Africa Answer: Both are correct (d) Northen Africa 71. GK India: Languages Konkani is a Answer: Southern Africa language of 76. How many languages and dialects are (a) Kerala spoken by people all over the World? (b) Karnataka (a) 6000 (c) Goa (b) 1000
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(c) 4000 (d) Arabic, Japanese, Chinese, English, (d) 9000 French and German Answer: 9000 Answer: Arabic, Chinese, English, 77. Approximately how many people French, Russian and Spanish speak chinese language? 81. The official working languages (a) 1 Lakh recognised by the UNO are (b) 1 Thousand (a) Spanish and Arabic (c) 1 Billion (b) All of them (d) 1 Millon (c) Chinese and English Answer: 1 Billion (d) French and Russian 78. The Language with the richest Answer: All of them vocabulary is 82. Language of Nagaland is (a) Hindi (a) Bengali (b) German (b) English (c) French (c) Nagamese (d) English (d) Assamese Answer: English Answer: English 79. English Language have more 83. Kannada is state language of which than??.words. state? (a) 4,50,000 (a) Karnataka (b) 450 (b) Maharastra (c) 45000 (c) Kerala (d) 4500 (d) Andhra Pradesh Answer: 4,50,000 Answer: Karnataka 80. The official languages of the United 84. Apart from Assamese which is also the Nations are official language of Assam? (a) Chinese, English, French, Hindi, (a) Telegu Japanese and Spanish (b) Hindi (b) Arabic, Chinese, English, French, (c) Bengali Russian and Spanish (d) Kannada (c) African, Chinese, English, French, Answer: Bengali German and Spanish
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85. How many languages appear on the (d) West Bengal reverse of contemporary currency Answer: Arunachal Pradesh notes? 90. Merdukpen is a language of (a) 20 (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) 25 (b) Bihar (c) 22 (c) West Bengal (d) 15 (d) Haryana Answer: 15 Answer: Arunachal Pradesh 86. In which language vande matram was 91. Dadri is a language of written? (a) Nagaland (a) Marathi (b) Sikkim (b) Bengali (c) Arunachal Pradesh (c) Hindi (d) Jammu Kashmir (d) Sanskrit Answer: Jammu Kashmir Answer: Bengali 92. Dogri is a language of 87. Which language got highest Gnana (a) Nagaland Peeth Award - Literature? (b) Jammu Kashmir (a) Marathi (c) Orissa (b) Kannada (d) West Bengal (c) Hindi Answer: Jammu Kashmir (d) Telgu 93. Garo is a language of Answer: Kannada (a) Bihar 88. Tagin is a language of (b) West Bengal (a) Orissa (c) Meghalaya (b) Arunachal Pradesh (d) Kerala (c) Tripura Answer: Meghalaya (d) Tamil Nadu 94. Angami is a language of Answer: Arunachal Pradesh (a) Goa 89. Apotanji is a language of (b) Nagaland (a) Kerala (c) West Bengal (b) Sikkim (d) Assam (c) Arunachal Pradesh Answer: Nagaland
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95. Konyak is a language of 100. The Bodo language is spoken in (a) Nagaland which of the following States? (b) Andhra Pradesh (a) Assam (c) Meghalaya (b) Arunachal Pradesh (d) Arunachal Pradesh (c) Mizoram Answer: Nagaland (d) Tamil Nadu 96. Lepcha is a language of Answer: Assam (a) Andhra Pradesh 101. The oldest Indian language is (b) Sikkim (a) Telugu (c) Nagaland (b) Punjabi (d) Tripura (c) Tamil Answer: Sikkim (d) Hindi 97. Limbu is a language of Answer: Tamil (a) West Bengal 102. Which is the most spoken (b) Goa among the North Munda Group of (c) Orissa Languages? (d) Sikkim (a) Sindhi Answer: Sikkim (b) Santhali 98. Kakborak is a language of (c) Assamese (a) Karnataka (d) Dogri (b) Orissa Answer: Santhali (c) Tripura 103. The oldest Indian Language is (d) Kerala (a) Punjabi Answer: Tripura (b) Tamil 99. Apart from Assamese which is also the (c) Hindu official language of Assam? (d) Telugu (a) Bengali Answer: Tamil (b) Hindi 104. Modern Indo-Aryan languages (c) English are based on an ancient language (d) Khasi called Answer: Bengali (a) Sanskrit (b) Tamil
