Plants and Plant Resources of Maidan Valley Dir, Northern Pakistan

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PLANTS AND PLANT RESOURCES OF MAIDAN VALLEY DIR, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

SIRAJ-UD-DIN

Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2006 PLANTS AND PLANT RESOURCES OF MAIDAN VALLEY DIR, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Plant Taxonomy (Ethnobotany & Biodiversity)

SIRAJ-UD-DIN

Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2006

DEDICATED TO MY LATE BROTHER

TAJ-UD-DIN

MAY ALLAH BLESS HIM CERTIFICATE

This thesis, submitted by Mr. Siraj-ud-din, is accepted in its present form by the Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences.

SUPERVISOR ______(Dr. Mir Ajab Khan) Associate Professor

CO SUPERVISOR ______Dr. Jehandar Shah Vice Chancellor University of Malakand

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-1 ______

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-2 ______

CHAIRPERSON ______(Department of Biological Sciences)

Date______CONTENTS Page

Location Map of the Area i Land Cover Map of the Area ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv List of Plates v Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii Chapter 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Maidan Valley 2 1.2 Population 3 1.3 Climate and Floristic 4 1.4 Agriculture 5 1.4.1 Self managed land 5 1.4.2 Share cropping 5 1.4.3 Self cum tenant managed 5 1.4.4 Tenant managed 5 1.4.5 Lease and rental 5 1.5 Impact of ownership on resources 6 1.5.1 Private land ownership 6 1.5.2 Communal land ownership 6 1.5.3 Forests 6 1.6 Plant Diversity 7 1.6.1 Bryophytes 7 1.6.2 Pteridophytes 8 1.6.3 Gymnosperms 9 1.6.4 Angiosperms 11 1.7 Ethnobotany 15 1.7.1 General 15 1.7.2 Medicinal plants 17 1.7.3 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 20 1.7.4 Fodder 22 1.7.5 Fuel wood 25 1.8 Conservation issues 28 1.9 Aims and Objectives 31 2. Materials and Methods 32 2.1 Field work 33 2.1.1 Observation 33 2.1.2 Interviews 33 2.2 Study of Plant Diversity 33 2.2.1 Plant collection 34 2.2.2 Photography 34 2.3 Conservation Status Scale and Assessment 35 2.3.1 Modified categories 36 3. Results 38 3.1 Plant Diversity 39 3.1.1 Bryophytes 39 3.1.2 Pteridophytes 48 3.1.3 Gymnosperms 57 3.1.4 Angiosperms 63 3.1.5 Fungi 224 3.2 Ethnobotany 225 3.2.1 Social structure of the people of Maidan Valley 225 3.2.2 Fodder 228 3.2.3 Fuel wood 234 3.2.4 Fuel types used in the area 235 3.2.5 Ethnobotanical information collected in Maidan Valley 240 3.2.6 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 345 3.3 Conservation 388

4. Discussion 395 4.1 Ethnobotany 396 4.1.1 Fodder 398 4.1.2 Fuel wood 400 4.1.3 Folk recipes of medicinal plants 401 4.2 Bryophytes 403 4.2.1 Mosses 403 4.2.2 Liverworts 404 4.3 Pteridophytes 405 4.4 Gymnosperms 407 4.5 Angiosperms 408 4.6 Conservation 410 5. References 414 Glossary 429 Appendix I 436

Location Map of Maidan Valley N W E

Ch it ra l

Kohist an SWAT UpperDir

Study Area LowerDir Batagram Shangla Bajaur(A gen)

Malakand(Agen) Buner Man seh ra MohmandAgen) Mard an Charasadda Abbott abad Sawabi Khyber(A gen) ·#Peshawar No wsh er a Ha rip ur

Kuram(Agen) Orakzai(Agen) Adamkhel(Agen)

Hangu Kohat

Karak

Bunnu N.Waziristan(Agen)

Lakki

S.Waziristan(A gen) Ta nk

D.I.Khan

L E G E N D Province boundary ·# Provincial headquarter Road District Boundary Maidan Valley

Scale 1:3,000,000

50 0 50 100

Kilometers

Landcover Map of Maidan Valley N

Lajbok %U Lal Qila %U Biaral %U

Hayat Serai %U

Damamo Banda %U Udigram %U %U Manjai Bahrun %U Bar Malakand %U Kodo %U Haji Abad %U

LEGEND Boundary of Maidan Valley %U Settlement Road Stream River Landcover Agriculture Forest Scale : 1 : 150 000 Shrubs and Bush 101 RangeLands Kilometers River Beds

LIST OF TABLES Table # Title Page 1 Species diversity of Mosses collected from Maidan Valley 40 2 Species Of Mosses in relation to habitats 41 3 Species diversity of Liverworts from Maidan Valley 42 4 Species diversity of Pteridophytes from Maidan Valley 48 5 Species diversity of Gymnosperm found in Maidan Valley 58 6 Species diversity of Angiosperms collected from Maidan Valley 64 7 Grass fodder plants collected from Maidan Valley 230 8 Non-Graminious plants of Maidan Valley 231 9 Trees lopped as fodder plants 233 10 List of Prefered fuel wood species 239 11 Average Rate of different fuels 239 12 Percentage of ethnobotanical usage of economically important plants of 342 Maidan Valley 13 Percentage of part used of economically important plants of Maidan Valley 343 14 Plants used for Abdominal Pain 380 15 Plants used for Diarrhoea 381 16 Plants used for Dysentry 381 17 Plants used as Vermifuge 382 18 Plants used as Tonic 382 19 Plants used as Refrigerant 383 20 Plants used as Expectorant 383 21 Plants used as Antisposmodic 384 22 Plants used as Emolient 384 23 Plants used For Jaundice 385 24 Number and Percentage of plants used for different Ailments 385 25 Population ratio of medicinal plants collecters in Maidan Valley 386 26 Zonal Distribution of Localities in Maidan Valley 387 27 Ideas of the people of Maidan valley about the cover of plants 388 28 Awareness percentage of the local community of Maidan valley regarding 389 comservation status of medicinal plants 29 Conservation status of the Flora of Maidan Valley 389

iii

LIST OF FIGURES Table # Title Page 1 Conservation structures of the categories 30 2 General out look of the family structure of the people of Maidan Valley 226 3 Literacy Situation of the People of Maidan Valley 226 4 Earning Members in a Family of Maidan Valley 227 5 Occupation of The People of Maidan Valley 227 6 Income wise Grouping of the People of Maidan Valley 228 7 Types of fodder plants collected from Maidan Valley 230 8 Quantity wise division of Fuel Types 235 9 Percentage of Parts Used of Medicinal Plants 344 10 Disease wise Percentage of Different plants used for various Ailments 386

LIST OF PLATES Serial # Title Page 1. Liverworts (Plate 1 – Plate 9) 43- 47 2. Pteridophytes (Plate 10 – Plate 23) 50- 56 3. Gymnosperms (Plate 24 – Plate 30) 59- 62 4. Angiosperms (Plate 31 – Plate 173) 152- 223 5. Morchella esculenta 224 6. Fuel wood stall 238

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All glories are to ALLAH, the omniscient, the omnipotent and the omnipresent, who enabled me to write this dissertation, and all respect for His last messenger, the prophet Muhammed (PBUH) who is forever a source of knowledge and guidance for entire mankind. My family and specially my mother deserves special thanks for their affection, lifelong support in material form and spiritually by humble prayers for my success provided me a great source of encouragement and satisfaction. I want to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mir Ajab Khan, for his amicable behavior, continual guidance and encouragement throughout my studies. I am obliged to my co-supervisor, Dr. Jehandar Shah Vice Chancellor University of Malakand for his valuable guidance and moral support during my research project. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Zabta Khan Shinwari Ex-Technical Coordinator WWF Pakistan and presently Vice Chancellor KUST and Mr. Ashiq Ahmed Khan (CTA; WWF-P) for their guidance and financial support through the platform of Ethnobotany project, WWF, Pakistan. Special and cordial thanks are for my colleagues and friends Professor Dr. Habib Ahmed Chairman Department of Botany Hazara University and Mr. Mehboob Ahmed Lecturer Govt. Post Graduate College Saidu Sharif Swat for their valuable help, guidance and moral support. I am also thankful to my cousins Mr. Nasrullah Khan Bhutto, Azmat Ali and Rahil Shah for their support and help during collection of plant specimens. I find no words to express my feelings for the friends and colleagues Mr. Sajid ul Ghafoor, Mr. Muhammed Irfan Khan and Ali Hazrat for their untiring and valuable support during the compilation of this dissertation, without their support it may remain a dream.

Sirajuddin

v ABSTRACT

The study of plants and plant resources was carried out in Maidan Valley, District Dir of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan to assess and analyze the potential and problems of the area. It is the first attempt to explore extensively Maidan Valley with particular emphasis on medicinal plants and biodiversity of the area. Maidan Valley is experiencing high population pressure on its land and forest resources with a population density of 453/km2 and a growth rate of 3.0 percent per annum. Intensive exploration of Maidan Valley shows that 757 Angiosperm species are found here representing 113 families and 420 genera, among these families Asteraceae is the leading one with 61 species in almost all habitats showing their highest ecological amplititude. 10 species were recorded as new addition to the flora of Pakistan from Maidan Valley. The gymnosperms are represented by three families with 10 species of 8 genera. Out of these, 7 species are indigenous and the rest of the 3 are exotic. 29 moss species of 19 genera representing 11 families has been recorded which is considered as one of the highest number of mosses from a single valley, as comparable to any area of Pakistan. The liverworts species collected were 14 belongs to 10 genera. 19 Pteridophytes species with 12 genera distributed among 9 families in Maidan Valley. Various species of mushrooms can be seen in the area but the prominent with high economic value are Morchella esculenta and Morchella conica. The ethnobotanical information revealed that there are 46 different uses of 363 plants in the valley. The number of plants in each use were quantified and the major uses are of 274 plant species as medicine, 96 fuel wood, 43 pot herb, 30 fencing, hey fodder 26, soil binder 24, furniture 23, fodder and poison 22 species each. The part use data shows that mostly the leaves, whole plant, fruit and stem are in common use. There are 77 species belonging to 70 genera and 49 families used in different monoherbal and polyherbal recipes. The plants used as fodder are 85 species of 41 families and 77 genera. Among them 18 are grasses, 43 are herbs and shrubs and 25 are trees. Fuel wood species are the main sources of cooking energy and the most popular fuel in the Valley. Use of multi-fuels, is the common energy strategy in the household sector. High costs of electricity restrict its use as fuel. About 10% people are engaged in collection of fuel wood directly from the forest areas whereas 54% people purchase fuel wood from the local shops and 36% obtain fuel wood from their farmlands. It has been discovered that due to several factors the species are no more available in their respective habitats due to over collection and has been threatened by unsustainable extraction, grazing, cutting, deforestation, unawareness and misuse. One of the major causes of the degradation of forests is poverty that most of the people live below poverty line in hilly areas. Sustainable harvest of natural resources may help to partly alleviate poverty. Programmes for natural resources management must become integral parts of overall developments strategies. There are 96 threatened plant species in Maidan Valley, of which 34 species were ranked as critically endangered, 26 species endangered, 20 species vulnerable and 16 species were assessed as infrequent. The flora of Maidan Valley has 12.33 % threatened plants, 4.37% critically endangered, 3.34% endangered, 2.57% vulnerable and 2.06% are infrequent. There are several variants of wild fruit species such as the Pyrus pashia, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus amygdalus, Malus pumilla and Diospyrus kaki, which require conservation for future germplasm from the area before their extinction.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 MAIDAN VALLEY Maidan valley is the largest among the valleys of former Dir state, it is known for its natural beauty, with a variety of phytoecological and agroclimatic combinations supporting the existence of a wide variety of wild and domesticated plants and animal resources. A wide range of altitudinal variations are there ranging from mild relief in the Southern parts to very steep relief in the North. The ridges are predominantly oriented in the North-Southern direction. Phytogeographically the valley comes under the Sino- Japanese Region (Ali and Qaisar 1986) with monsoon rains concentrated mostly in summer. Maidan valley is located in District Dir Lower, about 150 km towards north of Peshawar. District Dir Lower came into being in 1996 after bifurcation of farmer District Dir with an area of 1585 km2. It is located with lower left side 3086758.5 meters longitude and 11855771.4 meters latitude and right side 3101452.14 meters longitude and 1196666.65 meters latitude. The upper left side with 3083043.55 meters longitude and 1200326.19 meters latitude, the upper right side 3091416.13 meters longitude and 1205316.47 meters latitude. The valley is a mountainous terrain dominated by rain fed land. The cultivated area is approximately 15664.00 hectares, while 2522.00 hectares of land is under forest cover. Rangeland constitutes 18434.00 hectares, shrubs and bushes occupy 3037.00 hectares and 109.00 hectare of area is under River beds. Tehsil Barawal of District Dir Upper surrounds the valley in the north, Tehsil Munda form its Western boundry, Tehsil Balambat lies towards South and Tehsil Warai form its Eastern boundry. The valley covers an area of about 300 km2 , bounded at all sides by the lofty Hindu Raj Mountains. The mountains have steep slopes on all sides toped by three remarkable conical peaks that forms a horse shoe shaped valley with a single exit known as Kunai/ Maidan Khawar merging with river Panjkora at the extreme South East. The highest peak, Shaklai has 13237 feet elevation where as another peak named Tajakah has a height of 12807 feet. It has beautiful sub valleys and hilly tracts, famous for its healthy water. The valley is connected with the rest of the areas through three metaled roads. The main link leading to the valley is through Timergara in the south, passes through the

2 middle of the valley and enters Barawal valley in the north via Kalpani sar. Another link starts from Lal qilla going westward through the middle of Qatorzai dara, passes Sarlara and merges into Jandol valley. The sub valleys of the area have been connected through metaled road with the main road of the valley. The Maidan valley is linked with Afghanistan through Shahi pass, which provides an easy access to Afghanistan. Telephone facilities are available through out the valley by three digital Telephone exchanges. These are located at Haya serai, Kumbar and Zaimdara that provide direct connection as well as through net with the rest of the world.

1.2 POPULATION Dir Lower having a population of 575858 (District Census Report 1998). Thus, the District is comparatively densely populated having 453.3 people per square kilometer. Maidan Valley is among the congested one with 156012 population, occupied by Pathan and Syeds. Ethnic Groups Two ethnic groups i.e. Pathans and Syeds inhabit the valley. Pathans, who are mainly Yousafzai by descent (McMahon and Ramsay, 1901; Hussain, 1962; Bellew, 1994). The present Pathan tribes are the descendents of three sons of Qais Abdur rashid. Qais went to Madina to accept Islam and there he married to the daughter of Khalid bin Walid. He came back to Ghour. Qais has three sons from the daughter of Khalid bin Walid namely Saraban, Batan, and Ghourghashi. All the 405 present Pathan tribes living in Baluchistan, NWFP and Afghanistan are the descendents of these three. Saraban the elder son of Qais has two sons i.e Khair ud din and Sharf ud din. Khair ud din has three sons Qand, Jamdad and Kasi. Ibrahim son of Qand has a son named as Abdullah sasi who has two wives namely Marjana and Bassu . Turk son of Bassu is the forefather of Tarklani tribe. Yousaf son of Mandi son of Marjana is the forefather of Yousafzai tribe. Sheikh Malli one of the sons of Yousaf is the forefather of Mallizai tribe living in Dir. Turk has four sons i.e Ismail, Musa, Shuaib and Essa. Ismail is the forefather of Pushtoon tribes living in Maidan. Noor and Aka were the sons of Ismail. Noor is the forefather of the tribes Bahadarshah khail, Kaloot khail and Abid khan khail living in Maidan bala. Aka is the forefather of the tribes living in Aka khail dara, Katorzai dara and Anangorai dara of Maidan.

3 1.3 CLIMATE AND FLORISTIC Depending upon the variation in altitude, precipitation and temperature, the vegetation of the valley can broadly be divided into sub-tropical, temperate and a limited extent of alpine types. The low-lying undulating loams (generally below 1100 meters) are exclusively used for agriculture and can broadly be recognized as croplands. Rice, wheat, maize among the cereals, vegetables like tomato, onion, gourds, ladyfingers, cucumber, crucifers, carrots and fruits like peaches, plums, pears, apples and persimmons etc are in general cultivation. Among oilseeds, rape is the most traditional crop. Green gram, Black gram, French bean and lentil are the major pulse legumes cultivated generally on the poor marginal lands. Populars, willow, platanus, alnus and mulberry in association with the newly introduced Ailanthus and Robinia species, form the dense agroforests of the banks of the streams, flood plains, farms boundaries and fruit orchards. Adjoining to the arable croplands are the dry rugged low hills or mountain ranges with poor soils. They are generally represented by sparsely distributed scrubs of Adhatoda, Dodonaea, Periploca, Daphne and Otostegia species with a large variety of grasses and a few trees of Acacia modesta, olive, pines or oaks. These areas generally serve as rangelands for livestock grazing. Unchecked grazing and extensive fuel wood collection during the passed have changed it into scrubs. The next floristic zone is the pine zone occupying the altitudinal ranges between 1100-2500 m with Pinus roxburghii (chir pine) at low altitude (1100-1700m) associated with Dodonaea, Olea ferruginea, Quercus dilatata, Pyrus pashia, grasses and some lower embryophytes. At higher altitude (1700-2500m) Pinus wallichiana (blue pine) generally dominates. Areas with deep humus, forests of Quercus incana and Quercus dilatata can also be observed. Alnus nitida and willows are the common vegetation of the ravines and wet lands of this zone. Above the blue pines, fir (Abies pindrow) and spruce (Picea smithiana) generally situated at altitudes between 2300-3000m. They dominate generally the misty shaded aspect at the same altitude. The associated broad leaved deciduous species of trees are Aesculus indica, Juglans regia, Betula utilis and Prunus cornuta. Its upper most limits is typically lined by the pure stand of uninterrupted vegetation of Quercus semicarpifolia associated to Viburnum species in the undergrowth and the beautiful cobra plants and ferns forming the ground flora of the forest. A beautiful scene of this type of forest can be observed in Spin kar and Qilla manza. The attractive alpine vegetation represents this

4 floristic zone. This zone is represented by scrubs mainly of willows, birch, junipers and a large array of herbs such as Primula, Potentilla, Iris, Bergenia, Corydalis, Anemone and Aconitum species.

1.4 AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the backbone of rural economy of Maidan valley. More than 90% of the people are directly associated with agriculture. The tenure of land in the valley is as described by Qureshi and Khan (2002): 1.4.1 Self Managed Land Where owners are looking after or managing their land personally for agriculture, orchards or fodder growing either by themselves or through hiring labourers. In such land boundaries are known, no dispute on landownership is present. However, dispute sometime occur on use of water. This has an advantage as it gives a guarantee to the owner to get maximum yield of his investment exclusively. 1.4.2 Share Cropping The land owners cultivate the land up to the extent he can manage and gives the rest of the land to other small land holders/tenants on crop sharing basis, usually 1/3 or whatever agreed. 1.4.3 Self cum Tenant managed In this case relatively large land holdings where owners cultivate manageable area and involve tenant for the rest of the land, the decisions regarding land utilization still prevails and tenant cannot make any decision in isolation e.g. what to grow and what not to grow etc. Written or verbal agreements are made and as such no big dispute exists. 1.4.4 Tenant managed Here the owner is partially absent and not taking part in much decision. The decision with regard to land utilization depends upon the situation and the interest of the landowner. Sometime the farming is done on the guidance and advice of the land owner and in other cases, if the land owner is not interested, tenants make decisions and pay back what ever is agreed upon. Here owners get a percentage of grain produced. Tenants have no right whatsoever over trees that are standing in that land, and if he wants to use them as firewood or timber he has to ask for the permission of the landowner. 1.4.5 Lease and Rental This is most secured system for the owners as they get a fixed amount as lease money or rent on a regular basis and has no concern of what so ever about the land

5 utilization. However, trees stay again in the ownership of the owner and tenant/leaser has to seek permission for their utilization. This is for a fixed period and its extension right stays with the owner. Written agreements are made for agreed periods. 1.5 Impact of ownership on Resource Ownership leads towards empowerment in decision-making and sustainability of any endeavors one undertakes. However, a deep analysis also indicates that “human need” plays a pivotal role in all the process. Talking specifically with regard to the ownership of land, water or for that matter in broader sense the overall “natural resources”, the affect and impact of ownership in case of big landowner, absentee landowner, average landholders, fairly small land holders and very small land holders will be absolutely different on the owned resources. The more “needful” one would be, the optimal utilization of the resources will take place with greater impact of this ownership both on the resource as well as on the owner itself. The impact of ownership on major resources like, land, forests and wildlife are being discussed in the following lines. 1.5.1 Private land ownership Private ownership is more developed as owner has a liberty to use the resource as per his choice. He has sure and certain returns, which makes him always ready for investment. Such lands are optimally managed. 1.5.2 Communal land ownership Communal land ownership is considered to be every body’s property as far as use is concerned and least bothered about rehabilitation efforts. This is why Communal resources are dwindling. Although Government efforts are there to rehabilitate but these are either technically or due to poor planning draws little results. 1.5.3 Forests Forests are the most valuable and fastly declining natural resource of Pakistan and the valley. Most of the silvicultural and forest management studies depict that forest owned by the farmers are comparatively well managed than the state forests. The major factor behind this is the ownership. Although the state forest is protected, managed and conserved to contribute towards Government revenue, it also serves as a source for food, fuel wood, fodder and shelter for local communities. But the very basic sense of ownership for this common reserve is at fall both in the public sector and local communities.

6 1.6 PLANT DIVERSITY 1.6.1 BRYOPHYTES Land plants inhabiting the amphibious zone are Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts which collectively constitute a non-vascular group of plants called Bryophyta(Crandall- Stotler, 1980). Plant body is gametophyte which is relatively small, ranging from 2 cm to 20 cm long. Bryophytes play an important, though inconspicuous role in the cycles of nature. Some of them provide food for the herbivorous mammals, birds and other animals. Water-inhabiting mosses contribute to the filling of ponds and lakes and thus contribute to the building of soil. Due to the dense growth of the mosses forming mats which absorbs the force of falling rain and large amount of moisture, thus decreasing or preventing soil erosion. Generally speaking all the hepatics prefer the moist, shady condition and can be found in a variety of habitates. Their distribution is also diverse, some can be recorded from a various zones of different altitude but their basic requirement i.e. shad and moisture remains the same even in different geographical or ecological zones. Even at the same geographic level morphology and behavior of the plant can be changed with the changes in its basic requirements. Though the systematic studies of these plants have been very frequent in Europe and America (Pande and Srivastava, 1952) and various books are written on bryological research, morphology, ecology, taxonomy, methods of collection and preservation (Flowers, 1973; Conard and Redfearn, 1979; Richardson, 1981; Smith, 1982; Schuster, 1983-84; Raven et al., 1986.) their study is still neglected in the third world. Scientist tried to find out links among various bryophytes of the world. (Mamathkulov, 1981; Bartram, 1955) published papers on 101 species of Mosses sent by R.R. Stewart which he collected from Kashmir, N.W. Himalayas and Mussoorie hills. Chitral and allied areas is thoroughly explored for bryophytes and during various expeditions to the area has collected specimens, from Tirch Mir 89 species with some subspecies were reported by Stromer (1954). Highuchi (1992) compiled a paper on Mosses of Pakistan. A list of 67 genera and 131 species of Mosses of West Pakistan is published by Asghar (1957). Some 22 genera and 40 species of Mosses are reported from Dir Malakand Division by Afridi (1996). Sirajuddin1992 reported 18 species of thallose liverworts from Malakand Division. The

7 Bryophytes of Maidan valley has special importance and could be studied for their genetic diversity. 1.6.2 PTERIDOPHYTES Pteridophytes the lower vascular plants present in wet and humid habitats are very common on the edges of streams. This group plays an important role in the ecosystem e.g. 11 fungal species are isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere region of Pteris vittata (Yasmin and Saxena, 1990). Comparing to bryophytes they are somehow resistant to drought and even some ferns are serious weeds and their control is a problem as Salvinia molesta (Jayanth, 1987). A study was conducted in greenhouse to investigate the effect of defoliation and injury on dormant buds and apices of Schizaeoid fern by (Punetha, 1987). Some of the members of this group are economically important e.g. Christella parasitica, Marsilea minuta, Pteris vittata and Salvinia molesta are used to fix green plant tissues (Santha-Devi et al. 1994), others are toxic and can cause diseases. The dried powdered leaves or whole plant of Pteridium latiusculum when fed to one year calves and the calves developed macrohaematuria with increases in blood urea, nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid and increased activity of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. It was found that the kidneys had degenerative changes in the tubular cortex, desquamation of the distal tubular epithelium and severe glomerular atrophy (Rao et al. 1988). As there are no seeds present in this group their propagation was a problem but it has been over come for some members like Pteris vittata, Nephrolepis exaltala and Cyathea gigantea (Padhya, 1987). Various scientists have published their data, Clarke (1880) reviewed the ferns of Northern India and listed the ferns of mountains of West Pakistan. Hope (1899-1902) reported 27 ferns from Chitral. A checklist of 127 ferns published by Stewart (1957), where 7 species were new records for West Pakistan. These are Cystopteris dickieana, Dryopteris oreades, Dryopteris chrysocarpa, Actinopteris australis, Polypodium nudum, Pyrrosia mollis and Equisetum palustre. Some ferns of Kaghan Valley were reported in 1962 by Sheikh (1962). Shah et al. (1985) published the ferns of Malakand Division. The ferns and fern allies of Kurram Agency comprising 11 families 12 genera and 20 species were listed by Wazir (1995). A list of 68 taxa of pteridophytes with their synonyms, distribution and photographs collected from Pakistan, was published in 1992 by Toshiyuki and Malik.

8 1.6.3 GYMNOSPERMS This group of plants has visible impact on the surface of earth in the form of large trees occupying a very large area from alpine to tropical regions. They have been thoroughly studied due to their economic importance, life cycle and chemical constituents. Pakistan has mixed angiospermic and gymnospermic forests in Himalaya and Hindu Kush ranges extending to southern boundaries on Kohi Sufaid and Sulaiman ranges. Major timber supply is provided by these forests to timber markets. Gymnosperms have check on the soil erosion and thus extending life of various dams, which are the major source of energy for the country. The ruthless exploitation of the Gymnosperms is making them vulnerable to extinction from the area. Nasir et al. (1969) and Stewart (1982) classified gymnosperms of W. Pakistan to 5 orders and 9 families, keys for the families, genera, species and general characteristics of the species, distribution and important uses were noted. Some other approaches to taxonomy are also applied in the gymnospermic taxonomy like Calabrese et al. (1995) studied the root tips of some coniferous plants for the relationship between the amount of ascorbic acid and mitotic activity in root tips for taxonomic and phyologenetic studies. Zhang (1990) has given detailed information in 38 papers and 12 summaries on genetic improvement of the main coniferous tree species in China. Kaungh et al. (1994) reported a new genus and three new species of conifers in China. Different species of Pinus are used by local populations in nearly all parts of the world for pine resin during the prehispanic period and at the present time (Elisabeth, 1994). Singh et al. (2000) investigated Abies pindrow, (famous for its diverse clinical uses in Ayurvedic medicines) and found extracts of the plant leaf as stabilizer to mast-cells in rats. Various decorative evergreen gymnosperms of the genera Pinus, Juniper and Taxus, etc are widely used for ornamental purposes. Their artificial planted forests are also well attempted and their nutritional requirements are worked out i.e. peat along with fertilizers and humus was the optimum substrate for Pinus species (Garanovich and Antonyuk, 1999). Singh and Lakhanpal, (2000) recomended that there is a strong need to increase the production and eliminate the diseases which are becoming a serious threat to Gymnosperm trees.

9 Chemical investigations are carried out on various species and their fruits e.g. fatty acid composition of edible seeds from six Pinus species including Pinus gerardiana are determined by Wolff et al. (1999). A large number of chemical constituents have been reported from the Himalayan Yew (Taxus baccata, Syn. Taxus wallichiana). These constituents are mainly taxoids (13-dexo-13 alpha-acetyloxy-7 beta, 9 alpha-diacetyl-1, 2- di deoxytaxine B and 7 betaxylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol D. from the stem bark of Taxus baccata cv. Stricta.) and phenolics. Taxol, a leading anticancer agent, is the most important constituent. Other compounds have also been found to possess interesting biological properties. A total of 87 compounds isolated from Taxus baccata (Das et al. 1998; Guo-Yanwen et al. 1995). Breedon et al. (1996) isolated 2/- Deacetoxyaustrospicatine and its cinnamoyl congener from the stem bark of Taxus baccata, both compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukaemia cells. Direct use of this plant is highly toxic as Pilz et al. (1999) have given a case report of a near-lethal (human) poisoning by eating yew (Taxus baccata) berries in a park in Berlin. Coenen and Bahrs (1994) observed that deaths of goats were found as a result of ingestion of foliage of Taxus baccata from garden pruning. Taxus baccata is now reported to be threatened due to its unsustainable exploitation for medicinal purposes (Sharma, 1999).

10 1.6.4 ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy is a delicate science and it needs various tools for correct identification. Historically the morphology was considered as the only tool but with the advent of microscope, it inclined to anatomy, which is still considered as an essential tool (Chowdhri, 1961). Nowadays various DNA techniques of biotechnology e.g RFLPs, RAPD, FISH etc are widely used for genetic fingerprinting of various specimens. These techniques are sophisticated and removed confusions along with new addition to the field of taxonomy. Different Contributions are made to the field of taxonomy as a general science e.g Hutchinson (1964) in his “Genera of flowering plants” mentioned tribes, genera and species along with their synonyms, conserved names, citations detail, classification (Benthum and Hooker), additional literature, economic properties, phylogeny, Morphology and geographical distribution. Porter (1959) in “Taxonomy of flowering plants” enumerated their English names, floral figures, longitudinal section of flower, and plates. Cooke (1903) author of the “Flora of Residency of Botany” mentioned genera and species along their English names, author citations, general description, flowering and fruiting times, and general distribution. Mann (1952) enumerated in his book “Systematics of flowering plants” the English names, descriptive account, pollinations, dispersal agents, vertical sections of the flower, cross section of seeds, figures of ovaries, floral figure, floral formula and distribution. Markin (1952) worked on the “Identification of trees and Shrubs” describing genera and species with their botanical names, synonyms, English names, varieties hybridizations and keys. McClure (1957) summarizes the seed characters of 5 monocotyledon and 15 dicotyledon families. Hylander and Johnson (1960) author of the “Macmillan Wild Flowers” narrated genera synonyms, elegant coloured plates, types of inflorescence, nature of fruit, ripening season, leaves arrangement, habitats and distribution. Hylander (1960) illustrated the plant species in “Macmillan Wild Flowers”. He gave the distributions and color photographic illustrations of these species. Menninger and Morrison (1962) in the “Flowering trees of the world for tropics and warm climate” described genera and species along with their synonyms, common names, colored plates, colored lithography, distribution, and elevations. Hurby (1962) made a survey on the system of classification of the Genus Salvia, based on the work of J. Briquet, with a detailed key. Menninger (1962) published 425 colored figures, their description and information on cultivation of 1000 species representing 500 genera of the tropics and warm climates. Davis and Cullen (1965) made a key to the identification of 225 families

11 of flowering plants, their short description arranged according to Benson system and references to the important literature are given. Rydberg (1965) worked on “Flora of the Parries and plains of Central North America” described all the plant specimens with their general description, vertical sections, figures, type of soil, distribution and habitat. Krochmal (1969) described various plants along with its description, common names, flowering period, habitat, and uses in “A guide to Medicinal Plants of Appalachia”. Davis (1972) in “The flora of Turkey and their Aegean Island” described the plants with their general description, maps, and distribution. Tackholm (1974) in “Student’s flora of Egypt” narrated genera and species of plants with their key point, short description, and distribution. Sahib and Rao (1914) narrated the plants of the area along with their English names, habitat, locality, fruiting time, uses, started their book from primitive family and ended in advance one. Parkinson (1923) in “A forest flora of Andaman Island” reported the plant species with their Botanical names, English names, author citation, key point and distribution. Britton (1965) gave a detail account of species in “Flora of Bermuda”. He also gave distributions, synonyms and photographic illustrations of these species. Britton (1962) described species and genera in “The Bahamas Flora”. White (1962) worked on “Forest flora of Northern Rhodesia” elucidated genera and species along with their analysis to the genera, key points, position of the flower, fruiting times and distribution. Hillebrand and Hillebrand (1965) pointed out in “Flora of the Hawaiian Islands” genera and species having their general description, English names, author citations, and altitude. Lackschewitz (1991) analyzed the “Vascular plants of West Central Montana Identification Guide book”. He described setting out line map of the area and West- Central Montana covering garret description of vegetation zones. Kirby (1906) worked on “British Flowering Plants” describing the plants with their English names, botanical names, colored plates, showing the most important characters of each plant, figures, illustrations, also pollinators and habitat of each species are given. Fitch (1949) while working on the “Illustration of the British Flora” a series of wood engravings with dissection of British plants, narrated species with their classification, analytical key and plates. In this work, he showed vertical section of the flower, fruit, kinds of placentation and stigmas. Clepham et al. (1952) in their “Flora of British Isles” narrated genera and species along with their botanical names, synonyms, English names, vernacular names, author citation, and their key. They divided some genera into section, sub section (sub-genus), species and aggregated species. In this work, the leaves of Alchemilla and Sorbus have been shown in figures. Rendle (1954) in the “Hand book of

12 British flora” listed genera and species. He has mentioned their botanical names, English names, vernacular names, flowering times, affinities and geographical distribution. Hutchinson (1955) in “British wild flowers” has given the arrangement of the families with plates and illustration followed by the author’s own system of classification, which aims at a sequence of increasing specialization and interrelation of the families. He has described genera and species with their English names, synonyms, vernacular names, key points, different plates, figures, types of ovaries, kinds of placentation and stigma. Goodwin (1956) in the “History of British Flora” mentioned genera and species along with their botanical names, English names, fossil records, collections and identification of plant remains, distribution and source of distribution in geological past. The Pak- Indian sub continent has very diverse habitats, found in various locations i.e Himalayas to the Coastal beaches of Indian Ocean. Kurz (1877) described “Forest Flora of British India” with genera and species along with their distributions and flowering seasons. Hooker (1879) and (1885) in “Flora of British India” described the general description, distribution, synonyms of species, area of cultivation, attitude and some doubtful species with general information. Gamble (1911) worked on species and mentioned their author citation, vernacular names, distribution, attitude, Habitat, cultivation area, flowering and fruiting seasons also showing general key for the family and species. Kanjilal (1911) shortly illustrated the genera and species in “Forest Flora of the Siwalik and Jaunsar forest Divisions of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh”. He also gave the distributions of these species. Gupta (1928) described “Forest flora for the Chakrate, Dehra Dun and Saharanpur Forest Division United Provinces” with analytical synopsis of order, family, genera and species along with author citation, synonyms, vernacular names, general description, systematic position of the family, distribution of the plant and elevation. Isaac (1984) illustrated plant species in “The Commoner Flowering Plants of Western India” along with their description and local uses. Bor and Riazada (1954) discussed species and genera of the plants with some beautiful Indian climbers and shrubs. He also pointed out the distributions, descriptions, gardening, synonyms, medicinal uses and photographic illustrations of some species. Baquar and Tasnif (1967) discussed various species of plants in “Medicinal plants of Southern West Pakistan”, their distributions, common names, synonyms and uses of these species were given in the book. Hedge (1967) studied eleven genera in Afghanistan- West Pakistan area arranged in the alphabetical order from Ajuga to Lallemantia. Key to

13 the species and specimens cited to give an idea of the species range is presented. Nasir and Robina (1995) described genera and species with distributions, flowering sessions, key to the species and synonyms in “Wild Flowers of Pakistan”. Chaudhri and Qureshi (1991) elaborated that about 709 species of vascular plants of Pakistan, constituting about one fourth of the vascular flora are in danger of being gradually wiped out or exterminated altogether.

Burkil (1909) described “a working list of the flowering plants of Baluchistan”. with their botanical names, vernacular names, generic names and species names. Parker (1918) in “The forest flora for Punjab with Hazara and Dehli” illustrated the plant species along their synonyms, botanical names, English names, vernacular names, author citation, flowering time, purpose of cultivation, uses, general description, distribution and attitude. The organized field trips were made by various scientists for the collection of many specimens and latter on identified and reported. Chaudhuri (1936) described “Lahore District flora” and in the same year Kashyap (1936) also published “Lahore District Flora”. Mukerjee (1938, 1940) made a complete revision of the Lamiaceae with key to the genera and species description, synonymy, distribution of the species and collection cites. Stewart (1952) in the “Catalogue of plants of Rawalpindi” listed genera and species along with their common names, synonyms, habitats, altitude and flowering dates. In (1958) he also mentioned in “The flora of Rawalpindi district and West Pakistan” the genera and species along with their English names, vernacular names, collection time, habitats and keys. Jafri (1958), (1966) listed 158 species with the citation, localities of collection and necessary name corrections etc. in the “Flora of Karachi”. Similarly Malik and Mohajir (1959) listed the Medicinal plants within a radius of about 20 miles around Karachi. Chaudhri (1954) studied the grasses of Swat with notes in abstract form. In (1960) he described the Kaghan Valley with many species named as found in different habitats and in (1966) gave a detailed account of species in “The Vegetation and range Flora of Thar Desert” along with their distributions, synonyms and local names. Stewart (1967) enumerated 1088 species arranged under 104 families in Kurrum Valley with the citation of specimens and distribution in other areas.

The taxonomic elaborations still need emphasis especially in remote areas like Maidan valley which is unexplored and was therefore selected for this study.

14 1.7 ETHNOBOTANY 1.7.1 General The term Ethnobotany used for people`s perspective regarding plants was first suggested by John Harshberger in 1896 to delimit a field of botany of aboriginal peoples (Cotton 1996). Many botanists were already including the use of plants by people within their studies before the use of the term ethnobotany. Linnaeus actually invented ethnobotany as a student during his journey in 1732 to Lapland. On 4 July 1732, Linnaeus recorded in his dairy some medical remedies used by the Saami people. Olsen and Svanberg 1998 quoted the words from his diary as “I here made the following observations relative to the remedies used by the Lapplanders. Their Moxa, as the Japanese call it, but which they term Toule, is made of a fine fungus found on the birch. They apply a piece as large as a pea upon the afflicted part”. Carl von Linnaeus published the Flora lapponica in 1737 that included a discussion of the ways in which specific plants were utilized by the Lapplander (Sami) people. The definition and vision of Harshbergers (1896) still provide the core for the science of ethnobotany. A slight change in emphasis can be seen through a review of current definitions “ethnobotany is considered to encompass all studies which concern the mutual relationship between plants and traditional peoples” (Cotton 1996). The early definitions of ethnobotany restricted the field to the study of how aboriginal people used plants. Botanists, explorers and other people who traveled the globe would see a plant, identify, classify and name for the purposes of science. They ask a person the name of the plant in the local language or list the local uses of the plant. This resulted in numerous monographs on the cultural group uses of plants. The particular focus of such monographs would vary depending upon the specific interest of the person undertaking the study. These early attempts of ethnobotany are considered as the articulation of colonial economies, imaginations and projects (Clement 1998). It can also be seen as the basic data gathering stage of the ethnobotanical discipline. At present the ethnobotany has shifted its focus from the use of plants by people to the relationship between people and plants, which include use, cognition and ecology. Recent definitions of ethnobotany (Balick and Cox 1996; Cotton 1996; Ford 1994; Turner 1995) demonstrate consensus on the move to include more than just use by focusing on the relationship between people and plants. However, there is not consensus whether the discipline should focus on all people or traditional and indigenous peoples

15 (Balick and Cox 1996; Cotton 1996). Neither Cotton (1996) nor Balick and Cox (1996) provide a clear argument as to why ethnobotany should be limited to traditional and or indigenous peoples. It is evident that people who have lived in one locality for a long time have particularly rich sets of knowledge about and cognition of plants and local ecology. A more fundamental issue in relation to knowledge, however, is found within the discussion of the relationship between knowledge as practice and knowledge as heritage.

Ethnobotany has its roots in botany, the study of plants. Botany, in turn, originated in part from an interest in finding plants to help fight illness. In fact, medicine and botany have always had close ties. Many of today's drugs have been derived from plant sources. However, as modern medicine and drug research advanced, chemically synthesized drugs replaced plants as the source of most medicinal agents in industrialized countries. Although research in plant sources is continued and plants are still used as the basis for drug development, the dominant interest and resulting research funding shifted to the laboratory.

To document the secret uses of the plants, ethnobotany has become an important part of our world. Recent ethnobotanical surveys among tribal have brought new information to the screen, which can be utilized to improve the economy of the tribal by organizing systematic collection of forest product and locating cottage industries especially of herbal drugs.

The herbal medicines occupy distinct position right from the primitive period to present day. The ethnobotanical pharmacology is as old as man himself. In Indo-Pak first record of plant medicine were compiled in Rig Veda between 4500-1600 BC and Ayurveda between 2500-600 BC. This system traces its origin to Greek medicine, which was adopted by Arabs and then spread to India and Europe. About 80% population of the world depends on the traditional system of health care (Ahmad, 1999). These medicines have less side effects and man can get it easily from nature. Unani system is dominant in Pakistan but the ethnomedicinal practices are also seen in the remote areas (Wiliam and Ahmad,1999).

In China, ethnobotany was introduced as a science in the late 1970, but deep- rooted ethnobotanical knowledge in Chinese culture can be traced back to very ancient

16 times in china history. This is evidence by the vast literature on Chinese Materia Medica and Chinese works of agriculture and horticulture (Pei, 2002).

In India and Pakistan three traditional system of medicine, namely Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani are distinguished. Ethnomedicine is an area of research that deals with medicines derived from plants, animals or minerals and used in the treatment of various diseases and ailment based on indigenous pharma copia, folklore and of herbal charm.

Ethnobotany has important role in conservation of nature, culture and in particular, the biological diversity and the diversity of traditional human cultures in the world. Infact conservation and biodiversity is linked with each other. Traditional knowledge system is hundred or even thousands of years old and involve not only knowledge of plants for medicine and food but also involve strategies for sustainable utilization of plant resources. In these respects ethnobotany has played a vital role and will play in the future to describe traditional knowledge about medicinal uses of plants.

To discover the practical potential of native plants, an ethnobotanist must be knowledgeable not only in the study of plants themselves, but must understand and be sensitive to the dynamics of how cultures work. Ethnobotanists have helped us to understand the frightening implications with loss of the rain forests would bring not only of consequently loss of knowledge about tropical plants, but also the damage brought by the loss of native cultures in their entirety, as well as the damage to the earth's ecological health.

Based on necessity, ethnobotany is multidisciplinary science. This multidisciplinary approach gives ethnobotanists more insight into the management of forest reserves in a period of tremendous environmental stress. Unfortunately, due to human factors, which have influenced the ecological balance of these delicate ecosystems, we are presently faced with the possibility of losing our forests. Ethnobotany as an emerging science has vital role in improvement of plant and plants products. It certainly adds to conservation and can also be utilized for value addition.

1.7.2 Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants play an important role in the healthcare of people around the world, especially in developing countries. Until the advent of modern medicine, man depended on plants for treating human and livestock diseases. Human societies throughout the world have accumulated a vast indigenous knowledge over centuries on medicinal uses

17 of plants and related uses including as poison for fish and hunting, purifying water and for controlling pests and diseases of crops and livestock. About 80% of the population of most developing countries still use traditional medicines derived from plants for treating human diseases (De Silva 1997). China, Cuba, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and a few other countries have endorsed the official use of traditional systems of medicine in their healthcare programs. For example, the Indian systems of medicine "Ayurveda," "Sidha" and "Unani" entirely and homeopathy to some extent, depend on plant materials or their derivatives for treating human ailments (Prajapati et al. 2003).

About 12.5% of the 422,000 plant species documented worldwide are reported to have medicinal value. The proportion of medicinal plants to the total documented species in different countries varies from 4.4% to 20% (Schippmann et al. 2002). About 25% of drugs in modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants and the rest are synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from plants. Up to 60% of the drugs prescribed in Eastern Europe consist of unmodified or slightly altered higher plant products. These drugs carry important therapeutic properties including contraceptives, steroids and muscle relaxants for anesthesia and abdominal surgery (all made from the wild yam, Dioscorea villosa), quinine and artemisinin against malaria, digitalis derivatives for heart failure, and the anti-cancer drugs vinblastin, etoposide and taxol. These compounds cannot be synthesized cost-effectively, which means that their production requires reliable supplies of plant material.

The global importance of MP`s materials is evident from a huge volume of trade at national and international levels. During the 1990s, the reported annual international importation of MP`s for pharmaceutical use amounted on average to 350 000 Mega tonns valued at over 1 billion USD. A few countries dominate the international trade with over 80% of the global import and export. China and India are the world's leading producing nations whereas Japan and Korea are the main consumers of medicinal plants. Hong Kong, United States and Germany stand out as important trade centers. It is estimated that the total number of MPs in international trade is around 2500 species worldwide (Schippmann et al. 2002).

In Pakistan the traditional system of medicine dates back to the Indus civilization as verified by excavation conducted ancient cities of Mohenjadro and Harappa, as well as

18 of the University of Taxila which flourished during the Gandahara period. These findings clearly reveal the importance of medicinal plants in the life and religious teaching of these civilizations. Modern medicine traces its origin to the Greeks. The Greek medicine was taken over by the Romans and then by the Arabs from whom, after its enrichment with Chinese and Indian medicine it was taken over by modern Europe. The Muslim rulers introduced it into India and incorporated in it the native Ayurvedic medicine. This mixture is now known as Unani medicine or broadly speaking Eastern medicine. The traditional Indian system of medicine, known as Ayruveda, which evolved during the period commencing from around 2500 B.C, has been codified and documented in 600 B.C. Ayurveda came to be associated with the Hindus, while the Muslims of the sub-continent adopted a different traditional system known as Unani. Later on both these systems “Ayurveda and Unani” benefited from and complemented each other. The dominant traditional system in Pakistan is the Unani system.

In Pakistan there are almost 50,000 Hakims spread all over the country that run their clinics in rural and urban areas using medicinal plants in crude form. According to Unani system, Pakistan has rich flora in which 2000 plant species are used at one time or another, in one culture or another for medicinal purposes but out of these 2000 Pakistani species about 400 to 600 are documented and studied for medicinal purposes. Beside Hakims the rural area dwellers especially the life eaten people use the plants on their own experience and ancestral prescription. The reasons of popularity of this system are so many. Here 80% people lives in rural areas where these plants are easily available, the prices of the allopathic drugs are out of reach of poor people, the allopathic drug shops are scarce and most important factor is that the people are becoming aware of the harmful effects of artificial commodities and are realizing the benefits of a more natural way of life (Said, 1970). Al mighty Allah has gifted Pakistan with precious medicinal plants. It is our duty to exploit these resourses which has been proved beneficial for the humanity in suffering of diseases and ailments. It is also the duty of Government of Pakistan to provide cheap source of treatment for the people.

