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Plants and Plant Resources of Maidan Valley Dir, Northern Pakistan

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Plants and Plant Resources of Maidan Valley Dir, Northern Pakistan PLANTS AND PLANT RESOURCES OF MAIDAN VALLEY DIR, NORTHERN PAKISTAN BY SIRAJ-UD-DIN Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2006 PLANTS AND PLANT RESOURCES OF MAIDAN VALLEY DIR, NORTHERN PAKISTAN A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Plant Taxonomy (Ethnobotany & Biodiversity) By SIRAJ-UD-DIN Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2006 DEDICATED TO MY LATE BROTHER TAJ-UD-DIN MAY ALLAH BLESS HIM CERTIFICATE This thesis, submitted by Mr. Siraj-ud-din, is accepted in its present form by the Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences. SUPERVISOR ____________________________ (Dr. Mir Ajab Khan) Associate Professor CO SUPERVISOR ________________________ Dr. Jehandar Shah Vice Chancellor University of Malakand EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-1 ____________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-2 ____________________________ CHAIRPERSON ____________________________ (Department of Biological Sciences) Date__________________ CONTENTS Page Location Map of the Area i Land Cover Map of the Area ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv List of Plates v Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii Chapter 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Maidan Valley 2 1.2 Population 3 1.3 Climate and Floristic 4 1.4 Agriculture 5 1.4.1 Self managed land 5 1.4.2 Share cropping 5 1.4.3 Self cum tenant managed 5 1.4.4 Tenant managed 5 1.4.5 Lease and rental 5 1.5 Impact of ownership on resources 6 1.5.1 Private land ownership 6 1.5.2 Communal land ownership 6 1.5.3 Forests 6 1.6 Plant Diversity 7 1.6.1 Bryophytes 7 1.6.2 Pteridophytes 8 1.6.3 Gymnosperms 9 1.6.4 Angiosperms 11 1.7 Ethnobotany 15 1.7.1 General 15 1.7.2 Medicinal plants 17 1.7.3 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 20 1.7.4 Fodder 22 1.7.5 Fuel wood 25 1.8 Conservation issues 28 1.9 Aims and Objectives 31 2. Materials and Methods 32 2.1 Field work 33 2.1.1 Observation 33 2.1.2 Interviews 33 2.2 Study of Plant Diversity 33 2.2.1 Plant collection 34 2.2.2 Photography 34 2.3 Conservation Status Scale and Assessment 35 2.3.1 Modified categories 36 3. Results 38 3.1 Plant Diversity 39 3.1.1 Bryophytes 39 3.1.2 Pteridophytes 48 3.1.3 Gymnosperms 57 3.1.4 Angiosperms 63 3.1.5 Fungi 224 3.2 Ethnobotany 225 3.2.1 Social structure of the people of Maidan Valley 225 3.2.2 Fodder 228 3.2.3 Fuel wood 234 3.2.4 Fuel types used in the area 235 3.2.5 Ethnobotanical information collected in Maidan Valley 240 3.2.6 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 345 3.3 Conservation 388 4. Discussion 395 4.1 Ethnobotany 396 4.1.1 Fodder 398 4.1.2 Fuel wood 400 4.1.3 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 401 4.2 Bryophytes 403 4.2.1 Mosses 403 4.2.2 Liverworts 404 4.3 Pteridophytes 405 4.4 Gymnosperms 407 4.5 Angiosperms 408 4.6 Conservation 410 5. References 414 Glossary 429 Appendix I 436 Location Map of Maidan Valley N W E S Ch it ra l Kohist an SWAT UpperDir Study Area LowerDir Batagram Shangla Bajaur(A gen) Malakand(Agen) Buner Man seh ra MohmandAgen) Mard an Charasadda Abbott abad Sawabi Khyber(A gen) ·Peshawar# No wsh er a Ha rip ur Kuram(Agen) Orakzai(Agen) Adamkhel(Agen) Hangu Kohat Karak Bunnu N.Waziristan(Agen) Lakki S.Waziristan(A gen) Ta nk D.I.Khan L E G E N D Province boundary ·# Provincial headquarter Road District Boundary Maidan Valley Scale 1:3,000,000 50 0 50 100 Kilometers i Landcover Map of Maidan Valley N Lajbok %U Lal Qila %U Biaral %U Hayat Serai %U Damamo Banda %U Udigram %U %U Manjai Bahrun %U Bar Malakand %U Kodo %U Haji Abad %U LEGEND Boundary of Maidan Valley %U Settlement Road Stream River Landcover Agriculture Forest Scale : 1 : 150 000 Shrubs and Bush 101 RangeLands Kilometers River Beds ii LIST OF TABLES Table # Title Page 1 Species diversity of Mosses collected from Maidan Valley 40 2 Species Of Mosses in relation to habitats 41 3 Species diversity of Liverworts from Maidan Valley 42 4 Species diversity of Pteridophytes from Maidan Valley 48 5 Species diversity of Gymnosperm found in Maidan Valley 58 6 Species diversity of Angiosperms collected from Maidan Valley 64 7 Grass fodder plants collected from Maidan Valley 230 8 Non-Graminious plants of Maidan Valley 231 9 Trees lopped as fodder plants 233 10 List of Prefered fuel wood species 239 11 Average Rate of different fuels 239 12 Percentage of ethnobotanical usage of economically important plants of 342 Maidan Valley 13 Percentage of part used of economically important