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(c) Hindi 109. Which Academy promotes and (d) Kannada develop literature in all the 22 Answer: Sanskrit languages of India? 105. The language spoken in (a) Sangeet Natak Academy Lakshadweep islands is (b) None of them (a) Tamil (c) Lalit Kala Academy (b) Gujarati (d) Sahitya Academy (c) Malayalam Answer: Sahitya Academy (d) Marathi 110. Which is the language used in Answer: Malayalam Bihar? 106. The languages spoken in Sikkim (a) Hindi are (b) Bangla (a) Nepali, Hindi, Lepcha, Bhutani (c) Marathi and English (b) Manipuri (d) Urdu (c) Marathi Answer: Hindi (d) Bengali, Tripuri 111. Which language is spoken in Answer: Nepali, Hindi, Lepcha, Bhutani Karnataka? 107. The official language of the (a) Hindi Government of India is (b) Kannada (a) Malayalam (c) Marathi (b) Marathi (d) Malayalam (c) Hindi Answer: Kannada (d) English 112. Which languages are spoken in Answer: Hindi Nagaland? 108. What is the language mostly (a) Konyak, Naga used in Madhya Pradesh? (b) None of them (a) English (c) English (b) Malayalam (d) Khasi and Garo (c) Hindi Answer: Konyak, Naga (d) Marathi 113. Which languages of India belong Answer: Hindi to Dravidian family? (a) Languages of Southern India
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(b) Languages of Western India (c) 35 (c) Languages of Northern India (d) 50 (d) Languages of Eastern India Answer: 50 Answer: Languages of Southern India 118. Which word has most 114. Which of the following are the definitions in english language? native languages of Manipur? (a) Set (a) Manipuri and English (b) Game (b) None of them (c) Language (c) Marathi and Hindi (d) Fun (d) Manipuri Answer: Set Answer: Manipuri and English 119. Which state has the distinction 115. Which language gained most by of publishing newspapers in 18 the patronage given to scholars by principal languages? Krishna Deva Rai? (a) Kerala (a) Telugu (b) Orissa (b) Kannada (c) Uttar Pradesh (c) Tamil (d) Maharashtra (d) Sanskrit Answer: Orissa Answer: Telugu 120. Which is the only scheduled 116. Panini, the first Grammarian of language that does not have a daily Sanskrit language in India, lived during news paper? the (a) Urdu (a) 2nd Century A. D. (b) Kashmiri (b) 5th-6th Century A. D. (c) Assamese (c) 6th -5th Century B. C. (d) Gujarati (d) 2nd Century B. C. Answer: Kashmiri Answer: 6th -5th Century B. C. 121. The language of the discourses 117. Of the 250 known alphabets in of Gautama Buddha was the history of language, how many are (a) Pali in use today? (b) Sanskrit (a) 26 (c) Bhojpuri (b) 45
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(d) Mahadhi 126. Which language was used in the Answer: Pali literature of Sangam period ? 122. In which languages did Buddha (a) Telugu preach ? (b) Kannada (a) Pali (c) Tamil (b) Sanskrit (d) Sanskrit (c) Prakrit Answer: Tamil (d) Brahmi 127. Which of the following is the Answer: Pali oldest Dravidian language ? 123. Which of the following (a) Kannada languages was adopted for preaching (b) Malayalam in Mahayana Buddhism ? (c) Telugu (a) Sanskrit (d) Tamil (b) Brahmi Answer: Tamil (c) Pali 128. Which of the following (d) Prakrit languages is not an outstanding Answer: Sanskrit language of Dravidian group 124. The court language of Mughal (a) Assamese was (b) Telugu (a) Arabic (c) Kannada (b) Urdu (d) Malayalam (c) Hindi Answer: Assamese (d) Persian 129. The language used in China is Answer: Persian (a) Chinese, Arabic 125. The languages of the (b) Chinese, Korean Satavahana inscriptions was (c) Chinese, French |(a) Pali (d) Chinese, English (b) Telugu Answer: Chinese, English (c) Tamil 130. English is the official language of (d) Prakrit which of the following states ? Answer: Prakrit (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Nagaland