19 1.7.3 FOLK RECIPES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Just like the allopathic and homeopathic medicine system the herbal traditional system use special combination of plants to treat diseases. The fact is that different plants have different chemicals which can cause different results on different organisms. A daily proper quantity and quality in take are must to get positive results otherwise, either no results or some mishap can occur. That is why local people are always in search of authentic recipes. Today a lot of people are using the traditional system e.g. in China the traditional Chinese Medicine is relied upon for non toxicity and most Chinese avoid the allopathic or other systems. The standard recipes are developed from the time immemorial by time to time experience got during treatment of patients of different diseases. Traditional herbal professional healers have special names changing from area to area. From business point of view these healers are reluctant in sharing the information of their recipes as there trade secret. Nowadays phtyochemical laboratories have standard procedures to use the plant extracts directly on a wide range of bacteria, fungi, viruses etc. These and other researches on animals are also adding to the knowledge of herbal healing.

Various digestive disorders are treated by herbal products e.g. in Thailand the annual incidence of diarrhea is as high as 34 episodes per child, when children had diarrhea 65.5 % of mothers sought progressional help, 25.2% used drugs bought from store, 2.3% used herbal medicine and 6.11% gave no treatment (Varavithya et al.1989) and in Uganda the traditional methods are widely used for the management of diarrhoeal diseases (Anokbongo et al. 1990). Similarly a decoction of 12 herbs is used in traditional Taiwanese medicine against kidney disease in men and animals has shown to protect gainst the proteolytic glomecluopathic effect of Agkistrodon accutus snake venum (Sugimoto et al. 1991).

In some other countries like in rural areas of Guinea Republic traditional healers play a vital role in population health care (Dialo and Gbance, 1992). Herbal tea containing extracts of chamomile, liquorice and fennel are used for treatment of colic in Israel (Weizman et al. 1993). The number of eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes reduced about 60 % in 1 and 2 weeks, with a recipe of 5g garlic +5g epazote (Perezgrovas et al. 1994). In Kashmir Himalaya herbal recipe of worm infestation include 12 plants (Virendra and Singh 1994). Traditional herbal medicine is commonly used in Zimbabwe for the treatment of urinary disorder and schistosomiasis (Ndamba et al. 1994). In Sumatra

20 Indonesia 144 commonly used medicinal plant species are reported by Grosvenor et al. (1995). Out of the 144 species 50 were used for fever, 33 for diarrhea and 31 for gastrointestinal problems.

Drumstick (Moringa aptera) and agasta (Sesbania grandiflora) as vegetable trees and mango (Mangifera indica), seetaphal (Annona squamosa), Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and bor (Ziziphus mauritiana) are grown in India to use them in recipes for malnutrition (Patil (1987). In the cerrado regions of Brazil, aratium (Annona crassiflora), baru (Dypterix alata), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and jatoba (Hymenaea stignocarpa) fruits and seeds are used in recipes for food and drinks (Almeida et al. 1990).

Diabetes is a serious disease and its treatment is very difficult and need long follow up. Xiaoke tea, a herbal traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus, reduced blood glucose concentration in streptozotocin diabetic mice (Hale et al. 1989). Mandango et al. (1990) investigated anti diabetic plants of Kinshasa, Zaire. In Kinshasa, 28 recipes are used by 16 different traditional healers to treat diabetes. These recipes have 33 plant species in use. The plants most used are Morinda lucida, Nauclea latifolia and Bridelia ferruginea. Gbile et al. (1990) investigated Nigerian flora and its pharmaceutical potential. In Nigeria various medicinal plants are used as sources of anti diabetic agents, anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-fertility agents etc. In a case study in Australia, a 66 years old diabetic man, who had an ulcer on his foot which would not respond orthodox treatment, was successfully treated with herbal preparation containing Trifolium pratense and Ichinacea angustifolia and Tilia europiea etc (Mckeon, 1994). In India tribal herbalist use dozens of plant species for the treatment of conjunctivitis, diabetes, fever, malaria, leucorrhoea, whooping cough and hepatitis (Vedavathy and Rao, 1995). The lipid levels can be lowered in human suffering from primary or diabetic hyperlipidaemia when treated with Dai- Saiko-to a Japanese and Chinese traditional medicinal mixture (Kampohozai) prepared from 7 medicinal plants (Yamamoto et al. 1995).

Various plant repellents are used in India e.g. Azadirachta indica leaves which produces anti-mosquito or mosquito repellent smoke thus reducing the biting activity of mosquitoes (Pandian et al. 1989). Ethenolic extract of leaves of Ficus pyrifolia and Rhus tartana are used in traditional herbal medicine in Madgascar for the treatment of malaria, strongly active against Plasmodium falciparum (Ratis et al. 1991). In some villages in Srilanka the people used herbal remedy for the treatment of malaria (Silva, 1991). In Cameroon, multi component herbal mixtures with the main ingredient as Cinchona bark

21 with the addition of Alstonaia boonei and Salix subserrata was devised for the treatment of malaria (Kinyuy et al. 1993). In rural areas of western Kenya the self treatment of malaria is extremely common. A study in this area reported that in 138 episodes of febrile illness, 60 were treated at home with herbal medicine purchase from local shops (Ruebush et al. 1995).

A variety of plants are used medicinally for various diseases in China e.g “Hachimijiogan” a Chinese herbal medicine is used to reduce serum prolactine level resulting in normal ovulatory cycle and pregnancy without a side effect (Usuki et al. 1989). Treatment of Bovin mastitis is carried on by decoction of herbs, including dandelion, honey, suckle flower, Radix isatidis, Radix scutellaria and Radix angelica gave 81.8% clinical and 33.3% bacteriological cure in cocos with mastitis (Fang et al. 1990). A Chinese drug composed of buds on the primary root of Aconitum carmichaeli is used to treat headache, rheumatism, arthritis, bruises and fractures (Chang et al. 1994). AIDS was treated with Chinese herbal medicine in Chicago, U.S.A (Ryan and Shattuck, 1994). Chinese medicinal herbs are used for atopic eczema in England (Sheehan and Atherton, 1994). Teas are prescribed for treating jaundice and teas with antihepatotoxic effects were prepared according to Tibetan recipes in China (Ubasheev et al. 1989).

The traditional treatment of gonorrhea is done through herbal drugs in Hardoi and Sitapur villages of a district in India (Siddiqui and Husain, 1993). Two Unani herbal preparation, Safoof–e-Khash Khash and Sharbat-e-Bezoori moatadil are used for hypertension in India (Alam et al. 1994). Alhagi maurorum is used as laxative, diuretic and expectorant (Kamil et al. 2001). The alcoholic extract isolated from the leaves of Colderia procumbens has analgesic activity (Senthamarai et al. 2001) and methanolic extract of Azema tetracantha is used in the form of ointment as well as injection to heal wound (Jaswanth et al. 2001).

1.7.4 FODDER Realizing the need of fodder, various scientists performed research to report existing fodder plants e.g. Kulhari and Joshi (1992) elaborated 50 species of fodder plants belonging to 11 families with their local name, period of availability and other details with pertinent comments and enumerated season-wise. Singh (1993) presented a checklist of useful plants of Arunachal Pradesh including plants used as fodder. Mulkumov et al. (1992) investigated resources of Ferula karavatica as a potential source of fodder and presented the density of the population of Ferula Karavatica (plant/100m2) and above

22 ground phytomass. Similarly Patil and Mungikar (1992) collected 40 grasses as fodder value from the west Khandesh region of Maharashtra state, identified and analysed for nutrient content. Dinebra retroflexa, Panicum antidotale, Brachiara cruciformis, Cynodon dactylon and Eragrotis Pilosa were found to be nutritionally superior on the basis of their proteins and mineral content. In another study of above ground mass productivity, chemical composition and food value reveals that twenty-two grass species are the most promising fodder grasses including Festuca regeliana, Dactylis glomerata and Alopecurus pratensis as the leading species for fodder production (Aknazarov, 1991). Some other plants like Helleteres isora has good nutritional qualities, cropping ability, palatability, phenological stages and regeneration potential (Bhatt et al. 1992). Acacia nilotica sub-spp. tomentosa is a prime fodder of goat herds, especially in seasons where herbaceous pasturage is particularly sparse (Audru et al. 1993). In Ireland non-grass forages used for ruminant include fodder beet, mangold, fodder rape kale, swedes, fodder turnips and maize. The combined area of all these crops fell from 483,000 hectares in 1981 to 33,140 hectares in 1992 (Culleton and Cullen, 1994). In West Africa, true fonio Digitaria exilis (Kipp) and black fonio Digitaria iburua (Stapf.) are two domesticated millets of West. These cereals are used as fodder and food. They are persistent crops that do not require careful cultivation and thrive under a range of difficult agricultural condition (Hilu et al. 1997). In Bangladesh the overall density of cattle per household was 7.17 and average grazing hours per day varied from 1.1 in October to 5.6 in February. In summer they were offered naturally grown Cynodon dactylon with supplementary feeding of rich straw (Islam et al. 1995). Some projects are working in the Northern Areas of Pakistan to study the conditions of livestock, fodder and pastures but a detailed research is lacking (Wright et al.2005). Animals of an area which are selective in their needs of fodder can produce remarkable effects on the production of fodder e.g. red deer prefer to eat leaves from trees and shrubs leaving behind grasses for grass eaters (Petrak, 1992). On other hand goats prefer grasses and are not primarily browsers, showing the ability to maintain the quality of their diet even though the range condition declined (Grunwaldt et al. 1994). Unsustainable grazing negatively affects the growth of conifers and other broad-leaves species to get established (Chaghtai et al., 1989). There is a possibility of improvement in various agroforestry components of an ecosystem i.e pastures, trees, livestock and human being for developing sustainable ecosystem (Atul and Khosla , 1994).

23 Various techniques are applied to increase the yield and quality of exiting crops as in the case of Maize, which is an integral part of traditional ecosystems and serves as an important source of fodder (Benz et al., 1990). It could be detopped with little or no adverse effect on grain yield, however fodder yield increases with increased plant density (Roy and Biswas, 1992). Catch crop fodder cultivation in dry cold season can provide sufficient food for livestock. Fodder yield and value were found to be notably higher on the catch crop fields than on traditional fellow pastures (Schmidt and Lothan, 1992). Growth and yield of green fodders from cultivars of food sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) during the rainy seasons of the year increases significantly with the increase in N level and cutting at 40 days interval (Malik et al. 1992). Although nutritional demands may not comply completely, broad leaf herbaceous species of weeds, which are vigorous in growth and need little attention of farmers, may be used as fodder in some areas, providing a good alternative in fodder deficient areas (Chhetri et al. 1993). Leguminous trees play a vital role in many agroforestry systems currently in use throughout the world and can provide high quality fodder for both small holder and large scale livestock (Guterridge and Shelton, 1993). The traditional indigenous methods of storage are: store on ground, roof of houses and large branches of trees but modern methods need to be developed for conservation and storage of fodder. The proper time of cutting grassland can greatly increase both the productivity and quality of fodder (Brozoska and Franciszek, 1994). It is always needed to improve the fodder plants through biotechnological and other plant breeding techniques and obtain some fruit full results e.g. some hybrid grasses like Pennisetum purpureum cv. Co.1 gave the highest green fodder yield (250 t/ha per year) and protein yield (8.41 t/ha per year) when compared with other Pennisetum purpureum cultivars and guinea grasses Panicum maxium but improvement is impossible if the existing conditions are not well understood. In this regard modern methods of phytosociology are needed to identify the problems in various ecosystems (Garcia-fuentes et al. 1993).

24 1.7.5 FUEL WOOD Human society cannot survive without a continuous supply of energy. Plants have always served as chief and easy source of renewable energy for the mankind. Adequate fuels for cooking and heating are as essential basic needs as adequate food, clothing, and shelter. Fuelwood has been the main source of cooking energy for centuries. Today, the industrialized and oil-rich countries have shifted away from fuelwood and charcoal to modern forms of energy. This trend has not been an easy process in the developing world. Most rural and urban people in Asia, Africa and Latin America still rely on trees and woody vegetation to meet their basic energy needs. In some of these countries, fuel wood also plays a dominant role in non- household sectors. Fuel wood is the main source of energy in the developing world. Use of wood by mankind for energy purpose is as old as human civilization itself. In golden old days population was less and forest resources were surplus, therefore, danger was never felt of this resource being exhausted perhaps believing that forest is no mans property developed in those days, which is still prevailing and is one of the fundamental causes in the deterioration and even now least felt importance of forest resource. With the dawn of civilization, technical know how, research in ecology and related subjects created awareness against devastation of this depleting resource and a serious need for conservation was felt. The population which has grown many folds is threatening this renewable resource for energy to cook and heat in severe climate. This trend in population growth is expected to continue if not increase in the times to come. Thus there would be still heavy pressure on forest resource for energy at least in those developing parts of the country where no other substitute has been either found or developed which would definitely result in denudation of our forests creating ecological imbalance effecting very quality of life. No less than one and a half billion people in developing countries derive at least 90 percent of their energy requirements from wood and charcoal. Another billion people meet at least 50 percent of their energy needs this way. Indeed, it has been estimated that at least half the wood cut in the world still serve its original role for mankind as fuel for cooking, heating and all kinds of local manufacturing (Eckholm, 1975). It is estimated that per capita consumption of fuel wood is 0.2-0.7m3 in Indo- Gangetic plains, 0.3-1.3m3 in lowland areas of the South-East Asia and 0.9-1.3m3 in high forests and 1.3-1.8m3 in mountainous regions of Asia (FAO, 1981). It is also estimated that the fuel wood consumption in the developing countries may rise from the present level of

25 1000 million Cubic Meter to some 1200 million Cubic Meter by the year 2000. The figure could be closer to about 1900 Million Cubic Meter, if limiting factor of availability is not taken into account, while projecting future consumption (FAO, 1979). The statistics gathered in 1981, revealed that about two thousand million people living in developing countries were dependent on wood not only as domestic fuel, but also a principal source of energy for many rural cottage industries. The major industries are potteries, brickwork, smithies and curing of fish meat and tobacco etc. (FAO, 1983; FAO, 1989). However a further 1052 million people were in a deficit situation and could meet their needs only by depleting wood reserves and out of this total of 1148 million people, more than 64 percent lived in Asia (FAO, 1984). In Asia Pacific region, wood is the basic fuel for about 1040 million people and about 31 million people live under conditions of acute fuel wood scarcity. In Nepal, over 80% fuel wood is collected by the people living in surrounding villages. The fuel wood is brought in the form of back load of 20-40KG from a distance of 5 to 10 Km. An average supplier sells about 200 back loads per year. This activity provides about 60% of the average annual cash income to the individual’s fuel wood traders (FAO, 1987). It is also observed that there is a linear relationship between income and energy consumption. With the increase in per capita income, the energy consumption also increases. In hilly areas, fuel wood was the only source of energy. The effect of availability of fuel wood from owned sources had not been found significant. More than 80% of the fuel wood was supplied from the forest areas and remaining 15% was being obtained from owned sources (Negi et al., 1986). In Pakistan, it was estimated that fuel wood meet about 50% of domestic energy requirement while 16% are shared by the fossil fuels and 34% are generated by burning dung and crop residues. The annual domestic consumption of kerosene oil worth’s about Rs 2.4 billion and 2/3rd is imported (Shiekh, 1987). A study reveals that yield of firewood from state forests 1984-85 was around 1.97 million cubic meters. Irrigated plantation of the Punjab and riverian forests of Sindh and the foothills scrub are the major producers of firewood. The same report indicates that the per capita consumption of firewood is estimated at 0.2m3 per year. For an estimated population of 98.4 million in 1984-85, the total consumption was around 19.7 million cubic meters a year. 90% of firewood contributed by private farmlands and waste lands and the remaining 10% is supplied by state forests in the form of recorded and unrecorded removals and slabs and edges etc. during conversion operation. It is also estimated that firewood accounts for 50% of

26 domestic energy requirements, fossil fuels 17% and cow dung and agriculture wastes 33%. By the year 1990 firewood requirement was expected to increase to 26.5 million m3 and to 42.6 million by the year 2000 A.D. (Hussain, 1990). The monthly fuel requirements per household increases in winter season (December to March) but decreases in the summer (June to August). Substitution trend of fuel wood with better commercial fuels such as coal, gas, oil and electricity decrease the fuel wood percentage in the total energy consumption budget of the household (FAO, 1982). In Pakistan the estimated national energy consumption has increased from 17.4 million TOEs (I TOEs = 44.2 million Kg) in 1980-81 to 29.5 million TOEs in 1990-91, reflecting an average annual growth rate of 5.3 percent. The consumption of commercial fuels has exhibited a more rapid rate of increase than the non-commercial fuels. The consumption of commercial fuels almost doubled during the period between 1980-81 and 1990-91. It increased from 10.8 million TOEs in 1980-81 to 21.8 million TOEs in 1990-91 giving an average annual growth rate of 7.2 percent. In contrast the consumption of non- commercial fuels registered only a modest increase during the same period. As a result of more rapid increase in consumption of commercial fuels, the share of commercial fuels in national energy consumption has increased from 62% in 1980-81 to 74% in 1990-91. Correspondingly the share of non-commercial fuels has declined from 38% in 1980-81 to 26% in 1990-91. This structural change in national energy consumption is mainly attributes to rapid urbanization and industrialization of the economy (Siddiqui and Amjad 1993). In Pakistan the population of 122 million people was dependent on 4.6 million hectare of depleted forests for a variety of end uses. By the turn of the century and with 3% growth rate per annum the population of 150 million would demand more wood to remain even at present consumption level. The current short falls in wood supplies had resulted into increasing fuel prices and higher socio-economic cost in the form of continuously eroding woody resources. These resources need immediate attention to maintain sustainable development level (Sheikh, 1990; Shiekh, 1987; Ali and Benjaminsen, 2004). The deficiency could raise serious issues for the communities i.e. the people will eat raw vegetables and cook only one meal a day in place of two to save fuel wood and reduce the cost of food, especially in the poor. On other hand search for fuel wood is the main deforestation causes in areas around human settlements, as a result the people had to travel long distance than before to obtain tree biomass. It is also estimated that in some

27 areas of East Africa, fuel wood collection took 250 to 300 main days per year for household to meet the requirements of a household (Mnava, 1977). To overcome the future disaster, an additional 20-25 million hectares must be planted with trees by the year 2000 to meet the future household energy needs. This rate of afforestation is 10 times greater than the present one. Projections for the year 2000 suggest that, without immediate action to improve the situation, 2400 million people will by then, either be unable to obtain their minimum energy requirements or will be forced to consume wood faster than it is being grown. By the year 2000 the world fuel wood deficit will have reached 960 million m3 a year, the energy equivalent of 240 million tones of oil a year (Spears, 1987). People are more inclined to forestation in order to fulfill there needs for wood on their own farmlands when there is no Government forest nearby or they have more un-arable and uncultivated lands (Dove, 1988).

1.8 CONSERVATION ISSUES The dilemma of development at the expense of natural resources has threatened species towards extinction. To observe the rate of extinction various yardsticks have been devised . As conservation is a part of this thesis , it is important to have an idea of the conservation assessment criteria. The IUCN version 3.1 was used with some modification in light of the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria April 2005 for the conservation status of flora of Maidan valley. The original categories list is as under; The IUCN Red List Categories EXTINCT (EX) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), and throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycles and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected

28 habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), and throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED (EN) A taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered, and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. VULNERABLE (VU) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. NEAR THREATENED (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. LEAST CONCERN (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a

29 considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

30 1.9 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT Maidan valley is an unexplored mountainous terrain located on the eastern boundry of Konar Afghanistan. It was virgin for scientific exploration. It has vide biodiversity both of Himalaya and Hindu Kush. The potential of plant resources in the area is evident from diverse flora and traditional knowledge of the people regarding plants. The traditional society is degenerating with the passage of time associated with the erosion of the traditional knowledge. It was therefore imperative to elaborate plant resources and preserve traditional knowledge regarding plant resources. Hence objective of the study was: 1. To record plant species of the traditional economic value in Maidan valley. 2. To preserve traditional knowledge regarding economic uses of plants. 3. To explore the conservation status and practices available in the area.

CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

32 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature was thoroughly surveyed while Maidan valley was frequently visited from February to September for collection of plant specimen and data regarding ethnobotany, conservation and plant diversity. The project was completed in two phases i.e. field trips for data collection and documentation of the data obtained.

2.1 FIELD WORK The field studies includes observation, transect walks and interviews to obtain the data regarding existing ethnobotanical practices, plant diversity and conservation status of the flora of Maidan valley. 2.1.1 OBSERVATION Extensive field visits were made to the villages of the area in order to get an insight of the practices of the local community regarding plants use. Field observation include the method of medicinal plants collection, part used, their storage, drying, harvesting time, processing and utilization. 2.1.2 INTERVIEWS The inhabitants of the area were interviewed during the field work. The participatory and qualitative data was obtained through Questionnaires regarding the plant resources and their utilization. The information about the utility of different plants, quantity of plants used, ratio of consumption, rate of availability, fuel wood and fodder sources, consumption, demand and priority of species were obtained. 2.2 STUDY OF PLANT DIVERSITY Targeted locations ranging from alpine to subtropical zones were visited during different seasons of the year. The localities include Shaklai, Tajaka, Asman Banda, Spin kar, Guli Bagh, Suri Pao Banda, Gumbat Banda, Lajbok sar, Qilla manza, Balu khan, Baba gam, Outala, Suripao, Namazkot, Lajbok, Sarlara, Chinarkot, Muliano banda, Shagai, Kurshung, Shakartangi, Kaladag, Hayaserai, Sherkhani, Shadas, Lal qilla, Maniyal, Bishgram, Nagotal, Dherai, Gal, Topasin, Mergam, Barkhanai, Kumbar, Gauharkot, Bandai, Beragam, Lalu and Daman.

33 2.2.1 PLANT COLLECTION For elaborating species diversity of plants with in the valley all the available plants i.e. bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms were collected at different intervals through out the year. The collected plants were pressed and mounted while the bryophytes specimens were preserved in bottles after thorough washing and cleaning. All the specimens were identified with the help of available literature. (Stewart,1967; Nasir & Ali,1971-91; Ali and Qaiser, 1991-2004).

2.2.2 PHOTOGRAPHY Pictures of selected plants were taken during flowering seasons whenever the flowers, leafs, etc were available in intact form. The cameras used were Sony Cyber Shot 4.1 Mega pixel Digital and Minolta 7000 programable with 280 mm zoom lens. The pictures were either directly arranged in table form (Appendix-I Photogallery) or pictures were scanned on Hp Scanner. All the pictures were modified in ACDC 7.0 version and arranged accordingly. Vouchers numbers were given to collected specimens and given to the pictures in the table for easy access in future. Families were arranged on the sequence in which they are published in Flora of Pakistan. A complete list is also made and given in the results.

34 2.3 CONSERVATION STATUS SCALE AND ASSESSMENT Conservation status was determined according to modified formula (Hamayun 2005). The categories were ranked in accordance with the ground realities. The relities are: there is no baseline available for the vally, even no single scientific report regarding the natural resources of the area exists. For elaborating conservation status of the flora of the area, frequent visit were made to every corner of the area covering all the aspects, altitude, direction and slopes. The aged people of the community were consulted and the pertinent information regarding the spots of availability, their distribution and abundance at present and the past 10-20 years were obtained. In light of these information’s and personal observations, the parameter for the assessment were selected. These are area of occupancy, availability, exploitation level and the sub parameter like deforestation, loss of habitat, pollution and overgrazing. Three ranks of conservation importance were identified. These are; 1. Global rank denoted by G-rank (Internationally recognized status) 2. Regional rank as R-rank (status for the country) 3. Sub regional rank SR- rank (status at a specific locality, like Maidan valley) The conservation status of a specific taxon with in these three ranks were designated by specific number ranging from 0-6. The ranks are:

0 = Extinct 1 = Critically endangered 2 = Endangered 3 = Vulnerable 4 = Infrequent 5 = Near threatened 6 = Frequent

Keeping in view the above categorization, Status 1 means critical endangerment of a taxon with in sub regional jurisdiction like Maidan valley regardless of its status elsewhere. The scale for conservation status was developed on the basis of above mentioned facts and the ranks were given to each species collected with in that area. The number counted of each species at different locality was added and divided by the total number of spots visited. Thus Total number of a specie at different localities Conservation status scale (CSS) = ------Total number of localities visited

The CSS value of each species should fall in the following categories range:

Extinct = 0 Critically endangered = 0< CE < 1

Endangered = 1< E < 2 Vulnerable = 2< V <3

Infrequent = 3< IF< 4 Near threatened = 4< NT < 5

Frequent = 5< F < 6

2.3.1 MODIFIED CATEGORIES Extinct (Ex) A taxon is considered extinct in the area where there is no report of collection from that area and the local people also got the same point of view. Field trips for collection should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon`s life cycle and life form.

Critically Endangered (Ce) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. The population size reduction of > 90% has been observed, estimated, inferred or suspected over the last 10 years or three generations whichever is longer.

Endangered (En) A taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that the population size reduction of > 70% has been observed, estimated, inferred or suspected over the last 10 years or three generations whichever is longer.

Vulnerable (Vu) A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that the population size reduction of > 50% has been observed, estimated, inferred or suspected over the last 10 years or three generations whichever is longer. Infrequent (If)

36 A taxon is Infrequent when the best available evidence indicates that the population size reduction of > 20% has been observed, estimated, inferred or suspected over the last 10 years or three generations whichever is longer. Near threatened (Nt) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future if the existing condition prevails. Frequent (F) A taxon is frequent when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for threatened category or it qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future if the existing condition prevails. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Documentation of the Research Data The information obtained during field survey was analyzed and documented. The plants collected were properly processed, preserved and documented in comparison with the available literature and already preserved specimens. The ethnobotanical data was arranged and confirmed through the existing available data. The ethnobotanical inventory includes scientific names, local names, common names, family, part used, local uses and habit. Thus the local people perception regarding plants resources, their use, religious and cultural aspects and conservation status of the flora was documented.

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

38 RESULTS

3.1 PLANT DIVERSITY 3.1.1 BRYOPHYTES Maidan valley has a favourable climatic condition for the growth of bryophytes. Bryophyta comprising of Mosses and liverworts is the largest and most widely dispersed group of plants with luxuriant growth of individuals, sometimes dominate the terrains to the exclusion of other plants over large areas. Twenty nine moss species of 19 genera representing 11 families has been recorded(Table 1). A number of moss species are found in exposed places and some form extensive masses on dry exposed rocks, other are found on barks, crevices of rocks and shady places(Table 2). The liverworts also found in the same habitat. Some species like Phlagiochasma, Reboulia, Grimaldia and Fimbraria are diverse in its distribution, found through out the valley. It can be found abundantly in plains, low lying mountains and even can be observed at the height of upto 2462 m except Grimaldia which was recorded upto 1539 m. Marchantia polymorpha, Preissia and Conocephalum were recorded from high altitudes (1385-2923m) with high moisture level. Dumartiera, Pellia and Anthoceros were observed at marshy steeps. The liverworts species collected were 14 of 10 genera and 5 families (Table 3). The photographs of 9 species are also given (plate 1-9).

39 TABLE. 1 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF MOSSES COLLECTED FROM MAIDAN VALLEY S. No FAMILY SPECIES 1 Dicranaceae Dicranum majus Hedw. Dicranella heteromella (Hedw). Schimp. 2 Pottiaceae Barbula convoluta Hedw. Barbula recurvirostra (Hedw). Dix. Barbula unguiculata Hedw. Gymnostomum aeruginosum Sm. Pottia intermedia (Turn). Furnr. Tortula nurvalis Hedw. 3 Grimmiaceae Grimmia ovalis (Hedw). Lindb. Grimmia pulvinata Hedw. Grimmia tricophylla Grev. Schistidium maritimum Turn. 4 Funariaceae Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. Physcomitrium sphaerium 5 Bryaceae Bryum algovicum Sendtn. ex. C. Mull. Bryum alpinum Huds. Bryum caespiticium Hedw. Bryum pallens Sw. 6 Batramiaceae Philonotis rigida Brid. 7 Orthotrichaceae Orthotrichum anomalum Hedw. Orthotrichum urnigerum Myr. 8 Hedwigiaceae Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw). Spruce. 9 Amblystigiaceae Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw). Spruce. 10 Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium rivulare Br. Eur. Brachythecium veluntinum (Hedw). Br. Homalothecium lutescens (Hedw). Rubins. Homalothecium sericeum Hedw. Isothecium myosuroids Brid. 11 Hypnaceae Hypnum cupressiformes Hedw.

40 TABLE. 2 SPECIES OF MOSSES IN RELATION TO HABITATS

S/No Botanical Name DR WR DSS WSS WMS DMS 1 Barbula covoluta - - + - - - 2 Barbula recurvirostra + x - - - - + 3 Barbula unguiculata + - - - - + 4 Brachythecium rivulare + + - + - - 5 Brachythecium velutinum - + - - - - 6 Bryum algovicum + - + + - + 7 Bryum alpinum + - + - - - 8 Bryum caespiticum + - - - - + 9 Bryum pallen - - - + - + 10 Cratoneuron filicinum + - - - + + 11 Dicranella heteromella + - + - - + 12 Dicranum majus - - - +shade- + 13 Funaria hygrometrica - - + - - - 14 Grimmia ovalis + x - + - - - 15 Grimmia pulvinata + x - - - - - 16 Grimmia tricophylla + x + - - - - 17 Gymnostomum aeruginos - + - - + - 18 Homalothecium sericeum - - +T.T - - - 20 Homalothecium lutescenc- + - + - - 19 Hedwigia ciliata - + - - - - 21 Hypnum cupressiformes - - +S (T.T) + - - 22 Isothecium myosuroides - + +T.T. - + - 23 Orthortrichum urnigerum+ - - - - + 24 Orthotrichum anomalum - + - - - - 25 Philontis rigida - + - - + + 26 Physcomitrium sphaerium- - - + - + 27 Pottia Intermedia - - - - + + 28 Schistidium maritimum - + - + + - 29 Tortula muralis + x - + - - -

Key: DR= Dry Rock WR= Wet Rock DSS= Dry Sandy Soil WSS= Wet Sandy Soil DMS= Dry Muddy Soil WSS= Wet Muddy Soil T.T. = Tree Trunk X= show presence on barren rocks + = Presence - = Absence

41 TABLE. 3 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF LIVERWORTS FROM MAIDAN VALLEY

S.No. Specimen No Family Species 1 883 Reboulia hemispherica Raddi. 888 Fimbraria mussuriensis Kashyap 891 Aytoniaceae Grimaldia indica St. 897 Plagiochasma appendiculatum L. et. L. Pug. 884 Plagiochasma articulatum Kashyap

2 889 Conocephalaceae Conocephalum conicum (L.) Necker 3 902 Marchantia polymorpha L.

904 Marchantia nepalensis L.

907 Marchantia palmata Nees Marchantiaceae 885 Preissia quardrata Nees 908 Dumartiera hirsuata Reinw. 903

4 886 Pelliaceae Pellia endivifolia (Dick) Dum.

5 891 Anthoceros punctatus L.

887 Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros gemmulosus (Hattori) Pande

42 MARCHANTIACEAE

Plate No: 1 Botanical Name: Dumartiera hirsuta Reinw. Specimen No: 908

Plate No: 2 Botanical Name: Marchantia nepalensis L. Specimen No: 904

Plate No: 3 Botanical Name: Marchantia polymorpha L. Specimen No: 902

AYTONIACEAE

Plate No: 4 Botanical Name: Grimaldia indica St. Specimen No: 891

Plate No: 5 Botanical Name: Plagiochasma appendiculatum L. et. L. Pug. Specimen No: 897

Plate No: 6 Botanical Name: Reboulia hemispherica Raddi. Specimen No: 883

Plate No: 7 Botanical Name: Fimbraria mussuriensis Kashyap Specimen No: 888

CONOCEPHALACEAE

Plate No: 8 Botanical Name: Conocephalum conicum (L.) Necker Specimen No: 889

46 PELLIACEAE

Plate No: 9 Botanical Name: Pellia endivifolia (Dick) Dum. Specimen No: 886

47 3.1.2 PTERIDOPHYTES Ninteen species of 12 genera distributed among 9 families in Maidan Valley. Aspleniaceae being the leading family with 4 species and two genera, these genera are Asplenium and Ceterach with 3 and 1 respectively. Adiantaceae is represented by three species of Adiantum. Petridium, Pteris and Onychium are representing Pteridaceae with one species each. Dryopteris and Polystichum with 1 species each in Dryopteridaceae. Sinopteridaceae and Equisetaceae are represented by one genus and with 2 species each. Aspidiaceae, Marsileaceae and Selaginellaceae are with one genus and one species each. The taxonomic details are given in the Table No. 4 and plate 10-.23.

TABLE. 4 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES FROM MAIDAN VALLEY DRYOPTERIDACEAE S. No Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Locality number 1. 921 Polystichum discretum Shaklai (D.Don.) J. Smith 2. 780 Dryopteris serrato-dentata Kwanjay Asman Banda (Bedd.) Hay.

ASPLENIACEAE S. No Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Locality number 1. 604 Asplenium Dherai trichomanes L.

2. 694 Ceterach dalhousiae (Hk.) C. Tharpat Mergam Chr. 3. 751 Asplenium Babagam septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. 4. 778 Asplenium ceterach L. Common

ASPIDIACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality

1. 703 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh Balukhan

PTERIDACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality

1 605 Pteris cretica L. Gal 2 910 Onychium contiguum Wall. ex Shaklai Hope 3 678 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Kwanjae Guli bagh

SINOPTERIDACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality

1. 719 Cheilanthes albomarginata Clarke Kas

2. 834 Cheilanthes dalhousiae Hook. Lalu

ADIANTACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality

1. 744 Adiantum incisum Forssk. Kamosal, Sumbal Dherai

2. 805 Adiantum venustum D. Don Babozae Common 3. 804 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Bar Sumbal, Asli Shaklai Parsosha, Sumbal

SELAGINELLACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality

1 852 Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Suri pao Spring

EQUISETACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality 1 740 Equisetum arvense L. Bandakae Balu khan 2 809 Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Thal

MARSILEACEAE S. No Voucher number Botanical Name Local Name Locality 1 882 Marsilea minuta L. Common

49 PTERIDACEAE

Plate No: 10 Botanical Name: Pteris cretica L. Voucher No: 605

Plate No: 11 Botanical Name: Onychium contiguum Wall. ex Hope Voucher No: 910

50 ADIANTACEAE

Plate No: 12 Botanical Name: Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Voucher No: 804

Plate No: 13 Botanical Name: Adiantum incisum Forssk. Voucher No: 744

51 Plate No: 14 Botanical Name: Adiantum venustum D. Don Voucher No: 805

SINOPTERIDACEAE

Plate No: 15 Botanical Name: Cheilanthes albomarginata Clarke Voucher No: 719

52 Plate No: 16 Botanical Name: Cheilanthes dalhousiae Hook. Voucher No: 834

SELAGINELLACEAE

Plate No: 17 Botanical Name: Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring Voucher No: 852

53 EQUISETACEAE

Plate No: 18 Botanical Name: Equisetum arvense L. Voucher No: 740

MARSILEACEAE

Plate No: 19 Botanical Name: Marsilea minuta L. Voucher No: 882

54 DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Plate No: 20 Botanical Name: Dryopteris serrato-dentata (Bedd.) Hay. Voucher No: 780

ASPIDIACEAE

Plate No: 21 Botanical Name: Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh Voucher No: 703

55 ASPLENIACEAE

Plate No: 22 Botanical Name: Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Voucher No: 751

Plate No: 23 Botanical Name: Asplenium ceterach L. Voucher No: 778

56 3.1.3 GYMNOSPERMS Three families of gymnosperms were scored from Maidan valley. These are Pinaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae (Table 5). The genera Cupressus, Juniperus and Thuja represent the family Cupressaceae. Juniperus has one species with Juniperus communis. Cupressus and Thuja has single species namely Cupressus semipervirens and Thuja orientalis. The two species, i.e. Cupressus semipervirens and Thuja orientalis are exotic and are commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes. They are cultivated very widely in the whole valley. The Juniperus species occur naturally at very high altitudes, are important medicinally. Family Pinaceae is the largest family and are very widely distributed throughout the valley. The genera Abies, Cedrus, Picea and Pinus are representing this family. Pinus with three species, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii and Pinus brutia. The remaining three genera are represented with a single species each, namely Apies pindrow, Cedrus deodara and Picea smithiana. Out of the total three species of genus Pinus, Pinus brutia is exotic and is usually cultivated in lower hilly areas mixed with Pinus roxburghii. The remaining two species are indigenous. Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara and Picea smithiana occur naturally and are found at high altitudes. All members of the family are very important from economic, cultural, social and ecological point of views. Family Taxcaceae has a single genus Taxus with a single species called Taxus wallichiana. It is very important from medicinal point of view that it yield a drug called Taxol which has anticancer activity. There are 10 species of 3 families distributed in 8 genera. The pictures of some of them are arranged in plate 24-30.

57 TABLE. 5 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERM FOUND IN MAIDAN VALLEY 182. PINACEAE S. No Voucher Botanical Name Local Other Names Locality number Name 1. 575 Abies pindrow Royle Achar, Suri Pao Partal GuliBagh 2. 522 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Ranzra Deodar, Outala Don) G. Don Diyar Himalayan Cedar. 3. 475 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Achar, Kachal, Suri Pao Boiss. Kachhal Himalayan GuliBagh spruce 4. 313 Pinus roxburghii Sargent Nakhtar Chir Pine Nagotal Lajbook 5. 923 Pinus brutia Ten. Nakhtar Gal, Barkhani 6. 347 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Pewuch, Kail, Biar, Blue Suri Pao Jackson Sraf Pine Baba gam, Outala, Balokhan

184. CUPRESSACEAE S. No Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Other Names Locality number 1. 455 Cupressus sempervirens L. Saro Tajaka,Shaklai 2. 469 Juniperus communis L. Gugar Tajaka,Shaklai 3. 326 Thuja orientalis L. sarva Lal qilla, Nagotal

185. TAXACEAE S. No Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Other Names Locality number 1. 216 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Banya Burmi Spin kar

Note: Initial Number of the Families Refer to the Publication Number of Flora of Pakistan

PINACEAE

Plate No: 24 Botanical Name: Abies pindrow Royle Voucher No: 575

Plate No: 25 Botanical Name: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don Voucher No: 522

Plate No: 26 Botanical Name: Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Voucher No: 475

Plate No: 27 Botanical Name: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Voucher No: 347

Plate No: 28 Botanical Name: Pinus roxburghii Sargent Voucher No: 313

TAXACEAE

Plate No: 29 Botanical Name: Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Voucher No: 216

61 CUPRESSACEAE

Plate No: 30 Botanical Name: Juniperus communis L. Voucher No: 469

62 3.1.4 ANGIOSPERMS Intensive exploration of Maidan Vally shows that 757 Angiosperm species were found here representing 113 families and 420 genera. Out of this number the family Asteraceae is the leading one with 61 species followed by Rosaceae with 47, Papilionaceae with 43, Lamiaceae 43, Poaceae 42, Ranunculaceae 33, Brassicaceae 27, Apiaceae 25 and Scrophulariaceae with 21 species. The family Asteraceae has members in almost all habitats showing its higest ecological amplitude. Details of the reported plants with voucher number, scientific name, local name, distribution in research area, distribution in Pakistan and in the world are given in Table 6. To reduce the volume of the thesis only 143 out of 500 photographs were selected and arranged from plate 31 to 173.

Table 6. SPECIES DIVERSITY OF ANGIOSPERMS COLLECTED FROM MAIDAN VALLEY a. Tables of Unpublished Families CACTACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 775 Opuntia dillenii Haw. Zookam Bandai Punjab, Sind, NWFP. Native of N. & S. New report from Dir Manial America.Cultivated elsewhere. 2 857 Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Zookam Kaladag Native of N. & S. New report from Dir America.Cultivated elsewhere.

LILIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 779 Asparagus adscendens Thindorae Dherai Kohat, Malakand Pakistan to Sikkim,India,S.E. New report from Dir Roxb. Agency,Salt Range, Asia, Australia, Africa. Hazara, Murre hills, Kashmir. 2. 106 Asparagus gracilis Haloon Gal Kohat, Salt Range, S.E.Asia, Burma,China. New report from Dir Royle Lahore, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir. 3. 617 Asparagus officinalis L. Thindorae Dherai Gilgit,Widely cultivated India, S.E.Asia, China,Burma. New report from Dir in gardens. 4. 684 Gagea elegans Wall. ex Darwazokandao Swat,Kurram Agency, Pakistan to Central Nepal. New report from Dir Royle Chitral,Dir, Kashmir, Baluchistan. 5. 630 Gagea pseudoreticulata Qaimath Babagam, Dapur Kurram,KhyberAgency, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan. New report from Dir

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Vved. Gulae Gilgit,Murree hills, Kashmir, Baluchistan. 6. 675 Notholirion Asman banda, Malakand Agency, Swat, Afghanistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir thomsonianum (Royle) Dabako Hazara, Kashmir. Stapf 7. 865 Polygonatum Noory Tajaka Himachal Pradesh, to South West New report from cirrhifolium (Wall.) Alam China Pakistan Royle 8. 240 Polygonatum Noory Spin kar Swat,Kurram Agency, Pakistan to S.E.Tibet, W.Asia, Reported from Dir verticillatum All. Alam Chitral,Dir, Kashmir, Europe. Baramola Gilgit, Baltistan. 9. 595 Trillium govanianum Tajaka Swat,Kurram Agency, Pakistan to Bhutan. New report from Dir Wall. ex Royle Hazara,Chitral,Kashmir. 10. 516 Tulipa stillata Hk. f. Ghantol Common Kohat,KurramAgency,Salt Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir Range, Hazara, Murre hills, Kashmir, Baluchistan.

MYRTACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 662 Eucalyptus tereticornis Lachi Kumbar, Cultivated by the Native to Australia. Cultivated Reported from Dir Sm. Chinar kot Forestry Department. elsewhere. 2 619 Eucalyptus globulus Lachi Dherai, Cultivated by the Native to Australia. Cultivated Reported from Dir Labill. Gal Forestry Department. elsewhere. 3 717 Myrtus communis L. Manno Shakar tangi Swat,Kurram Agency, Reported from Dir Dir, Waziristan, Peshawar.

65 ROSACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 697 Agrimonia eupatoria L. Gul-e- Zanai Swat,Kurram Agency, Pakistan to S.W.China. Reported from Dir ghafas Chitral,Dir, Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara 2. 757 Cotoneaster acuminatus Luni Sarlara Kashmir, Hazara Kashmir to S.W.China. Common New report from Dir Lindl. in C.&E. Nepal.

3. 787 Cotoneaster affinis Kharawa Gulibagh Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir (Lindl.) Schn.

4. 841 Cotoneaster Kharawa Qilla manza Hazara,Chitral,Kashmir Afghanistan to S.W.China New report from Dir microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.

5. 733 Cotoneaster Mamanra Tajaka Baluchistan, Swat, Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir nummularia Fisch. & Chitral, Waziristan, Mey. KurramAgency, Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara 6. 159 Crataegus songarica G. Tampasa Gauhar kot Baluchistan,Swat,Chitra Afghanistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir Koch. l KurramAgency,Kashmi r, Gilgit, Hazara 7. 130 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Lajbok Baluchistan,Chitral,Kas Central Asia,Afghanistan, India. New report from Dir hmir 8. 164 Duchesnea indica Bagh banda Swat,Chitral,Waziristan Reported from Dir (Andr.) Focke ,KurramAgency, Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara, Dir. 9. 679 Eriobotrya japonica Lokat Gor, Widely cultivated in the New report from Dir (Thunb.) Lindley Bandai,Lalqilla country. 10. 162 Fragaria nubicola Da Balukhan, Temperate and Pakistan to S.W.China, Burma. New report from Dir

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Lindl. ex Lacaita Zmakay Outala subalpine zone of the Toot country. 11. 70 Geum urbanum L. Tajaka Swat,Chitral,Kashmir, Afghanistan to C.Nepal. New report from Dir Kurram, Hazara 12. 762 Malus pumila Mill. Manra Gor, Haya serai Baluchistan,Swat,Chitra Kashmir to Bhutan, N. Temperate New report from Dir l, Hazara, Kashmir. Asia. 13. 65 Potentilla nepalensis Kunachi Kala Dag, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir. Pakistan to C. Nepal. New report from Dir Hk. Tajaka, Gumbat Banda 14. 726 Potentilla reptans L. Tajaka, Gumbat Swat,Chitral,Waziristan Nepal to China. New report from Dir Banda ,Kurram Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara 15. 696 Potentilla supina L. Kalpani Sind,Baluchistan,Swat, Pakistan to Bhutan, Temperate New report from Dir Chitral,Waziristan,Kurr Asia. am Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara, Peshawar, Multan, Baltistan, Jhelum 16. 628 Poterium sanguisorba Kurshung Baluchistan, Waziristan New report from Dir auct. non L. Kurram Agency, Chitral, Hazara. 17. 700 Prunus amygdalus Badam Topasin, Kas Baluchistan,Kurram India to S.W. China. New report from Dir Batsch. Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Chitral. 18. 802 Prunus armeniaca L. khubani Common Baluchistan,Kurram Western Himalaya New report from Dir Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit 19. 664 Prunus bokhariensis Alucha Common Commonly cultivated in Central Asia, Afghanistan to India. New report from Dir Royle ex C.K. Schn. the country. 20. 165 Prunus cornuta (Wall. Changa Shaklai Kurram and Chitral Afghanistan to S.W.China, Burma New report from Dir ex Royle) Steud. 21. 853 Prunus domestica L. Common Commonly cultivated Central Asia, Afghanistan to India. New report from Dir through out the country.

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 22. 650 Prunus jacquemontii Lacha Baluchistan,Kurram Afghanistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir Hk. f. Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat. 23. 666 Prunus persica (L.) Shaftalu Common Commonly cultivated Western Himalaya New report from Dir Batsch. through out the country. 24. 839 Prunus prostrata Labill. Danpura Kashmir, Gilgit, Chitral, Afghanistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir Swat. 25. 705 Pyrus communis L. Nashpatai Common Commonly cultivated Western Himalaya New report from Dir through out the country. 26. 23 Pyrus pashia Ham. ex Shangati Common Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Afghanistan to S.W. China, New report from Dir D. Don Tanga Hazara. Burma 27. 638 Rosa alba L. Spin Gal Cultivated in Chitral, Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir Gulab Swat and elsewhere 28. 686 Rosa brunonii Lindl. Khwarch, Babagam Baluchistan,Kurram Kashmir to S.W.China, Burma New report from Dir Gorach Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara. 29. 722 Rosa indica L. Gulab Common Commonly cultivated. Native of W.Asia. New report from Dir 30. 108 Rosa macrophylla Gulisadbo Outala Kurram Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir Lindl. r Agency,Kashmir, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Baltistan. 31. 776 Rosa nanothamnus Zangali Darwazo Kurram Agency, Native of W.Asia. New report from Dir Boulenger gulab kandao Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Baltistan. 32. 800 Rosa sericea Lindl. Zangali Miagano banda Kashmir Himachal Pradesh to S.W.China, New report from Dir gulab Burma. 33. 836 Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Palwarri Dokrai, Gor, Kurram Agency, Pakistan to W. Nepal. Reported from Dir Royle Zangali Gal Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, gulab Baltistan, Gilgit, Dir. 34. 569 Rubus anatolicus Shabikai Kurram Agency Pakistan to Bhutan New report from Dir (Focke) Focke ex Hausskn.