plants of Maidan Valley 343 14 Plants used for Abdominal Pain 380 15 Plants used for Diarrhoea 381 16 Plants used for Dysentry 381 17 Plants used as Vermifuge 382 18 Plants used as Tonic 382 19 Plants used as Refrigerant 383 20 Plants used as Expectorant 383 21 Plants used as Antisposmodic 384 22 Plants used as Emolient 384 23 Plants used For Jaundice 385 24 Number and Percentage of plants used for different Ailments 385 25 Population ratio of medicinal plants collecters in Maidan Valley 386 26 Zonal Distribution of Localities in Maidan Valley 387 27 Ideas of the people of Maidan valley about the cover of plants 388 28 Awareness percentage of the local community of Maidan valley regarding 389 comservation status of medicinal plants 29 Conservation status of the Flora of Maidan Valley 389 iii LIST OF FIGURES Table # Title Page 1 Conservation structures of the categories 30 2 General out look of the family structure of the people of Maidan Valley 226 3 Literacy Situation of the People of Maidan Valley 226 4 Earning Members in a Family of Maidan Valley 227 5 Occupation of The People of Maidan Valley 227 6 Income wise Grouping of the People of Maidan Valley 228 7 Types of fodder plants collected from Maidan Valley 230 8 Quantity wise division of Fuel Types 235 9 Percentage of Parts Used of Medicinal Plants 344 10 Disease wise Percentage of Different plants used for various Ailments 386 LIST OF PLATES Serial # Title Page 1. Liverworts (Plate 1 – Plate 9) 43- 47 2. Pteridophytes (Plate 10 – Plate 23) 50- 56 3. Gymnosperms (Plate 24 – Plate 30) 59- 62 4. Angiosperms (Plate 31 – Plate 173) 152- 223 5. Morchella esculenta 224 6. Fuel wood stall 238 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All glories are to ALLAH, the omniscient, the omnipotent and the omnipresent, who enabled me to write this dissertation, and all respect for His last messenger, the prophet Muhammed (PBUH) who is forever a source of knowledge and guidance for entire mankind. My family and specially my mother deserves special thanks for their affection, lifelong support in material form and spiritually by humble prayers for my success provided me a great source of encouragement and satisfaction. I want to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mir Ajab Khan, for his amicable behavior, continual guidance and encouragement throughout my studies. I am obliged to my co-supervisor, Dr. Jehandar Shah Vice Chancellor University of Malakand for his valuable guidance and moral support during my research project. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Zabta Khan Shinwari Ex-Technical Coordinator WWF Pakistan and presently Vice Chancellor KUST and Mr. Ashiq Ahmed Khan (CTA; WWF-P) for their guidance and financial support through the platform of Ethnobotany project, WWF, Pakistan. Special and cordial thanks are for my colleagues and friends Professor Dr. Habib Ahmed Chairman Department of Botany Hazara University and Mr. Mehboob Ahmed Lecturer Govt. Post Graduate College Saidu Sharif Swat for their valuable help, guidance and moral support. I am also thankful to my cousins Mr. Nasrullah Khan Bhutto, Azmat Ali and Rahil Shah for their support and help during collection of plant specimens. I find no words to express my feelings for the friends and colleagues Mr. Sajid ul Ghafoor, Mr. Muhammed Irfan Khan and Ali Hazrat for their untiring and valuable support during the compilation of this dissertation, without their support it may remain a dream. Sirajuddin v ABSTRACT The study of plants and plant resources was carried out in Maidan Valley, District Dir of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan to assess and analyze the potential and problems of the area. It is the first attempt to explore extensively Maidan Valley with particular emphasis on medicinal plants and biodiversity of the area. Maidan Valley is experiencing high population pressure on its land and forest resources with a population density of 453/km2 and a growth rate of 3.0 percent per annum. Intensive exploration of Maidan Valley shows that 757 Angiosperm species are found here representing 113 families and 420 genera, among these families Asteraceae is the leading one with 61 species in almost all habitats showing their highest ecological amplititude. 10 species were recorded as new addition to the flora of Pakistan from Maidan Valley. The gymnosperms are represented by three families with 10 species of 8 genera. Out of these, 7 species are indigenous and the rest of the 3 are exotic. 29 moss species of 19 genera representing 11 families has been recorded which is considered as one of the highest number of mosses from a single valley, as comparable to any area of Pakistan.
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