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(c) Manipur (a) Sindhi (d) Karnataka (b) Marathi Answer: Nagaland (c) Hindi 131. The three languages included in (d) Urdu the Eighth Schedule of the Answer: Sindhi Constitution by the 71st amendment 135. Urdu was adopted recently as a are state language by (a) Konkani, English, Manipuri (a) U.P. (b) Konkani, Nepali, Dogri (b) Punjab (c) Konkani, Nepali, Maithili (c) JandK (d) Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (d) Bihar Answer: Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali Answer: U.P. 132. How many languages are so far 136. Konkani, a language recently listed in the eighth Schedule of the included in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution ? Constitution, is widely spoken in which (a) 15 State/Union Territory ? (b) 17 (a) Lakshadweep (c) 16 (b) Andaman and Nicobar (d) 18 (c) Goa Answer: 18 (d) Pondicherry 133. Which article of Indian Answer: Goa Constitution prescribes Hindi in 137. Which language is not Devanagari script as the official recognised in the 8th Schedule language of the Union ? through it is called an official language (a) 341 of a state ? (b) 346 (a) Sindhi (c) 342 (b) Kashmiri (d) 343 (c) Sanskrit Answer: 343 (d) English 134. Which language was added as Answer: English the 15th official language to the 8th 138. Which language is spoken next Schedule of the Constitution ? to Hindi, in terms of number of people,
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in India ? (d) Sindhi and English (a) Marathi Answer: Sindhi and Kashmiri (b) Tamil 142. Which of the following (c) Telugu languages have been added to the (d) Bengali Eight schedule of the constitution in Answer: Telugu 1992 ? 139. To secure the enrichment of (a) Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Hindi, the Cinstitution, among other (b) Dogri, Nepali and Manipuri things, directs the state to give (c) Konkani, Manipuri and Sindhi primary importance to one of the (d) Konkani, Manipuri and Dogri languages included in the schedule for Answer: Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali the purpose of drawing upon it. This 143. The number of major languages language is recognized in the Indian Union as (a) Sanskrit official languages, are (b) Urdu (a) 9 (c) Bengali (b) 18 (d) Marathi (c) 15 Answer: Sanskrit (d) 12 140. Which of the following is not a Answer: 18 language included in the Eighth GK India: Personalities of India schedule of the constitution of India ? 144. Leander Paes is related to which (a) Kashmiri sport? (b) Sindhi (a) Cricket (c) Sanskrit (b) Badminton (d) English (c) Tennis Answer: English (d) Swimming 141. Which of the following Answer: Tennis languages are included in the Eight 145. Mahesh Bhupati is related to schedule of the Constitution of India ? which sport? (a) English and Kashmiri (a) Swimming (b) Kashmiri and Gorkhari (b) Badminton (c) Sindhi and Kashmiri (c) Cricket
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(d) Tennis (a) Cricket Answer: Tennis (b) Chess 146. Prakash Padukone is related to (c) Soccer which sport? (d) Tennis (a) atheletics Answer: Cricket (b) Badminton 151. The name Kunjarani Devi is (c) Cricket associated with? (d) Tennis (a) Swimming Answer: Badminton (b) Weight Lifting 147. Vijay Amritraaj is related to (c) Target Shooting which sport? (d) Athletics (a) Cricket Answer: Weight Lifting (b) atheletics 152. Who among the following is not (c) Badminton associated with billiards in India? (d) Tennis (a) Subash Agrawal Answer: Tennis (b) Ashok Shandilya 148. Anand Amritraaj is related to (c) Mihir Sen which sport? (d) Manoj Kothari (a) Tennis Answer: Mihir Sen (b) atheletics 153. Dhyanchand is related to which (c) Cricket sport? (d) Badminton (a) Kabaddi Answer: Tennis (b) Wrestling 149. Vishwanathan Anand is related (c) Boxing to which sport? (d) Hockey (a) Chess Answer: Hockey (b) atheletics 154. Mithali Raj is related to which (c) Cricket sport? (d) Badminton (a) Athletics Answer: Chess (b) Tennis 150. Rudra Pratap Singh is associated (c) Hockey with which sports?