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 35. 603 Rubus ellipticus Smith Bagana Bishigram Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Pakistan to S.W.China, India, New report from Dir Ziara Murre hills. SriLanka, S.E.Asia. Karwara 36. 657 Rubus idaeus L. Baganai Muliano banda Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Pakistan to S.W.China. Reported from Dir Baltistan, Gilgit, Dir. 37. 729 Rubus niveus Thunb. Khwarch Kulal dherai Kurram Agency, Himachal Pradesh to S.W.China Reported from Dir non. Wall. Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Dir. 38. 741 Rubus saxatilis L. Goraja Daru Kashmir, Baltistan, Himachal Pradesh to S.W.China, New report from Dir Gilgit. Burma. 39. 801 Rubus ulmifolius Schott Karwara Derai, Pula Kurram Agency, Afghanistan to Nepal. New report from Dir Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Baltistan, Gilgit, Baluchistan. 40. 97 Sibbaldia cuneata Chotial Shaklai Kurram Agency, Afghanistan to S.W. China, C.Asia New report from Dir Kunze Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Baltistan, Gilgit. 41. 36 Sorbaria tomentosa Jijrai Tajaka Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Kashmir to Bhutan. New report from Dir (Lindl.) Rehdr Hazara. 42. 819 Sorbus lanata (D. Don) Asman banda Kurram Agency, Afghanistan to C. Nepal. New report from Dir S. Schauer Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara. 43. 647 Spiraea affinis Parker. Kurkun Chinar kot Kashmir, Hazara. India to S.W.China. New report from Dir 44. 777 Spiraea canescens D. Lalu Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit, Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir Don Hazara. 45. 718 Spiraea cantoniensis Karrari Zanai Cultivated in gardens. Himachal Pradesh to S.W.China. New report from Dir Lour. 46. 753 Spiraea lasiocarpa Kar. Shagolo Namaz kot Chitral, Gilgit. Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir & Kir. 47. 646 Spiraea vaccinifolia Kalpani Kashmir, Swat, Hazara. India to S.W.China. New report from Dir D.Don

69 SCROPHULARIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 222 Euphrasia officinalis Haya serai Afghanistan to Bhutan. New report from Dir L. 2. 127 Kickxia incana Dherai, Kass KhyberAgency,Malakand New report from Dir (Wall.) Penn Agency,Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Karachi, Baluchistan. 3. 153 Kickxia ramosissima Lalu KurramAgency, Kashmir New report from Dir (Wall.) Janchen Waziristan, Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Baluchistan. 4. 154 Leptorhabdos Satara KurramAgency, Khyber agency, New report from Dir benthamiana Hk. f. Kashmir, Chitral, Swat,Gilgit, Baltistan,Baluchistan. 5. 129 Mazus japonicus Spin Kar Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Pakistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir (Thunb.) O.Ktze Peshawar, Hazara. 6. 203 Pedicularis pectinata Dabaku Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Pakistan to Nepal. New report from Dir Wall. Baltistan. 7. 731 Picrorhiza kurrooa - Dabaku, Kashmir,Baltistan,Hazara Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh. New report from Dir Royle ex Bth. suripao 8. 206 Scrophularia calycina Qilla Manza, Kashmir Swat, Hazara. Nepal to Tibet. New report from Dir Bth. Chinar Kot 9. 68 Scrophularia dentata Warsaki Gilgit, Baltistan. Nepal to Bhutan. New report from Dir Royle ex Bth. 10. 854 Scrophularia nudata Shakar tangi Gilgit, Baltistan, Kashmir. Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan. New report from Dir Penn 11. 205 Scrophularia Lajbook Kashmir, Chitral, Swat, Afghanistan to Nepal. Reported from Dir scabiosifolia Bth. Dir,Gilgit,Baltistan,Peshawar, Jhelum,Baluchistan. 12. 204 Scrophularia striata Kurshung KurramAgency, Waziristan, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, New report from Dir Boiss. Peshawar,Khyber agency, Bhutan. Chitral, Swat, Baluchistan. 13. 683 Verbascum erianthum SroGal KurramAgency,Khyber agency, Afghanistan to S.W.China. New report from Dir Bth. Pesahawar, Kashmir Chitral, Swat,Hazara, Gilgit,

70 Baluchistan. 14. 26 Verbascum thapsus L. Khar Common Kashmir,Dir, Chitral, Swat, Afghanistan to S.W.China, Reported from Dir Ghwag, Gilgit, Baltistan,Baluchistan. Temperate Eurasia. Khar Dag. 15. 641 Veronica ciburia (L.) Shamakae Nambatai Pakistan to Nepal, Temperate New report from Dir Less Eurasia. 16. 125 Veronica didyma Thal KurramAgency, Kashmir, Kashmir to S.W.China. New report from Dir Tenore Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Baluchistan, Hazara, Lahore. 17. 91 Veronica laxa Benth. Bagh Kashmir,Dir, Hazara. Pakistan to Nepal, Tibet, Reported from Dir China, Japan. 18. 743 Veronica persica Poir. Namaz kot KurramAgency, Kashmir, Pakistan to C. Nepal, N.& W. New report from Dir Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Asia, Europe. Baluchistan, Hazara, Peshawar. 19. 855 Veronica salina Auct. Suri pao KurramAgency, Kashmir, Nepal to Tibet. New report from Dir non Schur Swat,Gilgit,Baltistan,Baluchistan, Hazara. 20. 642 Veronica undulata Shamakae Mirgam bala Kohat, Peshawar, Kashmir, Pakistan to Bhutan, North New report from Dir Wall. Chitral, Swat, Baluchistan. Temperate Zone. 21. 155 Wulfenia amherstiana Beragam KurramAgency,Dir, Kashmir, Pakistan to Nepal Reported from Dir Wall. ex Bth. Chitral, Swat.

71 b. TABLES OF FAMILIES PUBLISHED IN FLORA OF PAKISTAN

1. FLACOURTIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 278 Flacourtia indica Barambula Meramai Kashmir, Swat, India, Sri Lanka New report from Dir (Burm.) Merril. Rawalpindi

2. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 11 Parrotiopsis Beranj Suripao, Zanai Kashmir, Hazara, India, Afghanistan New report from Dir jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Murree Hills, Swat Rehder

4. OXALIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Distribution Remarks No Number Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 38 Oxalis corniculata L. Manza Zaimdara Khair Pur, Rawalpindi Cosmopolitan New report from Dir Kentarukay, Islamabad, DI Khan, Threwakay Lahore, Hazara, Baluchistan

2. 769 Oxalis corymbosa Khandak Faisalabad, Lahore, A native of S America. New report from Dir DC. Attock, Wah Naturalized in W Europe, Sub Tropical countries 3. 866 Oxalis latifolia Zaimdara Hazara, Murree, S. & Central America New report from Dir Kunth Rawalpindi, Kashmir

72 12. THYMELAEACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Distribution Remarks No Number Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 48 Daphne mucronata Leghonae Bandai Chitral, Dir, Gilgit, Afghanistan, Iran, India, N Africa, Reported Royle Swat, Hazara, Baltistan, S Europe Kurram,Kohat,Kashmir, Khyber Agency, Baluchistan 2. 572 Daphne retusa Kalpani Kashmir Afghanistan, Iran, India, New report from Dir Hemsl. Temperate and Sub Tropical Asia, N Africa, S Europe 3. 46 Wikstroemia Kurshung Dir, Chitral, Swat, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Reported canescens Meisn. Hazara, Khyber Nepal Agency, Kurram Agency, Kashmir

14. JUGLANDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 378 Juglans regia L. Ghoze Common Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Central America, S E Europe, New report from Dir Kashmir, Kurram, Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Baluchistan Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, China, Burma

15. PHILADELPHACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 229 Deutzia staminea R. Br. Muliano banda Chitral, Hazara, Swat, N W Himalayas, Nepal, China, New report from Dir ex Wall. Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Kashmir Kurram Agency

73 17. MELIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 554 Cedrela serrata Skhawoun Daru Swat, Murree hills, Burma, India New report from Dir Royle ae Kashmir

2. 24 Melia azedarach L. Tora Common Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Wild in W Himalayas, Cultivated in Bakayna Karachi Iran, China, Burma, Turkey, India Shandai New report from Dir

20. APIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 420 Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Spairkay Karin Peshawar, Kashmir N & S America, N Africa, Europe, New report from Dir Asia 2. 438 Anethum graveolens L. Sowah Gore Commonly cultivated Asia, Europe, USA Reported in Pakistan 3. 486 Angelica archangelica Lacha Kashmir, Gilgit Himalayas In India, Central Asia & New report from Dir L. var. himalaica Europe (Clarke) 4. 528 Angelica glauca Edgew. Shagai Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, Himalayas In India, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Kurram Central Asia & Europe New report from Dir 5. 588 Bunium persicum Zankai, Shaklai Chitral, Gilgit, Kohat, N Africa, S Europe, Afghanistan, (Boiss.) Fedtsch. Tore Nowshera, Hazara, Iran, Central Asia Zankai Swat, Kashmir, Baluchistan New report from Dir 6. 272 Bupleurum candollei Suri Pao Hazara, Kashmir, Himalayas In India, Wall. ex DC. Kurram New report from Dir 7. 558 Bupleurum falcatum L. Chinar kot Dir, Swat Europe, Asia Reported 8. 433 Bupleurum longicaule Khandak Swat, Baltistan, Himalayas In India, Central Asia New report from Dir Wall. ex DC. Kashmir 9. 379 Carum carvi L. Sperkai Shagai Chitral, Gilgit, Hazara, Himalayas In India, Central Asia, New report from Dir

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Kashmir, Baltistan Middle East, N Africa, Europe 10. 325 Chaerophyllum reflexum Gumbat banda Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Himalayas In India, Afghanistan Reported Lindl. Kashmir, 11. 451 Chaerophyllum villosum Babagam Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Himalayas In India, Afghanistan New report from Dir Wall. ex DC. Kashmir, Baltistan

12. 493 Coriandrum sativum L. Danria Common Gilgit, Khyber Cosmopolitan Agency, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan, Hazara, New report from Dir 13. 541 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid Zanai Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Middle East, Central Asia, zeera Islamabad, Baluchistan, Mediterranean, N Africa Khyber Agency New report from Dir 14. 1 Eryngium billardieri Markhanai Kurram, Baluchistan Caucasus, Turkey, Lebanon to Iran, New report from Dir Del. Iraq 15. 511 Eryngium coeruleum M- Tha Common Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, New report from Dir Bieb. Manzari Afghanistan, Tibet Mangwal 16. 739 Foeniculum vulgare Kagah Common Chitral, Swat, Cosmopolitan New report from Dir Mill. Kashmir, Baltistan, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan 17. 271 Oenanthe javanica Danpura Swat, Dir, Attock, India, S E Asia, Japan, China Reported (Blume) DC. Hazara, Kashmir 18. 570 Pimpinella acuminata Spin Kar, Suri Hazara, Kashmir, Himalayas In India, New report from Dir (Edgew.) pao Rawalpindi 19. 142 Pimpinella diversifolia Spin Kar, Chitral, Swat, Dir, Himalayas In India, Afghanistan Reported DC. Gumbat Banda, Hazara, Kurram, extended to China and Japan Suri pao, Guli Murree Hills, Kashmir, Bagh, Qilla Baltistan Manza 20. 77 Pimpinella stewartii Guli Bagh, Qilla Chitral, Gilgit, Swat, New report from Dir (Dunn) E. Nasir Manza Hazara, Islamabad, Jhelum, Kashmir

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

21. 50 Scandix pecten-veneris Common Chitral, Gilgit, Swat, Europe, Asia, N & S America L. Hazara, Khyber New report from Dir Agency, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan, Kashmir 22. 540 Torilis japonica (Houtt.) Shabeki Hazara, Swat, Peshawar Europe, Asia, N Africa, N & S New report from Dir DC. America 23. 389 Torilis leptophylla (L.) Bandagai Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Europe, C & S Asia, Africa, New report from Dir Reichb. f. Peshawar, Rawalpindi Introduced in USA 24. 75 Torilis nodosa (L.) Dheri Jhelum, Kashmir Europe, Asia, N & S America New report from Dir Gaertn. 25. 490 Trachyspermum ammi Sperkai Kumbar, Dherai Gilgit, Baltistan, Afghanistan, Middle East, Central New report from Dir (L.) Sprague Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Asia, Russia, N Africa Kashmir, Baluchistan

21. LINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 93 Linum corymbulosumn Khatkai Gilgit, Swat, Kashmir, S Europe, Mediterranean, Canary New report from Dir Reichenb. Kohat, Baltistan, Islands, E Africa, Afghanistan, India Rawalpindi, Loralai 2. 223 Reinwardtia trigyna Bandai, Dherai Swat, Peshawar, N W Himalaya (Roxb.) Planch. Kashmir New report from Dir

23. PLATANACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 193 Platanus orientalis L. Chinar Common Swat, Hazara, Khair S E Europe to Turkey, Iran, Central New report from Dir pur, Kurram, Attock, W Asia, Afghanistan, India Rawalpindi

76 24. STAPHYLEACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 178 Staphylea emodi Khandak Hazara, Swat, Kurram Afghanistan, W Himalayas New report from Dir Brandis

27. GROSSULARIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 735 Ribes alpestre Dcne. Kag Dakh Darwazo kandao Gilgit, Hazara Alpine Himalayas Kumaon to New report from Dir Kashmir, Afghanistan,

2. 755 Ribes glaciale Wall. Karn Nambatai Kashmir, Swat China, Tibet, Himalayas, New report from Dir Afghanistan

3. 41 Ribes himalense Dcne. Guli bagh Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, N W Himalayas Baltistan, Kashmir New report from Dir

4. 47 Ribes nigrum L. Balukhan Gilgit, Baltistan Himalayas, N Europe New report from Dir

5. 597 Ribes orientale Desf. Gumbat banda Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Common in the arid regions of Swat, Baltistan, Himalayas and West Wards through New report from Dir Baluchistan, Ziarat South Asia to Greece.

77 28. PLUMBAGINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 810 Limonium cabulicum Lagharai Shoghot Afghanistan New report from Dir (Boiss.) O. Kuntze

32. HYPERICACEAE (GUTTIFERAE)

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 168 Hypericum dyeri Hayaserai Dir, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir to Bhutan, S.China, Report from Dir. Rehder Kashmir, S.E.Asia. 2. 219 Hypericum perforatum Shin Chai Sherkhani, Swat,Kurram Agency, West Asia, India, Europe New report from Dir L. Dherai Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan, Murree hills, Kashmir. 3. 837 Hypericum Sharan Dherai Swat,KurramAgency,Hazra, Pakistan to Central Nepal, New report from Dir oblongifolium Choisy Gulab Murree hills, Kashmir.

33. PEDALIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 863 Sesamum indicum L. Til Kaladag Faisal abad, Karachi, Asia, Tropical Asia, India, Srilanka, New report from Dir Tharparkar, Jacobabad, Tropical Africa. Nawab shah, Baluchistan.

78 34. CAPPARIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 218 Cleome viscosa L. Maniyal Karachi, Khair pur, Tropical regions of the world Reported Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hazara, Chitral, Dir, Gilgit

36. MIMOSACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 844 Acacia modesta Wall. Palosa Gauhar Lora lai, Jhelum, India, Afghanistan New report from Dir kot Hazara, Multan, Sahiwal, Murree hills, Peshawar 2. 758 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. Kikar Sherkhani Karachi Senegal, Sudan, Nigeria, Egypt New report from Dir 3. 704 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Serikh Shadas Lahore India, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Merrill Lanka, Chine, Philippines, S E Asia New report from Dir 4. 637 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Serikh Kaladog Rawalpindi, Karachi, Tropical, Asia, N Australia Tropical Hazara Africa New report from Dir

37. DATISCACEAE

Serial Vouche Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No r Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Number Area 1. 829 Datisca cannabina L. Kalbari Chinargai Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Turkey, Trans Caucasian, Lebanon, New report from Dir Kashmir, Gilgit Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal

79 39. SAPINDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 34 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ghworas Gumbati Hazara, Kashmir, Swat, Australia, S Africa, N America, New report from Dir kay Rawalpindi-Islamabad, China, India, Sri Lanka Karachi, Baluchistan

40. MOLLUGINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 237 Mollugo nudicaulis Lamk. Nagotal Dir, Chitral, Swat, S America, Tropical Africa, Sri Reported Hazara, Kashmir, Lanka, India Rawalpindi, Makran

44. CANNABACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 820 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang, Common Dir, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Russia, India, China, Iran Reported Bung Hazara, Kashmir, Malakand Agency, Jhelum, Sargodha, Attock, Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi

80 51. PORTULACACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 649 Portulaca oleracea L. Warkharay Dabaku, Balu Dir, Chitral. Hazara, Cosmopolitan Reported khan Kashmir, Sialkot, Lahore, Makran, Karachi, Dadu, Tharparkar, Quetta

2. 745 Portulaca quadrifida L. Warkharay Qilla manza Sargodha, Rawalpindi, India, Tropical Africa, Asia New report from Dir Peshawar, Mardan, Hazara, Jhelum, Karachi, Thatta

52. POLYGALACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 39 Polygala abyssinica Barkhani Swat, Malakand, Kuram, Africa, Afghanistan, Himalayas, New report from Dir R. Br. ex Fresen Nowshera, Hazara, From Murree to Kumaon. Kashmir, Mian Wali, Harnai, Loralai 2. 709 Polygala alba Nutt. Nambatai ------Newly Reported from Pakistan 3. 815 Polygala erioptera KulalDherai Waziristan, Jhelum, Arabia, Tropical Asia, Africa. New report from Dir DC. Rawalpindi, Attock, Karachi, Faisalabad, Baluchistan

81 53. DIOSCORACEAE

Serial No Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 623 Dioscorea Marano Hazara, Kashmir Himalaya, Kashmir New report from Dir melanophyma Burkill & Prain 2. 862 Dioscorea deltoidea Kanis, Lacha Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, Afghanistan, Throughout the New report from Dir Wall. ex Kunth Konal Murree Hills Himalayas

54. CAESALPINIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1 225 Caesalpinia Jara KalaDag, Dir, Swat Bhutan,India,China,Japan,S. Reported from Dir decapetala (Roth) Hayaserai E.Asia. Alston

55. BRASSICACEAE

Serial No Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 244 Alliaria petiolata Lajbok Chitral, Hazara, Europe, North Africa, Most of New report from Dir (M.Bieb.) Cav. & Kashmir, Kurram, temperate and cooler Asia. Grande Baluchistan 2. 701 Arabidopsis Qilla manza Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit Through out Himalaya New report from Dir himalaica (Edgew.) Schulz 3. 221 Arabidopsis Balukhan Chitral, Hazara, North West Himalaya, Kashmir, New report from Dir wallichii (Hook. f. Kashmir, Kurram, Hasan Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia. & Thoms.) N. Abdal, Murree Hills, Busch Baluchistan 4. 761 Brassica rapa L. Sharshum Common Multan, Khair Pur Mediterranean Region, Central New report from Dir

Serial No Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

Asia. 5. 220 Brassica rapa L. Tipar Common Swat, Lahore, Khair Pur, Europe, Central Asia, New report from Dir ssp. campestris Karachi, Baluchistan (L.) Clapham 6. 270 Capsella bursa- Bambesa Common Chitral, Gigit, Swat, Dir, Cosmopolitan in Cooler Climates Reported pastoris (L.) Kashmir, Kurram Valley, Medik. Murree Hills, Lahore, Makran, Baluchistan 7. 151 Cardamine Merakai Gilgit, Swat, Pehawar, Europe and Asia, Introduced in New report from Dir flexuosa With. Hazara, Kashmir, North America 8. 629 Cardamine Danpura Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Europe and Asia. impatiens L. Kashmir, Murree Hills, New report from Dir 9. 821 Cardamine Bishigram Gilgit, Astor, Kashmir, Endemic to Himalayas loxostemonoides New report from Dir O.E. Schulz 10. 103 Coronopus Kumbar, Dherai Peshawar, Sargodha, Cosmopolitan New report from Dir didymus (L.) Smith Rawalpindi, D.I Khan, Lahore, Khairpur, Makran, Karachi, Thatta, Baluchistan 11. 768 Draba affghanica Asman banda Chitral, Hazara, Afghanistan, North West New report from Dir Boiss. Kashmir, Gilgit, Kurram Himalaya. Valley, 12. 636 Draba pakistanica Gal Chitral Endemic to Pakistan New report from Dir Jafri 13. 192 Eruca sativa Miller Jamama Hayaserai Peshawar, Chitral, Europe, North Africa, South West Attock, Rawalpindi, Asia, Introduced else where New report from Dir Khairpur, Karachi, Baluchistan 14. 613 Erysimum Dokrai Swat, Kashmir, Jhelum, Himalaya, Tibet, New report from Dir melicentae Dunn Baltistan, 15. 671 Isatis costata C. A. Lajbok Gilgit, Baltistan, Swat, Central Asia, Kashmir, New report from Dir Mey. Kurram Valley

Serial No Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

16. 737 Lepidium apetalum Takatak Gilgit, Kashmir, Central Asia, Himalaya and East New report from Dir Willd. Asia. 17. 63 Lepidium Tajaka, Sher Hazara, Dir, Murree Central Asia, Himalaya and Reported pinnatifidum Khan, Spin Kar. Hills Caucasus Ledeb. 18. 660 Lepidium sativum Halam Sher Khan, Spin Chitral, Peshawar, Native of Egypt and West Asia, New report from Dir Linn. Kar. Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Introduced and Naturalized Fatehjang , Balcuhistan elsewhere 19. Nasturtium Talmira Common Khyber Agency, Kurram Europe, Central and West Asia, New report from Dir 599 microphyllum agency Africa and America Boenn. ex Reichenb. 20. 674 Nasturtium Talmira Common Chitral, Hazara, Europe and Temperate Asia New report from Dir officinale R. Br. Kashmir, RawalPindi, widely introduced Sakkar, Baluchistan

21. Rorippa islandica Beragam Chitral, Gilgit, Peshawar, Europe and Temperate Asia New report from Dir 738 (Oed.) Borb. Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, widely introduced Baltistan, Rawalpindi 22. 110 Sisymbrium irio Awrae Spin Kar Chitral, Dir, Peshawar, Europe, Most of Asia and North Reported Linn. Baltistan, Khyber Pass, Africa Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Lahore, Gujranwala, Khairpur, Baluchistan. 23. 608 Thalaspi Lajbok Chitral, Hazara, Central and South West Asia to New report from Dir kotschyanum Kashmir, Afghanistan and NW Himalaya Boiss. & Hohen.

24. 781 Thalaspi Sher Khan, Spin Chitral, Hazara, Central and North Asia to cochleariforme Kar. Kashmir, Gilgit, Pakistan and N Western New report from Dir DC. Baltistan, Murree Hills Himalaya

Serial No Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

25. 625 Thalaspi Sher Khan Swat, NWFP Pak Afghan Europe and North Africa, South perfoliatum L. Border without any West Asia to Afghanistan and New report from Dir locality NW Himalaya 26. 498 Alyssum Hayaserai Chitral, Khyber Pass, South East Europe North Africa , desertorum Staph Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Central and South West Asia to New report from Dir Kurram Valley , Pakistan and north West Baltistan, Kohat, Hassan Himalaya Abdal, Baluchistan 27. 692 Thalaspi Hayaserai Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir Himalayas New report from Dir andersonii (H. & and Murree Hills T.) O.E. Schulz

56. BUDDLEJACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 18 Buddleja crispa Bth. Booi Dherai Swat, Hazara, Kurram, India, Afghanistan and NW New report from Dir and Baluchistan. Himalaya 2. 760 Buddleja asiatica Booi Nagotal Hazara, Rawalpindi, Malaysia, China, Burma and New report from Dir Lour. Kashmir. India

57. PODOPHYLLACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 170 Podophyllum emodi Gangora, Tajaka Gilgit, Kashmir, Hazara, Throughout Himalaya, India, New report from Dir Wall. ex Royle Kakorra Murree Hills Afghanistan and China

85 59. OLEACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 791 Fraxinus hookeri Shoom Hayaserai Swat, Kashmir, Western Himalaya, from W. Tibet New report from Dir Wenzig to Pakistan. 2. 835 Jasminum Chambeli Kumbar Rawalpindi, Karachi Sub tropical N.W.Himalaya New report from Dir grandiflorum L. 3. 171 Jasminum humile L. Rambel Bandai Waziristan, Kashmir, Himalaya and Hindu kush, from New report from Dir Chambel Murree hills, Hazara, Afghanistan to W. China. Swat, Kurram valley. 4. 713 Jasminum multiflorum Ziar Nambatai Kashmir, Lahore, India, from Himalaya to Srilanka, New report from Dir (Burm. f.) Andrews Chambel Hyderabad Burma, China 5. 706 Jasminum officinale L. Ziar Gal, Karin Hazara, Gilgit, Mediterranean, Caucasus, N. Persia, New report from Dir Rambel Kurram, Murree hills, Afghanistan, China, India, Chambel Baluchistan. Hindukush. 6. 702 Olea ferruginea Royle Khona Common Hazara, Swat, Khyber Afghanistan, Kashmir. New report from Dir Agency, Chitral, Malakand Agency, Jhelum, Rawalpindi 7. 117 Syringa emodi Wall. ex Tajaka Kashmir, Hazara, Western Himalaya, from Pakistan New report from Dir Royle Swat, Kurram valley. to Kumaon

61. PAPAVERACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 833 Argemone mexicana L. Raidae Damkata Lahore, Kashmir, Native of West Indies and Mexico, New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Naturalized in most of the Warm Hayderabad, Dadu, Countries of the world Karachi 2. 750 Papaver somniferum Khash- Gore Swat, Malakand Europe and Asia New report from Dir L. khash Agency, Hazara, Rawalpindi, Khairpur, Karachi

86 3. 845 Papaver dubium L. Gauharkot Swat, Kurram Valley, Europe and Asia New report from Dir Hazara, Rawalpindi, Murree Hills 4. 867 Papaver hyberidum L. Zaimdara Kashmir, Peshawar, South Europe, North Africa, Central New report from Dir Rawalpindi Asia, Afhanistan, West Pakistan (Bangladesh), South West Asia.

62. PLANTAGINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 152 Plantago major L. Ispaghol Dherai, Bagh Gilgit, Swat, Chitral, Through out Europe north and New report from Dir Ghata Hazara, Kashmir, Kurram central Asia Introduced all over the Jabai Agency, Murree Hills, world Makran, Hayderabad, Baluchistan 2. 239 Plantago ciliata Desf. Ispaghol Shaklai Muhmmand Agency, North Africa and South West Asia New report from Dir Peshawar, Attock, Waziristan, Kohat, Kurram agency, Khyber agency, Lahore, Baluchistan 3. 822 Plantago himalaica Balukhan Hazara, Kashmir Kashmir, India New report from Dir Pilger 4. 210 Plantago lanceolata L. Baltanga Gulibagh, Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Europe, N Africa, S Asia to the Reported Jabai Namazkot Kashmir, Bannu, Kurram mountains of Tien –Shan and Pamir, Agency, Peshawar, introduced all over the world. Sargodha, Murree Hills, Makran, D.I Khan, Balushistan 5. 813 Plantago ovata Forssk. Wara Thal Khyber Agency Swat, From Mediterranean regions to the New report from Dir Jabai Hazara, Kurram Agency, deserts of Kizal- Kum, Afghanistan Peshawar,Attock,Mianwali Sargodha Bannu, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, DI Khan, Makran, Hayderabad, Baluchistan

87 65. BUXACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 828 Buxus papilosa C.K. Shamshad Kalpani Peshawar, Jhelum, Endemic to Pakistan New report from Dir Schneid. Rawalpindi, Lahore, Baluchistan 2. 610 Sarcococca saligna (D. Ladora, Suri pao Hazara, Swat, W Himalaya from Afghanistan to New report from Dir Don) Muell.-Arg. Laden Rawalpindi, Murree Hills, Kumaon Ladanr Kashmir

68. ALISMATACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 250 Sagittaria trifolia L. Taqae, Dherai Hazara, Swat, Malakand Iraq, Iran, China, Malaysia, Japan New report from Dir agency, Mardan, Attock, introduced an adventives in Kurram, Kashmir. Australia, Hawaii, Fiji, Philippines, Borneo, Java 2. 756 Alisma plantago- Dherai Mardan, Kurram agency, India, Burma, Russia, Europe, North aquatica Linn. Swat, Hazara, Kashmir and tropical Africa New report from Dir

71. AMARANTHACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. Achyranthes bidentata Spay Common Dir, Hazara, Murree Hills, India, Srilanka, China, Japan, Reported 668 Blume. Bootay Mianwali, Rawalpindi, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, east Puthkand Kashmir and west Tropical Africa a, Buch Kanda 2. 430 Alternanthera pungens Kaladag Rawalpindi, Kashmir, Native of Tropical America, now New report from Dir Kunth Hazara widespread in the rest of the World

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries as weed. 3. 725 Amaranthus caudatus Chalway Common Kashmir, Karachi, Widely cultivated in most parts of New report from Dir L. e Baluchistan the world. 4. 832 Amaranthus spinosus L. - Common Hazara, Kashmir, Jhelum, Cosmopolitan New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Lahore, Multan, Karachi 5. 797 Amaranthus viridis L. Ganrkar Common Peshawar, Hazara, Kashmir, Tropical and Sub Tropical regions New report from Dir Swat, Waziristan, Kohat, of the world and peneterating futher Rawalpindi, Jhelum , in to the temperate regions Sargodha, DI khan, Muzafar Ghar , Lahore, DG khan, Larkana, Karachi, Hayderabad, Chaghi. 6. 707 Celosia argentea L. Takatak, Hazara, Kashmir, Peshawar, Pan Tropical Weed New report from Dir Nagotal Rawalpindi, Sarghodha, Sahiwal, Faisal Abad, Karachi, Hayderabad, Tharparker, Chaghi 7. 63 Digera muricata (L.) Karin Chitral, Swat, Hazara, South Asia, From Tropical Arabia New report from Dir Mart. Peshawar, Rawalpindi, in the Yemen to Afghanistan, India Jhelum, Sialkot, Sahiwal, Srilanka, Malaysia and Indonesia, Khairpur, Karachi, Africa Hayderabad, Tharparker 8. 639 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Sarlara Malakand Agency, Khyber Tropics and sub tropics of the old New report from Dir Juss. Agency, Swat Hazara, world from Arabia to India, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines, Makran, Karachi, Thatta, Egypt, New Guinea, Australia, Baluchistan. Africa.

89 72. PROTEACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 624 Grevillea robusta A. Kulalano shah Peshawar, Islamabad, Endemic to Australia, Cultivated in New report from Dir Cunn. Lahore Tropics and Sub Tropics

73. FUMARIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 145 Corydalis govaniana Mamme Asman banda Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, North west Himalaya, Kashmir New report from Dir Wall. mra, Desi Murree Hills, mamera 2. 144 Corydalis diphylla Babagam Swat, Kashmir, Lowari Throughout Himalaya. New report from Dir Wall. pass (Chitral), Hazara 3. 654 Corydalis stewartii Mamera Darwazo Chitral, Hazara, Swat, North Temperate regions and mostly New report from Dir Fedde. kandao Kashmir, Kurram Agency, Eurasia Murree Hills 4. 146 Fumaria indica Papra Common Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, India, Afghanistan and Central Asia. New report from Dir (Hausskn.) Pugsley Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Introduced elsewhere Islamabad, DI Khan, Lahore, Khairpur, Hayderabad, Karachi, and Baluchistan.

75. TILIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area

90 1. 851 Grewia optiva Drum. Nambatai Peshawar, Swat, Hazara, Himalayan regions in India Nepal New report from Dir ex Burret Rawalpindi, Murree Hills, Jhelum, Sahiwal 2. 177 Corchorus aestuans L. Nagotal Mardan, Hazara, Kohat, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, New report from Dir Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Burma, Malaya, Indo China, Gujrat, Karachi, Australia, Tropical Africa, West Tharparker. Indies and Central America 3. 665 Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Bandai Kohat, DI Khan, Sargodha, Tropical and North Africa, to Iran New report from Dir Fiori Jhelum, Gujrat, India, Sri Lanka Rawalpindi, Attock, DI Khan, Sahiwal, Lahore, Makran, Dadu, Karachi, Thatta, Tharparker, Baluchistan.

76. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 208 Tribulus pentandrus Markundai Kumbar Chitral, Mardan, India, Iran, Iraq, South West Arabia, New report from Dir Forsk. Baltistan, Jhelum, DI Africa Khan, Makran, Karachi, Zhob 2. 35 Tribulus terrestris L Markundai Hayaserai Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Tropical and Subtropical Regions of Reported Hazara, Kashmir, the world. Baltistan, Jhelum, Sargodha, Rawalpindi, Multan, Lahore, DG Khan, Khairpur, Karachi, Thatta, Tharparkar, Dadu, Quetta.

91 77. VERBENACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries Area 1. 727 Lantana indica Roxb. Kampashu Hayaserai Swat, Rawalpindi, Gujrat, India New report from Dir Kohat, Jhelum, Sargodha, Khushab 2. 86 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Dherai Peshawar, Sargodha, Throughout Tropical and Sub New report from Dir Greene Rawalpindi, Attock, DG Tropical regions. Khan, Sheikhopura, Lahore, Makran, Nawab Shah, Karachi, Hayderabad, Dadu, Tharparker, Baluchistan. 3. 626 Verbena officinalis L. Gauharkot Chitral, Dir, Mardan Most of Europe and Asia, North Reported Swat, Malakand Agency, Africa, introduced in North America Kashmir, Hazara, and South Africa. Peshawar, Kohat, Attock, Murree Hills, Jhelum, Sargodha, Lahore, Quetta. 4. 716 Vitex negundo L. Marwanda Kaladog Peshawar, Hazara, India, Western Asia, and North New report from Dir i Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Africa, Kurram Agency, Nawab Shah, Karachi, Baluchistan

78. LYTHRACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries

1. 10 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhawai Gauharkot, Dherai Peshawar, Swat, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, China, New report from Dir (L.) S. Kurz Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Indonesia Lahore, 2. 188 Rotala densiflora Qillamanza Hazara, Kashmir, East Africa, Tropical and Sub New report from Dir (Roth) Koehne Tropical Asia, Australia.

92 82. HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries 1. 209 Aesculus indica (Wall. Majab, Qilla Manza Hazara, Rawal Pindi, Afghanistan, Western Himalayas New report from Dir ex Camb.) Hk. f. Jawaz, Murree Hills, from Kashmir to Nepal. Bankhor Kashmir, Baluchistan (Loralai)

83. ALLIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 601 Allium cepa L. Piaz Common Cultivated through out the Cosmopolitan New report from Dir country 2. 736 Allium humile Kunth Zangali Gumbatbanda Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Himalayas in India New report from Dir Piyaz Hazara, Kashmir, 3. 634 Allium jacquemontii Zangah Lal qilla Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Central Asia, Afghanistan, New report from Dir Kunth Paiz Rawalpindi , Hasan Abdal India 4. 673 Allium sativum L. Ooga Common Cultivated through out the Cosmopolitan New report from Dir country 5. 773 Allium Gouchipp Babagam Gilgit, Chitral, Kashmir, Central Asia, Afghanistan, New report from Dir fedtschenkoanum Regel Baltistan 6. 635 Allium tuberosum Dayag Mirgam Gilgit, Baltistan Himalayas in India and to New report from Dir Rottler ex Spreng. Piyaz China, Japan

84. COMMELINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 798 Commelina Shakartangi Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Tropical and Sub Tropical New report from Dir benghalensis L. Rwalpindi, Sargodha, Asia and Africa

93 Khushab, Attock, Murree Hills, Karachi, Hayderabad, Tharparker 2. 84 Commelina paludosa Planadherai Swat, Buner, Hazara, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh New report from Dir Blume Rawalpindi, Karachi, to Malaysia, Indonesia and Tharparker Philippines

86. ARALIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 643 Aralia cachemirica The Khandak Hazara, Kashmir, Murree Hills Endemic to North West New report from Dir Dcne. Dadono Himalayas Binakai 2. 611 Hedera nepalensis K. Palul Babagam Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Murree Japan, Afghanistan, Western Reported Koch Zelai, hills, Kurram Valley, Kashmir Asia and the Himalayas. Parwata

87. BERBERIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 620 Berberis brandisiana Kowaray Sarlara Hazara, Kashmir, Baltistan, Kashmir and Western New report from Dir Ahrendt Murree Hills Himalaya, 2. 770 Berberis chitria Lindl. Outala Kashmir Throughout the Himalaya New report from Dir 3. 652 Berberis Kowaray Balukhan Swat, Hazara, Murree Hills, India, Kashmir New report from Dir kunawurensis Royle Kashmir 4. 201 Berberis lycium Royle Kwarai, Common in the Hazara, Kashmir, Malakand Kashmir and N West New report from Dir Speen valley Himalaya. Kwaray 5. 724 Berberis Tajaka Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Kashmir and Punjab New report from Dir pseudumbellata Baltistan Himalaya. Parker ssp

94 pseudumbellata 6. 796 Berberis Ziarr Gal Baluchistan Endemic Not reported New report from Dir baluchistanica Largay,Tor Ahrendt Kwaray

88. CORNACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 44 Cornus macrophylla Kandar Gauhar Kot Swat, Hazara, Murree hills, North Temperate Zone. New report from Dir Wall. Kashmir.

89. MYRSINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 644 Myrsine africana L. Marorang Shahbekai Chitral, Swat, Murree hills, Asia, Africa New report from Dir Hazara, Baluchistan

92. ACERACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 695 Acer caesium Wall. Chinarang Qilla manza Chitral, Murree Hills, Hazara, Hindu Kush and Himalaya New report from Dir ex Brandis a 2. 728 Acer cappadocicum Chinarang Gumbat banda,Qilla Swat, Kashmir, Murree Hills Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, New report from Dir Gled. a manza Himalayas to China and Japan

95 94. DIPSACACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 52 Scabiosa candollei Suri Pao, Lajbok Dir, Peshawar, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan and Himalayas Reported DC. Kurram, Jhelum, Sulaiman Range

95. BETULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 185 Betula utilis D. Don. Braj Tajaka Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Temperate Himalayas from New report from Dir Baltistan, Kashmir Kashmir to Bhutan and Afghanistan 2. 583 Alnus nitida (Spach) Girae Gauharkot,Nagotal Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Temperate Himalayas New report from Dir Endl.

98. OROBANCHACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 795 Orobanche alba Dherai Gilgit, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Europe, Central and North New report from Dir Steph. Asia, and South West Asia, Afghanistan, Kashmir to Tibet

100. PAPILIONACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 344 Astragalus Mamol Lajbok Waziristan, Quetta, Zhob Afghanistan, Persia. New report from Dir anisacanthus Boiss.

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 2. 314 Astragalus Shakartangi Gilgit, Kurram valley, Chitral, Kashmir, India, New report from Dir graveolens Buch.- Kashmir, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan, China Ham. ex Bth. Baluchistan 3. 59 Astragalus Asmanbanda Peshawar, Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, India, New report from Dir leucocephalus Grah. Swat, Kashmir, Murree Hills, Afghanistan, China ex Bth. Rawalpindi , Sargodha 4. 280 Astragalus Mamol Lajbok Kurram Valley, Peshawar, Kashmir New report from Dir psilocentros Fisch. Hazara, Waziristan, Sargodha, Jhelum, Murree Hills, Baluchistan (Loralai, Zahree) 5. 335 Astragalus Mamol Lajbok Khyber Pass, Chitral , Hazara, India, Afghanistan New report from Dir pyrrhotrichus Boiss. Swat, Attock 6. 334 Cicer arietinum L. Kaladog Widely cultivated in Pakistan Mediterranean Region Asia, New report from Dir introduced in America and Africa 7. 395 Crotolaria juncea L. Lajbok Muzafarabad, Hazara, India, Burma, Australia, New report from Dir Kashmir, Jehlum, Chakwal, Russia, Introduced in Rawalpindi, Margala hills, tropical Africa Karachi. 8. 9 Dalbergia sissoo Shawa Gauharkot DI Khan, Rawalpindi, Attock, India, Afghanistan, Persia, New report from Dir Roxb. Sahiwal, Muzafarghar, Iraq, Sukkur, Karachi, Hayderabad, Baluchistan 9. 293 Desmodium elegans Chamkat Nagotal Kurram valley, Dir, Hazara, Nepal, Bhutan Reported DC. Swat, Kashmir, Waziristan, Rawalpindi, Murree Hills, Chinab Valley, Jhelum Valley 10. 427 Desmodium Chamra Gauharkot Swat, Kashmir Kashmir, India, Sri Lanka, New report from Dir podocarpum DC. Japan, China, Philippines. 11. 276 Desmodium triflorum Sal parni Qilla Manza Hazara, Rawalpindi, Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir (L.) DC. Islamabad, Kashmir, Lahore, Sikkim, China, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia,

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Philippines, Polynesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Southern Tropical America, Tropical Africa. 12. 283 Indigofera Ghwaraja Bandai, Lajbok Swat, Hazara, Chitral, India, Nepal, China, New report from Dir heterantha Wall. ex Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brandis var. gerardiana (Wall. ex Baker) Ali 13. 346 Indigofera Ghwaraja Common Through out Hazara, Kashmir India, Nepal, China, New report from Dir heterantha Wall. ex the Valley Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brandis var. heterantha 14. 175 Lathyrus aphaca L. Kur Zaimdara, Nagotal Chitral, Peshawar, Swat, Kashmir, India, Europe, New report from Dir Kamanai Hazara, Attock, Rawalpindi, North Africa, Central Asia, Jhelum, Lahore, Karachi, South West Asia Thatta 15. 338 Lathyrus cicera L. Wara Gauharkot Swat Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, New report from Dir Chilo Syria, Turkey, North Africa, Europe 16. 404 Lathyrus humilis Balokhan Chitral, Kashmir, Hazara, Kashmir, India, China, New report from Dir (Ser.) Fischer ex Baltistan, Central Asia Sprengel. 17. 358 Lathyrus laevigatus Tajaka Not Reported Pakistan to West Nepal New Report from (Waldst. & Kit.) Pakistan Gren. 18. 383 Lathyrus pratensis L. Ziara Gilgit, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, India, Caucasian, New report from Dir Chilo Kashmir, Murree Hills, Iraq, Lebanon, Turkey, Ethiopia, North Africa, Europe 19. 436 Lathyrus sativus L. Ghata Zaimdara Chitral, Peshawar, Swat, India, Kashmir, Europe, New report from Dir Chilo Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan, North Africa, South West Larkana, Rawalpindi, Karachi Asia, Russia

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 20. 461 Lespedeza juncea (L. Oormaray Shagai Chitral, Dir, Kurram Valley, Kashmir, India Reported f.) Persoon var. Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, juncea Murree hills 21. 196 Lotus corniculatus L. Dherai, Gore Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, India, Afghanistan, China, New report from Dir var. corniculatus Kashmir, Waziristan, Kurram Mongolia, Iran, Syria, Valley, Murree Hills, DI Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Khan Philistine, Cyprus, Russia, Europe, Japan, Korea, Australia 22. 492 Medicago laciniata Shpeshtar Dheri, Guli Bagh, Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, New report from Dir (L.) Mill. var ae Haya Serai, Gumbat Kohat, Attock, Baluchistan Kenya, Somalia, Southern laciniata Banda (Quetta, Panjgur, Pidarak) Europe, East Asia (The Orient) 23. 269 Medicago lupulina Lajbok Dir, Kurram, Agency, Kashmir, India, Russia, Reported L. Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Syria, Eritrea, Murree Hills, Baltistan, Ethiopia, Tanganyika, Gilgit, Rawalpindi, Karachi, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Baluchistan, Swat, Kenya, Somalia, Southern Europe, East Asia (The Orient) 24. 414 Medicago minima Haya Serai Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, Kashmir, Europe, North New report from Dir (L.) Grufb. Rawalpindi, Africa, Asia, Introduced in North and South America 25. 505 Medicago Dherai, Gal, Chitral, Swat Peshawar, Through out the world New report from Dir polymorpha L. Asmanbanda Murree Hills, Rawalpindi, except tropical regions Sialkot, Lahore, Khairpur, Karachi, Daulat Pur, Baluchistan 26. 552 Mellilotus indica (L.) Lajbok Chitral, Swat, Waziristan, India, Europe, East Asia. New report from Dir All. Lahore, DG Khan, Makran, Nawab Shah, Karachi, Mir Pur Khas, Baluchistan 27. 869 Onobrychis Lajbok Quetta, Kach, Khojak Pass Afghanistan, Russia, Iran New report from Dir

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions micrantha Schrenk 28. 868 Oxytropis Lajbok Kashmir, Gilgit India, Russia, Pamir, New report from Dir chiliophylla Royle ex Afghanistan, Tibet, Benth Kashmir, 29. 849 Oxytropis lapponica Dherai, Gilgit, Kashmir, Punjab, Tibet, Russia, India, New report from Dir (Wahl.), Gay, NWFP Norway, Sweden, Switizerland, Austria, Italy, Spain 30. 826 Pisum sativum L. var Matar Gore, Bandai Cultivated through out the Cosmopolitan New report from Dir sativum country 31. 381 Rubinia Kikar Common through out Cultivated as an ornamental Native of United States, New report from Dir pseudoacacia L. the valley tree throughout the country Cultivated and more less naturalized in Europe and Japan 32. 524 Sesbania concolar Dherai, Mergam Sahiwal, Karachi, Thatta, India, Arabia, New report from Dir Gillett Nagar parker Hills 33. 478 Sophora mollis Kathi Sangwalai Kurram, Kohat, Swat, Chitral, Kashmir New report from Dir (Royle) Baker ssp Hazara, Gilgit, Kashmir mollis 34. 488 Sophora secundiflora Sherkhani Lahore Native of Texas and Mexico New report from Dir (Ortega) DC. 35. 183 Trifolium repens L. Lal qilla Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, India, Russia, Reported Gilgit, Murree Hills, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Syria, North Baluchistan. Africa, South Africa, Caucasus, East Asia (The Orient), Australia, Central Asia, North America, Atlantic Island 36. 311 Trifolium Nagotal , Gauharkot Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Russia, Afghanistan, Syria, Reported resupinatum L. Gilgit, Murree Hills, Kashmir, Iraq, Turkey, Egypt, Baluchistan, Peshawar, Introduced in western and Karachi, Hayderabad, Thatta Central Europe 37. 367 Trigonella emodi Plana dherai Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, India New report from Dir

100

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Bth. Rawalpindi, Kashmir 38. 688 Trigonella foenum- Malkhuza Gore, Bandai, Kumbar Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Kashmir, India, Southern New report from Dir graecum L. y Lahore Europe, East Asia, Arabia, Ethiopia 39. 176 Vicia faba L. Marghai Dherai, Zaimdara Baltistan, Gilgit Widely cultivated in Europe New report from Dir Khpa and other places 40. 580 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Mardikak Kas, Topasin Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir S.F.Grey h Kashmir, Murree Hills, Russia, Middle East, Far Bannu East, North Africa, Europe, Congo, Ethiopia, Angola 41. 576 Vicia monantha Gal, Kurshung Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Afghanistan, Persia, New report from Dir Retz. Waziristan, Rawalpindi, Arabia, Iraq, Caucasus, Jhelum, Attock, Hayderabad, Cyprus, Morocco, Turkey Karachi, Kashmir, Baluchistan 42. 37 Vigna radiata (L.) Markhanai, Bandagai Kashmir, Islamabad, Indo Pak Sub Continent, New report from Dir Wileczek var. Chakwal, Gwader. Tropics and Sub Tropics of radiata Both Hemispheres 43. 289 Zornia gibbosa Span. Lalu Hazara, Kashmir, Tharparker Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir Burma, Australia, China, Malaya, Philippines, Thailand, New Guinea

101. VALERIANACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 224 Valeriana Spin kar Chitral, Gilgit, Lowari Top, N West Asia, Kashmir New report from Dir himalayana Grub. Baltistan, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, 2. 227 Valeriana jatamansi Shingatai Hayaserai Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Afghanistan, Himalaya and New report from Dir Jones Kurram Agency, Murree Hills, China

101 Kashmir 3. 589 Valeriana jaeschkei Shaklai Kashmir Kashmir New report from Dir C.B. Clarke var. kaschmiriensis (Grubov) Y. Nasir 4. 13 Valerianella Hayaserai, Dherai Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir Iran, Turkey, Palestine, Reported muricata (Stev.) Central Asia Baxt. 5. 226 Valerianella Qilla manza Dir, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Syria, India, Turkey, Arabia, Reported szovitsiana Fisch. & Peshawar, Khyber agency, Iran, Afghanistan, Central C.A. Mey. Kurram Agency, Baluchistan. Asia, USSR.

102. PUNICACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 79 Punica granatum L. Anar, Common Chitral, Hazara, Peshawar, Mediterranean, Europe, New report from Dir Nangorray Rawalpindi, Murree Hills, Africa and Asia Baluchistan

104. FAGACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 860 Quercus baloot Serai Outala Dir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Reported Griffth. Kurram Agency, Khyber Agency, 2. 194 Quercus dilatata Tor Sher Khani, Qilla Swat, Hazara, Khyber Afghanistan, Temperate New report from Dir Royle Boanj Manza. Agency, Murree Hills, and Himalaya, From Kashmir to Jaran Kashmir. Nepal. 3. 594 Quercus glauca Serai Qilla Manza, Zanai Hazara, Rawalpindi, Kashmir Sub Tropical Himalayas, New report from Dir Thunb. China, Japan 4. 51 Quercus incana Spin Qilla Manza,Shagai Swat, Hazara, Rawalpindi, Outer and Temperate N West New report from Dir Roxb. Bonj Kashmir, Murree Hills Himalaya to Nepal, Burma

102 5. 592 Quercus Kaanar, Guli bagh Swat, Khyber Agency, Afghanistan, Himalaya from New report from Dir semecarpifolia Sm. Banj, Kurram Agency, Kashmir Swat and Kashmir to Bhutan Mer and China

108. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 195 Bergenia ciliata Makanpat Shahbekai Hazara, Murree Hills, Swat Temperate Himalayan New report from Dir (Haw.) Sternb. h, Gat Suri pao Region Panra 2. 182 Bergenia stracheyi Gat Panra Tajaka ,Shaklai Chitral, Gilgit, Swat, Hazara, Western Himalayas, New report from Dir (Hk.f. & Thoms.) Baltistan Afghanistan, Tajikistan Engl.

109. CELASTRACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 207 Maytenus royleanus Common throughout Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Khyber Afghanistan, India New report from Dir (Wall. ex Lawson) the Regions Agency, Kashmir Cuf.

115. NYCTAGINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 790 Boerhaavia Ensut Beragam, Dir, Swat, Malakand, Swabi, South Asia, India Reported procumbens Banks Nagotal Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, ex Roxb. Jhelum, Peshawar, Kohat, Waziristan, Kurram, Attock, Islamabad, Sialkot, Mianwali, DI Khan, Multan, Hayderabad, TandoJam, Karachi, Baluchistan.

103 2. 590 Mirabilis jalapa L. Gule Lal qilla Hazara, Kohat, Attock, Quetta, Native of South America New report from Dir Bada Rawalpindi Widely cultivated and found as an escape in many Tropical Areas. 116. EBENACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 161 Diospyros kaki L. Persimon Gore, Lal qilla Cultivated throughout the Introduced and Cultivated New report from Dir Country throughout Eastern Asia, USSR, Japan and China 2. 158 Diospyros lotus L. Amlok Lalu, Dherai Rawalpindi, Swat, Murree hills, Mediterranean region, Iran New report from Dir Kurram Valley Afghanistan, India, China, Japan

120. ARACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 49 Acorus calamus L. Skha Waja Mergam Chitral, Peshawar, Kashmir North and Central New report from Dir America, Europe, Asia 2. 501 Arisaema flavum Mergai Balukhan Dir, Swat, Hazara, Murree Hills, Temperate Himalaya to Reported (Forsk.) Schott Kashmir, Baluchistan. Garhwal, Tibet, China, Afghanistan. Yemen 3. 485 Arisaema Wara Bagh banda Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Afghanistan Sub Tropical New report from Dir jacquemontii Blume Marjarai Murree Hills, Himalayas, Tibet, Assam Zahar Booty, Zaharmaru 4. 437 Arisaema tortuosum Ghata Guli bagh Kashmir, Baluchistan Temperate and Subtropical New report from Dir (Wall.) Schott Marjari Himalaya, China, Burma. 5. 307 Arisaema utile Hook. Tora Qilla manza Hazara Temperate Himalayas, New report from Dir f. ex Schott Marjarai Hazara and East Wards to Sikkim and Bhutan 6. 517 Arum jacquemontii Asman banda Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, Kurram Himalayas in India and New report from Dir

104

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Blume Afghanistan 7. 445 Sauromatum Mar Jarai Sarlara, Murree hills, Kashmir India New report from Dir venosum (Ait.) Lajbok Schott. 121. PAEONIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 521 Paeonia emodi Wall. Mammekh Shaklai Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Ziarat Himalayas in India and New report from Dir ex Royle (Baluchistan) Afghanistan

123. SAMBUCACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 169 Sambucus wightiana Qilla manza Kashmir, Hazara, Swat, Chitral, Afghanistan, Himalayas in Reported Wall. ex Wight & Dir Pakistan & India Arn. 2. 400 Sambucus nigra L. Gumbat banda Hazara, Kurram Agency, Europe and Asia New report from Dir Parachinar

124. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 537 Ilex dipyrena Wall. Lalu Rawalpindi, Kashmir Himalayas from the Indus New report from Dir Eastward to Bhutan

105 125. COLCHICACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 74 Colchicum luteum Suranjan/Zi Darwazo kandao Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, C Asia, Afghanistan, Reported Baker argulae Rawalpindi, Murree hills Himalayas in India and Pakistan

126. CONVOLVULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 62 Convolvulus Sahar Gulai, Sangualai Chitral, Hazara, Gilgit, Kurram, Through out the New report from Dir arvensis L. Priwathai Peshawar, rawalpind, Jhelum, DI Temperate regions of the Khan, Faisalabad, Lahore, world except Australia Kararachi, Tandojam, Baluchistan 2. 550 Evolvulus Shakar tangi Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kohat, Southern USA, Central New report from Dir alsinoides (L.) L. Jhelum, Rrawalpindi, Islamabad, and South America, Gujrat, Baluchistan Africa, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia 3. 366 Ipomoea purpurea Maniyal, Hazara, Swat, Kurram, Jhelum, Native of America. New report from Dir (L.) Roth. Kumbar Rawalpind, Murree hills, Kashmir, Cultivated and naturalized Baluchistan in tropical and sub tropical areas

130. MALVACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Distribution Remarks No Number Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 871 Alcea rosea L. Hayaserai Cultivated through the country Agean island, China, Reported Balkan Peninisula, Norh E Mediterranean Countries

106 2. 823 Hibiscus syriacus Biscuit Kalpani Hazara, Swat Native of China. New report from Dir L. Cultivated in Pakistan and other countries. 3. 480 Malva neglecta Panerak Babagam Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kurram, Cosmopolitan Reported Wall. Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Murree hills, Baluchistan 4. 355 Malva sylvestris L. Samchal, Barkhani Peshawar, Swat, Rawalpindi, Lahore W Europe, N Africa, Asia New report from Dir Panerak

132. RUTACEAE

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 653 Citrus aurantium L. Khati Kaladog Peshawar, Rawalpindi China, India, Indo china New report from Dir

2. 765 Citrus reticulata Kino Hayaserai Peshawar China, India, Indo china New report from Dir Blanco 3. 789 Citrus sinensis (L.) Malta Kaladog, Kotkai Peshawar, Islamabad China, India, Indo china New report from Dir Osbeck 4. 609 Dictamnus albus L. Tajaka Swat, Hazara, Kashmir S. & C. Europe Temperate New report from Dir Asia, Temperate Western Himalaya 5. 385 Skimmia laureola Nazarpanr Tajaka Hazara, Murree hills Himalaya, East Asia, New report from Dir (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc. a, Japan, Philippines ex Walp. Nazarzela 6. 33 Zanthoxylum Dambara Dherai, Hazara, Swat Himalayas from Swat to New report from Dir armatum DC. Daman Bhutan, Japan, Korea, China

133. BALSAMINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 181 Impatiens balfourii Qilla Manza, Suri Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Jhelum, NW Himalayas, Kashmir New report from Dir Hook. f. Pao, Shagai, Utala Bunair

107 2 296 Impatiens bicolor Writh Qilla Manza, Suri Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, NW Himalayas from New report from Dir Royle Athrang Pao, Shagai, Utala Rawalpindi Kumaon to Kashmir and hazara 3 448 Impatiens Spin Qilla Manza, Suri Chitral, Gilgit, Dir, Hazara, Central Asia Sin kiang and Reported brachycentra Kar. & Athrang Pao, Shagai, Utala Baltistan, Kurram, Rawalpindi, W temperate Himalayas Kir. Murree hills, Kashmir from Kumaon to Kashmir 4 279 Impatiens Ziar Qilla Manza, Suri Dir, Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, NW Himalayas Hazara Reported edgeworthii Hook. f. Athrang Pao, Shagai, Utala Hazara, Murree hills, Jhelum, Kaghan east ward to Rawalpindi Kashmir 5 497 Impatiens flemingii Gulabi Qilla Manza, Suri Dir, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, NW Himalayas from Reported Hook. f. Athrang Pao, Shagai, Utala Rawalpindi Kashmir to Hazara

134. AMARYLLIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 286 Ixiolirion tataricum Hayaserai Swat, Hazara, Peshawar, Egypt, turkey to central New report from Dir (Pall.) Herb. Chitral, Kohat, Kurram Agency, Asia, Iraq, Iran, Attock, Baluchistan Afghanistan 2 535 Narcissus tazetta L. Gul-e- Hayaserai, New report from Dir Nargas Kaladog 3 329 Zephyranthes Dokrai, ------atamasca (L.) Thal, Daman Newly reported from Herbert Pakistan

137. URTICACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 252 Debregeasia Chingel Dherai, Hazara, Kashmir, Swat, India, Afghanistan, tropical New report from Dir salicifolia (D. Don) Shadrozai Rawalpindi, Murree Hills, Africa Rendle Attock 2 107 Girardinia palmata Bichu Qilla manza Hazara, Kashmir, Murree Hills Yémen, India, Java, Burma New report from Dir (Forssk.) Guad phal 3 519 Lecanthus Balukhan, Kashmir, Murree Hills India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, New report from Dir

108 peduncularis (Royle) Gumbatbanda Philippines, Tropical Africa Wedd. 4 251 Urtica dioica L. Sayza- Balukhan, Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Temperate regions of the New report from Dir oonkay, Gumbatbanda, Rawalpindi, Kashmir world Lawane Babagam Sezoonkae Jalbang 5 350 Urtica pilulifera L. Sezoonkae Qilla manza Khyber Agency, Rawalpindi, Europe,Egypt,Turkey,Russia, New report from Dir Jhelum, Attock Afghanistan, Iran, India

139. ONAGRACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 95 Circaea cordata Lajbok Hazara, Swat, Murree hills Nepal, China, Kashmir, New report from Dir Royle Central Asia, Japan, Taiwan 2 268 Epilobium hirsutum Gal Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Temperate and Montana Reported L. Dir, Malakand Agency, Eurasia and Africa India, Baltistan, Kurram Agency, Nepal, Bhutan Rawalpindi, Kashmir 3 211 Epilobium Maniyal Peshawar, Kashmir, Jhelum, Europe to W China and N New report from Dir parviflorum Schreber Swat, Hazara, Gilgit, Quetta Africa 4 4 Epilobium Nagotal Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan, China, India, Reported cylindricum D. Don Dir, Baltistan, Waziristan, Bhutan, Nepal Baluchistan 5 452 Oenethra rosea L. Gauharkot Dir, Swat, Hazara, Kurram Nativa of USA (Texas), Reported Her. ex Ait. Agency, Murree Hills, Sargodha, Central and South America. DG Khan, Naturalized through out the warm regions of the world

109 140. RHAMNACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 60 Sageretia thea Mamanra Dherai Swat, Hazara, Gilgit, Afghanistan, India New report from Dir (Osbeck) M.C. Rawalpindi, Sargodha Johnston var. brandrethiana (Aitch.) Qaiser & Nazim 2 418 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Markhanai Dherai, khairshah Swat, Hazara, Kashmir S Europe, Mediterranean, New report from Dir Afghanistan, Iran, India, Mongolia, Japan, China, South East Asia 3 655 Ziziphus nummularia Kurkanda Lajbok Malakand Agency, Peshawar, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, New report from Dir (Burm. f.) Wight & Hazara, Attock, DG Khan, Afghanistan, India Arn. Sukkar, Karachi, Hyderabad 4 512 Ziziphus mauritiana Karkanra Shadas Khair pur, Karachi, Hyderabad, India, Afghanistan, Sri New report from Dir Lamk. Mir pur Khas, Tando jam Lanka, China, Australia, Tropical Africa 5 275 Ziziphus oxyphylla Chinarkot Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, India, China, Temperate New report from Dir Edgew. Rawalpindi, Jhelum Himalayas

143. POACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 439 Agrostis munroana Shakartangi Swat, Hazara, Dir, Kashmir, W Himalayas Reported Aitch. & Hemsl. Murree Hills 2 544 Agrostis viridis Lajbok Chitral, Baltistan, Gilgit, Attock, Mediterranean Region East New report from Dir Gouan Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, ward to Central Asia and Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Baluchistan NW India 3 476 Aristida Mashkar Chamgai Gilgit, Peshawar, Khyber Through out Tropics New report from Dir adscensionis L. Agency, Mardan, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Baltistan, Kohat, DI

110

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Khan, Rawalpindi, Attock, Gujrat, Jhelum, DG Khan, Faisalabad, Lahore, Makran, Karachi, Hyderabad, Tharparkar, Baluchistan 4 426 Aristida cyanantha Mashaanrae Zaimdara Gilgit, Chitral, Peshawar, Afghanistan, India, Nepal New report from Dir Nees ex Steud. Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Baltistan, Murree Hills, Rawalpindi, Tharparkar, Baluchistan 5 473 Aristida mutabilis Bandagai Malakand, Peshawar, Hazara, Mauritania to India, New report from Dir Trin. & Rupr. Lahore, Dadu, Makran, Tropical East Africa Tharparkar, Hayderabad, Jamshoro 6 373 Arundo donax L. Hayaserai Mardan, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Mediterranean Region East New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Sargodha, ward to Burma, N Africa Baluchistan 7 66 Avena fatua L. Gamdari Dherai Gilgit, Kashmir, Baltistan, Europe W and C Asia New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Lahore 8 417 Bothriochloa Gal Chitral, Gilgit, Dir, Swat, S Europe, N Africa, East Reported ischaemum (L.) Hazara, Kashmir, Baltistan, ward to N W Himalayas Keng Waziristan, Rawalpindi, and Tibet Sargodha, Karachi, Baluchistan 9 413 Bothriochloa pertusa Aatu Rawalpindi Arabia East ward to S E New report from Dir (L.) A. Camus Asia 10 494 Bothriochloa bladhii Hayaserai Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir, Murree Old World Tropics New report from Dir (Retz.) S.T. Blake Hills, Sahiwal 11 392 Brachypodium Asman banda Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Europe, and Temperate New report from Dir sylvaticum (Huds.) Kurram, Attock, Kashmir, Asia and the mountains of P. Beauv. Rawalpindi Asia 12 306 Bromus japonicus Daru, kumbar Gilgit, Chitral, Kashmir, S Europe East ward to New report from Dir Thunb. ex Murr. Baltistan, Baluchistan, Hazara, Japan. Introduced to rest of Europe N America

111

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 13 323 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Pisho Shahbeki Mohmand Agency, Peshawar, Through out Africa, New report from Dir Lamae Khyber Agency, Kohat, DI extending through Arabia Khan, Attock, Rawalpindi, and the Middle east To Sialkot, DG Khan, Multan, India Dadu, Makran, Karachi, Baluchistan 14 357 Cenchrus Pisho Hayaserai Makran, Khair pur, Karachi, Tropical east Africa New report from Dir pennisetiformis Lamae Hyderabad through Arabia and India. Hochst. & Steud. ex Introduced to Australia Steud. 15 05 Cenchrus setigerus Hayaserai Kohat, Attock, Sialkot, Faisal Tropical east Africa New report from Dir Vahl Abad, Karachi, Hayderabad, through Arabia and India. Tharparkar 16 319 Chloris barbata Sw. Shakartangi Karachi Thrugh out the Tropics New report from Dir 17 444 Chrysopogon Spin Wakha Gal, Lacha Waziristan, Kashmir, Attock, Egypt, Arabia Iran, New report from Dir aucheri (Boiss.) Shakartangi Makran, Dadu, Karachi, Afghanistan, India. Stapf Baluchistan 18 282 Chrysopogon gryllus Spin Wakha Gal, Kas Dir, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, Nepal, Afghanistan, India. Reported (L.) Trin. Ssp. Shakartangi Baltistan, Rawalpindi Echinulatus (Nees) T. A. Cope 19 564 Chrysopogon Spin Wakha Gal, Dherai Dir, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, Nepal, Afghanistan, India., Reported serrulatus Trin. Shakartangi Baltistan, Rawalpindi, Malakand Burma, Madagascar, Agency, attock, Sahiwal, Chagai Tropical Africa 20 166 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Thaspa Mirgam Bala Dir, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, Tropical regions Reported Boutai Attock, Thatta 21 284 Cynodon dactylon Kabal Common Peshawar, Baltistan, Chitral, Tropical and warm New report from Dir (L.) Pres. Kurram, Rawalpindi, Murree Temperate regions of the hills, Karachi, Tharparkar, world Baluchistan 22 354 Dactyloctenium Kulalano shah Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, Tropical and warm New report from Dir aegyptium (L.) Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Multan, Temperate regions of the Willd. Lahore, Sukkur, Karachi, world

112

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Tharparkar, Attock, Thatta 23 502 Desmostachya Drab Parikas Peshawar, Swat, Jhelum Through out the Indo china. New report from Dir bipinnata (L.) Stapf Rawalpindi, Attock, Kashmir, North and Tropical Africa Larkana, Sukkur, Makran, Thatta, Hyderabad, Karachi, Tharparkar, Baluchistan 24 331 Digitaria nodosa Retgai Kohat, Peshawar, Kurram Kenya, Tanzania, Canary New report from Dir Parl. Agency, Attock, Rawalpindi, Island, N Africa. Thence Jhelum, Sargodha, Baluchistan, through Somalia Eritrea to Dadu Afghanistan 25 584 Eleusine indica (L.) Lalqilla Kashmir, Kohat, Karachi, Tropical Sub Tropical New report from Dir Gaertn. Hazara regions of the world 26 273 Heteropogon Dherai, Gal Kashmir, Hazara, Swat, Tropical and warm New report from Dir contortus (L.) P. Rawalpindi, Murree hills, Temperate regions of the Beauv. ex Roem. & Sargodha, Tharparkar, world Schult. 27 440 Muhlenbergia Lalqilla, Dherai Hazara, Swat, Murree hills, Himalayas New report from Dir duthieana Hack. Kashmir 28 291 Muhlenbergia Wakhah Lalqilla Gilgit, Dir, Kashmir, Hazara, Afghanistan, Himalayas Reported huegelii Trin. Swat, Baltistan 29 466 Panicum Dherai Peshawar India, Eastward to South New report from Dir psilopodium Trin. East Asia and China

30 305 Phalaris minor Retz. Common Peshawar, Swat, Kohat, Attock, Through out the World New report from Dir Jhelum, Kashmir, Lahore, Karachi, Baluchistan 31 872 Phalaris paradoxa Common Kohat, Europe, Mediteranaen New report from Dir L. Regions, and South West Asia, 32 581 Phragmites australis Sharghashae Lajbok Lahore Temperate regions of the New report from Dir (Cav.) Trin. world 33 298 Poa annua L. Kumbar Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, cosmopolitan but avoids Reported Baltistan, Kurram, Waziristan, deserts and hot climates

113

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Lahore, Baluchistan 34 553 Poa nepalensis Wall. Barkhanai Kashmir Kashmir and western New report from Dir ex Duthie Himalayas 35 285 Poa supina Schrad. Nagotal Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Hazara, Europe east ward to New report from Dir Baltistan, Kashmir Himalayas and the Central Asia 36 397 Saccharum Nal Hayaserai Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Sialkot, India New report from Dir bengalense Retz. Lahore, Hyderabad 37 464 Saccharum Sharghashe Nagotal Peshawar, Kashmir, Hazara, Widely distributed in the New report from Dir spontaneum L. Swat, Baltistan, Gilgit, warm regions of the world Rawalpindi, Dadu, Karachi, Thatta, Hyder abad 38 361 Schizachyrium Danpura Khair pur Quebec and Maine to New report from Dir scoparium (Michx.) Alberta and South to Nash Florida and Arizona 39 281 Setaria verticillata Shakartangi Hazara, Swat, Rawalpindi, Warm tropical regions New report from Dir (L.) P. Beauv. Sargodha, Lahore, Sukkar, Thatta, Karachi, Tharparkar, Baluchistan 40 593 Sorghum halepense Dadam Bishgram Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Hazara, Mediterranean regions East New report from Dir (L.) Pers. Sargodha, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, wards to Kashmir and Mianwali, Sahiwal, Lahore, south Wards to Madras Multan, Hyderabad, Tharparkar, Baltistan, Kashmir 41 76 Themeda anathera Bandai Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Afghanistan east wards Reported (Nees ex Steud.) Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Jhelum, through the W Himalayas Hack. Loralai 42 677 Trisetum spicatum Shadas Gilgit, Dir, Kashmir, Hazara, Arctic and Alpine regions Reported (L.) Richt. Baltistan of Northern Haemispheres

114 145. CANNACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 578 Canna indica L. Hakik Gauharcot, Peshawar, Khyber Tropical America and West Indies, New report from Dir Dherai Agency, Malakand Asia, Malay Island. Agency, Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, Rawalpindi.

147. VITACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1 824 Ampelopsis vitifolia Angur Balukhan Chitral, Kashmir, Hazara, Afghanistan, Iran Central New report from Dir (Boiss.) Planch. Murree hills Asia 2 691 Vitis jacquemontii Angur Bandai Swat, Kashmir Sub Himalayan tract ok New report from Dir Parker India 3 534 Vitis vinifera L. Kwar Nagotal Chitral, Swat, Quetta, Karachi, Probably native of Caspian New report from Dir and Caucasus region, Cultivated in C Europe, Mediterranean, Iran, China, Japan, N. & S Africa, Australia, Afghanistan

148. APOCYNACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1 341 Catharanthus Sada Kumbar Karachi, Hyder abad Native of Madagascar and naturalized New report from Dir roseus (L) G. Don Bahar in Tropics and Sub Tropics 2 435 Holerrhena Binwal Qilla Rawalpindi Tropical Himalayas India, Kashmir New report from Dir pubescens (Buch. – lay manza Ham.) Wall. ex G.Don

115

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 3 299 Nerium oleander L. Gander Hayaserai Malakand Agency, Dir, Mediterranean to Persia, China, Japan Reported ay Swat, Hazara, Kohat, Waziristan, Peshawar, Attock, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Makran, Karachi, Baluchistan 4 228 Trachelospermum Dherai, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Native of NW Himalayas, India, New report from Dir lucidum (D. Don) Lalu Nepal, Schum.

149. GERANIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1 7370 Erodium Mergam Chitral, Gilgit, Kurram, Europe, N Africa, SW & Central Asia, New report from Dir cicutarium (L.) L' Swat, Hazara, Peshawar, Temperate N Asia & Siberia Herit ex Aiton Khyber Agency, Mohmand Agency, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan 2 496 Erodium ciconium Khandak Swat, Attock, Kohat Mediterranean region Cyprus, N New report from Dir (L.) L' Herit ex Africa, Syria, Turkey, Caucasus Iran, Aiton Central Asia, Afghanistan 3 25 Geranium lucidum Suripao Swat, Hazara, Kashmir N Africa, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Central New report from Dir L. Rawalpindi, MurreeHills Asia, Afghanistan, and Temperate Himalaya 4 28 Geranium Asman Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, High lands of E Africa, Afghanistan, New report from Dir ocellatum Camb. banda Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Temperate and Sub Tropical Jhelum Himalaya, China 5 109 Geranium Dapur Chitral, Swat, Peshawar, W & C Europe, Siberia, Turkey, Iran New report from Dir rotundifolium L. Khyber Agency, Nowshera, W & E Mediterranean Africa, Mohmand Agency, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Temperate and Tropical Rawalpindi, Attock, Lahore, Himalaya

116

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Baluchistan 7. 360 Geranium Shakarta Chitral, Dir, Swat, Afghanistan, Temperate Himalaya, Reported nepalense Sweet ngi Peshawar, Khyber Agency, china, Sri Lanka, Japan Baltistan, Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir, Murree hills 8. 147 Geranium Balukhan Swat, Gilgit Pakistan endemic New report from Dir Swatense Schönbeck-Temesy 9. 85 Geranium Sragarr Tajaka, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Gilgit, Afghanistan, N W Himalaya Reported wallichianum D. ai Shaklai Kurram Agency, Khyber Don ex Sweet Agency, Hazara, Peshawar, Murree Hills, Kashmir 10. 372 Geranium collinum Khandak Chitral, Dir, Swat, Gilgit, C & S Russia, W Siberia, Romania, Reported Stapf. ex Willd. Baltistan, Kashmir, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Central Asia, Baluchistan Afghanistan,N.W Himalaya

150. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 542 Calotropis procera Spulmay Kaladog Peshawar, Lahore, Sialkot, India, Afghanistan, New report from Dir (Ait.) Ait. f. Hyderabad, Baluchistan 2. 398 Vincetoxicum Chinarhkot Swat, Gilgit, Baltistan, Kashmir, Nepal, W Tibet, Kashmir New report from Dir canescens (Willd.) Murree Hills Afghanistan East Ward to Dcne. Greece, 3. 212 Periploca aphylla Barrara Lajbok Swat, Chitral, Waziristan, Kurram India, Afghanistan, Iran, New report from Dir Dcne. Agency, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, DG Iraq, Jordan, Arabia, Egypt Khan, Baluchistan, Makran, Dadu, Karachi, Sukkur,Thatta, Baltistan

4. 320 Tylophora hirsuta Namazkot Rawalpindi, Kashmir, Murree hills India New report from Dir (Wall.) Wight

117

152. ANACARDIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 157 Pistacia chinensis Shanai, Dherai Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Chitral, Afghanistan, N W & W New report from Dir Bunge ssp. Kakar Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Himalaya to Kumaon Integerrima (J.L.S) Singi Kurram, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Lahore Rech. f. 2. 402 Rhus lancea L. f. Nagotal Rawalpindi, Gujrat, Multan, Native of S Africa. New report from Dir Khanewal Checha watni Sparingly cultivated in the fields of Punjab 3. 356 Rhus punjabensis J. Nagotal Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, N W Himalaya from Reported L. Stewart ex Rawalpindi Kashmir to Kumaon Brandis

154. CUCURBITACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 742 Citrullus colocynthis Karkunday Dherai, Gore Kohat, Makran, Bela, Dadu, Karachi, N Tropical Africa, Atlantic New report from Dir (L.) Schrad. Sanggar, Tharparkar, Baluchistan Islands NW India, Australia 2. 483 Cucumis melo L. ssp. Kado Babagam Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Through out the old world Reported agrestis (Naud.) Peshawar, DI Khan, Rahim Yar Khan, tropics adventive in neo Grebensc. Lahore, Khair pur, Karachi, world tropics Baluchistan 3. 825 Cucumis sativus L. Badrang Common Cultivated through out the country Tropical and sub Tropical New report from Dir Countries of the world 4. 614 Cucurbita maxima Khog Bishgram Rawalpindi, Hazara Probably native of S New report from Dir Duch. ex Lam. kadoo America, Cultivated through out India and else where 5. 359 Lagenaria siceraria Gharangay Common Kashmir, Karachi Pan Tropical species of New report from Dir

118

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area (Molina) Standley kadoo Asia and Africa Oregon. Cultivate trough out 6. 803 Luffa cylindrica (L.) Torai Common Jhelum, Kashmir, Karachi, Lora Lai Warmer countries of Asia New report from Dir Roem. and Africa, Introduced in Tropical America 7. 504 Momordica Karryla Hayaserai Sargodha, Rawalpindi, Sukkur, Tropical and S Africa, S E New report from Dir charantia L. Karachi &Far East to Australia, Naturalized in Tropical and S America including West Indies 8. 566 Momordica dioica Karkunday Shakartangi Malakand Agency, Swat, Hazara, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, New report from Dir Roxb. ex Willd. Rawalpindi Bangladesh, Burma, China 9. 302 Mukia Kakorra, Retgai Jhelum, Sahiwal, Rawalpindi, India, Malaya, Africa and New report from Dir maderaspatana (L.) Khattaki Karachi,Thatta, Hyderabad, Australia M.J. Roem. Tharparkar, Baluchistan 10. 92 Solena amplexicaulis Desi Lalqilla Dir, Kahmir, Swat, Hazara, India, Indo china, Malaya Reported (Lam.) Gandhi kakora Rawalpindi Archipelago

155. CAMPANULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 139 Campanula pallida Babagam Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Dir, Kurram, Afghanistan Reported Wall. Rawalpindi, Islamabad 2. 386 Campanula Dherai Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Baltistan, Afghanistan, Himalayas, cashmeriana Royle Swat, Dir, Kurram, Ziarat Tibet, Kashmir Reported 3. 353 Campanula latifolia Shakartangi Hazara, Swat, Dir, Gilgit Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, L. Iran, India Reported

119 157. PRIMULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 22 Anagallis arvensis L. Nagotal, Dir, Swat, Chitral, Waziristan, N W Africa, Mediterranean, Europe Reported var. coerulea (L.) kumbar Hazara, Kashmir, Kurram, to W Asia, Australia S.America, N Gouan. Murree Hills, Punjab, Sind. America, Temperate and E Tropical

2. 233 Androsace foliosa Asmanbanda Dir, Kurram, Swat, Hazara, N W Himalaya Reported Dcne. ex Duby Kashmir, Murree hills, Gilgit 3. 499 Androsace hazarica Kas Hazara, Kashmir Endemic to Pakistan New report from Dir R.R.S ex Y. Nasir 4. 234 Androsace Dherai Gilgit, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan, N W Himalaya, from Reported rotundifolia Hardw. Kashmir, Waziristan, Kurram, Kashmir to Kumaon Khyber Agency, Murree Hills, Jhelum, Baluchistan 5. 179 Cortusa brotheri Pax Tajaka, Gilgit, Dir, Chitral, Hazara, Central Asia, Afghanistan, N W Reported ex Lipsky Shaklai Swat, Kashmir, Kurram Himalaya 6. 487 Primula denticulata Asli Shaklai Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Afghanistan and the Temperate Reported Sm. mameera Tajaka Kashmir, Kurram, Hazara, Himalaya from Kashmir to Assam Baltistan, Rawalpindi 7. 577 Primula rosea Royle Shaklai Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Afghanistan, N W & W Himalaya Reported Kashmir, Hazara, Baltistan

162. SIMARUBACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 423 Ailanthus altissima Aseela Common Chitral, Dir, Hazara Native of China, Cultivated Reported (Mill.) Swingle Shandai in the Sub tropical and sub Tropical regions of he world

120 163. SAPOTACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 321 Monotheca buxifolia Gwargwara Gore Chitral, Waziristan, Kohat, Peshawar, Afghanistan, Oman, New report from Dir (Falc.) A. DC. Khyber Agency Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti

164. ORCHIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 471 Cephalanthera Shakartangi Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kurram, Murree Euro Siberia, N New report from Dir longifolia (L.) hills, Kashmir Hemisphere, Himalaya East Fritsch ward to Bhutan, Tibet, Burma 2. 567 Cypripedium Tajaka Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir New report from Dir cordigerum D. Don Himalaya East ward to Bhutan, Burma 3. 591 Dactylorhiza Suri pao Gilgit, Baltistan, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, New report from Dir hatagirea (D. Don) Kashmir Himalaya region from Soo Chitral to Nepal, Tibet Bhutan,

166. VIOLACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 297 Viola betonicifolia Banafsha Babagam Swat, Hazara, Peshawar India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, New report from Dir Sm. Burma, Australia, Malaysia, Japan, China 2. 56 Viola biflora L. Banafsha Dherai Gilgit, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Europe Central Asia, India New report from Dir 3. 53 Viola canescens Banafsha Qilla manza Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, India, Nepal, Bhutan New report from Dir Wall. ex Roxb. Murree hills,

121 4. 351 Viola kashmiriana Banafsha Shaklai Baltistan India, Afghanistan New report from Dir W. Bkr. 5. 405 Viola pilosa Blume Banafsha Gumbat Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Reported banda Java, Japan, China 6. 54 Viola Banafsha Tajaka Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Waziristan Europe, NW Africa, New report from Dir reichenbachiana Caucasia, Jord. ex Bor. 7. 202 Viola stocksii Boiss. Banafsha Spin kar Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Mardan, India, Afghanistan, Iran New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Larkana, Kir thar Range, Dadu, Karachi

168. SOLANACEAE

Distribution Serial Voucher Local Botanical Name Research Remarks No Number Name Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Atropa acuminata Garar/Bar Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Iran, 1. Spin kar Reported 489 Royle ex Miers gak Murree hills, Rawalpindi Mongolia Capsicum annuum Marchake Central America, widely New report from Dir 2. 531 Nagotal Baltistan, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Kashmir L. y cultivated every where Ghat New report from Dir Capsicum frutescens 3. 579 marchaka Spin kar Hazara, Kashmir Tropical areas of the world L. y Cestrum nocturnum Raat Ki Kohat, Kashmir, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, New report from Dir 4. 843 Kumbar Jamaica, Chile L. Rani Lahore Tropical and sub Tropical New report from Dir Swat, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Jhelum, regions of Asia, 5. 715 Datura fastuosa L. Bhatura Shaker tangi Hyderabad, Karachi Mediterranean, Africa, America Peshawar, Malakand Agency, Swat, New report from Dir North and South America, Hazara, Waziristan, Kohat, Attock, Mediterranean Area, 6. 465 Datura innoxia Mill. Bhatura Shadas Banuu, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Jhelum, Afghanistan, India, Chakwal, Kashmir, Sialkot, Lahore, Malaysia Sargodha, Baluchistan, Karachi Chitral, Gilgit, Khyber Agency, Swat, New report from Dir Datura stramonium Temperate and Sub Tropical 7. 31 Harhanda Hayaserai Kurram, Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi- L. regions of the world Islamabad, Baluchistan

122

Distribution Serial Voucher Local Botanical Name Research Remarks No Number Name Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Peshawar, Malakand Agency, Khyber New report from Dir Hyoscymus insanus 8. 533 Lajbok Agency, Waziristan, Swat, Mianwali, Afghanistan, Iran, Stocks Lahore, Baluchistan N America, Siberia, N New report from Dir Africa, Europe, C Asia, Dewana Chitral, Gilgit, Kurram Agency, Swat, 9. 557 Hyoscymus niger L. Namaz kot Iraq, Iran Afghanistan, bhang Hazara, Kashmir, Baltistan-Baluchistan, Himalaya East ward to Japan Native to Central and South New report from Dir Lycopersicon 10. 582 Common Cultivated through out the country America, Cultivated through esculentum Miller out the world Malakand Agency, Khyber Agency, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Kurram Agency, Physalis divaricata Afghanistan, East Ward to 11. 99 Nagotal Swat, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Jhelum, Reported D. Don Nepal Nawab Shah, Karachi, Lahore, Baluchistan North Africa, Euro Siberia, New report from Dir Solanum dulcamara 12. 339 Barkhani Hazara, Kashmir Himalaya from Kashmir to L. Sikkim Gilgit, Swat, Baltistan, Hazara, New report from Dir Kachmach Peshawar, Kurram Agency, Rawalpindi- 13. 32 Solanum nigrum L. Dheri Cosmopolitan u Islamabad, Jhelum, Kohat, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Mianwali, Karachi, Baluchistan Solanum pseudo- Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Jhelum, 14. 667 Marchak Nagotal Native to South America Reported capsicum L. Rawalpindi-Islamabad Solanum rostratum Newly Reported frpm 15. 247 Hayaserai Not reported from Pakistan Dunal Pakistan Gilgit, Swat, Baltistan, Hazara, Peshawar, Dir, Khyber Agency, Chitral, Marorang, N Africa, South and South Solanum surattense Hazara, Swabi, Kashmir, Attock, 16. 30 Marragho Sherkhani East Asia, Australia, Reported Burm. f. Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Jhelum, nay Polynesia Waziristan, DI Khan, Hyderabad, Karachi, Baluchistan

123

Distribution Serial Voucher Local Botanical Name Research Remarks No Number Name Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Native to South America, Solanum tuberosum Maraghoo 17. 425 Kumbar Attock, Rawalpindi, Wah Cultivated through out the New report from Dir L. nae world Dir, Kurram Agency, Khyber Agency, Pesawar, Nowshera, Kohat, DI Khan, Withania coagulans 18. 324 - Lajbok Jhelum, Attock, Mianwali, Waziristan, Afghanistan, India, Iran Reported (Stocks) Dunal Tank, Multan, Baluchistan, Karachi, Hyder abad, Thatta Gilgit, Swat, Khyber Agency, Peshawar, Canary Islands, Withania somnifera Nowshera, Kohat, Waziristan, Tank, DI Mediterranean, Iran, Iraq, 19. 468 Kotilal Shakartangi New report from Dir (L.) Dunal Khan, Attock, Jhelum, Multan, Syria, turkey, Palestine, Faisalabad, Baluchistan, Karachi Africa, India

170. ULMACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 812 Ulmus villosa Mannu Spin kar Kashmir NW and W Himalaya New report from Dir Brandis ex Gamble. 2. 163 Celtis caucasica Thagha Qillamanza, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran New report from Dir Willd. Khandak Kashmir, Kurram Afghanistan, Central Asia, Kashmir, Nepal 3. 274 Celtis tetrandra Dherai, Peshawar, Swat, Rawalpindi- Nepal, Bhutan, India, New report from Dir Roxb. Namazkot Islamabad Indochina, Malaysia 4. 568 Ulmus wallichiana Kahae Gumbat banda Murree hills, Kashmir, Baluchistan Kumaon east ward to New report from Dir Planch. Nepal

124 171. MORACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 607 Broussonetia Kaghzi Lacha Peshawar, Chitral, Rawalpindi, Native of Japan, China SE New report from Dir papyrifera (L.) Toot Faisalabad Asia, Cultivated through L’Herit. ex Vent. out the world 2. 301 Ficus auriculata Inzar Lajbok Rawalpind Bhutan, India, China, Japan New report from Dir Lour. 3. 343 Ficus carica L. Inzar Gauharkot Gilgit, Hazara, Karachi, Baluchistan, India, Russian Iran, Middle Ea New report from Dir Kurram N Africa, Europe 4. 409 Ficus palmata Inzar Barkhani Gilgit,Chitral, Dir, Swat, Mardan, India, Nepal, Iran , Middle Ea Reported Forssk. Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, DI Somalia, N Africa Khan, Baluchistan 5. 763 Ficus racemosa L. Inzar Asman banda Lahore, Karachi India, Bangladesh, Sri New report from Dir Lanka, China, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia to N Australia 6. 172 Ficus sarmentosa Nagotal Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, India, Bangladesh, Sri New report from Dir Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. Lanka, China, Burma Smith 7. 721 Ficus semicordata Inzar Sangualai Kashmir, Rawalpindi-Islamabad Sub Himalaya track from New report from Dir Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. India, Bhutan, Burma, Smith Malaysia 8. 523 Morus alba L. Speen Babagam, Chitral, Baluchistan, Karachi, Lahore, Native of China. Cultivated New report from Dir Toot Bishgram Hyderabad through out the world Baidana 9. 571 Morus nigra L. Thooth Common Gilgit, Baluchistan Cultivated through out the New report from Dir Tor Toot world

125 172. EUPHORBIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 246 Andrachne cordifolia Krahcai, Dherai Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, India, Nepal Reported (Wall.ex Dcne.) gulpinsa Khyber Agency, Kohat, Swat, Muell. Arg. Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Sargodha 2. 308 Chrozophora Nil kanti Lajbok Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Spain, NW Africa, Arabia, Reported tinctoria (L.) Raf. Kurram Agency, Kohat, Swat, DI India, Khan Waziristan, Gilgit, Jhelum, Sargodha, Baluchistan, Faisal Abad, Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Muzafar Ghar, Sukkar, Bahawalpur, Karachi 3. 332 Euphorbia clarkeana Markhanai Malakand Agency, Hazara, Baltistan Afghanistan, India New report from Dir Hk. f. Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum Sargodha, Lahore, Karachi, Baluchistan 4. 362 Euphorbia cornigera Namazkot Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Baltistan, India Reported Boiss. Murree hills, Gilgit, Kashmir, Islamabad 5. 327 Euphorbia falcata L. Chinarkot Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Europe, N Africa, SW & Reported Peshawar, Attock, Kurram Agency, Central Asia Gujran wala, Baluchistan 6. 277 Euphorbia Praiwatkai, Common Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Europe, N Africa, Asia. Reported helioscopia L. Mandanroo Peshawar, Hazara, Kashmir, Introduced into N America Waziristan, Khyber Agency, DI Khan, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Baluchistan, Lahore, Makran 7. 238 Euphorbia indica Da Zmakay Lal qilla Dir, Swat, Buner, Hyderabad, Hazara, Africa, Arabia, Iran, Reported Lam. Ghoz Kashmir, Lahore, Srghoda, Afghanistan, India, China Krachae Jacobabad, 8. 185 Euphorbia hispida Kumbar Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan, India Reported Boiss. Kashmir, Baltistan, Waziristan, Kurram Agency, Kohat, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Sargodha, Sialkot, Khair pur

126

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 9. 213 Euphorbia indica Nagotal Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Africa, Arabia, Iran, Lam. Kurram Agency, Khyber Agency, Afghanistan, India, China Waziristan, Attock,Kohat, Reported Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Jhelum, Sargodha, Lahore, Jacob abad, Hyder abad, Makran 10. 369 Euphorbia peplus L. Dapur Hazara, Rawalpindi , Hazara, Jhelum Micronesia, Europe, N New report from Dir Kashmir, Makran, Karachi Africa, Asia, Australia, N & C America 11. 198 Euphorbia prostrata Warmaga Hayaserai Chitral, Khyber Agency, Mohmand Native of Tropical and Sub New report from Dir Ait. Agency, Peshawar, Kohat, Hazara, Tropical America. Swat, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Introduced to many parts of Kashmir, Sialkot, Sargodha, Lahore, the old world DG Khan, Tharparkar, Karachi, Baluchistan 12. 184 Euphorbia wallichii Babagam Chitral, Dir, Hazara Kashmir, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, Reported Hk. f. Waziristan, Kurram Agency Afghanistan, India 13. 856 Mallotus Kambila Lajbok Swat, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, West Himalaya and Sri New report from Dir philippensis (Lam.) Kashmir, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Lanka to Taiwan, through Muell. Arg. Lahore out SE Asia, Malaysia, Eastern Australia 14. 393 Ricinus communis L. Aranda Nagotal, Kashmir, Kurrum, Kohat, Makran, Tropical Sub Tropical and New report from Dir Aseela Dherai Karachi, Baluchistan, Rawalpindi, warm Temperate regions Harlanda Islamabad

127 174. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 484 Lonicera asperifolia Shaklai Chitral, Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, Baltistan Central Asia , Afghanistan, New report from Dir (Decne.) Hook. f. & India, China Thoms. 2. 509 Lonicera hispida Qilla manza Gilgit Central Asia, India, China, New report from Dir Pall. ex Willd. Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet 3. 546 Lonicera japonica Gal Common through out the country Native of East Asia. New report from Dir Thunb Naturalized through out the world 4. 565 Lonicera Hedei Tajaka Gilgit, Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, India, China, Bhutan, New report from Dir quinquelocularis Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Baluchistan Nepal, Tibet, Afghanistan Hardw. 5. 415 Viburnum Ghamzewa Bandai Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kurram Afghanistan, Himalaya New report from Dir cotinifolium D. Don agency, Kashmir, Murree hills 6. 384 Viburnum Samagul, Kalpani Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Murree hills Himalaya from Swat East New report from Dir grandiflorum Wall. Chamiaray, ward to Bhutan, south Tibet ex DC. Jow Ghamzewa

175. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 122 Arenaria Kulaldherai Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Mardan, Eurosia, NW Africa, Reported serpyllifolia L. Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Hasan Abdal, Arabia, Ethiopia Baluchistan, Kashmir 2. 3 Cerastium Karin Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Gilgit, Swat, Europe, Central Asia, Iran, Reported cerastioides (L.) Baltistan, Kashmir India Britt. 3. 458 Cerastium Dherai Chitral, Kurram Agency, Hazara, S Europe, NW Africa, Syria New report from Dir

128 dichotomum L. Swat, Baluchistan Greece, Cyprus, , Caucasia, Iran, Turkistan, 4. 96 Cerastium fontanum Kumbar Chitral, Dir, Khyber agency, Kurram Himalaya, China, Korea, Reported Baumg. Agency, Hazara, Sargodha, Kashmir Taiwan, Japan 5. 124 Cerastium Maniyal Hazara, Baluchistan Mediterranean region, Indo New report from Dir tomentosum L. Pak sub continent 6. 45 Cucubalus baccifer Outala Dir, Chitral,Hazara, Swat Europe, Central Asia, W Reported L. Siberia, Himalaya East ward to Bhutan, India 7. 126 Gypsophila Sarlara Hazara, Kashmir Himalaya from Kashmir to New report from Dir cerastioides D. Don Bhutan, India 8. 380 Herniaria Warsakai, ----- Newly reported from cachemiriana J. Nagotal Pakistan Gay 9. 254 Silene conoidea L. Bashka Common Dir, Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Hazara, Mostly circum boreal Reported Mashora Swat, Mardan, Rawalpindi, Kurram Agency, Chakwal, Attock, Sialkot, Baluchistan 10. 255 Silene indica Roxb. Lal Qilla Dir, Kashmir, Gilgit, Hazara, Himalaya from Swat East Reported ex Otth. Swat,Rawalpindi ward to Kashmir, Assam , Tibet 11. 873 Silene viscosa L. Kurshung Chitral, Sasmana, Gilgit, Swat, Pakistan to Utter Pradesh, New report from Dir Kashmir, West Asia, Europe 12. 8 Silene vulgaris Mataranga Kaladog Dir, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kurram Europe, NW Africa, Arabia, Reported (Moench) Garcke Agency, Gilgit Temperate Asia 13. 253 Spergula arvensis L. Lajbok Mardan, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Kujar Cosmopolitan New report from Dir Khan, Mianwali, Karachi, Faisalabad, Baluchistan 14. 141 Stellaria media (L.) Sargarrai, Common Dir, Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit, Hazara, Cosmopolitan Reported Vill. Ulali Swat, Sialkot, Baluchistan, Lahore Tighstargai 15. 98 Vaccaria hispanica Hayaserai Kurram Agency, Chitral, Gilgit, Mediteranean region, South New report from Dir (Miller) Rausachert Hazara, Swat, Sialkot, Baluchistan, West Asia Khair pur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi

129 188. ACANTHACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 100 Barleria cristata L. Nagotal Chitral, Kashmir, Hazara, Swat, China, Nepal, Burma, India, New report from Dir Rawalpindi, Karachi Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangla Desh, 2. 482 Dicliptera Dherai Rawalpindi, Wah, Lahore, DG Khan China, Nepal, Burma, India, New report from Dir bupleuroides Nees Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 3. 510 Justicia adhatoda L. Bhaikar Shakartangi Swat, Hazara, Dir, Kohat, Rawalpindi, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Reported Jhelum, Wah, Karachi South East Asia 4. 189 Strobilanthes Yakha Dherai, Gal Hazara, Rawalpindi, Murree hills India New report from Dir dalhousieanus Jarrai (Nees) Clarke 5. 447 Strobilanthus Daman Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi India, Nepal New report from Dir glutinosus Nees

189. CUSCUTACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 513 Cuscuta violacea M. Barmali, Sangualai Baluchistan (Quetta), Skardu Valley, China, India, Sri Lanka, New report from Dir T. M. Neladarai Afghanistan, Java

190. RUBIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 337 Galium aparine L. Ganal Gauharkot Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, Kurram, Europe, N. Africa, Iran, New report from Dir Waziristan, Peshawar, Khyber Afghanistan, India Agency, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Baluchistan 2. 113 Galium Tha Bagh Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Himalaya, Nepal, Afghanistan, Reported

130 asperifolium Wall. Kargh Jhelum, Kashmir, Murree hills, China Makookha Peshawar, Khyber Agency 3. 89 Galium Maniyal Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Swat, Himalaya, Afghanistan, China Reported asperuloides Jhelum, Kashmir, Murree hills, Edgew. Rawalpindi 4. 112 Galium decaisnei Balukhan Kohat, Attock, Hasan abdal, Wah, S.E. Mediterranean extending New report from Dir Boiss. Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Chitral, up to Central Asia through Hazara, Swat Iran, Afghanistan 5. 118 Galium elegans Asmanbanda Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, India, Himalayas, China- New report from Dir Wall. Jhelum, Peshawar, Murree hills, Yunan. Rawalpindi 6. 116 Galium serpylloides Barkhani Hazara, Kashmir Western Himalaya and New report from Dir Royle ex Hk. f. Kashmir. 7. 559 Himalrandia Kikra, Common Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Peshawar, Himalaya, India, Kashmir, New report from Dir tetrasperma (Roxb.) Kukal through out Khyber Agency Nepal, Bhutan Yamazaki the valley 8. 2 Rubia cordifolia L. Gauharkot Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, Baltistan, Greece, N. Africa, India, New report from Dir Kurram Agency, Kashmir, Murree Kashmir, Nepal, Bhutan, hills, Baluchistan China

191. BORAGINACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

1. 432 Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bagh Chitral, Swat, Baltistan, Kashmir Europe, Africa, Iraq, Iran, New report from Dir Bieb. Afghanistan, -Tibet.