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(d) Cricket (c) Singh Answer: Cricket (d) Khan 155. J.J. Sobha is related to which Answer: Khan sport? 160. Middle name of Munaf Patel is (a) Cricket (a) Masan (b) Hockey (b) Mani (c) Tennis (c) Maran (d) Athletics (d) Musa Answer: Athletics Answer: Musa 156. Narain Karthikayen is associated 161. Middle name of Ramesh Powar with is (a) Volleyball (a) Rajesh (b) Golf (b) Rajan (c) Car Racing (c) Raja (d) Football (d) Rajaram Answer: Car Racing Answer: Rajaram 157. Saina Nehwal is related with 162. Middle name of Sourav Ganguly which among the following sports? is (a) Table Tennis (a) Venkata (b) Badminton (b) Kumar (c) Tennis (c) Chandidas (d) Chess (d) Chandya Answer: Badminton Answer: Chandidas 158. Middle name of Ajit Agarkar is 163. Jaspal Rana is associated with (a) Kannan which of the following games? (b) Bhalchandra (a) Weightlifting (c) Kumar (b) Shooting (d) Singh (c) Swimming Answer: Bhalchandra (d) Archery 159. Middle name of Irfan Pathan is Answer: Shooting (a) Kumar 164. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt is related (b) Bhalchandra to __.
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(a) Arts 169. Meghnad Saha is related to (b) Economics (a) Maths (c) Music (b) Biology (d) Cricket (c) Chemistry Answer: Music (d) Physics 165. Abhinav Bindra is related to Answer: Physics which sport? 170. Jagdish Chadra Bose is related to (a) Shooting (a) Physics (b) atheletics (b) Biology (c) Cricket (c) Maths (d) Badminton (d) Chemistry Answer: Shooting Answer: Physics 166. Amartya Sen is related to __. 171. C V Raman is related to (a) Arts (a) Physics (b) Economics (b) Biology (c) Music (c) Maths (d) Sports (d) Chemistry Answer: Economics Answer: Physics 167. Who is called the Shakespear of 172. C V Raman is related to India ? (a) Arts (a) Kalidas (b) Science (b) Shakuntla (c) Music (c) Ravidas (d) Sports (d) Meghdoot Answer: Science Answer: Kalidas 173. Srinivasa Ramanujan is related 168. Srinivasa Ramanujan is related to to (a) Music (a) Physics (b) Arts (b) Biology (c) Sports (c) Chemistry (d) Maths (d) Maths Answer: Maths Answer: Maths
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174. Meghnad Saha is related to 179. Ud Amjad Ali Khan is related to (a) Arts (a) Bansuri (Flute) (b) Science (b) Santoor (c) Music (c) Sarod (d) Sports (d) Sitar Answer: Science Answer: Sarod 175. Jagdish Chadra Bose is related to 180. Ud Bismillah Khan is related to (a) Music (a) Shehnai (b) Arts (b) Guitar (c) Sports (c) Sitar (d) Science (d) Bansuri (Flute) Answer: Science Answer: Shehnai 176. Pt Ravishankar is related to 181. Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma is related (a) Sitar to (b) Guitar (a) Santoor (c) Tabla (b) Guitar (d) Bansuri (Flute) (c) Sitar Answer: Sitar (d) Bansuri (Flute) 177. Ud Jakir Hussain is related to Answer: Santoor (a) Guitar 182. Pt Vishwa Mohan Bhatt is (b) Tabla related to (c) Sitar (a) Tabla (d) Bansuri (Flute) (b) Guitar Answer: Tabla (c) Sitar 178. Pt Hari Prasad Chaurasia is (d) Bansuri (Flute) related to Answer: Guitar (a) Tabla 183. Ud Allah Rakha is related to (b) Guitar (a) Tabla (c) Bansuri (Flute) (b) Guitar (d) Sitar (c) Sitar Answer: Bansuri (Flute) (d) Bansuri (Flute) Answer: Tabla