2. 259 Bothriospermum Gauharkot Swat, Lahore Afghanistan, China India, New report from Dir tenellum (Hornem.) Japan, Philippine Fisch. & Mey. 3. 258 Buglossoides arvensis Dherai Chtrial, Khyber Agency, Swat, Europe, Iraq, Iran, New report from Dir (L.) Johnston Hazara, Peshawar, Charsada, Attock, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Kashmir, Baluchistan Japan 4. 261 Cynoglossum Suri Pao, Spin Chitral, Gilgit, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Afghanistan, Kashmir - Reported glochidiatum Wall. ex Kar Baltistan, Kashmir, Kurram, Eastward to Nepal,

131

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

Bth. Rawalpindi, Baluchistan Bhutan. 5. 69 Cynoglossum Bagh banda Hazara, Kashmir Kashmir to Kumaon New report from Dir microglochin Bth. 6. 67 Lindelofia stylosa Babagam Chitral, Dir, Baltistan Afghanistan, Kashmir, Reported (Kar. & Kir.) Brand Ladak, C. Asia 7. 342 Heliotropium crispum Kotkai Common through out the country Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, New report from Dir Desf. India, N.Africa, Arabia 8. 61 Heliotropium Gal Common through out the country Afghanistan, Eastward to New report from Dir strigosum Willd. Nepal, Burma. 9. 431 Lindelofia longiflora Shaklai, Spin kar Hazara, Kashmir, Swat, Gilgit Kashmir, Western New report from Dir (Bth.) Baill. Himalaya, Nepal. 10. 256 Myosotis alpestris F. Asmanbanda Gilgit, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Afghanistan, -Kashmir, New report from Dir W. Schmidt ssp Baltistan Ladak, C. Asia, Arctic asiatica Vest. ex Europe, Iran. Hulten 11. 349 Myosotis caespitosa C. Zanai Swat, Baltistan N.Africa, Asia ,Temperate New report from Dir F. Schultz. & Subtropical Europe, N.America 12. 6 Nonea caspica Dherai Swat, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, New report from Dir (Willd.) G.Don Russia, Turkistan 13. 547 Nonea edgeworthii A. Namazkot Gilgit, Kurrum, Khyber Agency, India, New report from Dir DC. Peshawar, Swat, Baltistan, Malakand agency, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum, Sargodha, Baluchistan, Lahore, Multan 14. 774 Onosma hispida Wall. Gaozaban Asmanbanda Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Afghanistan, -Kashmir Reported ex G. Don Baluchistan 15. 215 Onosma khyberianum Lajbok Dara Khyber Agency, Peshawar New report from Dir I. M. Johnston 16. 912 Onosma griffithii Dherai Swat, Chitral, Baluchistan, Afghanistan New report from Dir Vatke 17. 508 Pseudomertensia Darwazokandao Gilgit, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Hazara, -Kashmir Reported moltkioides (Royle ex Baltistan

132

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions

Bth.) Kazmi 18. 874 Pseudomertensia Kashmir Kashmir New report from Dir nemorosa (DC.) Stewart & Kazmi

19. 260 Pseudomertensia Asmanbanda Kurram, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir -Kashmir New report from Dir parvifolia (Dcne.) Riedl 20. 214 Trichodesma indicum Dherai Kurrum, Khyber Agency, Peshawar, Afghanistan, India, New report from Dir (L.) R. Br. Swat, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Attock, Philippines Jhelum, Hazara, Karachi, 21. 858 Ehretia obtusifolia Gumbatbanda Sind, Karachi, Baluchistan, Hazara, Abyssinia, Afganistan, New report from Dir Hochst. ex DC. Cherat, Salt range, Lahore, Chakwal, India Swat. Peshawar, Malakand Agency, Kashmir

192. LAMIACEAE

Serial Vouc Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No her Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Numb er 1. 57 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Khawaga Dherai,Common Gilgit, Kurrum, Khyber Agency, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Reported ex Bth. Bouti, Da Peshawar, Swat, Baltistan, Malakand Himalayas to Bhutan, Ghra Buti, Agency, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Attock, Burma Gooti Jhelum, Sargodha, Baluchistan, Lahore, Multan, Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Kohat 2. 266 Ajuga parviflora Bth. Tarkha Gumbat banda Kurrum Agency, Swat, Baltistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, New report from Dir Bouti, Da Malakand Agency, Kashmir, N.W. India, sama Buti Rawalpindi, Baluchistan, Chitral, Gooti Hazara 3. 262 Calamintha hydaspidis Beragam, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Hazara, Endemic New report from Dir (Falconer ex Bth.) Maniyal

133

Serial Vouc Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No her Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Numb er Hedge 4. 446 Clinopodium Sarlara Chitral, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Turkey, Afghanistan, Reported umbrosum (M. Bieb.) Jhelum, Baltistan, Rawalpindi India, Sri Lanka, Burma C. koch. Malaysia China

5. 633 Colebrookea Binda Chinarkot Malakand Agency, Kashmir, Indo China, Burma India, New report from Dir oppositifolia Sm. Rawalpindi, Hazara, Jhelum Kashmir 6. 143 Elsholtzia densa Lab. Suri Pao Baltistan, Kashmir, Chitral, Gilgit Afghanistan, C. Asia New report from Dir Kashmir, Bhutan India 7. 407 Eremostachys superba Kaladog Chitral, Swat Afghanistan, India New report from Dir Royle ex Bth. 8. 115 Eremostachys vicaryi Daman Kohat, Hazara, Rawalpindi, Iran, India New report from Dir Bth. Baluchistan, DI Khan, DG Khan 9. 263 Isodon rugosus (Wall. Sperkay Shahbekai, Chitral, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Himalaya to Reported ex Bth.) Codd Common Jhelum, Baltistan, Rawalpindi, South Nepal, China, Arabia Waziristan, Kohat, Kurram, Attock, Baluchistan, DG Khan 10. 121 Lamium album L. Spin Kar Chitral, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Through out Europe and Reported Baltistan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha Asia 11. 120 Lamium amplexicaule Outala Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Through out Europe and New report from Dir L. Baltistan, Sargodha, Asia Kurram, Peshawar, 12. 20 Leonurus cardiaca L. Suripao Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, C. Asia Iran New report from Dir Sargodha, Kurram, Gilgit, 13. 300 Leucas cephalotes Lacha Malakand Agency, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir (Roth.) Spreng. Swat, Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Rawalpindi, Lahore 14. 878 Marrubium vulgare L. Gumbat Banda Chitral, Swat, North Waziristan, Kurran Through out Europe and New report from Dir Agency, Kohat, Peshawar, Thal Much of Asia. 15. 410 Mentha arvensis L. Pudina Bagh Kashmir Through out Eurasia and New report from Dir into Tropical Asia 16. 7 Mentha longifolia (L.) Valena, Gauharkot, Chitral, Hazara, Kurram, Attock, Europe and Southern New report from Dir

134

Serial Vouc Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No her Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Numb er L. Yenalae Common Ziarat, Loralai, Kalat,Khuzdar Africa 17. 460 Mentha spicata L. Zangali Shagai Chitral, Kashmir,Kurram, Dir Europe, South East Asia, Reported Pudina 18. 515 Mentha x piperita L. Yakha Cultivated through out the country Through out the world New report from Dir Podina 19. 43 Micromeria biflora Narae Dherai Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Himalaya to Reported (Buch.-Ham.ex D. Shamakae Common Peshawar, Kohat, Rawalpindi, Larkana, Bhutan, India, China Don) Bth. Kurram, Dir 20. 562 Nepeta bracteata Bth. Dabako Baluichistan Afghanistan, C. Asia, Iran New report from Dir 21. 87 Nepeta erecta (Royle Gumbat Banda Chitral, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Swat Kashmir, N.W. India Reported ex Bth.) Bth. 22. 242 Nepeta govaniana Qilla manza Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Gilgit, Kashmir, N.W. India New report from Dir (Wall. ex Bth.) Bth. 23. 374 Nepeta brachyantha Nagotal Chitral, Gilgit, Dir E.Afghanistan Reported Rech. f. & Edelb. 24. 560 Nepeta laevigata (D. Gumbat banda Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Himalaya to New report from Dir Don) Hand.-Mazz. Kurram Nepal, China, India 25. 422 Ocimum basilicum L. Kashmala Nagotal Rawalpindi, Baluchistan, Karachi Tropical Asia, Africa, New report from Dir e South East Asia 26. 217 Origanum vulgare L. Shomokay Nagotal, Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, S.Europe, Asia along the Reported , Dherai Kurram, Malakand Agency, Mianwali, Himalayan area to China Shamakae Rawalpindi and Taiwan. 27. 264 Otostegia limbata Speen Kumbar, Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Kashmir (endemic) Reported (Bth.) Boiss. Azghay Shakartangi Kurram, Malakand Agency, Mianwali, Rawalpindi, Bannu, Chakwal, Peshawar, Attock, Jhelum, Sargodha 28. 241 Phlomis bracteosa Shaklai Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Kurram, Afghanistan, Kashmir to New report from Dir Royle ex Bth. Gilgit, Nepal 29. 532 Phlomis spectabilis Tajaka Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Kashmir to Reported Falc. ex Bth. Kurram, Rawalpindi-Islamabad. Nepal 30. 877 Prunella vulgaris L. Hayaserai Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Jehlum, Kahmir, Europe, N and South New report from Dir Hazara, Kurram, Rawalpindi, Murree Africa, Australia, North

135

Serial Vouc Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No her Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Numb er America, 31. 474 Salvia coccinea Gauharkot Cultivated in gardens. Native of Tropical New report from Dir Etlinger America, cultivated elsewhere. 32. 421 Salvia hians Royle ex Bishgram Kashmir Himalaya, Kashmir to New report from Dir Bth. Nepal 33. 123 Salvia moorcroftiana Khardag, Hayaserai Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Kashmir to Reported Wall. ex Bth. Kharghwa Common Kurram, Malakand Agency, Nepal y Rawalpindi, Bannu, Peshawar, Jhelum, Baluchistan, DG Khan 34. 243 Salvia nubicola Wall. Gumbat banda Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Nepal, New report from Dir ex Sweet Kurram, Gilgit, Baluchistan, India, Bhutan, Tibet 35. 73 Salvia plebeia R. Br. Matar Satara Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Himalaya, Reported Jarrai Malakand Agency, Peshawar, Jhelum, China, India, Japan, Karachi, Dadu, Shikar pur, Attock Malaysia, Australia. 36. 879 Scutellaria Chinarkot Endemic, Gilgit, Miandam, Chitral, Not Reported New report from Dir chamaedrifolia Hedge Murree, Hazara, Batagram, Rawalpindi & Paton

37. 477 Scutellaria scandens Namazkot Kashmir Kashmir, N.W. India, New report from Dir Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Nepal 38. 375 Stachys emodi Hedge Chinarkot Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Afghanistan, Kashmir to Reported Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Bhutan. 39. 265 Stachys parviflora Bth. Sper Suri Pao Khyber Agency, Waziristan, Kurram, Afghanistan, N.W. India, Reported bootae Bannu, Kohat, Peshawar, Baluchistan, Iran Swat, Dir, Hazara, Rawalpindi- Islamabad, 40. 114 Teucrium royleanum Shagai Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Reported Wall. ex Bth. Kurrum Agency, Rawalpindi- N.W. India, Nepal Islamabad 41. 419 Teucrium stocksianum Kwandi Asmanbanda Waziristan, Baluchistan, Makran Oman, UAE, S. Iran New report from Dir Boiss. boutae

136

Serial Vouc Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No her Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Numb er 42. 119 Thymus linearis Bth. Tajaka Chitral, Gilgit, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Reported Kashmir, Islamabad India, W. Nepal 43. 876 Ziziphora Nagotal Chitral, Gilgit Iran, Afghanistan, Tallish New report from Dir clinopodioides Lam.

193. RANUNCULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 462 Aconitum The Ghra Shaklai, Spin Chitral, Baltistan, Swat, Dir, Hazara, Kashmir to Nepal Reported chasmanthum Stapf Zahar kar Kashmir ex Holmes Gumbat banda 2. 527 Aconitum Zahar mora Shaklai, Spin Gilgit, Baltistan, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir eastward to Kumaon New report from Dir heterophyllum kar Kashmir Wall. ex Royle Gumbat banda 3. 561 Aconitum -do- Shaklai, Spin Baltistan, Hazara, Kashmir Himalaya and Kashmir New report from Dir violaceum Jacq. ex kar eastward to Nepal Stapf Gumbat banda 4. 322 Adonis aestivalis L. Banra Kot Asman banda Swat, Hazara, Kurram Agency, C.& E. Europe, Mediterranian New report from Dir Rawalpind-Islamabad, Attock, region to W. Himalayan, Baluchistan Kashmir, S. Siberia 5. 312 Adonis dentatus Qilla manza Swat, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Attock, Syria to New report from Dir Delile Baluchistan 6. 377 Anemone falconeri Shaklai, Spin Swat, Hazara, Kashmir Kashmir New report from Dir Thoms. kar Gumbat banda 7. 434 Anemone The Spinsar Shaklai, Spin Hazara, Kashmir Tien-Shan through the New report from Dir obtusiloba D.Don Bouti, Spin kar Himalaya to China Gwalae Gumbat banda 8. 391 Anemone rupicola The Spinsar Shaklai, Spin Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Hazara, Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir Camb. Bouti, Spin kar Kashmir eastward to Sikkim Himalaya,

137

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Gwalae Gumbat banda W. China, Tibet 9. 365 Aquilegia fragrans Gumbat banda Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir Chitral eastward to Kashmir New report from Dir Bth. 10. 503 Aquilegia nivalis Balukhan Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir Kashmir New report from Dir Falc. ex Baker 11. 132 Aquilegia pubiflora Woudi Spinkar Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Dir, Chitral, Kashmir, N.India, Reported Wall. ex Royle Gwalae Islamabad-Rawalpindi 12. 55 Caltha alba Camb. Makhanr Gumbat banda Swat, Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir, Kashmir Reported Path Balatistan, Dir, Chitral 13. 470 Ceratocephala Shakartangi Kurram, Swat, Hazara, Rawalpindi, Europe to C. Asia New report from Dir falcata (L.) Pers. Islamabad, Baluchistan 14. 137 Clematis Zelai Gulibagh Hazara, Kashmir Kashmir Eastward to Assam, New report from Dir buchananiana DC. Burma, China. 15. 135 Clematis connata Zelai, Hal Spin kar Dir, Swat, Rawlapindi Islamabad, Kashmir eastward to Bhutan, Reported DC. Hazara, Kashmir W. China, Tibet 16. 58 Clematis grata Zelai, Khairshah Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Hazara,Swat, Afghanistan, Kashmir Reported Wall. Chenjanwal Dir, Chitral, Kashmir eastward to Nepal. a 17. 138 Clematis orientalis Zelai Qillamanza Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Kurram E. Mediterranean & Black sea New report from Dir L. through W. & S.W. Asia, S. Siberia to China. 18. 616 Delphinium Warigulai Tajaka Chitral Iran New report from Dir aquilegifolium (Boiss.) Bornm. 19. 399 Delphinium Da kono Spinkar Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Himalaya, to Kashmir & N.W. New report from Dir denudatum Wall. zaila India. ex Hk. & Thoms. 20. 880 Delphinium Shaklai Not present Western to Central Nepal Newly report from himalayai Munz Pakistan 21. 317 Delphinium Oudi Gulae Balukhan Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Kashmir eastward to Nepal & New report from Dir pyramidale Royle Tibet 22. 287 Delphinium roylei Oudi Gulae Gumbat banda Chitral, Kashmir Kashmir New report from Dir Munz

138

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 23. 191 Delpinium Jadwar Shaklai Chitral New report from Dir nordhagenii Wendelbo 24. 82 Delpinium Jadwar Shaklai Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Attock, Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir uncinatum Hk. f. & Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Baluchistan T. 25. 131 Ranunculus Ziarr Gulay Dherai Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi C. & S.Europe, W. & New report from Dir arvensis L. Islamabad, Baluchistan, Lahore S.W.Asia, S.Siberia to Himalaya & India 26. 134 Ranunculus Kalpani Chitral ,Peshawar Mediterranian region of New report from Dir chaerophyllos L. Europe, Asia & N. Africa. 27. 140 Ranunculus Babagam Swat, Hazara, Kashmir, Dir, Afghanistan, India, China Reported diffusus DC. Malakand agency 28. 83 Ranunculus Khandak Rawlapindi, Islamabad, Hazara, Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir hirtellus Royle Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan Himalaya in N. India 29. 133 Ranunculus laetus Qillamanza Rawlapindi, Islamabad, Kashmir, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Reported Wall. ex Hk. f. & Gilgit, Baltistan, Dir, Swat, Chitral Afghanistan, Himalaya, India. Thoms. 30. 442 Ranunculus Ziarr Gulay Mergam, Lal Rawlapindi, Islamabad, Kashmir, Atlantic & S.Europe, W. & New report from Dir muricatus L. Quazi Ban qilla Gilgit, Swat, Chitral, Bannu, S.W.Asia, S.Siberia, India. Nagotal Peshawar, Lahore, Attock, Baluchistan 31. 539 Ranunculus Shaklai, Spin Baltistan Altai mountains & E.Siberia, New report from Dir pulchellus C.A. kar Tien-Shan, China, Mey. Gumbat banda Afghanistan 32. 345 Ranunculus Shaklai, Spin Rawlapindi, Islamabad, Peshawar, Europe, Asia & N. Africa. New report from Dir sceleratus L. kar Attock, Baltistan, DI Khan, Hazara, Gumbat banda Shikar Pur 33. 429 Thalictrum Kamasla Spin kar Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi Kashmir eastward to Tibet, N. New report from Dir foliolosum DC. mammera Islamabad Burma

139 197. GENTIANACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Name Distribution Remarks No Number Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 518 Gentianodes kurroo Asman banda Hazara, Kashmir, Kurram Agency, Kashmir Himalaya , New report from Dir (Royle) Omer, Ali Rawalpindi, Waziristan India & Qaiser

2. 330 Gentianodes Asman banda, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir Himalaya New report from Dir argentea (Royle ex Suri pao banda D. Don) Omer, Ali & Qaiser 3. 190 Swertia ciliata (G. Spin kar Hazara, Swat, Murree, Kashmir, Kurram Kashmir , India New report from Dir Don) B. L. Burtt Agency, Rawalpindi

4. 150 Swertia cordata (G. Dabako, Lacha Gilgit, Murree, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Kashmir, India, New report from Dir Don) Clarke Baltistan, Kurram, South Waziristan Nepal, Bhutan, Burma 5. 408 Swertia speciosa D. Shaklai Hazara, Dir, Swat, Kashmir Kashmir , India Reported Don

140 202. IRIDACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. Moraea sisyrinchium Gandechar Lajbok, Haya Malakand Agency, Swat, Dir, Mediterranean, Kyrgyzstan, Reported 394 (L.) Ker Gawl. Serai Kurram, Hangu, Peshawar, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, India, Baluchistan Afghanistan, Libya, Egypt and Europe 2. 248 Iris germanica L. Haya Serai Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir Through out the world New report from Dir 3. 328 Iris hookeriana Shaklai Malakand Agency, Swat, Dir, Kashmir , India Reported Foster Kurram, Peshawar, Gilgit Baluchistan, Kashmir 4. 249 Iris kashmiriana Sherkhani Chitral, Kashmir Kashmir endemic New report from Dir Baker

203. SALICACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 412 Populus alba L. Watani Gumbat banda Gilgit, Murree, Hazara, Swat, Europe, N Africa, SW & W New report from Dir Sperdar Kashmir, Baltistan, Kurram, Central Asia, Kashmir 2. 500 Populus ciliata Wall. Parra Balukhan, Murree, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir ex Royle Gumbatbanda Bhutan, Burma 3. 530 Populus euphratica Sperdar Chinarkot Kashmir, Multan, Lahore, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, New report from Dir Olivier Baluchistan Uzbekistan, India, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Iran, Iraq, China ,N Africa, Spain 4. 315 Populus nigra L. Sperdar Gore, Bandai Gilgit, Kashmir, Kurram, South China, W & C Asia, Europe , New report from Dir Waziristan N Africa 5. 363 Salix acmophylla Wala Hayaserai , Chitral, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, New report from Dir Boiss. Nagotal Kurram Agency, Peshawar, Gilgit, India, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Swat, Hazara, Kashmir. Iran, Iraq, Central Asia 6. 333 Salix babylonica L. Aseela Hayaserai, Hazara, Kashmir, Chitral, China, New report from Dir Wala Daman Rawalpindi, Baluchistan, Lahore

141 7. 387 Salix denticulata Tha Ghra Shagai, Dherai Gilgit, Murree, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir Andersson Wala Kashmir, Kurram, China, Afghanistan 8. 424 Salix flabellaris Tha Ghra Suripao Gilgit, Murree, Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, India, Nepal, New report from Dir Andersson Wala Kashmir, Baltistan Bhutan, Sikkim, China 9. 525 Salix capusii Gumbatbanda, Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, New report from Dir Franchet Balukhan Khunjarab, Baltistan, Kurram Kashmir, China 10. 453 Salix tetrasperma Wala Shaklai Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Kashmir, India, Nepal, Burma, China, New report from Dir Roxb. Lahore. Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam 11. 304 Salix nuristanica Tha Ghra Tajaka Chitral Afghanistan New report from Dir A.K. Skvortsov Wala

204. CHENOPODIACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 551 Chenopodium album Sarmae Kumbar, Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan, Hazara, Cosmopolitan New report from Dir L. Zaimdara Peshawar, Kurram Agency, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Khunjarab, Baltistan, Lahore, Karachi, Hyderabad. 2. 81 Chenopodium Banakai Dherai Hazara, Peshawar, Dir, Kashmir, Tropical America, Tropical Reported ambrosioides L. Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, and Sub tropical areas of the Islamabad world 3. 472 Chenopodium botrys Skha Margam Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan, Hazara, Mediterranean SW and Reported L. Khawra Peshawar, Swat, Kurram, Kashmir, Central Asia and India Dir, Rawalpindi, Khunjarab, Baltistan, Lahore, Karachi, Hyderabad. 4. 574 Chenopodium Kaladag Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan, Hazara, Himalaya, Turkey, Syria , Reported foliosum Asch. Dir, Baltistan, Kashmir, Murree. Palestine, India, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Iran, Iraq, Central Asia, Cyprus, Bhutan 5. 406 Chenopodium Hayaserai Common through out the country. Almost cosmopolitan New report from Dir murale L.

142

205. POLYGONACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 514 Bistorta affinis (D. Shaklai Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan, Hazara, India, Afghanistan, Nepal, New report from Dir Don) Green Baltistan, Swat, Kashmir. Burma 2. 174 Bistorta Anjabar, Babagam Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir amplexicaulis (D. Tarva Kashmir, Murree Don) Green Panra 3. 371 Bistorta vivipara (L.) Anjabar Gumbat banda Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Siberia, W & Central Asia, New report from Dir S. F. Gray Baltistan, Kashmir. Japan, Himalaya, China, N America and Green land 4. 556 Fallopia dumetorum Bagh, Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Dir, Europe, Mediterranean region, Reported (L.) Holub Maniyal Kashmir, D.I.Khan. N & W Asia and temperate Himalaya 5. 563 Persicaria capitata Lajbok, Hazara, Kashmir India, China New report from Dir (Buch. -Ham. ex Sangualai D.Don) H. Gross 6. 292 Persicaria Dherai, Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Dir, N W Africa, Temperate Asia, Reported hydropiper(L.) Shagai Kashmir, Murree, Kurram, Kohat. India, Japan, N America Spach 7. 881 Persicaria maculosa Lajbok, Gilgit, Chitral, Kashmir, Baluchistan, Atlantic region, Central New report from Dir S. F. Gay. Sangualai Europe, Mediteranean region, Asia minor, Japan, Himalaya. 8. 267 Aconogonon Qilla manza Gilgit, Chitral, Hazara, Swat, N America, Siberia, Spain, New report from Dir alpinum (All.) Schur Baltistan, Kashmir. Russia, Turkistan, N W Himalaya 9. 43 Polygonum aviculare Bandakay Gauharkot Gilgit, Chitral, Baluchistan Hazara, Temperate and Sub Tropical Reported L. Palpolak Dir, Baltistan, Kashmir, Murree, Areas Swat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi. 10. 352 Persicaria barbata Palpolak Qilla manza Islamabad, Attock Africa, W Asia, Himalayas, New report from Dir (L). Hara India, China, Japan and Australia 11. 316 Persicaria glabra Dherai Swat, Hazara, Dir, Swabi, Kurram, Tropical Asia, India, Reported (Willd.) M. Gomes Kohat, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Malaysia, Phillippines, Africa

143

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Islamabad, Lahore, D.G.Khan, Larkana, and Thatta. 12. 526 Polygonum Nagotal Gilgit, Chitral,Baluchistan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Pamir- Reported paronychioides C. A. Swat,Baltistan, Hazara, Dir, Alai, Iran, Afghanistan, Mey. ex Hohen. Kashmir, Kurram Kashmir 13. 42 Polygonum plebjum Palpulak Dherai, Swat, Hazara, Swabi,Dadu Afghanistan, Kashmir New report from Dir R. Br. Nagotal Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, D.G.Khan, Thatta, Larkana, Baluchistan 14. 714 Rheum australe D. Choutyal Spin kar Baltistan India, Nepal, China, New report from Dir Don Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Australia, Tropical East Africa 15. 479 Rheum webbianum Choutyal Spin kar Gilgit, Kashmir India, Nepal New report from Dir Royle 16. 450 Rumex acetosa L. Tarokae Asmanbanda Gilgit, Hazara, Kashmir, Peshawar, Europe except the New report from Dir Rawalpindi. Mediterranean, Sub Arctic and Temperate Asia, N America, Green land 17. 443 Rumex dentatus L. Shalkhae Namaz kot Swat, Hazara, Dir, Gilgit, Kashmir, Afghanistan, India, East Asia Reported Kurram, Kohat, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore, Attock, D.I.Khan, Larkana, Thatta, Baluchistan, and Karachi. 18. 160 Rumex hastatus D. Tarukay Dherai, Swat, Hazara, Dir, Gilgit, Kashmir, Afghanistan, China Reported Don Common Peshawar, Chitral, Mardan, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Kohat. 19. 173 Rumex nepalensis Shalkay Qilla manza Swat, Hazara, Dir, Gilgit, Kashmir, Afghanistan,China,Persia,India Reported Spreng. Peshawar, Kurram, Kohat Turkey,Syria,N Africa, Europe

144 206. CYPERACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 340 Carex foliosa D. Don Thal, Daman Hazara, Kashmir, Murree Hills South India New report from Dir

2. 538 Cyperus iria L. Dherai Chitral,Hazara,Kashmir, Almost cosmopolitan New report from Dir Kurram,Dadu,Larkana,Karachi, Baluchistan 3. 388 Cyperus cyperoides Daman Hazara, Swat, Murree Hills, Almost cosmopolitan except New report from Dir (L.) Kuntze Kashmir. N America

4. 467 Cyperus michelianus Gauharkot Kashmir, Lahore, Sind Algeria , S. & C Europe, Far New report from Dir (L.) Delile East & China, India,

5. 647 Cyperus pangorei Shagai Thatta, Sind India, Nepal, Burma, Sri New report from Dir Rottb. Lanka 6. 529 Cyperus rotundus L. Mergam Common through out the country. Tropical and Sub Tropical New report from Dir Areas 7. 401 Fimbristylis Sherkhani Hazara, Peshawar, Attock, Rawalpindi, Tropical and Sub Tropical New report from Dir dichotoma (L.) Vahl Sheikhopura. Areas 8. 403 Bolboschoenus affinis Mergam, Rawalpindi, Makran, Gwadar, Karachi, From Europe to India New report from Dir (Roth) Drobov Dheri Shikarpur.

207. ASTERACEAE

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 21 Achillea millefolium Karkara Spin Kar Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Eurasia and N America New report from Dir L. Baltistan, Mianwali, Rawalpindi, Swat, Murree Hills 2. 656 Anaphalis Tajaka Swat China, Nepal, India, Bhutan New report from Dir triplinervis (Sims.) Clarke

145

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 3. 698 Seriphidium Tarkha Spin Kar Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Afghanistan, India, New report from Dir brevifolium (Wall. Baltistan, Swat, ex DC.) Ling & Y. R. Ling 4. 752 Seriphidium Tarkha Balukhan Swat, Hazara, Peshawar, Kurram, Endemic to New report from Dir kurramense Khyber agency. (Qazilb.) Y. R. Ling 5. 788 Artemisia japonica Tarkha Retgai Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Japan, Korea, China, Nepal, New report from Dir Thunb. Baltistan, Swat, Murree hills, Kurram India, Afghanistan, Central valley. Asia 6. 818 Artemisia scoparia Naray Shakartangi Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, C & E Europe, Iraq, New report from Dir Waldst. & Kit. jaukey, Baltistan, Swat, Peshawar, Jhelum, Afghanistan, Iran, Russia Jaokae Rawalpindi,Kurrum, Chakwal, China, India. Baluchistan. 7. 859 Artemisia vulgaris Jaukay Balukhan Hazara, Kashmir, Swat, Rawalpindi, Europe, Afghanistan, Iran, New report from Dir L. Murree hills, Islamabad Russia, Turkistan, Siberia, India. 8. 596 Artemisia biennis Shadas Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Afghanistan, Russia, Turkey, New report from Dir Willd. Baltistan, Swat, Rawalpindi, Kurrum, China, India & N. America Baluchistan, Murree hills. 9. 816 Artemisia Bishgram Chitral, Hazara, Kashmir, Gilgit, Afghanistan, Russia, China, New report from Dir santolinifolia Turcz. Baltistan, Swat. India & Mongolia. ex Krasch. 10. 746 Bidens bipinnata L. Baghband Kashmir, Gilgit, Baluchistan, Salt New report from Dir Range 11. 794 Bidens cernua L. Babagam Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan, Swat. New report from Dir 12. 40 Calendula arvensis Ziar Dherai Kashmir, Hazara, Baltistan, Swat. New report from Dir L. Gulae 13. 861 Calendula officinalis Zair gulae Balukhan Commonly cultivated in gardens. New report from Dir L. 14. 830 Carduss edelbergii Tajaka Kurram agency,Chitral,Kashmir, Afghanistan to South West New report from Dir Rech. f. Gilgit, Baltistan, Swat. China 15. 764 Carthamus Kareza Kaladag Kashmir, Hazara, Baluchistan, Swat Kashmir, West Asia, Europe. New report from Dir

146

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area oxyacantha M.B. 16. 632 Centaurea iberica Hayaserai Kurramagency,Waziristan, Kashmir, West Asia, S.E. New report from Dir Trev. ex Spreng. Chitral,Kashmir, Gilgit, Baluchistan, Europe. Swat, Peshawar. 17. 734 Cichorium intybus Han, Dherai Kurramagency,Waziristan, Hazara, Kashmir, West Asia, Europe. New report from Dir L. Hansham Chitral,Kashmir, Gilgit,Baltistan, akay Baluchistan, Swat, Peshawar. 18. 602 Cirsium falconeri Nagotal Chitral,Kashmir, Swat. Pakistan to S. E. Tibet. New report from Dir (Hf. k.) Petrak 19. 782 Cnicus benedictus L. Sharai Dherai Kurramagency,Waziristan, New report from Dir Chitral,Kashmir, Gilgit, Baluchistan, Swat, Peshawar. 20. 842 Conyza canadensis Lajbok Dara, Hazara,Kashmir, Gilgit,Baltistan, New report from Dir (L.) Corgn. Dheri Sindh. 21. 615 Cousinia minuta Barkhanai Kurramagency, Waziristan, Lahore, Afghanistan to West Nepal, New report from Dir Boiss. Jhelum,Chitral,Kashmir, Baluchistan, Tibet. Swat, Peshawar. 22. 235 Echinops cornigerus - Kumbar Kurramagency,Kashmir, Baluchistan, Afghanistan to central Nepal. New report from Dir DC. Attock, Lahore, Karachi, Gilgit, Baltistan. 23. 663 Echinops - Bishgram Waziristan, Baluchistan. Afghanistan to central Nepal. New report from Dir griffithianus Boiss. 24. 102 Eclipta prostrata Shaklai Kurramagency, Kohat, Kashmir, New report from Dir (L.) L. Baluchistan, Swat, Peshawar, Dir, Hazara, Karachi. 25. 759 Erigeron multicaulis Qilla Manza Kurramagency, Waziristan, Kashmir, Pakistan to Bhutan. New report from Dir Bth. Gray Baltistan, Swat, Peshawar, Dir, Hazara. 26. 807 Gaillardia pulchella Gumbatbanda Cultivated in gardens New report from Dir Foug. 27. 849 Gerbera gossypina Shaklai Kashmir, Hazara. Pakistan to West Nepal New report from Dir (Royle) Beauv. 28. 710 Inula hookeri C. B. Central Nepal to South West

147

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Clarke China, Burma 29. 72 Pseudo gnaphalium Suri Pao, Qilla Chitral, Swat, Dir, Kashmir, Hazara, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Reported affine (D. Don.) Manza DI Khan, Sukkur India, Nepal, Indonesia, Anderb. Australia, Africa, Europe 30. 27 Pseudo gnaphalium Qilla Manza Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Kurram, Cosmopolitan Reported luteo-album (L.) O. Attock, Rawalpindi, Lahore, M.Hilliard & B. L. Baluchistan, Swat, Dir, Kashmir, Burtt Hazara, DI Khan, Sukkur 31. 699 Pseudognaphalium Lajbok, obtusifolium (L.) Sarlara New report from Dir Hilliard & Burtt ssp. obtusifolium 32. 645 Helianthus Aloopach Maniyal Kashmir New report from Dir tuberosus L. 33. 101 Duhaldea cappa Hot Push Gal Chitral, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara, DI India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, New report from Dir (Buch.-Ham.ex D Khan, Sukkur, Rawalpindi, Islamabad Thailand Don) Anderb. 34. 148 Koelpinia linearis Maniyal Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Kurram, New report from Dir Pallas Baluchistan, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara. 35. 88 Lactuca dissecta D. Tamna Lajbok Dara Waziristan, Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Pakistan to S. E. Tibet. New report from Dir Don Baluchistan, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara. 36. 670 Lactuca orientalis Tamna Babagam Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Baluchistan, Afghanistan to South West New report from Dir Boiss. Swat, Kashmir. China 37. 723 Lactuca serriola L. Dapur Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan, Baluchistan, Afghanistan to central Nepal. New report from Dir Swat, Kashmir, Kurram, Hazara. 38. 754 Leontopodium Barzela, Spin kar Kashmir Himalayas, India, New report from Dir himalayanum DC. Sarbazela 39. 90 Myriactis nepalensis Qillamanza Kashmir New report from Dir Less. 40. 783 Onopordum Danga Gulibagh Kashmir, Kurram, Hazara. Pakistan, Kashmir, West Asia, New report from Dir acanthium L. Karyoza Europe. Wrejakai 41. 831 Parthenium Sarlara New to Pakistan.

148

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area hysterophorus L. 42. 681 Pluchea arguta Lajbok, Makran, Karachi, Islamabad Iran, India New report from Dir Boiss. Sarlara 43. 622 Pluchea lanceolata Lajbok, Peshawar, Hazara, Bannu, Kashmir, Iran, India, Afghanistan, New report from Dir (DC.) C.B. Clarke Sarlara Rawalpindi, Gujar Khan, Hasan N Africa Abdal, DI Khan, DG Khan, Lahore, Larkana, Karachi, Rohri 44. 766 Pulicaria undulata Lajbok, Peshawar, Hazara,Waziristan, Iran, India, Afghanistan, New report from Dir (L.) C.A. Meyer Sarlara Jhelum, Lahore, Bahawal pur, N Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Makran, Haider Abad, Baluchistan, Dadu, Banuu, Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Karachi, Rohri 45. 640 Pulicaria Lajbok, Chitral, Hazara, Gilgit, Kashmir, Iran, Afghanistan, Central New report from Dir salviaefolia Bunge Sarlara Baltistan Asia 46. 651 Scorzonera mollis Hayaserai Baluchistan, Kurram Agency. Pakistan, India. New report from Dir M. Bieb. 47. 689 Scorzonera virgata Lajbok Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan,Hazara, Pakistan to Himachal Pradesh. New report from Dir DC. Baluchistan,Swat, Dir, Kashmir. 48. 149 Senecio Spin kar Kurram,Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan, Pakistan to South West China New report from Dir chrysanthemoides Baluchistan,Swat, Kashmir. DC. 49. 658 Senecio desfontanei Dheri, Gal, Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan,Kurram, Nepal to South West Tibet, New report from Dir Druce Qilla Manza Waziristan,Baluchistan,Swat, Burma Kashmir. 50. 747 Serratula palida DC. Asmanbanda Khyber pass, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Pakistan, India. New report from Dir Salt range. 51. 669 Silybum marianum Tajaka Peshawar, Hazara, Kohat, Swat, New report from Dir Gaertn. Kashmir, Lahore. 52. 730 Solidago virgaurea Bangira Dabako Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan,Kurram, Pakistan to central Nepal, New report from Dir L. Swat,Dir, Kashmir. Temperate Eurasia. 53. 808 Solidago radula Lajbok New to Pakistan Nutt. 54. 64 Sonchus asper (L.) Shouda Dheri, Gal, Chitral,Gilgit,Kurram,Sindh, New report from Dir

149

Seria Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks l No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area Hill Pai Qilla Manza Baluchistan,Swat, Kashmir. 55. 200 Sonchus oleraceus Khandak, Baluchistan,Chitral,Gilgit, New report from Dir L. Zanai Kurram,Sindh, ,Swat, Kashmir. 56. 71 Tanacetum Dabako Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan East Ward to Bhutan New report from Dir artemisioides Sch. Bip. ex Hk. f. 57. 771 Tanacetum emodi R. Lajbok Kashmir China New report from Dir Khan 58. 682 Taraxacum Booda Common New report from Dir officinale Wigg. Boodai Ziar Gwalae 59. 784 Tragopogon gracilis Hayaserai Baluchistan,Kurram,Khyber Agency, Afghanistan to East Nepal. New report from Dir D.Don Chitral,Swat, Kashmir. 60. 720 Tussilago farfara L. Qilla manza Chitral,Gilgit,Baltistan,Kurram, Swat, New report from Dir Kashmir, Hazara. 61. 786 Xanthium Gishkae Kaladag Sind, Baluchistan, Chitral, New report from Dir strumarium L. Gilgit,Baltistan,Kurram, Swat, Kashmir, Hazara.

209. CRASSULACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Pakistan Other Countries/Regions Area 1. 847 Bryophyllum pinnatum Patar Chat Lal qilla Karachi Tropical Africa, Cultivated or New report from Dir (Lam.) Oken naturalized else where

2. 94 Hylotelephium ewersii Tha Gat Gumbat Chitral, Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan, India, Afghanistan, Central New report from Dir (Ladeb.) H. Ohba Warkharae Banda Swat, Hazara, Kurram Agency Asia, China, Mongolia, Russia

150 3. 785 Rosularia rosulata Warkharay Balukhan Chitral, Kashmir, Gilgit India, Sikkim, Central New report from Dir (Edgew.) H. Ohba Himalaya 4. 672 Sedum hispanicum L. Tajaka Swat, Khyber Agency, Chitral, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, New report from Dir Hazara, Attock Turkmenistan, Russia

5. 685 Rhodiola himalensis Shaklai --- Kashmir to South West China New report for (D. Don) S. H. Fu Pakistan

211. ASPHODELACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 811 Asphodelus tenuifolius Piazakay, Lal qilla Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Bahawal N Africa, SW Europe, SW New report from Dir Cav. Oogakay pur, Lodhran, Karachi,Baluchistan Asia, India 2. 864 Eremurus himalaicus Shelay Kalpani Chitral, Hazara, Swat, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Kashmir, New report from Dir Baker Gilgit India, Tajikistan

214. HYACINTHACEAE

Serial Voucher Botanical Name Local Distribution Remarks No Number Name Research Area Pakistan Other Countries/Regions 1. 687 Scilla griffithii Gauharcot, Peshawar, Khyber Agency, Afghanistan, Pakistan New report from Dir Hochr. Dherai Malakand Agency, Chitral, Swat, and Kashmir. Kashmir, Rawalpindi.

151 CACTACEAE

Plate No: 31 Botanical Name: Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Voucher No: 857

HYPERICACEAE (GUTTIFERAE)

Plate No: 32 Botanical Name: Hypericum perforatum L. Voucher No: 219

152 CAESALPINIACEAE

Plate No: 33 Botanical Name: Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Voucher No: 225

CORNACEAE

Plate No: 34 Botanical Name: Cornus macrophylla Wall. Voucher No: 44

153 HYACINTHACEAE

Plate No: 35 Botanical Name: Scilla griffithii Hochr. Voucher No: 687

LILIACEAE

Plate No: 36 Botanical Name: Eremurus himalaicus Baker Voucher No: 864

154 Plate No: 37 Botanical Name: Gagea elegans Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 684

Plate No: 38 Botanical Name: Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Voucher No: 865

155 Plate No: 39 Botanical Name: Trillium govanianum Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 595

ROSACEAE

Plate No: 40 Botanical Name: Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey. Voucher No: 733

156

Plate No: 41 Botanical Name: Crataegus songarica G. Koch. Voucher No: 159

Plate No: 42 Botanical Name: Potentilla reptans L. Voucher No: 726

157

Plate No: 43 Botanical Name: Prunus jacquemontii Hk. f. Voucher No: 650

Plate No: 44 Botanical Name: Prunus prostrata Labill. Voucher No: 839

158

Plate No: 45 Botanical Name: Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Voucher No: 23

Plate No: 46 Botanical Name: Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 836

159

Plate No: 47 Botanical Name: Rubus niveus Thunb. non. Wall. Voucher No: 729

Plate No: 48 Botanical Name: Rubus ulmifolius Schott Voucher No: 801

160

Plate No: 49 Botanical Name: Sorbus lanata (D. Don) S. Schauer Voucher No: 819

SCOPHULARIACEAE

Plate No: 50 Botanical Name: Verbascum erianthum Bth. Voucher No: 683

161

Plate No: 51 Botanical Name: Veronica persica Poir. Voucher No: 743

HAMAMELIDACEAE

Plate No: 52 Botanical Name: Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder Voucher No: 11

162 OXALIDACEAE

Plate No: 53 Botanical Name: Oxalis corniculata L. Voucher No: 38

THYMELAEACEAE

Plate No: 54 Botanical Name: Daphne mucronata Royle Voucher No: 48

163

JUGLANDACEAE

Plate No: 55 Botanical Name: Juglans regia L. Voucher No: 378

MELIACEAE

Plate No: 56 Botanical Name: Melia azedarach L. Voucher No: 24

164 APIACEAE

Plate No: 57 Botanical Name: Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. Voucher No: 511

LINACEAE

Plate No: 58 Botanical Name: Reinwardtia trigyna (Roxb.) Planch. Voucher No: 223

165 PLANTANACEAE

Plate No: 59 Botanical Name: Platanus orientalis L. Voucher No: 193

GROSSULARIACEAE

Plate No: 60 Botanical Name: Ribes orientale Desf. Voucher No: 597

166 PLUMBAGINACEAE

Plate No: 61 Botanical Name: Limonium cabulicum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze Voucher No: 810

MIMOSACEAE

Plate No: 62 Botanical Name: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. Voucher No: 758

167 DATISCACEAE

Plate No: 63 Botanical Name: Datisca cannabina L. Voucher No: 829

SAPINDACEAE

Plate No: 64 Botanical Name: Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Voucher No: 34

168 POLYGALACEAE

Plate No: 65 Botanical Name: Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen Voucher No: 39

DIOSCOREACEAE

Plate No: 66 Botanical Name: Dioscorea melanophyma Burkill & Prain Voucher No: 623

169 BRASSICACEAE

Plate No: 67 Botanical Name: Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cav. & Grande Voucher No: 244

Plate No: 68 Botanical Name: Arabidopsis himalaica (Edgew.) Schulz Voucher No: 701

170 BUDDLEJACEAE

Plate No: 69 Botanical Name: Buddleja asiatica Lour. Voucher No: 760

PODOPHYLLACEAE

Plate No: 70 Botanical Name: Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 170

171 OLEACEAE

Plate No: 71 Botanical Name: Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews Voucher No: 713

Plate No: 72 Botanical Name: Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 117

172 PAPAVERACEAE

Plate No: 73 Botanical Name: Papaver hybridum L. Voucher No: 867

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plate No: 74 Botanical Name: Plantago major L. Voucher No: 152

173

BUXACEAE

Plate No: 75 Botanical Name: Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. Voucher No: 610

ALISMATACEAE

Plate No: 76 Botanical Name: Alisma plantago- aquatica Linn. Voucher No: 756

174 AMARANTHACEAE

Plate No: 77 Botanical Name: Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Voucher No: 668

FUMARIACEAE

Plate No: 78 Botanical Name: Corydalis diphylla Wall. Voucher No: 144

175 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Plate No: 79 Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris L Voucher No: 35

VERBENACEAE

Plate No: 80 Botanical Name: Vitex negundo L. Voucher No: 716

176 LYTHRACEAE

Plate No: 81 Botanical Name: Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) S. Kurz Voucher No: 10

HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Plate No: 82 Botanical Name: Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hk. f. Voucher No: 209

177 BERBERIDACEAE

Plate No: 83 Botanical Name: Berberis chitria Lindl. Voucher No: 770

Plate No: 84 Botanical Name: Berberis lycium Royle Voucher No: 201

178 Plate No: 85 Botanical Name: Berberis pseudumbellata Parker ssp pseudumbellata Voucher No: 724

ACERACEAE

Plate No: 86 Botanical Name: Acer cappadocicum Gled. Voucher No: 728

179 BETULACEAE

Plate No: 87 Botanical Name: Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Voucher No: 583

OROBANCHACEAE

Plate No: 88 Botanical Name: Orobanche alba Steph. Voucher No: 795

180 PAPILIONACEAE

Plate No: 89 Botanical Name: Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss. Voucher No: 344

Plate No: 90 Botanical Name: Crotolaria juncea L. Voucher No: 395

181

Plate No: 91 Botanical Name: Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis var. heterantha Voucher No: 346

Plate No: 92 Botanical Name: Lathyrus laevigatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Gren. Voucher No: 358

182

Plate No: 93 Botanical Name: Lotus corniculatus L. Voucher No: 196

Plate No: 94 Botanical Name: Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. Voucher No: 492

183 Plate No: 95 Botanical Name: Medicago sativa L. Voucher No: 269

Plate No: 96 Botanical Name: Oxytropis chiliophylla Royle ex Benth Voucher No: 868

184

VALERIANACEAE

Plate No: 97 Botanical Name: Valerianella szovitsiana Fisch. & C.A. Mey Voucher No: 226

FAGACEAE

Plate No: 98 Botanical Name: Quercus incana Roxb. Voucher No: 51

185

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Plate No: 99 Botanical Name: Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Voucher No: 195

CELASTRACEAE

Plate No: 100 Botanical Name: Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson) Cuf. Voucher No: 207

186 EBENACEAE

Plate No: 101 Botanical Name: Diospyros kaki L. Voucher No: 161

PAEONIACEAE

Plate No: 102 Botanical Name: Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Voucher No: 521

187 AQUIFOLIACEAE

Plate No: 103 Botanical Name: Ilex dipyrena Wall. Voucher No: 537

COLCHICACEAE

Plate No: 104 Botanical Name: Colchicum luteum Baker Voucher No: 74

188 CONVOLVULACEAE

Plate No: 105 Botanical Name: Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Voucher No: 550

MALVACEAE

Plate No: 106 Botanical Name: Malva sylvestris L. Voucher No: 355

189 RUTACEAE

Plate No: 107 Botanical Name: Dictamnus albus L. Voucher No: 609

BALSAMINACEAE

Plate No: 108 Botanical Name: Impatiens bicolor Royle Voucher No: 497

190 AMARYLLIDACEAE

Plate No: 109 Botanical Name: Zephyranthes atamasca (L.) Herbert Voucher No: 329

URTICACEAE

Plate No: 110 Botanical Name: Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle Voucher No:252

191 Plate No: 111 Botanical Name: Lecanthus peduncularis (Royle) Wedd. Voucher No:519

ONAGRACEAE

Plate No: 112 Botanical Name: Epilobium hirsutum L. Voucher No: 268

192

RHAMNACEAE

Plate No: 113 Botanical Name: Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Voucher No: 418

Plate No: 114 Botanical Name: Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnston Voucher No: 60

193 POACEAE

Plate No: 115 Botanical Name: Avena fatua L. Voucher No: 66

Plate No: 116 Botanical Name: Phalaris paradoxa L. Voucher No: 872

194 APOCYNACEAE

Plate No: 117 Botanical Name: Trachelospermum lucidum (D. Don) Schum. Voucher No: 228

GERANIACEAE

Plate No: 118 Botanical Name: Erodium cicutarium (L.) L' Herit ex Aiton Voucher No: 370

195

Plate No: 119 Botanical Name: Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet Voucher No: 85

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Plate No: 120 Botanical Name: Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Voucher No: 542

196

ANACARDIACEAE

Plate No: 121 Botanical Name: Rhus lancea L. f. Voucher No: 402

CAMPANULACEAE

Plate No: 122 Botanical Name: Campanula pallida Wall. Voucher No: 139

197 PRIMULACEAE

Plate No: 123 Botanical Name: Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Voucher No: 234

Plate No: 124 Botanical Name: Primula rosea Royle Voucher No: 577

198 SAPOTACEAE

Plate No: 125 Botanical Name: Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Voucher No:321

ORCHIDACEAE

Plate No: 126 Botanical Name: Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Voucher No:471

199 VIOLACEAE

Plate No: 127 Botanical Name: Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Voucher No:53

SOLANACEAE

Plate No: 128 Botanical Name: Hyoscymus niger L. Voucher No:557

200

Plate No: 129 Botanical Name: Solanum rostratum Dunal Voucher No:247

Plate No: 130 Botanical Name: Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Voucher No: 324

201 EUPHORBIACEAE

Plate No: 131 Botanical Name: Andrachne cordifolia (Wall.ex Dcne.) Muell. Arg. Voucher No:246

Plate No: 132 Botanical Name: Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf. Voucher No:308

202

Plate No: 133 Botanical Name: Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Voucher No:856

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Plate No: 134 Botanical Name: Lonicera japonica Thunb Voucher No:546

203

Plate No: 135 Botanical Name: Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC Voucher No:384

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Plate No: 136 Botanical Name: Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britt. Voucher No: 3

204 Plate No: 137 Botanical Name: Silene conoidea L Voucher No:254

ACANTHACEAE

Plate No: 138 Botanical Name: Justicia adhatoda L. Voucher No:510

205 CUSCUTACEAE

Plate No: 139 Botanical Name: Cuscuta violacea M. T. M. Voucher No:513

RUBIACEAE

Plate No: 140 Botanical Name: Galium aparine L. Voucher No:337

206

Plate No: 141 Botanical Name: Himalrandia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Yamazaki Voucher No:559

BORAGINACEAE

Plate No: 142 Botanical Name: Buglossoides arvensis (L.) Johnston Voucher No: 258

207

Plate No: 143 Botanical Name: Nonea edgeworthii A. DC. Voucher No:547

Plate No: 144 Botanical Name: Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. Voucher No:214

208 LAMIACEAE

Plate No: 145 Botanical Name: Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. Voucher No: 300

Plate No: 146 Botanical Name: Marrubium vulgare L. Voucher No: 878

209 Plate No: 147 Botanical Name: Eremostachys superba Royle ex Bth. Voucher No: 407

Plate No: 148 Botanical Name: Lamium amplexicaule L. Voucher No: 120

210

Plate No: 149 Botanical Name: Nepeta bracteata Bth. Voucher No: 562

Plate No: 150 Botanical Name: Salvia hians Royle ex Bth. Voucher No:421

211

Plate No: 151 Botanical Name: Stachys parviflora Bth. Voucher No:265

RANUNCULACEAE

Plate No: 152 Botanical Name: Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf Voucher No: 561

212

Plate No: 153 Botanical Name: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Voucher No:527

Plate No: 154 Botanical Name: Aquilegia fragrans Bth. Voucher No:365

213 Plate No: 155 Botanical Name: Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Voucher No:132

Plate No: 156 Botanical Name: Delphinium himalayai Munz Voucher No: 880

214

Plate No: 157 Botanical Name: Clematis connata DC. Voucher No:135

Plate No: 158 Botanical Name: Delphinium roylei Munz Voucher No:287

215

GENTIANACEAE

Plate No: 159 Botanical Name: Gentianodes argentea (Royle ex D. Don) Omer, Ali & Qaiser Voucher No:330

Plate No: 160 Botanical Name: Gentianodes kurroo (Royle) Omer, Ali & Qaiser Voucher No:518

216 IRIDACEAE

Plate No: 161 Botanical Name: Iris hookeriana Foster Voucher No:328

CHENOPODIACEAE

Plate No: 162 Botanical Name: Chenopodium botrys L Voucher No:472

217 POLYGONACEAE

Plate No: 163 Botanical Name: Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green Voucher No:174

Plate No: 164 Botanical Name: Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey. ex Hohen. Voucher No: 526

218 Plate No: 165 Botanical Name: Rheum webbianum Royle Voucher No: 479

ASTERACEAE

Plate No: 166 Botanical Name: Artemisia vulgaris L. Voucher No: 859

219

Plate No: 167 Botanical Name: Carthamus oxyacantha M.B. Voucher No:764

Plate No: 168 Botanical Name: Cirsium falconeri (Hf. k.) Petrak Voucher No:602

220

Plate No: 169 Botanical Name: Cousinia minuta Boiss. Voucher No:615

Plate No: 170 Botanical Name: Echinops cornigerus DC. Voucher No:235

221

Plate No: 171 Botanical Name: Solidago radula Nutt. Voucher No: 808

Plate No: 172 Botanical Name: Tragopogon gracilis D.Don. Voucher No: 784

222

CRASSULACEAE

Plate No: 173 Botanical Name: Rhodiola himalensis (D. Don) S. H. Fu Voucher No: 685

223

3.1.5 FUNGI Although a number of mushrooms are available in the area, but the genus reported here is Morchella. This mushroom has very high prices in the market ranging from Rs. 3000 to 4000 per kg for fresh and Rs. 7000-10000 per kg for dry material from collectors. It is mostly supplied dry to markets of District Swat and Rawalpindi from where it is exported to Austria and Germany etc. The per kg price in Swat or Rawalpindi is appoximately 20,000 to 25,000 for dried material. Internationally they are used in pizzas and mushroom soups. Their local use is only as aphrodisiac, general body tonic and anti rheumatoid artheritis activities. The price depends on the species, size and quality of processed mushrooms. Various species can be seen in the market collections but the prominent one is Morchella esculenta L. (Yellow mushroom also called yellow Morel) and Morchella conica the black mushroom.

224

Morchella esculenta

225

3.2 ETHNOBOTANY

The communities of Maidan Vally have centuries old traditional knowledge of the uses of most of the plants. This indigenous knowledge of plants has transfered to them from generations to generation. Some of the important plants are commercially exploited for the extraction of various types of active ingredients. The different systems of Eastern medicines like Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathy etc. are entirely based on the medicinal properties of these plants. But the precious wealth of indigenous knowledge of plants is eroding fastly and will be no more available to the next generation if not documented and conserved. Almost all of the medicinal plants used in the area are collected from the wild. The local collectors are unaware of the exact procedure of collecting medicinal plants. The flora of the area is threatened due to extraction, grazing, cutting, deforestation, misuse by local collectors, erosion, rapid colonisation i.e. roads and building construction, population growth, irrigation system, pollution and the Afghan refugees are the main reasons of endangerment.

3.2.1 SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE PEOPLE OF MAIDAN VALLEY Information collected through interviews from 100 household randomly selected in different villages of the area. The data obtained from different classes of respondents was analyzed and presented below.

Family Status Twenty five percent of the informants live in the form of single families and 75% have joint families. Out of 163 earning members (EM) of 100 households, 26 earning members support 25 single families and 137 (EM) support 75 joint families. The average household size of the study area is 10 whereas 1.63 are the average earning members per household. The distribution of household according to the family status is given in Fig: 2.

226 25%

75%

Joint Single

Figure. 2 General out look of the family structure of the people of Maidan Valley

Literacy Status About 50% of the household heads are illiterate. In other words only 50% of the sampled household heads are in a position to read and write and these can be motivated for tree planting programme. Fig.3 provides a picture of the literacy status of the survey households.

8% 4% 2% 6%

10% 50%

20%

illiterate primary middle matric inter graduate post grad

Figure. 3 Literacy situation of the people of Maidan valley

227

Occupation of the Family Head Maximum earning members observed per household were four. 35 respondents had only one earning member per household. 38 had 2, 12 had 3 and 3 had 4 earning members per household. The percentage of household having different number of earning members is shown in Fig: 4. The analysis of data revealed that out of total 100 sample household, 54% were agriculturist by profession, 18% Government servants and 28% were doing jobs other than agriculture and service (Fig.5). It was also observed that with the increase in family size, the number of earning members per family also increased.

13.63% 3.40% 39.77%

49.18%

Earning Member 1 per house hold Earning Member 2 per house hold Earning Member 3 per house hold Earning Member 4 per house hold

Figure. 4 Earning members in a family of Maidan valley

18% 28%

54%

service agriculture others

Figure. 5 Occupation of the people of Maidan Valley

228 Income Status For determination of income level the households were classified into three groups. The respondents having average monthly income group upto 5000 were considered as low, income group 5001 to 10000 as medium and above 10000 were ranked as high income group. The income status as observed in the study area was 27% households in high income group, 24% in medium and 49% households in lower income group. Fig. 6 show the income status of the area. The total income of the sampled units was Rs. 698443 per month. Average monthly income per household was Rs. 6984.43 per month while calculated monthly per capita income were Rs. 698.44. Thus the total income for the population of 156012, figured out to be Rs. 108965021.

27%

49%

24%

income group low medium high

Figure. 6 Income wise grouping of the people of Maidan Valley

3.2.2 FODDER The valley is exposed and the soil found here is mostly stony, gravels, sandy and up to some extent clayey. The houses are mostly constructed in the hills and small numbers are found in plain areas. The houses are in scattered form. The people living here keep small number of cattles only for milking purposes.

Cattles are the logical investment for the residents of the area, as they are mostly small-scale farmers. Cattle provide milk (cow, buffalo, sheep and goats) and are easily traded for cash or merchandise. People are dependent on fodder to feed their livestock. They obtain part of this fodder from grasses growing on field boundaries of their farms

229 and within the field crops. The grass fodder is also obtained from nearby hills owned by each person/ member of the community. These areas are harvested once a year only in August/September and grazing on them by livestock is prohibited because these areas are protected by the local norms known as “Nagha” of the hill. The dried maize stalks (Tantay), wheat husk (Boosa), rice stalks (Prorha) and dried grasses (hay) locally called (Pashkalay) are obtained from the farms and hilly sites that form the bulk of winter feed.

Fodder is collected in large quantities from valley except in winter. Tree fodder is used but is less significant than herbaceous fodder. Fodder obtained from the area is used directly in the fresh state. The people prefer fresh grasses and herbs as compared to dried fodder because they are more nutritious and also increasing milk capacity of the cattles. The people preferred shrubs and broad leaves trees as it provide more fodder as compared to needles of pines and their unpalatable nature.

Grasses and herbs are widely growing in and around wheat crop in spring, tomato fields in summer and maize crop and rice fields in fall are available as fresh fodder for the cattle. Highest quantities of fodder at the most productive sites were recorded in the valley after moonsoon season. By October standing biomass of fodder is considerably reduced. The locals has estimated that the pastures or plot size required for one cow is about half to one hectare depends upon the productivity of the site. Higher total annual yield would be possible in non-protected areas in valley, if pasture areas were managed. At present there is repeated competitive harvesting. If some sites were allowed to grow without cutting for substantial periods of time, total annual fodder production might be higher.

Close sites of fodder collection were already harvested and Grass fodder available in most remote sites of the valley. According to local men and children interviewed best quality and highest productivity of fodder is found in most remote sites where people unable to reach there for fodder collection. Non-grass herbs are normally more abundant than grasses at the cultivated fields of the valley. Frequent selective cutting of grasses (preferred by men and children) might be reducing grass proportion in the sites which could be increased through less frequent cutting and localized grazing in the valley. The plant collected and identified from Maidan valley are 85 species of 41 families and 77

230 genera. Among them 18 (21.18%) are grasses, 43 (50.59%) are herbs and shrubs and 25 (29.41%) are trees as shown in the figure 7 below.

18, 21% 25, 29%

43, 50%

Grasses Herbs Trees

Figure. 7 Types of Fodder plants collected from Maidan Valley

TABLE. 7 GRASS FODDER PLANTS COLLECTED FROM MAIDAN VALLEY

S/NO BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

1. Aristida adscensionis Poaceae Mashkanra Wakha

2. Bromus japonicus Poaceae Kooray

3. Brachypodium sylvaticum Poaceae Warbuskay

4. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae Pisho Lamae

5. Chrysopogon gryllus Poaceae Lasha Wakha

6. Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Poaceae Spin Wakha

7. Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Kabal

8. Digitaria nodosa Poaceae Pastha Kabal

231 9. Eleusine indica Poaceae Charparuk

10. Heteropogon contortus Poaceae Wakha

11. Desmostachya bipinnata Poaceae Drab

12. Phalaris minor Poaceae Spin Wakha

13. Panicum tryperon Poaceae Mla

14. Poa annua L. Poaceae Wakha

15. Sorghum halepense Poaceae Dadham

16. Schizachyrium scoparium Poaceae Naray Wakha

17. Themeda anathera Poaceae Lakhthy Ghya

18. Trisetum spicatum Poaceae Shamokha

TABLE. 8 NON-GRAMINIOUS PLANTS OF MAIDAN VALLEY

S/NO BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

1. Adiantum venustum Adiantaceae Marghay Ghya

2. Ajuga bracteosa Lamiaceae Ghutti

3. Alternanthera pungens Amaranthaceae Insut

4. Amaranthus spinosa Amaranthaceae Ghana chulway

5. Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Chulway

6. Asparagus officinalis Liliaceae Kanta Botay

7. Berberis lycium Berberidaceae Kowaray

8. Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Saarmay

9. Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae Prawathi

232 10. Conyza aegyptiaca Asteraceae Skha booti

11. Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Dhela

12. Dicliptera bupleuroides Acanthaceae Bandakay

13. Digera muricata Amaranthaceae Sur gulay

14. Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae Ghwarskey

15. Dryopteris serrato-dentata Dryopteridaceae Kunjay

16. Indigofera gerardiana Papilionaceae Ghuraja

17. Mallotus philippinsis Euphorbiaceae Kambela

18. Malva neglecta Malvaceae Lakhti booti

19. Maytenus royleanus Celastraceae Enalai

20. Medicago laciniata Papilionaceae Shpashtary

21. Myrsine africana Myrsinaceae Mannro Ghya

22. Myrtus communis Myrtaceae Mannro

23. Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Thurmera

24. Nepeta bracteata Lamiaceae Malooch Gulay

25. Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae Ghar Kushmalay

26. Otostegia limbata Lamiaceae Spin azghay

27. Oxalis carniculata Oxalidaceae Threwakay

28. Plantago major Plantaginaceae Ghwa jabay

29. Pteris vitata Pteridaceae -do-

30. Ranunculus muricatus Ranunculaceae Ziarh Gulay

31. Rosa webbiana Rosaceae Khurach

32. Rubus ellipticus Rosaceae Baganra

233 33. Rubus idaeus Rosaceae Karwara

34. Rumex hastatus Polygonaceae Tarrokay

35. Rumex nepalensis Polygonaceae shalkhai

36. Sageretia thea Rhamnaceae Mamanra

37. Silene conoidea Caryophyllaceae Mongatay booti

38. Silene vulgaris Caryophyllaceae Mungotay ghya

39. Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Kuchmacho

40. Spergula arvensis Caryophyllaceae Dhaanay Ghya

41. Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae Spin-stargay

42. Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Markundy

43. Vicia faba L. Papilionaceae Marghai Khpa

TABLE.9 TREES LOPPED AS FODDER PLANTS

S/NO BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

01. Ailanthus altissima Simarubaceae Saraki shunday

02. Alnus nitida Betulaceae Giray

03. Broussonetia papyrifera Moraceae Gul tooth

04. Celtis tetrandra Ulmaceae Thaghaga

05. Dalbergia sissoo Papilionaceae Shawa

06. Debregeasia salicifolia Urticaceae Alijai

07. Melia azedarach Meliaceae Bukiana

08. Morus alba Moraceae Spin tooth

234 09. Morus nigra Moraceae Thoor tooth

10. flash Olea ferruginea Oleaceae Khoona

11. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana Hamamelidaceae Beranj

12. Platanus orientalis Platanaceae Chinar

13. Populus euphratica Salicaceae Sofeedar

14. Prunus amygdalus Rosaceae Badam

15. Prunus pursica Rosaceae Shultaloo

16. Punica granatum Punicaceae Adnangore

17. Pyrus pashia Rosaceae Nashpathi

18. Quercus dilatata Fagaceae Serai

19. Quercus incana Fagaceae Seray

20. Quercus semicarpifolia Fagaceae Serai

21. Rubinia pseudoacacia Papilionaceae Kikar

22. Salix babylonica Salicaceae Wala

23. Salix tetrasperma Salicaceae Wala

24. Zanthoxylum armatum Rutaceae Dambara

25. Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Baera

235 3.2.3 FUELWOOD

In Maidan area the entire population, rely mostly on fuel wood for space heating and cooking. They used to collect dead or fallen material or small branches but such material is scarce. They now cut green trees instead. In the area, fuel wood makes about 80% of domestic energy requirements. The other 20% comes from kerosene, L.P.G., dung and other agricultural residues. About half of the fuel wood is collected from natural forests and the rest from farmlands. In the valley with limited resources, forest depletion resulted in to soaring prices of wood, a growing drain on the household incomes of the urban poor, wasteful burning of crop residues and animal manure to cook food rather than help to produce it, soil erosion, land degradation, reduced agricultural output, reduced number of cooking meals and hence malnutrition.

Wood is preferred over other fuels because it is cheaper to use and is locally available. Often fuel wood can be obtained at no more cost than the effort of gathering it. The poor usually have no alternative but to use wood or other organic material such as crop residues or animal dung for fuel. Commercial fuels when available are usually costly and generally involve the additional expense of stoves and similar equipment to burn them. Maidan valley with a population density of 453/km and a growth rate of 3.0 percent per annum is already experiencing high population pressure on its limited land and forest resources. The purpose of this study is to assess wood fuel demand in the valley and examines the causes of the demand and the implications for forest in the valley.

3.2.4 FUEL TYPES USED IN THE AREA Consumption About 100% of the sample households use fuelwood in various quantities; More than 21% of the households use only fuelwood for domestic energy. About 79% of the sample units consume fuelwood along with other fuels such as kerosene oil, L.P.G. and wood waste. Type of Fuel consumption in various combinations is shown in Fig. 8

236 7% 15% 21%

27% 30%

fuel wood consumption wood wood+k.oil30% w+k+lp+ww w+lpg w+lp+k

Figure.8 Quantity Wise Divisions of Fuel Types

Average monthly fuelwood consumption in winter per household is 210 KG. In summer fuelwood consumption is decreased to less than half of the winter i.e 116 KG per household. The average annual fuelwood consumption is 163 kg per month per household. The average per capita cost on fuelwood is Rs: 35733.5 per annum.

On analysis of data it was observed that fuelwood consumption has a positive correlation with household size and number of earning members. The quantity of fuelwood increased with increase of household size and number of earning members. Other factors which effected the fuelwood consumption were the ease in availability of, tradition, high calorific value and living standard of the households.

In villages adjacent to the forests, the preferred source of energy observed was fuelwood due to easy excess and free of cost. People have rights of firewood collection from the communal forests to meet their domestic need of cooking and heating. By taking advantage of their legal status, people are indiscriminately remove trees from forest areas. Pressure of illicit cutting is mounting throughout the valley. Household comparatively high living standards and income, substitute fuelwood with better fuels such as kerosene and LPG.

Kerosene Oil About 58.9% of the sample households were using kerosene as supplementary fuel with fuel wood and L.P.G. Kerosene consumption had no correlation with profession and

237 educational level of the household head and family size of the sample units. Average monthly kerosene consumption per household is about 23 liters. The average per capita cost on kerosene is Rs: 828.00 per annum

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Out of 100 samples household, about 44% were using L.P.G., to supplement other fuel sources. The data indicated that consumers of L.P.G. were not only educated but also belonged to higher income group. Monthly consumption of L.P.G. was reported 1.8 cylinders per household size. The averages per capita cost on L.P.G., is Rs: 1080.00 per annum. Wood Waste About 27% households were using wood waste during winter season as supplementary fuel with firewood and L.P.G. Out of this only 1% were using wood waste during summer for water heating purpose. Average monthly waste consumption per household is about 7KG. The average per capita cost on wood waste was about Rs: 84.00 per year.

Seasonal Consumption Pattern It was observed that fuelwood consumption per household for cooking and heating was less during summer (May to October). The data indicated that about 65% additional fuel was needed during winter for heating needs of the household. During winter months (November to March) the consumption pattern of the household remained the same except the change in quantity consumed.

Supply Of Fuelwood The trees are planted in the farmlands of the sample households for fodder and fruit purposes. The uncultivated land has more trees as compared to cultivated areas. There were many reasons for retaining small number of trees per hectare in cultivated areas. Upon discussion with the farmers, it was observed that small land holding size, competition with agricultural crops, and shortage of irrigation water are the major limiting factors for trees growth on farmlands. About 56% obtain fuelwood from their farmlands, 15% people are engaged in collection of fuelwood directly from the forest areas whereas 29% people purchase fuelwood from the local shops.

238 Marketing of Fuelwood Wood fuel is a non-commercial fuel and is often harvested and used without entering into the proper channels of marketing. In the study area, about half of the fuelwood supply (46%) was reaching to the consumer directly. The remaining portion of the fuelwood supplies were passing through the market without any identified market channels.

Species Preference Olea ferruginea (Khona), is the most preferred species among all fuel woods, growing on the farmlands and forest in the study area. Quercus species locally known as Serai is the second choice. The other species Morus alba (mulberry),Platanus orientalis, Salix species , Populus species, Eucalyptus species, Alnus nitida, Ailanthus altissima, Pinus roxberghii are the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th , 9th and 10th choices respectively. The least preferred species were peach, walnut, almond, Kikar and Bushes. A detailed list of preferred fuel wood species is given in Table .10

239 TABLE. 10 LIST OF PREFERRED FUELWOOD SPECIES PREFERENCE NO NAME OF SPECIES 1. Olea ferruginea 2. Quercus species 3. Morus Alba 4. Platanus orientalis 5. Salix species 6. Populus species 7. Eucalyptus species 8. Alnus nitida 9. Ailanthus altissima 10. Pinus roxberghii

Prices There is not a large difference in the prices of fuel wood throughout the year in the area. However, the prices were slightly higher in winter due to increased fuel wood demand, and less availability. The average rate of fuel wood in summer is Rs. 160 per maund or Rs: 3.2 per KG., while the average price in winter is Rs: 180 per maund or Rs: 3.6 per KG. About 54% of the households of sample area purchase wood from the local talls and shops. Average rates of different fuels used in the study area are given in Table 11.

TABLE . 11 AVERAGE RATES OF DIFFERENT FUELS

S.NO. FUEL TYPE COST (RS.) 1 Fuel wood Rs.3.6 per kg

2 Kerosene Oil Rs.30.00 per liter

3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Rs.50.00 per kg

4 Wood Waste Rs.10.00 per kg

240 3.2.5 ETHNOBOTANICAL INFORMATIONS COLLECTED IN MAIDAN VALLEY

The results reveal that there are 363 plant species are in use among the population. These plant species were arranged according to their family, scientific name, local name, habit, part used, flowering season and local uses. Ethnobotanical resources are arranged in alphabetical order of the families. The informations gathered are presented bellow and summarized in Appendix II. Family: Acanthaceae Botanical name: Justicia adhatoda L. Local name: Baikar Habit: Non-palatable shrub Part used: Roots and leaves

Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: The roots are used in rheumatism, pneumonia and cough. Leaves are applied to reduce swellings. A decoction of leaves is antispasmodic, expectorant, abortifacient and also used for curing dysentery in cattle. It is also used in scabbies and other skin disorders. Used in snakebites, eye and ear ailments. Antiseptic and insect repellent, relieves cough, asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and tuberculosis. A poultice of leaves is used for fresh wounds, on rheumatic joints and inflammatory swellings, in neuralgia, headache and bleeding from the nose. The leaves decoction is useful for scabies and other skin diseases. The leaves are also utilized as green manure and for yielding a yellow dye. The leaves are not easily attacked by fungi and insects, therefore used in packing or storing fruit. The leaves emit an unpleasant smell and are spared from browsing; the plant is, therefore, suitable for planting in soil reclamation programmes.

241 Family: Aceraceae Botanical name: Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis. Local Names: Chinaranga Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May- August Local uses: Bark is astringent and Leaves are irritating. Plant is diuretic and astringent. The wood is used in handicraft and as timber wood and used as fuel wood.

Botanical name: Acer cappadocicum Gled. Local Names: Kanzal, Kanchi Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May- August Local uses: Bark is astringent and Leaves are irritating. Plant is diuretic and astringent. The bark is used in the diarrhoea and dysentery. Branches are used as fodder for cattle. Wood is used in handicraft for making furniture, plough, agricultural tools, train coaches and ships. It is also used as fuel wood.

Family: Pteridaceae Botanical name: Adiantum incisum Forssk. Local name: Sumbal Habit: Herb Part Used: Fronds Local uses: Fronds are used for curing skin diseases, fever, cough and diabetes.

Botanical name: Adiantum venustum D.Don Local name: Sumbal Habit: Shade and Moisture loving small fern Part used: Fronds, whole plant

242 Local uses: Fronds are used for curing scorpion bites. Juice of the frond is expectorant, emetic and diuretic.

Botanical name: Adiantum cappillus-veneris L. Local name: Sumbal Habit: Shade and Moisture loving small fern Part used: Fronds, whole plant Local uses: Ornamental. Fronds are used for curing scorpion bites. Juice of the frond is expectorant, emetic and diuretic.

Family: Alismataceae Botanical name: Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Local name: Taqae Habit: Annual herb very common in summer Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder and soil reclamation.

Family: Alliaceae Botanical name: Allium cepa L. Local name: Piaz Habit: A cultivated vegetable Part used: Bulbs, leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The plant is extensively used in cooking both in fresh and dry form as salad, spices and condiment. The bulbs are stimulant. The leaves are diuretic, aphrodisiac and expectorant. The plant is also antiseptic. Its juice is applied to soothe the irritation caused by scorpion and hornet stings. The juice is used as ink. The script is invisible until it is exposed to sunlight or smoke, after exposing beautiful pale brown writing appears on paper.

243 Botanical name: Allium sativum L. Local name: Ooga Habit: A common cultivated vegetable Part used: Bulbs, leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The plant is extensively used in cooking as a flavoring agent, carminative, aromatic and condiment. It is effective in heart diseases and hypertension. It is diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and antiseptic. A decoction is effective in hysteria, flatulence, asthma and whooping cough. It is also used in epilepsy.

Botanical name: Allium ascalonium L. Local name: Piazaki Habit: A wild herb Part used: Bulbs, leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The plant is extensively used in cooking both in fresh and dry form as salad, spices and condiment. The bulbs are stimulant.

Botanical name: Allium jacquemontii Kunth. Local name: Zangali Piaz Habit: A wild herb Part used: Bulbs, leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The plant is extensively used in cooking both in fresh and dry form as salad, spices and condiment. The bulbs are stimulant. It is also used in epilepsy.

244 Family: Amaranthaceae Botanical name: Achyranthus aspera L. Local name: Gishkay, Spaebotay Habit: A perennial wasteland herb Part used: Root, whole plant Flowering Season: April – August. Local uses: A root infusion is used for removing stones from kidneys. Decoction of the plant is diuretic and laxative.

Botanical name: Amaranthus caudatus L. Local name: Chalwaiy Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July- September. Local uses: The plant is used as pot-herb and Cultivated for grain, that is given for leucorrhoea and impotence.

Botanical name: Amaranthus viridis L. Local name: Gunhar Habit: Annual herb very common in summer Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July- September. Local uses: Cooked as pot-herb, used as emollient.

Family: Amaryllidaceae Botanical name: Narcissus tazetta L. Local name: Gul-e-ganas, gul-e-nargis Habit: A perennial herb of graveyards and banks of rivers Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: February- March. Local uses: The juice of the flowers is purgative and emetic. It is also used as ornamental.

245 Family: Anacardiaceae Botanical name: Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. integerrima (J.L.S) Rech. f. Local Names: Kakar Singi. Habit: A wild larged sized tree Part used: Insect infected galls Flowering Season: March – May. Local Uses: Fruits and gall’s extract is given in jaundice. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. Wood yields timber, and is used for making furniture. Branches serve for purpose of fuel wood. Galls may be used for bronchial diseases, asthma, antidote to snake bite and scorpion sting, fruit edible, also used as fuel wood.

Botanical name: Rhus punjabensis J. L. Stewart ex Brandis Local Names: Bhan Habit: A wild medium sized tree Part used: Bark, leaves and branches Flowering Season: April – June. Local Uses: Bark is used for rope making. Leaves are used as fodder. Branches are used for making baskets.

Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Botanical name: Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Local name: Spairkai, Gangahai Habit: Herb Part used: Dry fruits Flowering Season March - May Local uses: Useful in whooping cough and asthma.

Botanical name: Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch. Local name: Tora zeera Habit: Herb Part used: Fruit

246 Flowering Season March - May Local uses: It is used as a condiment and a spice, used in curry and pullao; carminative, stomachic and stimulant

Botanical name: Coriandrum sativum L. Local name: Dhanya Habit: An annual cultivated herb Part used: Leaves, seeds Flowering Season March - May Local uses: A decoction of the fruits is given in colic. It is used as condiment, aromatic, stimulant, flavoring agent, carminative, for piles; fragrance and digestive. Seeds stimulate appetite. Oil is extracted from it.

Botanical name: Cuminum cyminum L. Local name: Zeera Habit: Herb Part used: Seeds Flowering Season March - May Local uses: Carminative and flavoring agent

Botanical name: Carum carvi L. Local name: Sperkai Habit: Herb Part used: Seeds Flowering Season March - May Local uses: Carminative and flavoring agent

Botanical Name: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Local name Kagah English name Fennel Part used Fruit, leaves. Flowering Season March - May

247 Local uses: Leaves are diuretic, digestive, aromatic and stimulant; they improve eyesight. Seeds are laxative, aphrodisiac, stimulant, carminative, flavoring agent and used as condiment. The oil is also used as vermicide. The juice of fruit is used as to improve eyesight.

Botanical name: Pimpinella stewartii (Dunn) E.Nasir Local name: Kamasla Zeera Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant and fruits Flowering Season March - May Local uses: The whole plant is a good remedy for stomach pain. The fruits are aromatic, carminative and diuretic.

Botanical Name: Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Local name Sperkai Habit: Herb Part used Fruit, leaves. Flowering Season March - May Local uses: Seeds are laxative, aphrodisiac, stimulant and carminative. The oil is also used as vermicide. The juice of fruit is used as to improve eyesight Leaves are diuretic, digestive, aromatic and stimulant; they improve eyesight.

Botanical name: Anethum graveolens Linn. Local Name: Sowah Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant and fruits Flowering Season March - May Local uses: The whole plant is a good remedy for stomach pain. The fruits are aromatic, carminative and diuretic.

Botanical Name: Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. Local name Tha Manzari Mangwal

248 Habit: Herb Part used whole plant Flowering Season March - May Local uses: Plant is stimulant; improve eyesight. Seeds are laxative, aphrodisiac and carminative. Plant is also used as fodder.

Family: Apocynaceae

Botanical name: Nerium oleander Linn. Local name: Ganderay Habit: A large shrub of watercourses Part used: Flowers, leaves, roots Flowering Season: April – October. Local uses: Decoction of leaves in paste form is applied externally on the skin to cure certain skin diseases. The root is used for snakebites. It is poisonous and ornamental. In Sanskrit its medicinal properties are described to use as an external application to swelling, leprosy and skin diseases such as itch.

Botanical name: Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don Local name: Sada Bahar Habit: A cultivated herb. Part used whole plant Flowering Season: All the year. Local uses: Alkaloids extracted from the leaves are used in blood cancer leukemia. Flowers are used as stomachics and considered as toxic. It is also used for diabetes. It possesses hypotensive, sedative and tranquilizing properties.

Family: Araceae Botanical name: Acorus calamus L. Local name: Skhawaja Habit: Rhizomatous herb of moist habitat.

249 Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: April – October. Local uses: Rhizomes are emetic and a good remedy for flatulance, colic and diarrhea. It is also used against snake bites.

Botanical name: Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Local name: Wara Marjarai Habit: Rhizomatous herb. Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: April – October. Local uses: It is poisonous Rhizomes are emetic and a good remedy for flatulance, colic and diarrhea. It is also used against snake bites.

Botanical name: Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott Local name: Tora Marjarai Habit: Rhizomatous herb. Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: April – October. Local uses: It is poisonous Rhizomes are emetic and a good remedy for flatulance, colic and diarrhea. It is also used against snake bites.

Botanical name: Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Local name: Ghata Marjari Habit: Rhizomatous herb. Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: April – October. Local uses: It is poisonous Rhizomes are emetic and a good remedy for flatulance, colic and diarrhea. It is also used against snake bites.

Botanical name: Sauromatum venosum (Ait) Schott Local name: Mar Jarai

250 Habit: Rhizomatous herb. Part used: Leaves, underground stems Flowering Season: Aug.-Sept. Local uses: It is poisonous and demulcent

Family: Araliaceae Botanical name: Aralia cachemirica Dcne. Local name: Da Dadono Binakai Habit: Tall tree-climbing liana Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: Sept.-Oct. Local uses: The plant is used as fuel wood, utensils and smoking medicine. Plant is also bee attractant.

Family: Asclepiadaceae Botanical name: Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Local name: Spulmay Habit: Common weed of waste, dry and exposed area Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: All the year. Local uses: Plant is collected, crushed and mixed with raw sugar (guar) to make a paste which is applied to dog bites. Leaves are smoked to cure asthma and coughs. Latex is utilized commonly in skin disorders. Roots and bark are used as tonic, sudorific, alterative, antispasmodic and expectorant. Flowers are digestive and stomachics. It is also used in leprosy, asthma, fever with enlarged liver and cough, skin diseases, visceral enlargement, in constitutional syphilitic afflections. The stem is used as Maswak (Tooth Brush), having the property of curing toothache. The ash of the plant is used as dye for colouring of the cloth.

251 Botanical name: Periploca aphylla Dcne. Local Names: Barara Habit: A wild herb. Part used: Latex Flowering Season: March - May Local uses Latex is used to remove warts.

Botanical name: Tylophora hirsuta Wight Local name: Gilo Habit: Climbing herb Part used: Roots, leaves Flowering Season: Sept.-Oct. Local uses: Root and leaf decotion is used for jaundice. The dried leaves are emetic, diaphoretic and blood purifiers. Along with opium, it is used for asthma and whooping cough.

Family: Asphodelaceae Botanical name: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan Local name: Piazakay, Oogakay Habit: Common spring weed Part used: Fresh leaves Flowering Season: April – Sept. Local uses: It is cooked with maize bread and is used as a condiment.

Family: Asteraceae (Compositae) Botanical name: Achillea millefolium L. Local name: Jasifa, Jarai Habit: Perennial herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July-September

252 Local uses: The volatile oil of the plant is a stimulant tonic, astringent, and stops intestinal bleeding. The whole plant is used as a diuretic, for piles, cold and to stop perspiration. Dried powdered leaves and flower heads or infusion of leaves is used carminative, tonic; emmenagogue, colds, colic, hemorrhages, and in profuse mucous discharges. The plant is also used as fodder.

Botanical name: Artemisia brevifolia Wall. Local name: Jaukay, Kamasla tarkha Habit: Herb Part used: Flower head Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: Used as anthelmintic. Leaves decoction is used to check the fever and other stomach troubles. The poultice of the flowering tops is used to releive pain of snake bite and sting of scorpion.

Botanical name: Artemisia scoparia Linn. Local name: Jaukay Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves, shoots, and seeds Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: Respiratory stimulant, anthelmintic and purgative. Used as a cure for earache.

Botanical name: Artemisia vulgaris L. Local name: Tarkha Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: Leaves are anthelminthic and useful for curing skin diseases.

253 Botanical name: Calendula arvensis L. Local name: Zair gulae Habit: An annual wild herb Part used: Leaves and flowers Flowering Season: March – July Local uses: The leaves and flowers are given to children suffering from scrofula. It is used as a tonic, diaphoretic and anthelmintic.

Botanical name: Calendula officinalis L. Local name: Zair gulae Habit: A cultivated ornamental herb. Part used: Flower, leaves Flowering Season: March – July Local uses: Flowers and shoots are used to treat wounds.

Botanical name: Cichorium intybus L. Local name: Han Habit: Perennial herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: The plant is boiled and the decoction is used for fever, jaundice and a tonic in asthma. It increases bile secretion and promote digestion.

Botanical name: Conyza canadensis (Linn.) Cronquist. Local name: Malooch Habit: Common wild herb Part used: Vegetative parts Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: It is used as homeostatic, stimulant, diuretic, astringent, in diarrhea and dysentery.

Botanical name: Echinops griffithianus Boiss. Habit: A common weed of exposed sites

254 Part used: Roots, stem, leaves Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: Diuretic and aphrodisiac.

Botanical name: Helianthus tuberosus L. Local name: Aloopach Habit: Common wild herb Part used: Vegetative parts Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: It is used as pot herb and ornamental.

Botanical name: Sonchus asper L. Local name: Shawda pai Habit: Herb Part used: Young shoots, flowers Flowering Season: March-September Local uses: Its decoction is used as a tonic, diuretic and for jaundice. Also used for curing constipation and as fodder.

Botanical name: Carthamus oxyacantha M.B. Local name: Kareza Habit: A common weed of exposed sites Part used: Roots, stem, leaves Flowering Season: March-September Local uses: Diuretic and aphrodisiac.

Botanical name: Onopordeum acanthium L. Local name: Wrejakai Habit: A common weed of exposed sites Part used: Roots, stem, leaves Flowering Season: March-September Local uses: It is used as fodder and medicine.

255 Botanical name: Taraxacum officinale Weber. Local name: Booda boodai Habit: Herb Part used: Young shoots, flowers Flowering Season: March-September Local uses: Its decoction is used as a tonic, diuretic and for jaundice. Also used for curing constipation.

Botanical name: Cnicus benedictus L. Local name: Sharai Habit: A common weed of exposed sites Part used: Roots, stem, leaves Flowering Season: July-September Local uses: It is used as fodder, hey fodder and as pot herb.

Botanical name: Xanthium strumarium Linn. Local name: Ghut ghiskay Habit: Shrub Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: March-September Local uses: Leaf decoction is recommended in long-standing malarial fever.

Family: Balsaminaceae Botanical name: Impatiens bicolor Royle Local name: Writh Athrang Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July -September Local uses: Plant is used as fodder and for dye.

256 Botanical name: Impatiens brachycentra Kar.& Ker. Local name: Spin Athrang Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July -September Local uses: Plant is used as medicine, fodder and for dye.

Botanical name: Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. Local name: Ziar Athrang Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July -September Local uses: Plant is used as medicine, fodder and for dye.

Botanical name: Impatiens flemingii Hook. f Local name: Gulabi Athrang Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July -September Local uses: Plant is used as medicine, fodder and for dye.

Family: Berberidaceae Botanical name: Berberis lycium Royle Local name: Tor kwaray Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places. Part used: Fruits,Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches Flowering Season: March -June Local uses: Stomachic, intestinal colic, expectorant, used for diarrhea, diuretic. Used in the treatment of internal wounds and piles. It is also used for jaundice and other liver disorders. The fruits are edible. The plant is also used in fencing and hedges especially against porcupines.

257 Botanical name: Berberis brandisiana Ahrendt Local name: kwaray Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places. Part used: Fruits, Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches Flowering Season: March - June. Local uses: The plant and bark used as diuretic, astringent, refrigerant and anti-bilious. It is especially valuable in scarlet fever and brain affections.

Botanical name: Berberis kunawurensis Royle Local Names: Korai Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places. Part used: Fruits, Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: The plant and bark used as diuretic, astringent, refrigerant and anti-bilious. It is especially valuable in scarlet fever and brain affections.

Botanical name: Berberis chitria Lindl. Local Names: Korai Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places. Part used: Fruits, Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: Same as given for other species.

Botanical name: Berberis pseudumbellata Parker Local Names: Korai Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places. Part used: Fruits, Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: Same as given for other species.

258

Family: Betulaceae Botanical name: Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl.

Local Names: Girae Habit: A large tree of watercourses Part used: whole tree Flowering Season: August – October. Local uses: Used as fuel wood, planted in waterlogged soil for reclamations.

Botanical name: Betula utilis D. Don Local name: Braj Habit: Tree Part used: Bark and wood Flowering Season: August – October. Local uses: Bark is used as paper. Wood is used for agricultural tools, furniture and other utencils.

Family: Boraginaceae Botanical name: Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don Local name: Gaozaban, Paimemei Habit: Annual herb Part used: Leaves and flowers Flowering Season: April - August. Local uses: Used for bronchitis and asthma; spasmolytic, relieves palpitations of the heart.

Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Botanical name: Brassica rapa Linn. ssp. campestris (Linn.) Clapham Local name: Sharshum Habit: A cultivated vegetable and oil seed crop.

259 Part Used: Leaves, seeds. Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local Uses: The young leaves and flowering tops are used as a vegetables. Oil extracted from the seeds, is used in cooking, massage of body and hair, and as an ointment.

Botanical name: Brassica rapa Linn. Local name: Tepar Habit: A cultivated vegetable Part used: Leaves & roots Flowering Season: February - June. Local uses: Leaves and roots are common vegetables. It is used for stomach and ulcer problems.

Botanical name: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Local name: Bambaisa Habit: An annual weed Part used: Leaves, flowering tops, seeds Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Seeds are a stimulant, diuretic astringents; it is also used in dropsy.

Botanical name: Lepidium sativum Linn. Local name: Halam Habit: An annual herb Part used: Dried seeds Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Seeds are given as a decoction to all livestock to treat flatulance.

Botanical name: Raphanus sativus L. Local name: Mooley Habit: A cultivated herb Part used: Young leaves, roots

260 Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Young leaves and roots are used extensively as a pot-herb and in salads. They are digestive, carminative, diuretic; also used for jaundice and piles.

Botanical name: Sisymbrium irio L. Local name: Awrae Habit: An annual herb Part used: Dried seeds, plant Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Seeds are given as a decoction to all livestock to treat flatulance. It is also used as fodder.

Botanical name: Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Local name: Talmeera, bangeera Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitats Part used: Vegetative portion Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: A vegetable, salad and pot-herb. It is antiscorbic, appetizer, diuretic and used in chest infections and stomachache.

Botanical name: Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn.ex.Reichb.