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184. __ is son of Ud Allah Rakha. (b) None (a) None (c) Saint (b) Ud Jakir Hussain (d) King (c) Ud Amjad Ali Khan Answer: Poet (d) Ud Bismillah Khan 190. Jaishankar Prasad was Answer: Ud Jakir Hussain (a) Saint 185. Mirza Galib was (b) None (a) Poet (c) King (b) None (d) Poet (c) Saint Answer: Poet (d) King 191. Ms. Medha Patkar is associated Answer: Poet with the 186. Tansen was (a) Sardar Sarovar Project (a) None (b) Dabhol project (b) Musician (c) Tehri project (c) Saint (d) Enron project (d) King Answer: Sardar Sarovar Project Answer: Musician 192. Vidya pillai is related to which 187. Amir Khusro was sports? (a) King (a) Shooting (b) None (b) Archery (c) Poet (c) Snooker (d) Saint (d) Billiards Answer: Poet Answer: Snooker 188. Kaifi Azmi was 193. Vidya Pillai is related to which (a) Saint sport ? (b) None (a) Hockey (c) King (b) Billiards (d) Poet (c) Snooker Answer: Poet (d) Golf 189. Sumitranandan Pant was Answer: Snooker (a) Poet
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194. The name, Dr. Raja Chelliah is (a) Tipu Sultan associated with (b) Ahmed Shah Abdali (a) liberalization policy reforms (c) Hyder Ali (b) tax reforms (d) Aurangzeb (c) labour policy reforms Answer: Tipu Sultan (d) foreign trade policy reforms 199. Amir Khusrau's name is Answer: tax reforms associated with the invention of 195. The Council of the Nine Gems is (a) Sitar associated with (b) Shehnai (a) Ballala Sena (c) Sarod (b) Devapala (d) Tabla (c) Harshavardhana Answer: Sitar (d) Chandragupta II 200. Adil Shahi is associated with Answer: Chandragupta II (a) None of these 196. The spiritual leader associated (b) Bijapur with the founding of Vijayanagara (c) Ahmadnagar kingdom was (d) Golconda (a) Ramdas Answer: Bijapur (b) Appayya Dikshitar 201. Ram Prasad Bismil was (c) Purandaradas associated with (d) Vidyaranya (a) Kakori Bomb case Answer: Vidyaranya (b) Kanpur Conspiracy case 197. Which one of the following (c) Alipore Bomb case Saint's name is associated with Shivaji (d) Meerut Conspiracy case ? Answer: Kakori Bomb case (a) Ramanand 202. Who was regarded as Nana (b) Chaitanya Saheb? (c) Ram Das (a) Baji Rao-I (d) Tukaram (b) Balaji Baji Rao Answer: Tukaram (c) Balaji Vishawanath 198. Srirangapattam is associated (d) Madhav Rao with Answer: Balaji Baji Rao
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203. Owner of Wipro is 208. Mother Teresa won Nobel Prize (a) Ratan Tata in year.. (b) Juhi Chawla (a) 2000 (c) Azim Premji (b) 1983 (d) Anil Ambani (c) 1996 Answer: Azim Premji (d) 1979 204. Rahul Bose belongs to Answer: 1979 (a) Reliance 209. Sonal Mansingh is one of the (b) Bollywood leading exponent of (c) Cricket (a) Garbaa Classical Dance Form of (d) Soccer Gujarat Answer: Bollywood (b) Odissi A Classical Dance Form of 205. Do or Die is quoted by Orissa (a) Subhash Chandra Bose (c) Bhangraa Classical Dance Form of (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru Punjab (c) Bhagat Singh (d) Kathakalia Classical Dance Form of (d) M.K. Gandhi Kerala Answer: M.K. Gandhi Answer: Odissi A Classical Dance Form 206. Which Indian won Nobel Prize in of Orissa Economics in year 1998? 210. The first Indian woman to have (a) Azim Premji won prestigious Booker Prize of Britain (b) Amartya Kumar Sen (a) Arundhati Roy (c) Manmohan Singh (b) Anita Desai (d) Narayan Murthy (c) Sarojini Naidu Answer: Amartya Kumar Sen (d) Kamla Das 207. S Chandrashekar won Nobel Answer: Arundhati Roy Prize(Physics) in which year? 211. The founder of arya samaj was (a) 1983 (a) Swami Vivekananda (b) 1927 (b) Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (c) 1985 (c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (d) 1945 (d) Dayanand Saraswathi Answer: 1983 Answer: Dayanand Saraswathi
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212. Smt. Indira Gandhi was (d) Rahul Gandhi assassinated on Answer: Sanjay Gandhi (a) 21st May 217. Which noted film-maker is (b) 31st October popularly known as Basuda? (c) 31st August (a) T.R.Basu (d) 31st July (b) Basu Chatterjee Answer: 31st October (c) B.R.Chopra 213. Who is the CEO of Microsoft? (d) Basu Bhattacharya (a) Warren Buffet Answer: Basu Bhattacharya (b) Steve Jobs 218. Hari Krishna Goswami is (c) Steve Ballmer popularly known in Hindi cinema as (d) Bill Gates (a) Ashok Kumar Answer: Steve Ballmer (b) Kishore Kumar 214. Vikram Seth is (c) Manoj Kumar (a) Poet (d) Rajendra Kumar (b) Sportsmen Answer: Manoj Kumar (c) Industrialist 219. Which famous actor had (d) Saint anchored the popular TV show Hum Answer: Poet Log on the Doordarshan channel in the 215. Mahatma Gandhi shares his 1980s? birthday with which another (a) Utpal Dutt revolutionary fighter? (b) Ashok Kumar (a) Subhash Chandra Bose (c) Dr Sreeram Lagoo (b) Lal Bahadur Shastri (d) Dilip Kumar (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Answer: Ashok Kumar (d) Gopal Krishna Gosle 220. Who made the film Earth 1947? Answer: Lal Bahadur Shastri (a) Shekhar Kapoor 216. Who is the man behind (b) Deepa Mehta formation of Maruti Udyog? (c) Mira Nair (a) Jagdish Khattar (d) Kalpana Lajmi (b) None of These Answer: Deepa Mehta (c) Sanjay Gandhi
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221. Which was the first film of (b) Tina Ambani Madhuri Dixit? (c) Mukesh Ambani (a) Abodh (d) Nita Ambani (b) Tezaab Answer: Anil Ambani (c) Swati 226. By what name do we now know (d) Hifazat the artist who was given the name Answer: Abodh Geetali at birth? 222. What is the middle name of (a) Anoushka Shankar Barack Obama? (b) Anaida (a) Williams (c) Shreya Ghosal (b) Johny (d) Norah Jones (c) Hussain Answer: Norah Jones (d) Muhammad 227. Who established Rajshri Answer: Hussain Pictures? 223. Who among the following is not (a) Kamal Bharjatya the recipient of the first Bharat Ratna (b) Rajkumar Bharjatya Award instituted in 1954? (c) Sooraj Bharjatya (a) Dr C.V.Raman (d) Tarachand Bharjatya (b) Dr B.R.Ambedkar Answer: Tarachand Bharjatya (c) Dr S.Radhakrishnan 228. What is the origonal name of (d) C.Rajagopalachari Akshay Kumar ? Answer: Dr B.R.Ambedkar (a) Rahul Benrji 224. Who is the chairman of Bharati (b) Kunal Bagla Airtel? (c) Rajiv Bhatia (a) A.R .Jindal (d) atul Sharma (b) Vijay Mallya Answer: Rajiv Bhatia (c) Sunil Mittal 229. Which of the following has (d) Lakshmi Mittal Nelson Mandela won? Answer: Sunil Mittal (a) Padmashri 225. Who is the chairman of Reliance (b) Padma Vibhushan communications? (c) Bharath Ratna (a) Anil Ambani
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(d) Ramon Magasesay (a) Narendra Answer: Bharath Ratna (b) Mahendra 230. Who is the founder of CNN? (c) Jitendra (a) None of These (d) Ashoke (b) Ted Turner Answer: Narendra (c) Alen Turnur 235. Which of the following pairs are (d) Ted Burner not siblings? Answer: Ted Turner (a) Lata Mangeshkar-Asha Bhosle 231. Who is the director of the Oscar (b) Julia Roberts-Eric Roberts wining movie Elizabeth? (c) Miley Cyrus-Noah Cyrus (a) Steven Spilberg (d) Rabindranath Tagore- (b) Meera Nayar Rathindranath Tagore (c) Deepa Mehta Answer: Rabindranath Tagore- (d) Shekhar Kapoor Rathindranath Tagore Answer: Shekhar Kapoor 236. Who was given the name 232. Who was the first Indian Priyadarshini by Rabindranath Thakur? scientist to become an Member of (a) Sister Nivedita Parliament? (b) Indira Gandhi (a) Homi Bhabha (c) Lady Ranu Mukherjee (b) Araybhatt (d) Victoria Okampo (c) Meghnad Saha Answer: Indira Gandhi (d) Abdul Kalam 237. What was the earlier name of Answer: Meghnad Saha music director A.R. Rehman? 