Local name: Talmeera, bangeera Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitats Part used: Vegetative portion Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: A vegetable, salad and pot-herb. It is antiscorbic, appetizer, diuretic and used in chest infections and stomachache. Plant is also used as fodder.

Family: Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae) Botanical name: Buddleja asiatica Lour. Local name: Booi

261 Habit: Shrub of exposed places. Part used: Leaves,Vegetative portion Flowering Season: November-April. Local uses: Leaves are used for skin diseases and as abortifacient. It is used as fish poison and as an insecticide. Flower and leaves treat night blindness, cataract, and eyestrain.

Botanical name: Buddleja crispa Bth. Local Names: Chitti Booi Habit: Shrub of exposed places. Part used: Leaves,Vegetative portion Flowering Season: April-June. Local uses: Same as given for B. asiatica.

Family: Buxaceae Botanical name: Buxus pappilosa C.K.Schneid. Local name: Shamshad. Habit: Shrub growing under trees. Part used: Whole plant, leaves, stem Flowering Season: May - September. Local uses: It is antirheumatic, diaphoretic, purgative, poisonous and febrifuge. It is used in making wooden spoons and utensils.

Botanical name: Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell. Arg. Local name: Ladan Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves, flowers Flowering Season: May - September. Local uses: Used as a laxative and a blood purifier and for relieving muscular pain. Used as a useful soil binder. Leaves are laxative and blood purifier and good remedy for muscular pains.

262 Family: Cactaceae Botanical name: Opuntia dilleni Haw. Local name: Zuqum Habit: Herbaceous shrub Part Used: Phylloclades, fruits Flowering Season: May – September. Local uses: The poultice made from the phylloclade is used for extracting guinea worms. The fruits are edible, demulcent and expectorant. The ripe fruit juice is a remedy for asthma and whooping cough. The plant is grown as hedge plant in some places.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae Botanical name: Caesalpinia decapitala (Roth) Alston. Local Names: ` Jara Habit: Shrub of exposed places. Part used: Root,Flower and Bark Flowering Season: February - April Local uses: The root is carminative, the flowers are laxative and the bark reputed to have healing properties. It is also used as hedge plant.

Family: Cannabaceae Botanical name: Cannabis sativa L.

Local Name: Bung Habit: An annual wild herb of waste places Part used: Leaves, top of the inflorescence, and seeds

Flowering Season.: April - August. Local uses: Juice added with milk and nuts to make "Tandai" a cold drink which produces a pleasant excitement. It is sedative, tonic, narcotic, anodyne, refrigerant, and antispasmodic.

The leaves are boiled, then these luke warmed leaves are tied over the affected parts of the body for the treatment of spasm.

263 The bark of larger plants is used for making ropes. The plant is also used as fuel by the people.

Family: Caprifoliaceae Botanical name: Lonicera japonica Thunb. Local Names: Phut Habit: Tree-climbing liana Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: June – July. Local uses: Used as fuel wood. Leaves and flowers are considered as a remedy for veneral diseases. Seeds are given to horses for colic.

Botanical name: Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. Local Names: Phut, Hedei Habit: Tree-climbing liana Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: May – July. Local uses: Wood is hard and used for making agricultural implements and walking sticks. Leaves are used as fodder for goats.

Botanical name: Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Local name: Zangali chamyarai Habit: Shrub of exposed habitat in temperate forests Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Fruit is edible, used as tonic. Local people use the plant as broom.

Botanical name: Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Local name: Ghaz meva Habit: Shrub of exposed habitat in temperate forests Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: April-May

264 Local uses: The fruits are antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic and uterine sedative in functional uterine disorders.

Family: Caryophyllaceae Botanical name: Silene conoidea L. Local name: Bashka Mashora Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder.

Botanical name: Silene vulgaris (Moench)Garcke Local name: Mataranga Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder.

Botanical name: Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Local name: Tighstargai Habit: herb Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: It is used as pot herb,fodder and hey fodder.

Family: Celastraceae Botanical name: Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson) Cuf. Local Names: Kandiari Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed habitat in temperate forests Part used: Fruits, stem Flowering Season: March – April.

265 Local uses: The smoke of the seeds relieves toothache. Plant is used as walking sticks, in carving and engraving.

Family: Chenopodiaceae Botanical name: Chenopodium album L. Local name: Sarmay Habit: An annual weed Part used: Vegetative portions, roots Flowering Season: May-Aug. Local uses: It is used as a pot-herb, laxative, anthelmintic; the roots are used against jaundice and urinary problems.

Fresh leaves are grounded and water is added to it. It is boiled till the solution is left to half. Then it is used 2 teaspoon full twice a day for a month for purification of blood. The fresh leaves are cooked as pot herb called "sag" that is laxative and recover liver disorders. The leaves are mixed with black pepper, grinded and used for the treatment of piles.

Botanical name: Chenopodium botrys L. Local name: Skha kharawa Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug. Local uses: The leaves are used for the healing of wounds, also for discharge of pus.

Botanical name: Chenopodium murale L. Local name: Binakai Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug. Local uses: The young shoots are used as a pot-herb and laxative.

266 Botanical name: Chenopodium ambrosioidis L. Local name: Benakae Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug.

Local uses: The young shoots are used as laxative and against malaria.

Family: Convolvulaceae Botanical name Convolvulus arvensis L Local name: Prewatai Habit: An annual climbing herb Part used: Vegetative part

Flowering Season.: Through out the year. Local uses: Used as purgative, also applied in skin disorders.

The plant is crushed finely and boiled in milk. It is filtered and the filtrate is given to the sexual debility patient for 8-10 days.

Fresh leaves are crushed and the extract is given to the epilepsy patient in divided doses. The plant is also used as fodder for cattle.

Family: Cornaceae Botanical name: Cornus macrophylla Wall. Local Names: Kandal Habit: Tree/shrub of gorges in temperate forests Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: Used as timber and fuel wood. Leaves are used as fodder.

Family: Crassulaceae Botanical name: Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba Local name: Tha Gat Warkharae Habit: A prostrate herb

267 Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: The fruit is administered to cattle for intestinal disorders. Its juice is given in dropsy.

Family: Cucurbitaceae Botanical name: Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Local name: Kalkunday Habit: A prostrate herb in dry maize fields Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: The fruit is administered to cattle for intestinal disorders. Its juice is given in dropsy. The fruits are bitter and poisonous, and careless use may prove fatal.

Botanical name: Cucumis sativus L. Local name: Badrang Habit: Prostrate to climbing herb Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: It is extensively used as a salad. It is refrigerant.

Botanical name: Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. Local name: Khog kadoo Habit: A cultivated prostate to climbing herb Part used: Fruits, seeds, leaves, young shoots, flowers Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: Young shoots, flowers and fruits are used as vegetables. It is used to treat stomach ulcers and other digestive problems. Famous pudding, locally known as Kadoo halva is prepared from the fruit, used in confectionery, jams and jellies. Seeds are used as an anthelmintic.

268 Botanical name: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley Local name: Gharangay kadoo Habit: An annual prostrate to climbing cultivated herb Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: The fruit is used as a vegetable. It is given to patients suffering from jaundice, heart and stomach problems.

Botanical name: Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem. Local name: Torai Habit: A cultivated climbing vegetable Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: The fruits are used as a vegetable. It is good for stomach and ulcer problems. The dried fruit case is used for cleaning utensils.

Botanical name: Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) M. J. Roem. Local name: kakora Habit: Herb Part used: Roots, fruits and leaves Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: Plant is used as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. The ripened fruits are used as a purgative. The juice extracted from the leaves is applied on burnt parts of the body. Plant is also bee attractant.

Botanical name: Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandi Local name: Desi kakora Habit: Herb Part used: Roots, fruits and leaves Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: The juice of the roots is mixed with milk and used as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. The ripened fruits are used as a

269 purgative. The juice extracted from the leaves is applied on burnt parts of the body. Plant is also used as fodder.

Botanical name: Momordica charantia Linn. Local name: Karela Habit: A cultivated prostate to climbing herb Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: June – September. Local uses: Vegetable, expectorant and antipyretic.

Family Cupressaceae Botanical name: Cupressus sempervirens L. Local Names: Saro Habit: A wild medium sized tree

Parts used: Fruit and Wood. Flowering Season: May – August. Local uses: The fruit and wood are anthelmintic and astringent. The wood is used in carpentry and for furniture making.

Botanical name: Juniperus communis L. Local Name: Gogar Habit: A wild medium sized tree

Parts used: Fresh ripe berries and oil. Flowering Season: May – August.

Local uses: The fruit and oil are diuretic, carminative, stimulant and is used in skin diseases. The berries are given in scanty urine, chronic, cough and pectoral affections. Berries, wood and oil are used in folk remedies for cancer, polyps, swellings, tumors and warts. Locally powder of berries is rubbed on rheumatic and painful swellings. The berries are also recommended in tuberculosis and diabetes. Fresh ripe berries are roasted,

270 ground and are used as substiute for coffee. Ash of the bark is applied in certain skin diseases. Plant is also used as fodder.

Botanical name: Thuja orientalis L. Local Names: sarva Habit: A wild medium sized tree Parts used: Fresh ripe berries and oil Flowering Season: February - March.

Local uses: The fruits and wood are anthelmintic and astringent. It is planted as an ornamental tree.the ripe fruits are rousted in sarsoon oil. After roasting grounded and mixed with powdered black salt. The mixture is given in the veterinary saibrea of cow, sheeps in majority of the animals

Family: Cuscutaceae Botanical name: Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Local name: Maraz bootay Habit: A common parasitic herb which climb the host plants Part used: Shoots

Flowering Season: August - September.

Local uses: An infusion of the plant prepared that is used to wash sores, itching areas of the body and antilice.

Equal quantity of the plants Cuscuta reflexa and Cuscuta tora is made in to a paste and applied over the affected part, thrice daily till cure for eczema. Whole plant is crushed and then boiled in water in a tin vessel for sufficient time. It is strained out, the patient is asked to take bath with the decoction not using soap for scabies.

271 Family: Pteridaceae Botanical name: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Local name: Kwanjai Habit: A perennial fern of moist shady areas Part used: Young fronds Local uses: The fronds are used as pot-herb and cooked as a vegetable.

Family: Dioscoraceae Botanical name: Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth. Local name: Kanees Habit: Herb Part used: Tubers

Flowering Season: August - September. Local uses: The tubers are useful as a uterine sedative; they are haemostatic, diuretic and expectorant. The tubers are also used as a fish poison. In small quantities, they are effective in expelling tap - worms from the body.

Family: Ebenaceae Botanical name: Diospyrus lotus L. Local name: Tor amlook Habit: A wild medium sized tree Part used: Fruit, wood, leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The fruits are edible, carminative, purgative and beneficial in blood diseases, gonorrhea, and leprosy. Infusion of the fruit is used as gargle in apthae or stomatitis and sore throat. Juice of the unripe fruit is given in chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Bark is applied to boils and tumors.

Botanical name: Diospyrus kaki L. Local name: Farsiman/Ziar Amlok Habit: Grafted in the local Dyospyrus lotus Part used: Fruits, wood

272 Flowering Season: May-June. Local uses: It is a very common commercial fruit tree. It is used in dry and fresh form and is very delicious. It is a laxative. Fruit stimulates gastric activities, treat diarrhoea, piles, and has laxative properties. In modern medicines fruit juice treat hypertension, typhus and typhoid. Fruit stalk treats hiccup. Overripe fruit can be made into a jam. The pulp of unripe fruit is used as the basis for face-packs in the cosmetic industry because of its firming qualities. Family: Equisitaceae Botanical name: Equisetum arvense L. Local name: Bandakay Habit: A tall narrow herb of moist habitat Part used: Shoots Local uses: The extracts of shoots are mixed with mustard oil and used as a hair tonic and against lice. It is used for cleaning and washing utensils.

Botanical name: Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Local name: Bandakay Habit: A tall narrow herb of moist habitat Part used: Shoots Local uses: The extracts of shoots are mixed with mustard oil and used as a hair tonic and against lice. It is used for cleaning and washing utensils.

Family: Euphorbiaceae Botanical name: Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Local Names: Kambila Part used: Shoots Flowering Season: February – November. Local uses: Used as dyeing agent.

273 Botanical name: Ricinus communis L. Local name: Arund, harhanda Habit: A perennial herbaceous shrub Part used: Leaves, seeds, oil Flowering Season: Throughout the year. Local uses: The leaves are emetic, narcotic, poisonous and purgative. A poultice made from the leaves is applied to swellings. Castor oil is purgative; oil is given for constipation and to mothers before and after childbirth. The seeds are sedative. Both oil and roots are described as a purgative. It is useful in constipation and in rheumatism. As a purgative the oil is directed to be taken with cow's urine or an infusion of ginger or the decoction of ten roots known as "Dasmula". Its leaves are applied to the breasts to stop the secretion of milk and if boiled with the root in goats milk and water, it can be used as a local application in ophthalmia, when applied to the abdomen, they are popularly thought to promote the menstrual flow Castor oil seeds are mainly employed for the preparation of castor oil, which is used as purgative and lubricant

Botanical name: Andrachne cordifolia (Done) Muell. Local name: Krahcai, gulpinsa Habit: A perennial shrub Part used: Leaves, fruits Flowering Season: April – July. Local uses: Vermifuge for cattle. Poisonous

Botanical name: Euphorbia helioscopia L. Local name: Prewatka, Mandaroo Habit: An annual weed of fields Part used: Shoots, roots and latex Flowering Season: April – July.

274 Local Uses: Cathartic, anthelmintic. The juice is applied to eruptions; Latex is poisonous and causes swelling on skin. It also causes irritation. It is used as a fish poison.

Botanical name: Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Local name: Warmaga Habit: A prostrate annual herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April – July. Local uses: The decoction and its paste are used for dermatophytes, especially against ringworms. The paste is applied in skin diseases. It is also used in urine burning and delaying ejaculation.

Botanical name: Euphorbia indica L. Local name: Krachae Habit: annual herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April – July. Local uses: Latex is poisonous and causes swelling on skin. It also causes irritation. It is used as a fish poison.

Family: Fagaceae Botanical name: Quercus dilatata Royle Local name: Tor banj Habit: A slow growing tree Part used: Wood, nuts (acorns) Flowering period: May - August Local uses: The seeds are edible, astringent and diuretic; they are used for diarrhea, indigestion and asthma. Fruit is used in urinary problems. Used for making plough and other agricultural implements. Leaves are used as fodder for goats. Branches are used to support tomato plants.

275 Botanical name: Quercus incana Roxb. Local Names: Serai Occurrence: Common Habit: A slow growing tree Part used: Wood, nuts (acorns) Flowering Season: May - August. Local uses: The seeds are edible, astringent and diuretic, Also Used in asthma, diarrhea, indigestion and gonorrhea. Prevent excessive dejection in case of heaviness in the stomach. Used as fuel wood. Leaves are used as fodder for goats.

Botanical name: Quercus baloot Griffth. Local Names: Ghuara Serai Habit: A slow growing tree Part used: Wood, nuts (acorns) Flowering Season: May - August. Local uses: The seeds are edible, astringent and diuretic, Also Used in asthma, diarrhea, indigestion and gonorrhea. Prevent excessive dejection in case of heaviness in the stomach. Used as fuel wood. Leaves are used as fodder for goats.

Botanical name: Quercus semicarpifolia Sm. Local Names: Ghuara Serai Habit: A slow growing tree Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: May - August. Local uses: Used as fuel wood and for making agricultural implements.

Family: Fumariaceae Botanical name: Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Local name: Papra/shatara Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: April-May

276 Local uses: Plant is used as a pot-herb. Medicinally used as a blood purifier; diaphoretic and antipyretic.

Botanical name: Corydalis govaniana Wall Local name: desi mamera Habit: Shrubberies Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: May-August Local uses: Used for eye troubles.

Botanical name: Corydalis stewarttii Fedde Local name: mamera Habit: Shrubberies Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: May-August

Local uses: Used for eye troubles.

Family: Gentianaceae Botanical name: Gentianodes kurroo Omar, Ali & Qaiser Habit: Small herb of exposed habitats Part used: Corms, roots Flowering Season: Aug-Oct. Local uses: Tonic, stomachic, astringent, antispasmodic and febrifuge.

Family: Geraniaceae Botanical name: Geranium collinum Steph. ex Willd. Local name: Sra zela. Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: Jun-Sept. Local uses: Decoction of plant is antipyretic and a tonic and is also used for curing cough and cold.

277 Botanical name: Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet. Local name: Sra zela Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Roots Flowering period: Jun-Sept. Local uses: The roots are used in mouth ulceration. It is an efficient astringent used in chronic dysentery, diarrhea, passive hemorrhages and leucorrhoea.

Family: Grossulariaeae Botanical name: Ribes alpestre Decne. Local Names: Kag Dakh Habit: A spiny shrub of temperate areas Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: May-June. Local uses: Berries are purgative.

Botanical name: Ribes glaciale Wall. Local Names: Karn, Jangli Angoor Habit: A spiny shrub of temperate areas Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: May-June. Local uses: Leaves are used as diuretic, refrigerant and detergent. Fruits are laxative, cooling and anodyne.

Family: Hamamelidaceae Botanical name: Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Rehder Local name: beranj Habit: A deciduous tree of temperate areas Part used: Stem and branches Flowering Season: March-May. Local uses: Used as firewood. Also used for making walking sticks, axe handle and other agriculture implements.

278 Family: Hederaceae (Araliaceae). Botanical name: Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. Local Names: Palul, Albambal, Arbambal Habit: Tall tree-climbing liana Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: September - October. Local uses: Leaves and berries are stimulant, cathartic and diaphoretic. Dry leaves are used to stimulate sores. Berries are purgative and are used in febrile disorders. Aphrodisiac, Nerve tonic, General tonic and Depurative

Family: Hippocastanaceae Botanical name: Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hk. f. Local name: Jawaz Habit: A large deciduous tree of temperate areas Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: Oil extracted from seeds is applied externally in rheumatism. Fruits are used for the treatment of chest diseases in cattles.

Family: Hypericaceae Botanical name: Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy. Local Names: Chamba, Sharan Gulab Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: April – Aug. Local uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Whole plant is used in construction of roof as soil binder. Flower is antidepressant.

Botanical name: Hypericum perforatum L. Local name: Sheen chai, Warmag bootai Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug.

279 Local uses: The decoction is diuretic. It was used as green tea by the local people in recent past but now due to the availability of good tea, this practice has been abandoned.

Family: Iridaceae Botanical name: Gynandrisis sisyrinchium (L) Parl. Local name: Gandechar Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug. Local uses: Plant is poisonous but still used in some cases as medicine.

Botanical name: Iris germanica L. Local name: Oudi Thurai Habit: Herb Part used: Shoot Flowering Season: May-Aug.

Local uses: Plant is used in some cases as medicine and ornamental.

Family: Juglandaceae Botanical name: Juglans regia L. Local name: Ghuz Habit: A wild/cultivated large deciduous tree Part used: Nuts, bark, leaves, and wood Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: The bark is used for cleaning teeth and sore throat. The leaves are also used as lipsticks. It is also used as a dye. Decoction of leaves is given for eczema and intestinal worms. It is used in standard furniture, used for carving. The bark is used for cleaning teeth. Pericarp used as vermifuge and anti-syphilitic. A decoction obtained from the leaves or fruit is used as antispasmodic,

280 also useful in checking the sickness of pregnancy. Bark is anthelminitic and lactifuge. Decoction of the bark is used to stop mammary secretion and as a gargle in sore throat.

Family: Lamiaceae Botanical name: Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Local name: Khwaga bootei, Daghrabooti, Spina booti Habit: Shade-loving herb growing in crevices Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: February – June. Local uses: The plant is used in internal colic, angina and for the treatment of achnaes. Decoction is useful for curing jaundice, hypertension and sore throats.

Botanical name: Ajuga parviflora Benth. Local name: Tarkha booti, Dashorgari booti Habit: Shade-loving herb growing in crevices Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: February – June. Local uses: Used as a tonic, astringent and for curing jaundice. Also used in sore throat problems.

Botanical name: Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Local name: Villanay Habit: A perennial herb of moist areas Part used: Whole plant

Flowering Season.: April - May. Local uses: A powder made from the dried leaves is used in chutney, as a stimulant, and antirheumatic, aromatic, flavoring agent, stomachache and carminative. The dried leaves are made in to powder, mixed with curd and is eaten for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea and for various other gastric problems. It is used with boiled eggs in tonsillitis.

281 The dried leaves or rhizomes are mixed with Qahwa (green tea) and is taken for the treatment of vomiting.

Botanical name: Mentha ex piperita L. Local name: Yakha Podina Habit: A perennial cultivated herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: July-Aug. Local uses: The leaves are used in chutneys and for dyspepsia. It is also used as a salad, spices, stimulants and carminative. A decoction of leaves is used as a mouthwash.

Botanical name: Mentha spicata L. Local name: Podina Habit: A perennial cultivated herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: July-Aug. Local uses: The leaves are used in chutneys and for dyspepsia. It is also used as a salad, spices, stimulants and carminative. A decoction of leaves is used as a mouthwash.

Botanical name: Ocimum basilicum L. Local name: Kashmalae Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Vegetative portions Flowering Season: Jun.-Sept. Local uses: It is used for toothache, earache and diuretic. Plant is also used as ornamental and for insence /perfume.

Botanical name: Origanum vulgare L. Local name: Shamakay, Narai Shamakai Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Vegetative portions

282 Flowering Season: Jun.-Sept. Local uses: Diuretic, used in washing utensils. It is also used for toothache and earache. Botanical name: Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. Local name: Narai Shamakai Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Vegetative portions Flowering Season: Jun.-Sept. Local uses: Diuretic, used in washing utensils. It is also used for toothache and earache. It is also used as bee attractant.

Botanical name: Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. Local name: Spin azghay, pishkanr Habit: A small sized shrub Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: May – June. Local uses: The plant is not of common use. The sheep and goats graze upon it. Sometimes powder of the plant is mixed with butter and used for wounds. Leaves applied to gums and ophthalmia,

Botanical name: Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd Local name: Karachai/Sperkay Habit: A medium sized shrub of exposed dry places. Part used: Branches Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Aromatic and a decoction of leaves are antiseptic. Used as blood purifier. Also used as insecticide.

Botanical name: Salvia moorcroftiana Wall.ex Benth. Local name: Khar dug Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: May-June

283 Local uses: Leaf poultice is used for healing wounds. Also used for washing utensils.

Botanical name: Stachys parviflora Benth. Local name: Sper bootae Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: May-June Local uses: Leaf poultice is used for healing wounds. Also used for washing utensils.

Botanical name: Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Local name: Kwandi botay Habit: Herbaceous plant of exposed areas Part used: Leaves, young shoots Flowering Season: May-June Local uses: The leaves are bitter and expectorant. A decoction of the leaves is used for jaundice and curing soar throats.

Botanical name: Thymus linearis Benth. Local name: Spairkai Habit: Herb Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: May-June Local uses: The fruits are used for colds, coughs and bronchial troubles.

Botanical name: Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith Local Names: Binda Habit: Herbaceous plant of exposed areas Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: January-April. Local Uses: Used as blood purifier and firewood.

284 Family: Colchicaceae Botanical name: Colchicum luteum Baker. Local name: Suranjan-e-talkh Habit: Rhizomatous plant of moist temperate forests Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: Feb-June Local uses: Used as blood purifier, it is a laxative and an aphrodisiac.

Family: Liliaceae Botanical name: Asparagus officinalis L. Local name: Tendorai. Habit: Perennial herb Part used: Young shoots and roots Flowering Season: Feb-June. Local uses: It is a nutritive tonic, galactogogue and demulcent. Tubers are given together with boiled milk and sugar for diarrhea and dysentery.

Botanical name: Tulipa stellata Hk. f. Local name: Ghantol Habit: Rhizomatous plant of moist temperate forests Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: Feb-June Local uses: Plant is used as medicine and fodder.

Botanical name: Gagea pseudoreticulata Wed. Local name: Qaimath Gulae Habit: Rhizomatous plant of moist temperate forests Part used: Rhizome Flowering Season: Feb-June Local uses: Plant is poisonous.

Botanical name: Polygonatum verticillatum All. Local name: Peramole, Noor-i-alam Habit: A perennial herb of temperate habitats

285 Part used: Rhizomes Flowering Season: May-July Local uses: The rhizome is used in rheumatism and as an aphrodisiac. It is crushed and given to cattle to increase milk production.

Family: Lythraceae Botanical name: Woodfordia fruticosa (L) S. Kurz. Local Names: Dhawai Habit: A medium sized shrub of watercourses. Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: May-July Local Uses: Dried flowers are astringent, stimulant, used in liver complaints, haemorrhoids, dysentery, menorrhagia and mucous membrane disorders. It is also used as fodder and fuelwood.

Family: Malvaceae Botanical name: Malva neglecta Wall. Local name: Panerak, samchal Habit: A cultivated herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: March-July Local uses: Pot-herb, ornamental. Leaf decoction is antispasmodic.

Botanical name: Malva sylvertris L. Local name: Panerak, samchal Habit: A cultivated herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: March-July Local uses: Pot-herb, ornamental used as fodder. Leaf decoction is antispasmodic.

286 Botanical name: Malva officinalis Schimp. & Spenn. Local name: Panaruk Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-July Local uses: Pot-herb and antispasmodic.

Botanical name: Hibiscus syriacus L. Local Names: Biscuit Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-July Local uses: Planted as hedge plant. Leaves are used as fodder for goats.

Family: Meliaceae Botanical name: Cedrela serrata Royle Local name: Darawa Habit: Tree Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May – June. Local uses: Plant is used for furniture, fodder, shade and construction. Bark is used for dysentery and roundworms. A decoction of the leaves is used as a shampoo. The juice is administered in diabetes, metallic poison. Also makes the body feel cold.

Botanical name: Melia azedarach L. Local name: Tora bakyanra, shandai. Habit: A medium sized wild/cultivated tree Part used: Bark, leaves Flowering Season: March – May. Local Uses: The decoction of the leaves is employed in hysteria and for skin diseases. The leaves and flowers are effective for relieving nervous headache.

287 The bark is cathartic and emetic, used as anthelminitic, stimulant and antispasmodic. The seeds are used antirheumatic, to control blood pressure, for the treatment of typhoid fever, retention of urine and pelvic pains. The flowers are applied as a poultice. A decoction of the leaves is used in hysteria. The ripened fruits are used against diabetes.

Family: Mimosaceae Botanical name: Acacia modesta Wall. Local name: Palosa Habit: Tree Part used: Gum, sticks Flowering Season: March – May. Local uses: The gum obtained from the bark is used as tonic and stimulant. Usually the native mix the gum with wheat flour, sugar is added and roasted in desi ghee, especially given to women, who gives birth to new baby. Ash is used in snuff preparation. Gum is used for curing of dysentery and weakness, as a stimulant and demulcent. Branches are used as a toothbrush. The plant is preferred specie for fuelwood.

Botanical name: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. Local name: Kikar Habit: Tree Part used: gums Flowering Season: March – August. Local uses: The bark is boiled in water and the extract is used for severe toothache and especially when the gums are septic, also used as astringent, in diarrhoea and dysentery. Pods are powerful expectorant. The extract of gum is tonic and astringent. Gums are used as tonic, also for curing diarrhea, dysentery and diabetes. The plant is preferred specie for fuelwood.

288

Botanical name: Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill Local name: Srikh Habit: Tree Part used: Bark Flowering Season: April-May. Local uses: Infusion of the bark used as lotion for cuts, scabies and skin diseases. Plant is a fish poison.

Botanical name: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Local name: Srikh Habit: Tree Part used: Bark, Seeds, Flower Flowering Season: March – May. Local uses: Bark and seeds are restorative, astringent and used in piles, diarrhoea, dysentery and gonorrhoea. Flowers recommended in carbuncle, boils, swelling and other skin diseases. All parts are also recommended in snakebite.

Family: Moraceae Botanical name: Ficus carica L. Local name: Inzar Habit: Medium sized cultivated tree Part used: Fruits, latex Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: Fruits, both in dry or fresh form, are edible. It is laxative and demulcent, used in constipation, piles and urinary bladder problems. The latex is used against warts and to remove spines and thorns easy.

Botanical name: Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. Smith Local name: Inzar Habit: Medium sized cultivated tree Part used: Bark,Fruits, latex

289 Flowering Season: May-September. Local uses: The bark and fruit made into bath are used to cure leprosy. Fruit is given in aphthous complaints. Root juice is used in bladder disorder.

Botanical name: Ficus sarmentosa Buch.- Ham. ex J. E. Smith Local name: Inzar Habit: Medium sized cultivated tree Part used: Bark,Fruits, latex Flowering Season: May-September. Local uses: The plant is good soil binder. Latex sooths the Bee sting simply rubbed on the skin for relief.

Botanical name: Ficus palmata Forssk. Local name: Inzar Habit: Medium sized cultivated tree Part used: Bark,Fruits, latex Flowering Season: June-December. Local uses: Fruit is laxative and demulcent, used as diet in constipation and in lungs and bladder diseases. Ash is used in “Snuff”. Plant is main source of firewood.

Botanical name: Ficus racemosa L Local name: oormal Habit: Tree Part used: Fruit, latex and leaves Flowering Season: June-December. Local uses: Fruit is edible, astringent, stomachic and carminative.An infusion of the leaves is astringent. Used as mouthwash for spongy gums. Stem latex is applied in piles and diarrhea.

Botanical name: Morus alba L. Local name: Spin Toot Habit: A cultivated or wild deciduous tree Part used: Fruits, leaves, branches, trunk

290 Flowering Season: Mar.-April Local uses: The fruits are eaten both fresh and dry. They are a laxative and purgative. The leaves are emollient and used for cleaning the throat and as cooling agent. They are anthelmintic and astringent. The mature catkins are useful for the treatment of sour throat. The bark is supposed to be vermifuge. The root is considered as anthelmintic and astringent. Main source of fuel wood.

Botanical name: Morus nigra L. Local name: Tor toot Habit: A cultivated or wild deciduous tree Part used: Leaves, fruits, branches, wood Flowering Season: March – July. Local uses: Mulberry leaves are considered diaphoretic and emollient. A decoction of the leaves is an emollient and used as gargle in inflammation of throat. The fruit is cooling and laxative. It is used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. The root is reported to possess anthelmintic and astringent properties. The bark is used as purgative and vermifuge. The fruit is laxative, a cooling agent, anthelmintic and astringent.

Botanical name: Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) L`Herit. ex Vent. Local Name: Kaghzi Toot Habit: A cultivated or wild deciduous tree Part used: Leaves, branches, wood Flowering Season: March - April Local uses: Plants used for paper manufacturing. Bark is used in clothing and paper industry; erosion control, furniture, boxes, packing crates, sports equipments, veneer and plywood. It is used for fodder.

291 Family: Myrtaceae Botanical name: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Local name: Lachi Habit: Cultivated tree Part used: Leaves, oil and stems Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: It is used as a flavoring agent. It is antiseptic and an antiperiodic. Leaves are used in the form of cigarette for asthma. Leaves are antiseptic and repellant to mosquitoes. Decoction of leaves is used as mouthwash and to relieve toothache. Wood is used in construction work, furniture making and as fuel wood. Branches are used to support the tomato plants.

Botanical name: Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith Local Names: Lachi Habit: Cultivated tree Part used: Leaves, oil and stems Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: Leaves are antiseptic and repellant to mosquitoes. Decoction of leaves is used as mouthwash and to relieve toothache. Wood is used in construction work, furniture making and as fuel wood. Branches are used to support the tomato plants.

Family: Myrsinaceae Botanical name: Myrsine africana L. Local name: Maru rang Habit: A medium sized shrub Part used: Leaves, fruits Flowering Season: Feb.-April Local uses: The fruits are edible and anthelmintic. Leaves are used for fragrance in tea, as spices, carminative, appetizer, flavoring agent and digestive.

292 Family: Nyctaginaceae Botanical name: Coccinea diffusa Mill. Local name: Ensut Habit: Herb Part used: Roots Flowering Season: Feb.-April Local uses: The roots are crushed and boiled in milk, then a bandage is made which is used externally for ulcers.

Botanical name: Mirabilis jalapa L. Local name: Gul-e-badi Habit: A perennial ornamental herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: July-Oct. Local uses: A hot poultice of leaves is used to mature and resolve boils.

Family: Oleaceae Botanical name: Fraxinus hookeri Wenzig Local name: Shoom Habit: Wild ornamental tree Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: April-June Local uses: The plant is used fuel wood, fodder, hedge and for fencing.

Botanical name: Jasminum humile L. Local name: Zair rambail chambail/yasmin Habit: Wild ornamental climbing shrub Part used: Flowers, whole plant Flowering Season: April-June Local uses: Root decoction is used for curing ringworms. Flowers are astringent and tonic to heart and bowels. Roots used in ringworms. Milky juice of plant is used for destroying the unhealthy lining walls of chronic sinuses and fistulas.

293 Botanical name: Jasminum officinale L. Local Names: Spin rambail chambail/yasmin Habit: Wild ornamental climbing shrub Part used: Flowers, whole plant Flowering Season: May – July. Local uses: Root is used in ringworm. The plant is diuretic, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic. Flowers applied in skin diseases, headache and weak eye and in scorpion sting. Leaves are chewed as a treatment against ulceration or eruption in the mouth. Fresh juice of leaves is applied to corns. Oil used in ear in otorrhoea.

Botanical name: Olea ferruginea Royle Local name: Khona Habit: Tall evergreen tree species specified to graveyards Part used: Fruits, leaves and trunk Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The fruit is antidiabetic. The leaves are used for toothache and throats soar. The leaves and bark are bitter and astringent, antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic and tonic. Oil of the fruits is rubefacient, nutrient, laxative, emollient in enema for fecal impaction, solvent and sedative.

Family: Oxalidaceae Botanical name: Oxalis corniculata L. Local name: Manzakeen tarookay Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: Mar.-June Local uses: Used for stomach problems, fever, and dysentery. It is refrigerant, vermifuge and flavoring agent.

294 Family: Paeoniaceae Botanical name: Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Local name: Mamaikh Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Rhizomes, roots and seeds Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: Roots and rhizomes are used to cure backache, dropsy and epilepsy. It is also a tonic, emetic, cathartic, blood purifier and colic. The tubers are used medicinally in uterine and nervous diseases and the seeds are used as purgative and emetic. The tubers are used medicinally in uterine and nervous diseases and the seeds are used as purgative and emetic.

Family: Papaveraceae Botanical name: Papaver somniferum L. Local name: Khash-khash, doda, apeem Habit: A rarely cultivated herb on the margins of gardens Part used: Latex and seeds Flowering Season: April-June Local uses: Latex is obtained from the unripe fruits by making an incision. It is narcotic and an anodyne. It increases excitement and physical vigor.

Botanical name: Argemone maxicana L. Local name: Raidae Habit: A herb on the margins of fields Part used: seeds, plant Flowering Season: April-June Local uses: It is narcotic and an anodyne. It increases excitement and physical vigor. It is also used as ornamental.

295 Family: Papilionaceae Botanical name: Pisum sativum L. Local name: Matar Habit: A cultivated climbing herb Part used: Seeds, leaves Flowering Season: February-June Local uses: Leaves and seeds are extensively used as vegetables in winter.

Botanical name: Trigonella foenum graecum L. Local name: Malkhuzay Habit: An annual cultivated herb Part used: Whole plant, seeds Flowering Season: March-June Local uses: Vegetable, good for stomach problems, demulcent. The seeds are used as a tonic, carminative, aphrodisiac and stimulant.

Botanical name: Astragalus pyrrhotrichus Boiss. Local Names: Kadiara, Mamol Habit: A wild Herb Part used: Whole plant, seeds Flowering Season: May – August. Local uses: Seed is demulcent and emollient, given in colic and leprosy.

Botanical name: Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss. Local Names: Mamol Habit: A wild Herb Part used: Whole plant, seeds Flowering Season: May – August. Local uses: Used as fodder for goats.

296 Botanical name: Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. Local Names: Kandiari Habit: A wild Herb

Part used: Whole plant, seeds Flowering Season: May-June. Local uses: Used as fuel wood. Plant is used as fodder for goats. It is also used as hedge plant.

Botanical name: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Local name: Shawa Habit: A tall tree Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March – May. Local uses: Dried bark and fresh leaves are used as a local astringent and in various forms of haemorrhage, menorrhagia, bleeding piles and also for varico veins. Rasping of the wood is useful in leprosy, boils, and eruptions and to ally vomiting. Mucilage of the leaves mixed with sweet oil is a good application in excoriations. A decoction of the leaves is given in the acute stage of gonorrhoea.

Botanical name: Desmodium elegans DC. Local Names: Chamkat, Chamra Habit: A shrub Part used: Roots Flowering Season: June – August. Local uses: Root is tonic, diuretic, and astringent, used in chronic fever, biliousness, cough, vomiting, asthma, diarrhoea and snakebite.

Botanical name: Desmodium podocarpum DC. Local Names: Chamra Habit: A shrub Part used: Leaves,Roots Flowering Season: July – September.

297 Local uses: Fresh leaves applied to abscesses and wounds. Leaves are glactagogue, used in diarrhoea, dysentery and convulsion. Root is tonic, carminative and diuretic.

Botanical name: Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand. Local Names: Ghwareja Habit: A shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May – June. Local uses: Leaves flowers and shoots are demulcent, cooling, anti- leprotic and anti-cancerous. Locally plant is used for making roofs of huts and houses and as a fodder for cattle. Branches are used for sweeping.

Botanical name: Indigofera gerardiana Wall. Local Names: Ghwareja Habit: A shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May – June. Local uses: Locally plant is used for making roofs of huts and houses and as a fodder for cattle. Branches are used for sweeping, packing /roping, granary/ basketry and for fishing check.

Botanical name: Robinia pseudoacacia L. Local Names: Toor Kikar Habit: A medium sized tree Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The wood is heavy, hard, strong and durable. It is used for general construction and as a fuel. The plant is poisonous, acting as a purgative and emetic. The flowers are a good source of honey.

298 Botanical name: Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker ssp. mollis. Local Names: Kathi, Buna Habit: A shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March – April. Local uses: Decoction of root applied warm to relieve headache. Juice is used in sore- eyes. Powdered seed mixed with oil is used to kill lice in hairs. The oil is used for skin diseases while branches and leaves are used as fodder for cattle and as fuel wood.

Botanical name: Lespedeza juncea (L.F) Persoon Local name: Oormaray Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: March – May Local uses: Leaf decoction is used for skin diseases, especially for ringworms.

Botanical name: Lathyrus aphaca L. Local name: Kur Kamanai Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder and as pot herb.

Botanical name: Lathyrus sativus L. Local name: Ghata Chilo Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder and as pot herb.

299 Botanical name: Lathyrus pratensis L. Local name: Ziara Chilo Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder and as pot herb.

Botanical name: Lathyrus cicera L. Local name: Wara Chilo Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder and as pot herb. Fruit is edible.

Botanical name: Vicia faba L. Local name: Marghai Khpa Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder. Fruit is edible. Plant is also used as soil fertilizer.

Botanical name: Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F.Grey Local name: Mardikakh Habit: Herb Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: February – April. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, hay fodder. Fruit is edible. Plant is also used as soil fertilizer.

Botanical name: Medicago denticulata Willd. Local name: Shpeshtarae Habit: Herb

300 Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: March - June Local uses: Plant is used as medicine, fodder, and hay fodder and as soil fertilizer.

Family: Pinaceae Botanical name: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don Local name: Diyar

Habit: Trees Up To 30m Tall Parts used Oil, Bark, gum and wood. Flowering Season: October Local uses: The wood is durable and resistant to white ants, fungal attacks and water. It yields the strongest timber, and is employed extensively in buildings, for making railway sleepers, carriages and for making bridges. Locally and in throughout Pakistan it is commonly used for making window panes, doors, electric poles, for flooring in the houses, for building models, boats, water-mills, storage vats, agricultural implements, utensils, frames, furniture and musical instruments. The wood is also extensively used as fuel, especially during winter. Wood is carminative, diaphoretic and is used in fever, diarrhea and dysentery. Oil “the deodar tar oil” is used in skin diseases, ulcers and also used to make the body feel cold. A drop of oil is administered to infants orally for behavioral disorders and controlling pits. The oil is also administered to animals for some physical disorders.

Botanical name: Pinus roxburghii Sargent Local name: Nakhtar Habit: A characteristic tree of subtropical pine forests Part used: Whole tree Flowering Season: Feb.-April

301 Local uses: The resin locally known, as "Jaula" is a stimulant used for ulcer, snakebites, scorpion stings and skin diseases. It is a blood purifier. Wood is aromatic, antiseptic, deodorant, diaphoretic, stimulant and used in burning of body, cough, fainting and ulceration. Wood is used as timber in construction, makes a good fuel. Good for afforestation and soil conservation. The timber of the tree is largely used for various purposes, e.g. house building, furniture, tea chests, match industry, sport goods, musical instruments, etc. The bark has tannins and colouring matter, used for colouring the leather. Used as fuel wood. Leaves are used in construction of roofs as soil binder. Resin is also used as hair remover.

Botanical name: Abies pindrow Royle Local name: Achar Habit: A characteristic tree of subtropical pine forests Parts used: Stem, bark, wood. Flowering period: April, Cones ripen in September. Local uses: Plant is a useful timber tree for building purposes, used in floors and roofs of houses, vehicles and furniture. Also used for making matches and paper pulp, and along with Taxus it is also used in gunpowder. The wood is also extensively used as fuel. The dried stumps are very oily and used for fuel and light purposes. The trees are tallest in the forests. They are umbrella like and provide thick shade and shelter for wild animals, goats, sheeps and shepherds, especially during rainy seasons. Decoction of the dried leaves is useful in case of cough, asthma, chronic bronchitis and catarrh of the bladder and other pulmonary affections. Juice of the fresh leaves is administered in fever of infants during dentition and also in affections of the chest.

302 Botanical name: Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Local Name: Kachhal Habit: A characteristic tree of subtropical pine forests Parts used: Stem, bark, wood. Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: The wood is not durable but is used for construction purposes, as fuel wood and making matches. Wood pulp used for shingles, boxes and planking.

Botanical name: Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jackson Local name: Saraf, Kail Habit: A characteristic tree of subtropical pine forests Part used: Whole tree Flowering Season: Feb.-April Local uses: Wood is used for construction purposes preparation, i.e. doors, windows, etc and body of trucks. Its wood is also used for furniture and fuel purposes.

Family: Plantaginaceae Botanical name: Plantago lanceolata L. Local name: Ghawajabai Habit: An annual herb Part used: Leaves, fruits, seeds Flowering Season: June to September Local uses: Extract of leaves is applied to sores, wounds and inflamed surfaces. The seeds are laxative and are used for dysentery and mouth diseases. The leaves slightly rubbed and used as antifungal in athlete’s foot disease.

Botanical name: Plantago ovata Forssk. Local Names: Speghoul Habit: An annual herb Part used: dried seeds Flowering Season: June to September

303 Local uses: Husks of seeds are used for dysentery, constipation and other troubles in stomach. Seeds are used in the sharbat. Some people belive that the plantage ovata husk weaken the stomach.

Botanical name: Plantago major L. Local name: Ghatajabai Habit: An annual herb Part used: Leaves, fruits, seeds Flowering Season: June to September Local uses: Extract of leaves is applied to sores, wounds and inflamed surfaces. The seeds are laxative and are used for dysentery and mouth diseases. The leaves slightly rubbed and used as antifungal in athlete’s foot disease, also used as fodder.

Family: Platanaceae Botanical name: Platanus orientalis L. Local Name: Chinar Habit: A cultivated/wild huge deciduous tree Part used: Bark Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: The bark is given for toothache and diarrhea. Bark is used in rheumatism. Bark boiled with vinegar is used in dysentery and diarrhoea. Powdered leaves are used in ophthalmia. Plant is usually planted as shade tree. Used as timber and fuel wood.

Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) Botanical name: Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pres. Local name: Kabal/drab Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August

304 Local uses: It is used along with rose flower in jaundice. It is also used for piles and dysentery.

Botanical name: Aristida adscensionis Linn. Local name: Mashkar Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder, also used as brooms.

Botanical name: Aristida cyanantha Nees ex Steud. Local name: Mashaanrae Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder, also used as brooms.

Botanical name: Cenchrus cilliaris Linn. Local name: Pisho Lamae Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder.

Botanical name: Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. ex Stued. Local name: Pisho Lamae Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder.

Botanical name: Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf Local name: Spin Wakha Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass

305 Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder, hey fodder and for packing.

Botanical name: Chrysopogon gryllus (Linn.) Trin. Local name: Spin Wakha Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder, hey fodder and for packing.

Botanical name: Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Local name: Spin Wakha Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder, hey fodder and for packing.

Botanical name: Coix lacryma jobi L. Local name: Thaspa Boutai Habit: Small grass Part used: Whole plant, cupules Flowering Season: August – October Local uses: It is used as fodder, soil reclaimation and the cupules are used for beads.

Botanical name: Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Local name: Drab Habit: Small rhizomatous grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder, hey fodder and for packing.

306 Botanical name: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Local name: Sharghashae Habit: Small rhizomatous prostrate grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and for utencils.

Botanical name: Saccharum bengalense Retz. Local name: Nal Habit: Small grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as hedge, soil binder and for various utencils.

Botanical name: Saccharum spontaneum L. Local name: Sharghashae Habit: Small grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as hedge, soil binder and for various utencils.

Botanical name: Sorghum helepense (L.)Pers. Local name: Dadam Habit: Small rhizomatous grass Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-August Local uses: It is used as fodder and hey fodder.

Family: Podophyllaceae Botanical name: Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle Local name: Kakorra Habit: A shade loving herb Part used: Rhizomes Flowering Season: July-September

307 Local uses: Hepatic stimulant and emetic. It also yields resin. The fruit is used as drastic purgative.

Family: Polygonaceae Botanical name: Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Local name: Tarva panra Habit: A perennial herb of temperate habitat. Part used: Shoots, leaves Flowering Season: June-July Local uses: To cure ulcers

Botanical name: Polygonum barbatum L. Local name: Palpulak Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitat Part used: Shoots Flowering Season: June-July Local uses: The leaves are crushed with sand and used to kill fish.

Botanical name: Polygonum viviparum L. Local name: Palpulak, Anjabar Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitat Part used: Shoots Flowering Season: June-July Local uses: Plant is used as medicinal. The leaves are crushed with sand and used to kill fish.

Botanical name: Rheum australe D. Don Local name: Chotial Habit: Herb Part used: Roots, rhizomes and leaves Flowering Season: June-July Local uses: Rhizomes is used as a blood purifier. The leaves are used as a vegetable, stomachic and for dyspepsia, as a laxative and

308 for cough. Roots are purgative and an astringent tonic. The rhizomes are emmenagogue, diuretic and also used for biliousness, lumbago, sore eyes, piles, chronic bronchitis, fever, asthma, pains and bruises.

Botanical name: Rumex dentatus L. Local name: Shalkhay Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Leaves, roots Flowering Season: April-July Local uses: plant is used as pot-herb. It is diuretic, astringent and demulcent. It soothes the irritation caused by Urtica dioca, which often grows in association with it. Roots are astringent.

Botanical name: Rumex alpinus L. Local name: Thaghm Shalkhay

Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Leaves, roots Flowering Season: April-July Local uses: plant is used as pot-herb. It is diuretic, astringent and demulcent. It soothes the irritation caused by Urtica dioca, which often grows in association with it. Roots are astringent.

Botanical name: Rumex hastatus D. Don Local name: Tarookay Habit: Common plant of cliffs Part used: Leaves, young shoots Flowering Season: April-Aug. Local uses: Fresh leaves are crushed and used to stop bleeding from wounds. It is used in chutneys and as a flavoring agent.