233. Who is called the Mozart of (a) Dilip Kumar Asia? (b) Dev Kumar (a) O.P. Nayyar (c) Raj Kumar (b) A.R. Rahman (d) Manoj Kumar (c) R.D. Burman Answer: Dilip Kumar (d) Preetam Chakrabarty 238. Naresh Goyal owns Answer: A.R. Rahman (a) Spice Jet 234. Childhood name of Swami (b) Jet Airways Vivekanand (c) Deccan Airlines
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(d) Kingfisher Airlines 243. How is Satyadev Dubey well Answer: Jet Airways known? 239. Dr. Padma Subrahmanyam is a (a) A Renowned Economist legendary exponent of (b) A Renowned Hindi Poet (a) Kathakali (c) A Well Known Environmentalist (b) Mohiniyattam (d) Playwright and Director (c) Bharatnatyam Answer: Playwright and Director (d) Kathak 244. Who is the founder of Satyam Answer: Bharatnatyam computers? 240. Who among the following (a) D.Subbarow persons bought the sword of Tipu (b) Muruga Raju Sultan in London and brought it back (c) Ramalinga Raju to India ? (d) A.N.Moothi (a) Vijay Mallya Answer: Ramalinga Raju (b) Aditya Birla 245. First woman speaker of (c) Ratan Tata Loksabha was (d) Mukesh Ambani (a) phoolan devi Answer: Vijay Mallya (b) Meira Kumar 241. Kiran Majoomdar is related to. (c) Jyoti (a) ICICI Bank (d) Sushma Swaraj (b) Polition Answer: Meira Kumar (c) Biocon 246. Name the father daughter duo (d) Pepsico after Whom two seperate squares in Answer: Biocon Moscow are named? 242. Who amongst the following has (a) Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi alunched a new venture named (b) Rajiv Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi blogeverywhere.com? (c) Michael Jackson and Princess (a) Azim Premji Jackson (b) Sabeer Bhatia (d) Bill Clinton and Chelsea Clinton (c) Bill Gates Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira (d) Narayan Murthy Gandhi Answer: Sabeer Bhatia
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247. K.S. Ranjit Singhji was 250. Who is the first Indian sound (a) First Field Marshal enginner to get oscar? (b) First Indian test Cricketer (a) A R rahman (c) First Bar-at-law (b) none (d) First Air marshal (c) Satyajith Ray Answer: First Indian test Cricketer (d) Rasool Pukkutty 248. The first Indian actress to have Answer: Rasool Pukkutty been nominated to the Rajya Sabha 251. What is the name of the chief was minister (in India) who died as a result (a) Jaya Prada of plane crash in october 2009? (b) None of them (a) T Subramanium (c) Nargis Dutt (b) Ashok Chavan (d) Hema Malini (c) Rajnath Singh Answer: Nargis Dutt (d) Y S R Reddy 249. The first Indian to be awarded Answer: Y S R Reddy the Oscar for lifetime achievements in 252. Who was the first woman Cinema in 1992 was president of the UN General (a) Amitabh Bachchan Asswembly? (b) Satyajit Ray (a) Aruna Asif Ali (c) Bhanu Athaiya (b) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (d) Dilip Kumar (c) Sarojini Naidu Answer: Satyajit Ray (d) Virginia Woolf Answer: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
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