309 The plant is used as antiemetic, carminative, purgative, astringent and diuretic. It also used to clean rusted vessels..

Botanical name: Rumex acetosa L. Local name: Tarookay Habit: Common plant of cliffs Part used: Leaves, young shoots Flowering Season: April-Aug. Local uses: Fresh leaves are crushed and used to stop bleeding from wounds. It is used in chutneys and as a flavoring agent. The plant is used as antiemetic, carminative, purgative, astringent and diuretic. It also used to clean rusted vessels..

Family: Portulacaceae Botanical name: Portulaca oleracea L. Local name: Warkharay Habit: A cultivated herb Part used: Vegetative portion Flowering Season: April-Aug. Local uses: Plant is used as pot-herb, refrigerant, and alternative. It is also used for kidney, liver, urinary bladder and lung problems.

Family: Primulaceae Botanical name: Primula denticulata Smith Local name: Asli mameera Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Rhizomes, leaves Flowering Season: July-September. Local uses: The rhizomes possess anti-bacterial properties. It is used in ophthalmic diseases, mixed with honey and vinegar and is applied for leucoderma. Powdered rhizome is also used to kill leaches.

310 Family: Proteaceae Botanical name: Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Local Names: Shah Baloot Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Wood Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: Wood is used for making furniture and for decorating the houses. It is also planted as roadside tree and a garden ornamental.

Family: Punicaceae Botanical name: Punica granatum L. Local name: Ananghorai Habit: A wild/cultivated fruit-yielding, small, bush-like tree Part used: Fruits, bark, leaves Flowering Season: April- July Local uses: Fresh leaves are crushed and the extract is used in dysentery, skin diseases, checking of bleeding from nose, and useful as eyewash. Fruit is an astringent, laxative, cooling agent and a blood purifier. The fruit pericarp is used for whooping cough. The seeds are dried and known as "anardana"; which is used as a condiment and as a spice. The bark of stems and roots is anthelmintic, antipyretic and expectorant, and used in mouth washes. The root bark is effective for the treatment of leucorrhoea, haemorrhage, tuberculosis and diseases of children.

Family: Ranunculaceae Botanical name: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Local Name: sarba wali Habit: A wild perennial herb Part Used: Rhizome and flowers. Flowering Season: June-August.

311 Local uses: A fraction of the rhizome along with mutton is given to the young weak children for enhancing their growth and physique.

Botanical name: Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf Local name: Zahar mora, Da ghra zahar Habit: Herb Part used: Underground portion Flowering Season: June-August. Local uses: Tubers are used for gout and rheumatism

Botanical name: Anemone obtusiloba D.Don Local name: Spin Gwalae Habit: herb of temperate areas Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: Used as fodder and soil binder.

Botanical name: Anemone rupicola Camb. Local name: Spin Gwalae Habit: herb of temperate areas Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: Used as fodder and soil binder.

Botanical name: Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Local name: Woudi Gwalae Habit: herb of temperate areas Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: Used for several eye disorders such as opthalmia.

312 Botanical name: Caltha alba Camb. Local name: makhanpath Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: The plant is used as an antispasmodic and sedative, also as a pot-herb.

Botanical name: Clematis connata DC. Local Names: Chinganwala Habit: A wild perennial climber Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: August – September. Local uses: Used in skin diseases and as fodder.

Botanical name: Clematis grata Wall. Local Names: Chenjanwala Habit: A wild perennial climber Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: July – September. Local uses: Used as fodder and in skin diseases.

Botanical name: Clematis orientalis L. Local Names: Zelai Habit: A wild perennial climber Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Used as fodder and in skin diseases.

Botanical name: Delphinium aquilegifolium (Boiss.) Bornm. Local name: Warigulai Habit: Herb Part used: Flowers

313 Flowering Season: Jun-Aug. Local uses: Medicinal and ornamental

Botanical name: Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hk. f. & Thoms. Local name: Da kono zaila Habit: Herb Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: Jun-Aug. Local uses: Medicinal and ornamental

Botanical name: Delphinium pyramidale Royle Local name: Oudi Gulae Habit: Herb Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: Jun-Aug Local uses: Medicinal and ornamental

Botanical name: Delphinium roylei Munz. Local name: Oudi Gulae Habit: Herb Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: Jun-Aug. Local uses: Medicinal and ornamental

Botanical name: Ranunculus sceleratus L. Local name: Jaghagha. Habit: An aquatic herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Slightly poisonous. A decoction of the plant is used for asthma and periodic fever, and as a purgative for goats.

314 Botanical name: Ranunculus muricatus L. Local name: Jaghagha Habit: Herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-Aug. Local uses: Slightly poisonous. A decoction of plant is used for asthma and periodic fever, and as a purgative for goats.

Botanical name: Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Local name: Kamasla mammera Habit: A rhizomatous herb of temperate areas Part used: Rhizomes Flowering Season: July-Sept. Local uses: Used for several eye disorders such as opthalmia.

Family: Rhamnaceae Botanical name: Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Jhonston Local name: Mamanra Habit: A wild shrub Part used: Leaves, bark, fruits, Roots Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: Decoction of leaves is used as stimulant and blood purifier. Root decoction is very effective in jaundice. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle.

Botanical name: Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Local name: Baira Habit: Tree Part used: Leaves, bark, fruits Flowering Season: June – July. Local uses: Dried fruits are supportive expectorant, emollient, pectoral and blood purifier. The syrup of dried drupes is used for bronchitis. The bark is used to clean wounds and sores.The bark is macerated in milk and given along with honey for

315 diarrhea and dysentery. It is a major ingredient of Joshanda which is used for coughs and colds. The gum is used in certain affections of the eyes. Leaves chewed completely anaesthetize the taste.

Botanical name Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Local Names: Markhanai Habit: Tree Part used: Roots, fruits, branches and leaves Flowering Season: July-September. Local uses: Fruit are mucilaginous, pectoral, useful blood purifier and carminative.Bark is used in diarrhoea. Leaves are used to make a plaster in strangury. Powdered root is applied on wounds and ulcers as poultice; the decoction of root is used in fever.

Botanical name: Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Local name: Kurkanda Habit: Shrub Part used: Roots, fruits, branches and leaves Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: Fruit is edible, astringent and cooling, used in bilious affections. Branches are lopped as fodder for livestock; wood remains are used as firewood. Leaves are applied externally on boils and scabies.

Botanical name: Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. Local name: Elanai Habit: Shrub Part used: Roots, fruits Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: The roots are used for curing jaundice. The fruits are edible and used for gas troubles. Also grown as hedge plant

316 Family: Rosaceae Botanical name: Cotoneaster acuminata Lindl. Local Names: Luni Habit: Shrub Part used: Roots, stolon Flowering Season: May – June. Local uses: Stolon is considered astringent.

Botanical name: Cotoneaster affins (Lindl.) Schneider Local Names: Luni Habit: Shrub Part used: Leaves, stolon Flowering Season: April - May. Local uses: Stolon is considered astringent. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle.

Botanical name: Cotoneaster numularia Fisch. & Mey. Local Names: Luni Habit: Shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April - June. Local uses: Plant is expectorant, aperient and stomachic.

Botanical name: Cotoneaster microphylla Wall. ex Lindl. Local name: Kharawa Habit: Shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April - June. Local uses: Plant is expectorant, aperient and stomachic. It is used as fuel wood, for sticks and handles and the fruit is edible.

Botanical name: Crataegus songarica C. Koch Local name: Tampasa Habit: Medium sized tree/shrub Part used: Fruits

317 Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: The liquid extract of the fruits is cardiac and used as remedy for organic and functional diseases of heart such as hypertrophy, valvular insufficiency and heart oppression.

Botanical name: Cydonia oblonga Mill. Local Names: Behi Habit: Medium sized tree Part used: Fruits, Leaves, bark Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: Leaves, buds and bark are considered as astringent. Seed is demulcent, used in dysentery, diarrhoea, sore throat and fever. Fruit is cardiac tonic, expectorant and astringent. Mucilage is used externally to cure ulcers and scald. The fruit is also used in making jam and jelly.

Botanical name: Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley. Local Names: Lokat Habit: Medium sized tree Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: February-March. Local uses: The fruit is edible; the tree is cultivated as an ornamental tree and for its fruit.

Botanical name: Fragaria indica Andrews Local name: Da zmakay toot Habit: A perennial prostrate herb Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: Edible and laxative

Botanical name: Fragaria nubicola Lindl. Local name: Da zmakay toot Habit: A perennial prostrate herb Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: Edible and laxative

318

Botanical name: Malus pumila Mill. Local name: Manra Habit: A cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, flowers, wood Flowering Season: March-June. Local uses: Valuable commercial fruit, purgative, source of iron, expectorant, used in jams, jellies, marmalades and good for the heart.

Botanical name: Potentilla nepalensis Hk. Local name: Kunachi Habit: Herb

Part Used: Fruits, Roots Flowering period: June-Sept. Local uses: The root decoction is useful against fever and for blood purification, digestion and stomachac.

Botanical name: Prunus amygdalus Batsch. Local Names: Badam Habit: A cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: February - March Local uses: Seed is stimulant, nervine tonic and demulcent.

Botanical name: Prunus armeniaca L. Local name: khubani/asharay Habit: A cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, wood, leaves, seeds Flowering Season: February- April. Local uses: The fruits and seeds are eaten both fresh and dry. Dried fruit is refrigerant and laxative. It is used in fever.

319 Botanical name: Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K. Schn. Local name: Alucha Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, wood, leaves Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: Tree is cultivated for its fruit. Fruit is refrigerant and laxative; it is given in combination with other drugs in leucorrhoea, irregular menstruation and debility following miscarriage. The fruits are used commercially to make jams and jellies. It is a laxative and a flavoring agent.

Botanical name: Prunus cornuta (Wall ex Royle) Steud. Local Names: Changa Habit: A medium sized tree Part used: Fruits/seeds Flowering Season: March – May. Local uses: Oil from the Kernel is a substitute for bitter almond oil.

Botanical name: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Local Names: Shaftalu, Aru Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, wood, leaves Flowering Season: March – May. Local uses: The tree is cultivated for its fruit. Flowers are purgative and diuretic. Fruit is stomachic, demulcent, antiscorbutic, and useful in ascaride.

Botanical name: Pyrus communis L. Local name: Nashpatai Habit: Cultivated tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, wood Flowering Season: March – April. Local uses: Fruit is febrifuge, sedative and astringent.

320 The fruits are edible and have commercial value.

Botanical name: Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D.Don. Local name: Tangai Habit: A wild fruit tree Part used: Fruits, wood Flowering Season: March – April. Local uses: Fruits are edible, laxative, astringent, febrifuge and sedative. It is also used as root stock for the rest of the species.

Botanical name: Rosa sericea Lindl. Local name: Zangali gulab Habit: Climbing to prostrate shrub Part used: Flowers, branches Flowering Season: March – June. Local uses: Used for curing piles and ornamental

Botanical name: Rosa brunonii Lindl. Local Names: Kuruch, Shangari Habit: Climbing to prostrate shrub Part used: Flowers, branches Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: It is aphrodisiac and beneficial in bilious affections and burning of the skin. Root is beneficial in eye diseases. Used in skin and eye diseases.

Botanical name: Rosa nanothamnus Boulenger Local Names: Zangali gulab Habit: Climbing to prostrate shrub Part used: Flowers, branches Flowering Season: April-June. Local uses: Petals, stamens and oils of seed are used as astringent.

321 Botanical name: Rosa webbiana Wall.ex Royle Local Names: Zangali gulab Habit: Climbing to prostrate shrub Part used: Flowers, branches Flowering Season: June – August. Local uses: Used for manufacturing perfumes. It is an ingredient of “Gul Kand” used in digestive ailments. Petals Fruits are applied to foul ulcer, wounds, sprain and injuries.

Botanical name: Rubus ellipticus Smith. Local Names: Ziara Karwara Habit: Climbing to prostrate spiny shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: February-April. Local uses: The plant is cordial astringent, used for looseness of bowels, infusion of leaves taken to stop diarrhoea and for bleeding. Decoction of root is useful in dysentery, relaxed bowels, and whooping cough.

Botanical name: Rubus idaeus L. Local Name: Bagana Habit: Climbing to prostrate spiny shrub Part used: Whole plant

Flowering Season: April –May. Local uses: The young leaves are crushed and squeezed, used for urticaria. The fruit is edible and diuretic. It is also used in diarrhoea.

Botanical name: Rubus niveus Thunb. non. Wall. Local Names: Khwarch Habit: Climbing to prostrate spiny shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: June – August.

322 Local uses: Fruit edible, unripe fruits used as tonic and aphrodisiac. Roots, leaves treat skin problems.

Botanical name: Rubus saxatilis L. Local Names: Goraja, Guracha Habit: Climbing to prostrate spiny shrub Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: June – August. Local uses: Fruit edible, unripe fruits used as tonic and aphrodisiac. Roots, leaves treat skin problems.

Botanical name: Rubus ulmifolius Schott. Local name: Khwarach Habit: A prostrate to climbing shrub Part used: Fruits, leaves Flowering Season: April – June. Local uses: Fruit is edible and used to make drinks or wine. Leaves are rich in tannins. Old leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, reducing fever and diuretic.

Botanical name: Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder. Local Names: Jijrai Habit: A shrub Part used: Fruits, leaves, twigs Flowering Season: June – August. Local uses: Decoction of leaves is used in colic. An ointment prepared by roasting the fruit in ghee or butter, used as a remedy for acne. Twigs are used as insect repellent by the local people.

Botanical name: Spiraea affinis Parker. Local Names: Kurkun Habit: A shrub Part used: Leaves, twigs Flowering Season: May-July.

323 Local uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Branches are used for making baskets. It is also used as brooms.

Botanical name: Spiraea cantoniensis Lour. Local Names: Karrari, Rati Kurkan Habit: A shrub Part used: Leaves, twigs Flowering Season: May – July. Local uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Branches are used for making baskets. It is also used as brooms.

Botanical name: Spiraea lasiocarpa Kar & Kir. Local Names: Shagolo Habit: A shrub Part used: Leaves, twigs Flowering Season: May-July. Local uses: Leaves are diuretic. Also are used as fodder.

Family: Rubiaceae Botanical name: Himalrandia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Yamazaki Local Names: Kikra, Kukal Habit: A prostrate shrub Part used: Bark, stems, fruits, seeds Flowering Season: April – July. Local uses: Bark is astringent, given internally as well as externally when the bones ache during fever and in rheumatism. Aqueous extract of root bark is insecticidal. Fruit is irritating and emetic, used as fish poison, pulp of fruit is used in dysentery, as anthelmintic, abortifacient, applied to tongue and palate for fever and incidental ailments of children during teething.

324 Botanical name: Galium asperifoleum Wall. Local Name: Tha Kargh Makookha Habit: A prostrate/ climbing herb Part used: whole plant, fruits Flowering Season: April – July. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder and fruit is edible.

Family: Rutaceae Botanical name: Citrus aurantium L. Local Names: Khati, Gilgil Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, leaves, Flowers Flowering Season: July - August. Local uses: The flowers are stimulant; its smell relieves colds, its decoction is good in fevers, its juice is tonic, diuretic, and useful in piles, enlargement of the spleen, chest troubles, and lumbago. the fruit is cardio-tonic, laxative and anthelmintic, remove fatigue, aphrodisiac. The leaves are given for bronchitis. The peel is useful for checking vomiting, and prevention of intestinal worms.

Botanical name: Citrus reticulata Blanco Local Names: Kino Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits, roots Flowering Season: June – August. Local uses: The ripe fruit is sweet and sour; stimulant, digestible and tonic. It cures leprosy, relieves sore throat; cough asthma, thirst, and hiccough. It is good for the throat and the juice allays earache. The seeds are good for piles and in biliousness. The root is anthelmintic; remove colic, useful in vomiting and urinary calculus.

325 Botanical name: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Local Names: Malta Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: July – September. Local uses: Plant produces a popular fruit called “Malta” rich in vitamin C.

Botanical name: Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. and Zucc. ex Walp. Local name: Nazar panra, Nameer Habit: Shrub Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Leaves are used in small pox. It is believed that smoke from its leaves purifies the air and repel evils. Also used for flavouring food.

Botanical name: Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Local name: Dambara Habit: A medium sized spiny shrub Part used: Bark, stems, fruits, seeds Flowering Season: April-May Local uses: The fruits are carminative, used for stomachache and toothache. Seeds are used as condiment, flavoring agent, tonic, used for fever, cholera, and increase saliva secretion. Used in chutney and for increasing cow milk. The young shoots are useful for gum diseases and toothbrushes. It is also used for toothache. Used for perfumery, leaves are eaten in fritters and are much appreciated. The seeds are utilized as preservative and preparation of hair lotion

326 Family: Salicaceae Botanical name: Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle Local Name: Palach Habit: A shrubby/ tree plant Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: Bark is used as stimulant, tonic and to purify blood. Wood is used as timber and fuel wood and for making cricket bats and other sport articles. It is also used in papermaking. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle.

Botanical name: Populus alba L. Local Name: Watani Sperdar Habit: A shrub/ tree plant Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: Wood is used as timber and fuel wood and for making cricket bats and other sport articles. It is also used in papermaking. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. Branches are inserted in the field so that it can avoid various diseases.

Botanical name: Populus euphratica Oliv. Local Name: Sperdar Habit: A shrub/ tree plant Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: Wood is used as timber and fuel wood and for making cricket bats and other sport articles. It is also used in papermaking. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle.it is also planted on margin of fields for wind break.

Botanical name: Populus nigra L. Local Name: Sperdar Habit: A shrub/ tree plant

327 Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: Wood is used as timber and fuel wood and for making cricket bats and other sport articles. It is also used in papermaking. Leaves are used as fodder for cattle.it is also planted on margin of fields for wind break.

Botanical name: Salix acmophylla Boiss. Local Names: Wala Habit: A shrub/ tree plant of moist habitat Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March – April. Local uses: Wood is suitable for match stick and split wood. Wood is also used for fuel, paper pulp, basket making, tanning, crates, cricket bats and planking. Young twigs and leaves are used as fodder.

Botanical name: Salix babylonica L. Local Names: Aseela Wala Habit: A shrub/ tree plant of moist habitat Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: February - March. Local uses: Wood is suitable for match stick and split wood. Wood is also used for fuel, paper pulp, basket making, tanning, crates, cricket bats and planking. Young twigs and leaves are used as fodder.

Botanical name: Salix denticulata Andersson Local Names: Tha Ghra Wala Habit: A shrub/ tree plant of moist habitat Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March-May. Local uses: Decoction of bark is used as febrifuge, astringent and anthelmintic. It is also used in intermittent and remittent

328 fever. Plant is used as fuel wood, fodder and a useful soil binder.

Botanical name: Salix flabellaris Andersson Local Names: Tha Ghra Wala Habit: A shrub/ tree plant of moist habitat Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: June-July. Local uses: Decoction of plant is used as febrifuge. Also used in headache and cold.

Botanical name: Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Local Names: Wala Habit: A shrub/ tree plant of moist habitat Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: March – April. Local uses: Wood is suitable for match stick and split wood. Wood is also used for fuel, paper pulp, basket making, fodder, tanning, crates, cricket bats and planking.

Family: Sambucaceae (Caprifoliaceae) Botanical name: Sambucus wightiana Wall. Ex Wight & Arn. Local Names: Ganoola Habit: A herb Part used: Leaves, seeds, wood Flowering season: July – August. Local uses: Decoction of bark is used as laxative, diuretic, purgative and in dropsy. Leaves are diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic, and purgative, used in dropsy. Berries are purgative; berries and roots are used in dropsy.

Family: Sapindaceae Botanical name: Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Local name: Ghwaraskay

329 Habit: A shrubby plant of exposed dry habitat. Part used: Leaves, seeds, wood Flowering Season: August – February. Local uses: Leaves are used in the treatment of wounds, swelling and burns. Also used as febrifuge, in rheumatism. Bark is applied as astringent baths and fomentations. The fruit is used as fish poison. The inhabitant uses the plant as fuel wood and hedge plant.

Family: Sapotaceae Botanical name: Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Local name: Gwargwara Habit: Tree Part used: Fruits, Leaves Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Plant is used as fodder, fuel wood and for fencing. Fruits are edible and commonly used by the local people.

Family: Saxifragaceae Botanical name: Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Local name: Kamar panra Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season May to August Local uses: It is used for discharge of pus in animals. The leaves are also used as a tonic and to relieve muscular pain.

Botanical name: Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Engl. Local name: Kamar panra Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season May to August Local uses: It is used for discharge of pus in animals. The leaves are also used as a tonic and to relieve muscular pain.

330 Family: Scrophulariaceae Botanical name: Verbascum thapsus L. Local name: Kharghwag Habit: An annual herb Part used: Leaves, flowers, seeds Flowering Season: May to August

Local uses: Leaves and flowers are used against cough and pulmonary diseases in the form of a paste. The seeds are narcotic and used as a fish poison. Medicinally the plant used as demulcent, emollient, stimulant and vermifuge. Mainly used as fuel and fodder. It is also used against diarrhea and dysentery of cattle. Roots are expectorant. Leaves are used as a poultice over rheumatic and gouty joints and in skin diseases.

Botanical name: Veronica ciburia (L.) Less Local Names: Shamakae Habit: An annual herb Part used: Leaves, roots Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: Roots are expectorant. Leaves are used as a poultice over rheumatic and gouty joints and in skin diseases.

Family: Simarubaceae Botanical name: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Local name: Hindustanai shandai Habit: Large size fast growing cultivated tree Part used: bark Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: A decoction of the bark of both stem and root is used as cardiac depressant and astringent. It is used to cure vaginal discharge, dysentery, intestinal worms, epilepsy, asthma, and heart complaints.

331 Bark is anthelmintic. Bark juice is mixed with milk for curing dysentery and diarrhea.

Family: Solanaceae Botanical name: Atropa accuminata Royle ex Miers Local name: Bargak Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Narcotic, sedative, diuretic, anodyne and poisonous.

Botanical name: Capsicum annuum L. Local name: Marchakay Habit: An annual herb Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Flavoring agent, condiment, used in salads, cooked foods as both in fresh and dry forms and pickles. It is used as stimulant, against common cold, dyspepsia and diarrhea.

Botanical name: Capsicum frutescence L. Local name: Ghat marchakay Habit: An annual cultivated herb Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Vegetable, condiment, carminative. It is also used as a flavoring agent in rice.

Botanical name: Cestrum nocturnum L Local Names: Raat Ki Rani Habit: A perennial shrub of temperate forests Part used: Fruit Flowering Season: August – September.

332 Local uses: An infusion of the plant is used as an antispasmodic in the treatment of epilepsy

Botanical name: Datura innoxia Mill. Local name: Bhatura Habit: Common wasteland herb Part used: Leaves, seeds Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Leaves are applied externally to swollen limbs. An extract of the leaves is helpful against toothache, headache and epilepsy. Overdose may induce vomiting, coma and even death. Seeds are antipyretic and narcotic.

Botanical name: Datura stramonium L. Local names: Batura Habit: Common wasteland herb Part used: Leaves, seeds Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Green leaves are used for softening the boils. Seeds are smoked for narcotic action. Seeds and leaves are used as anodyne. The juices of flowers are useful for earache. The juice of fruits is applied to scalp for curing dandruff and falling hairs the leaves and seeds are smoked as anti asthmatic

Botanical name: Datura fastuosa L. Local name: Bhatura Habit: Common wasteland herb Part used: Leaves, seeds Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Leaves are applied externally to swollen limbs. An extract of the leaves is helpful against toothache, headache and

333 epilepsy. Overdose may induce vomiting, coma and even death. Seeds are antipyretic and narcotic.

Botanical name: Hyoscyamus niger L. Local name: Dewana bhang Habit: Herb Part used: Leaves and seeds Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: The leaves are used as a sedative, narcotic, anodyne and antispasmodic. They are also used in nervous disorders and for asthma and whooping cough. The seeds are a tonic and astringent to the bowels.

Botanical name: Solanum nigrum L. Local name: kachmachu Habit: Perennial rhizomatous weed Part used: Vegetative parts Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Fodder of low quality. Drinking water after eating this plant may cause flatulance and prove fatal to cattle.

Botanical name: Solanum surratense Burm. f. Local name: Maraghonay Habit: A small spiny prostrate herb Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Expectorant, bitter, diuretic, antiasthmatic, antigonorrhoea. The plant is also used for stomachache, coughs and fever pains in the chest.

Botanical name: Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Local name: Marchak Habit: A small spiny herb Part used: Whole plant

334 Flowering Season: May-Sept. Local uses: Expectorant, bitter, diuretic, antiasthmatic, antigonorrhoea. The plant is also used for stomachache, coughs and fever pains in the chest. Roots are expectorant. Leaves are used as a poultice over rheumatic and gouty joints and in skin diseases. It ia also grown as ornamental in gardens.

Botanical name: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Local name: Kutilal (Pashto). Habit: Shrub Part used: Leaves, fruits and roots Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: The leaves and roots are applied as poultice to relieve the pain from joints and painful swelling. The fruit is diuretic. The root is an aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic, narcotic and also used in rheumatism Seeds possess the property of coagulating milk and also contain poisonous properties. Leaves and roots are narcotic.

Family: Taxaceae Botanical name: Taxus wallichiana Zucc Local name: Banya Habit: Conifer forest Part used: Whole tree, leaves Flowering Season: Mar.-May Local uses: Leaves are used for bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, indigestion and epilepsy. The leaves and fruits are sedative and antiseptic. The wood is used in building roofs and, due to its durability under heavy snow, plants of this species are placed on graves. Taxol, an anti cancer compound has been isolated from bark and leaves, thus raised its demand and the tree is threatened to get extinct. Wood traditionally used for cabinet and furniture making. Tea of leaves is useful in high fever and

335 asthma. Plant is poisonous, used as fish poison. Branches are lopped for fodder.

Family: Thymelaeaceae Botanical name: Daphne oleoides Schreb. Local name: Laighonai Habit: Common shrubs Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: April - May. Local uses: The plant is poisonous producing severe diarrhoea. Roots are purgative. Bark and leaves are used in cutaneous affections. Infusion of leaves is given in gonorrhoea and applied to abscesses. The berries are used to induce nausea. Their poultice is used for sweeping and rheumatism.

Botanical name: Daphne mucronata Royle Local name: Laighonai Habit: Common shrubs Part used: Fruits Flowering Season: April - May. Local uses: The plant is poisonous producing severe diarrhoea. Roots are purgative. Bark and leaves are used in cutaneous affections. Infusion of leaves is given in gonorrhoea and applied to abscesses. The berries are used to induce nausea. Their poultice is used for sweeping and rheumatism.

Family: Tiliaceae Botanical name: Grewia optiva Drum. ex Burret Local Names: Dhaman, Tamar Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Fruit, Leaves, Bark Flowering Season: May – August. Local uses: Its bark is used as a remedy of dysentery. Fruit is astringent, stomachic and infusion of bark is demulcent. Leaves are

336 used in pustular eruptions. Root bark is used in rheumatism. Leaves are used as fodder.

Botanical name: Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori Local Names: Dhaman Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Fruit, Leaves, Bark Flowering Season: April-May. Local uses: The mucilage of the bark is used by women to clean the hair of vermin. Leaves are used as fodder. Fruit is edible and given in diarrhoea and dysentery.

Family: Ulmaceae Botanical name: Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Local name: Taghaga Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Fruit, Leaves Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: The fruits are edible and used as a refrigerant, and also applied in colic, amenorrhoea and allergies. It is also used as fodder.

Botanical name: Celtis caucasica Willd. Local name: Taghaga Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Fruit, Leaves Flowering Season: Summer. Local uses: As given for Celtis tetrandra

Botanical name: Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble. Local Names: Mannu Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Wood, bark, leaves Flowering Season: March-April.

337 Local uses: Leaves increase flow of urine, reduce fever, and remove stones from the bladder. Inner bark is used for various skin eruptions, abscesses and swellings, diarrhoea, backache, sweating at night and ringing in the ear. Wood is used for making furniture.

Botanical name: Ulmus wallichiana Planch Local name: Kahae Habit: A medium to tall tree of the foothills Part used: Wood, bark, leaves Flowering Season: March-April. Local uses: As given for Ulmus villosa.

Family: Urticaceae Botanical name: Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle Local Name: Kharawa Habit: A water course shrub Part used: Branches, wood and fruits Flowering Season: April-May. Local uses: Fruits are edible and also used as a flavoring agent. The powder made up of aerial parts is mixed with mustard oil and used as an antifungal for curing skin rashes, dermatitis and eczemia. Decoction of leaves is used as blood purifier. Leaves are used as fodder.

Botanical name: Urtica dioca L. Local name: Lawane Sezoonkae Habit: A perennial herb of temperate forests Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: Feb.-Aug.

Local uses: Plant is used as pot herb and as medicine.

338 Botanical name: Urtica pilulifera L. Local name: Sezoonkae Habit: A perennial herb of temperate forests Part used: whole plant Flowering Season: Feb.-Aug.

Local uses: Plant is used as pot herb and as medicine.

Family: Valerianaceae Botanical name: Valeriana jatamansi Jones Local name: Mushk-e-bala Habit: A perennial herb of temperate forests Part used: Rhizomes Flowering Season: Feb.-Aug. Local uses: Decoction of rhizome is used in cholera, dysentery and against hysteria. The rhizomes are carminative, aromatic and antispasmodic.

Family: Verbinaceae Botanical name: Vitex negundo L. Local name: Marvandai Habit: A medium sized shrub of watercourses and graveyards Part used: Leaves, roots and branches Flowering Season: April-October Local uses: Fresh leaves are used in the form of bandage for pain of chest and back. The branches are used as toothbrushes or “Maswak” for cleaning the teeth. The leaves are aromatic, febrifuge, diuretic, anthelmintic and are smoked to relieve headaches. Juice of the leaves used for removing foetid discharge and worms from ulcers. Oil prepared from it applied to sinuses and scrofulous sores. The flowers are astringent and a tonic.

339 Family: Violaceae Botanical name: Viola betonicifolia Smith Local name: Banafsha Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Whole plant, flowers Flowering Season: February -May Local uses: It is astringent, diaphoretic, antipyretic, an anticancer, febrifuge and purgative. It is used for epilepsy and nervous disorders.

Botanical name: Viola biflora L. Local name: Banafsha Habit: Herb Part used: Flowers Flowering Season: February -July Local uses: Plant is diaphoretic, antipyretic and febrifuge. The paste is locally used for eczema. Reported to be useful to treat cancer. Flowers are recommended in epilepsy and nervous disorder. Used for body coldness in the form of syrup.

Botanical name: Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Local name: Banafsha Habit: A perennial herb of temperate areas Part used: Whole plant, flowers Flowering Season: February -May Local uses: It is used as astringent, demulcent, purgative, diaphoretic, antipyretic, febrifuge and an anticancer.

Botanical name: Viola pilosa Blume Local name: Banafsha Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Whole plant, flowers Flowering Season: February-May

340 Local uses: Plant is used as astringent, demulcent, purgative, diaphoretic, antipyretic, febrifuge and anticancer. The flowers are recommended for epilepsy and nervous disorders.

Botanical name: Viola kashmiriana W. Bkr. Local name: Banafsha Habit: A perennial herb Part used: Whole plant, flowers Flowering Season: February-May Local uses: Plant is used as astringent, demulcent, purgative, diaphoretic, antipyretic, febrifuge and anticancer. The flowers are recommended for epilepsy and nervous disorders.

Family: Vitaceae Botanical name: Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. Local name: Angur Habit: A perennial wild climber, sometimes covering whole tree Part used: Whole plant Flowering Season: April-May. Local uses: Leaves are astringent, used in diarrhoea, sap of young branches are used to cure skin diseases. Dried fruit is sweet, cooling, stomachic, laxative, demulcent, used in cough, hoarseness thirst. Juice of unripe fruit is astringent, used in throat infections. Bark treats cancerous affections

Botanical name: Vitis vinifera L. Local name: Angoor, Kwar Habit: A perennial wild climber, sometimes covering whole tree Part used: Fruits, Leaves, Root Flowering Season: April – May. Local uses: Fruit is edible Ripe fruits are diuretic, treat smallpox, and taken as a tonic. The leaves are useful for mouth sores.

341 Roots induce the secretion of milk in nursing mother. Treat tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands

Botanical name: Vitis jacquemontii Parker Local name: Gedar kwar Habit: A perennial wild climber, sometimes covering whole tree Part used: Fruit Flowering period: April-May Local uses: Wild edible grapes, laxative.

Family: Zygophylaceae Botanical name: Tribulus terrestris L. Local name: Markondai Habit: Herb Part used: Fruits, roots Flowering period: April-August Local uses: The fruits and roots are given for urinary disorders and chronic cystitis. Its general use is an aphrodisiac. The fruits and seeds are mixed with honey and used for curing impotence.

The ethnobotanical information revealed that there are 46 different uses of plants in the valley. The number of plants in each use were quantified and found that there are 274 plant species used as medicine, followed by fuel wood with 96, pot herb with 43, fencing with 30, hey fodder 26, soil binder 24, furniture 23, fodder and poison 22 species each. The rest of the uses are with lesser number of plant species. There number and percentage are presented in Table.12. The part use data was also obtained and found that mostly the leaves, whole plant, fruit and stem are in common use.There number and percentage are shown in Table .13.

342 TABLE. 12 PERCENTAGE OF ETHNOBOTANICAL USAGE OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF MAIDAN VALLEY

Ethnobotanical Description Number of plants Percentage Medicine 274 75.48% Fodder 21 5.78% Fuel wood 96 26.44% Timber 9 2.47% Agricultural tools 15 4.13% Construction 21 5.78% Wild fruit 50 13.77% Pot herb 43 11.84% Hay Fodder 26 7.16% Furniture 23 6.33% Dry fruits 7 1.93% Miswak 6 1.65% Hedge plant 20 5.51% Utensils 19 5.23% Dye 6 1.65% Fence 30 8.26% Soil binder 24 6.61% Sticks/handle 2 0.55% Beverage 5 1.37% Poison 22 6.06% Torch wood 5 1.37% Green pesticide 8 2.20% Wind break 6 1.65% Ornamental 19 5.23% Soil fertilizer 4 1.10% Shade tree 12 3.30% Fish poison 9 2.47% Graveyard things 2 0.55% Ink 12 3.30% Spice/flavoring agent 22 6.06% Packing/roping 6 1.65% Incense/perfume 3 0.82% Cushion plant 5 1.37% Paper 1 0.27% Beads 1 0.27%

343 Ethnobotanical Description Number of plants Percentage Resin 2 0.55% Soil reclamation 7 1.93% Brooms 9 2.47% Snuff ash 4 1.10% Charcoal 3 0.82% Bee attractants 6 1.65% Granary/Basketry 5 1.37% Wood carving 3 0.82% Root stock 1 0.27% Smoking medicine 2 0.55% Fishing checks 2 0.55%

TABLE. 13 PERCENTAGE OF PARTS USED OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF

MAIDAN VALLEY

Part used Number Percentage Stem 62 17.07% Roots 37 10.19% Bulbs 6 1.65% Leaves 147 40.50% Flower 35 9.64% Rhizome 17 4.68% Fruits 84 23.14% Whole plant 88 24.24% Seeds 37 10.19% Bark 35 9.64% Wood 40 11.01%

344 Stem Roots 11.01%, 7% 17.07%, 11% Bulbs 9.64%, 6% 10.19%, 6% Leaves 10.19%, 6% 1.65%, 1% Flower Rhizome 24.24%, 15% 40.50%, 25% Fruits 23.14%, 14% 9.64%, 6% Whole plant 4.68%, 3% Seeds Bark Wood

FIGURE: 9 PERCENTAGE OF PARTS USED OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

345 3.2.6 FOLK RECIPIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Information regarding locally used plants in different recipies revealed that there are 77 species belonging to 70 genera and 49 families. Out of which 2 Pteridophyte, 2 Gymnosperms, 4 Monocots and 69 were Dicots. Lamiaceae is the leading one with 10 species, followed by Solanaceae with 6 species. The families Asteraceae, Verbenaceae and Rhamnaceae with 3 species, Acanthaceae, Alliaceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae and Rosaceae with 2 species while the remaining families representing with only one species each. These plants are used by the people in recipes and get very effective results. The species and their related receipes are given below.

Family Acanthaceae

Botanical Name: Justicia adhatoda Linn.

Local Name Baikand

Part used Leaves, Floral Tops

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are collected, cleaned, boiled and filtered. The decoction is taken early in the morning before breakfast. Some people also drink it before dinner. It is very effective for the stomach pain and also controls the sugar level in the body.

The floral tops are taken, roasted, grinded into fine powder and mixed in butter. An ointment is prepared.

The wood of plant stem is burnt, grinded and mixed with ghee or butter and ointment is made. These ointments are used for external warts, skin diseases, ringworm, and wounds.

Botanical Name: Strobilanthes glutinosus Nees

Part used Fruits

Constituents: Salmalia malabarica Bark + Solanum surattense Bark + Solanum nigrum F r u i t s

346 Method and folk uses

Fruits and bark of these plants are crushed together and boiled in milk. When jellylike substance is formed, then the boiling is stopped. Bandage is made from this and used externally for abscess, sores, warts and boils.

Family: Adiantaceae Botanical Name: Adiantum cappillus veneris Linn. Local Name: Bi Aishae sanra or Sumbal Part used: Whole Plant Constituents: (Adiantum+ Sugar + Rice+ Carrot) Method and folk uses

Mostly the whole plant is kept in water, boiled, cool down and then the water is used at night for tooth ach, head ach and cough. It is also used for washing the eyes.

Some people heat it in water, add little amount of sugar and one or two rice fruit or up to one tea spoon and then is eaten with carrot, two or three times a day for curing measles.

Family: Alliaceae Botanical Name: Allium cepa L. Local Name: Piaz Part Used: whole plant (Juice) Constituents: (Allium Juice) +Honey) Method and folk uses

Juice is obtained from fresh onion bulbs by grinding. The juice is mixed with honey and then heated till the water evaporates and honey remain. This recipe is very effective for flue, cholera and sugar.

347 The onion bulb leaf is kept upon spot sting by wasp, which relieves the swelling and inflammation. It is smelled to avoid vomiting during journey.

Botanical Name: Allium sativum Linn.

Local Name: Ooga

Part Used: Fruit

Constituents: (Allium bulbs) +Dalda Ghee)

Method and folk uses

The bulbs are eaten with water at morning before breakfast that reduces the high blood pressure

Similarly the bulbs are put in Dalda Ghee and heated. That ghee is used for relieving body pain by applying or eating. The fruit is grinded its juice is extracted and used for earache.

Family Amaranthaceae

Botanical Name: Achyranthes bidentata Blume.

Local name Larghakhe Geshey (Pushto)

Part used dried ripe fruits, Leaves and Roots

Method and folk uses

Mature plant with ripe fruits are dug out and shed on a sheet. These fruits are roasted, grinded and are used as an expectorant by those patients who have asthma or other bronchial disease.

The leaves and root are crushed together and squeezed out. The Juice obtained is used as anthelmentic in children.

348 Family Anacardiaceae

Botanical Name: Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. integerrima (J.L.S) Rech. f.

Local Name Shanai

Part Used Bark, Fruit and Leaves

Constituents: (Pistacia (Fruits) + Mustared Oil)

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves of Plant are collected, washed, boiled in water and a cup of the decoction is taken early in the morning before breakfast usually for body cooling and hepatitis.

The fruits are roasted in mustard oil and grounded and used as an expectorant in bronchial disorders.

The bark is torn from the tree and boiled in water. This boiled extract is cooled and used as refrigerant and in jaundice.

Family Apiaceae

Botanical Name: Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Local Name Kagelanay

Part Used Fruits

Constituents: (Foeniculum Fruit + Sugar)

Method and folk uses

Dried fruits are grinded and sugar is mixed with it. This mixture is eaten after meal for indigestion and expulsion of gases.

Similarly the dried fruit of Foeniculum and Thymus are mixed, grinded into powder and is eaten with water after meal for abdominal pain.

349 Family Araceae

Botanical Name: Acorus calamus Linn.

Local name Skhawaja (Pushto)

Part used Rhizome

Method and folk uses

Dried rhizomes are grinded with pistil and mortar into powder. Table salt is added and is taken with cold water.

This powder drug is mixed with butter or ghee, tablets are made and are used with milk as tonic especially by women in irregular menstrual cycle

Fresh rhizome is crushed and squeezed to get the extract. A little water is added. Both the extract and powder drug is used in colic, dyspepsia and flatulence.

Family: Asclepiadaceae

Botanical Name: Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f.

Local Name: Spulmai

Part Used: Latex of leaves, leaves and roots

Constitutents: (Calotropis Flower) +Black Peppermint)

(Calotropis Seeds) + Red Chilli +Opium)

Method and folk uses

Dried flowers are grinded along with black peppermint. This powder is eaten daily in small amount locally called Talay (about half tea spoon) for paralysis.

The leaves are heated and poultice is prepared. Its bandage upon ulcer is very useful.

Its latex is used as purgative. In small amount its seeds along with red chili and opium are also used for cholera.

350 The milky latex of stem is used in eczema and ring worm.

Family Aspleniaceae

Botanical Name: Asplenium ceterach Linn

Local name Bughma Bootey

Part used Dried Leaves

Method and folk uses

Dried leaves of the plant are grinded in to powder drug and mixed with water, used in prosthesis (urine suppression).

Family: Asteraceae

Botanical Name: Cichorium intybus L.

Local Name: Kashni

Part Used: roots and whole plant.

Method and folk uses

The roots are washed, boiled in water and filtered. The filtrate is kept in open sky for the whole night and is drink early in the morning before breakfast. It is useful in jaundice, body cooling, to some extent control gas trouble and also keeps the body fresh.

Botanical Name: Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch.

Local name Tarkha (Pushto)

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are crushed and squeezed. The juice obtained is used in dysentery and as cooling agent.

351 Botanical Name: Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.

Local name Booti (Pushto)

Part used Leaves

Constituents: Viola serpens Leaves + Fumaria indica Whole plant + Feoniculum vulgare Stem and leaves + Sedum ewersii Whole plant + Mentha longifulia Leaves + Oxalis corniculata Whole plant

Method and folk uses

All these components are dried in shade and grinded into powder drug. The drug is bitter in taste, a little sugar is added. This is usually taken with cold water in the morning before breakfast as antiemetic, antipyretic, in dyspepsia, diarrhea and in abdominal pain..

The fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, filtered from a cloth and is used in the morning for coolness of the body.

These crushed leaves are used as poultice in abscesses, especially in a condition called as Lamba Dana (in which the skin has abscesses boils and burning sensation), and Eczema.

Family: Berberidaceae

Botanical Name: Berberis lycium Royle

Local Name: Kowary

Part Used: Root, Fruits and Stem

Constituents: (Berberis +Sugar)

Method and folk uses

The roots are grinded into powder and the powder is placed on wounds for early recovery. The powder is put in water along with small amount of sugar and is taken before sleeping for pain, sore throat and jaundice.

352 Powdered drug is mixed with desi ghee and tablets are made. These tablets are used as tonic when taken with milk and for internal wounds.

Similarly the fruit is placed in water and small amount of sugar is added to it and shacked well. Then the solution is filtered and the filtrate is eaten which is very useful for blood purification.

The bark is boiled in water and filtered. The extract is then used in jaundice and urine burning.

Berbris lycium Leaves, Adiantum incisum,Oxalis corniculata Whole plant and Viola serpens flowers and leaves are crushed together and water is added. Then the crushed material is filtered from the cloth and the extract is obtained. This extract is used in the diseases of children especially in diarrhea and jabai. Usually in children who are 1-2 years old, a disease is found where they become very weak and a specific smell can be felt from their motions. This is locally called as “Jabai”.

Family Brassicaceae

Botanical Name: Lepidium sativum Linn.

Local Name Alum

Part Used Fruit

Constituents: (Lepidium Fruits + Milk+Desi Ghee)

Method and folk uses

Fruits are mixed in milk and Desi Ghee. The mixture is boiled, partly cooled and is drink. It is useful for cholera and abdominal pain.

Botanical Name: Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Local Name Tarmira

353 Part Used Whole plant

Constituents: (Nasturtium whole plant +Salt)

Method and folk uses

Whole plant is collected, washed and cooked in water along with small amount of salt, then is eaten in cool form for medicinal purposes about three times a day. It is useful for body cooling i.e removing a condition locally called (Haspha). It is also useful for hepatitis and gas trouble. The plant is also dried, roasted and grind into powder that is used as vermifuge, stomachic and in chest troubles.

Family: Cannabaceae

Botanical Name: Cannabis sativa L.

Local Name: Bhung

Part Used: Whole Plant

Constituents: (Cannabis +Prunus amygdalus (Fruit) +Vitis vinifera + Papaver (Seeds) + Juglans (Fruit) +Elataria cardamomum + Milk)

Method and folk uses

The branches and leaves are boiled in water, the excess water is removed. The remaining specimen is placed in a fine cloth, squeezed and juice is extracted. The other constituents are grinded, mixed in the decoction and then milk is added. This decoction locally called (Tandai) is ready to drink. It is a narcotic recipe.

Family: Chenopodiacae

Botanical Name: Chenopodium murale Linn.

Local Name: Skha botay

Part Used: Seeds and whole plant.

Constituents: (Chenopodium seeds + Honey)

354 Method and folk uses

The plant is collected, cleaned, dried and grind into powder. The powder is dissolved in water and drink especially given to children which relieves abdominal pain.

Some people also mix the seeds with honey and eat before food which is very effective for the expulsion of worms

Botanical Name: Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn.

Local name Kharawa (Pushto).

Part used dried ripe fruits & Leaves

Method and folk uses

The leaves of the plant are crushed and put in water. Kept in dew at night and next morning is taken before meal for Jaundice.

The dried ripe fruits are crushed and made into powder. This powder drug is taken with water for dysentery and dyspepsia.

Family Cyperaceae

Botanical Name: Bolboschoenus affinis (Roth) Drobov

Local name Deela (Pushto).

Part used Rhizome

Method and folk uses

The rhizome of plant is crushed in cloth and the extract is squeezed. This oily extract is used, to get rid of earache.

Family Ebenaceae

Botanical Name: Diospyros lotus Linn.

Local Name: Parsiman

355 Part used: Fruit

Constituents: (Opium + Black tea)

Method and folk uses

The fruits are roasted. The decoction prepared from black tea and the opium capsule boiled in water until the volume becomes half. 8- 10 roasted fruits are taken at bed time with half a cup of decoction. This is very effective for flue, cough, asthma and specially dry cough.

Family Equisetaceae

Botanical Name: Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.

Local name Bandakai

Part used Whole plant

Constituents: Rubus analoticus Floral tops + Viola serpens Leaves + Phyla nodiflora Whole plant + Pistacia integerrima Leaves and Bark

Method and folk uses

Al these components are crushed together and a little water are added. This is kept in vessel in dew at night. Early in the morning filtered from a cloth. The juice extracted is used for jaundice.

The whole plant is taken and crushed. The juice is obtained and is used in urine burning and to expel calculus from kidneys or bladder.

Family Euphorbiaceae

Botanical Name: Euphorbia prostrata Ait.

Local name Spun Bootey

Part used stem of plant, Milky latex of stem

356 Method and folk uses

The plant is cut into small pieces. These pieces are eaten with bread, considered as a useful remedy for kidney stone. The stone crushes and expel with urine. The milky latex is used for ringworm.

Botanical Name: Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.

Local name Kambela (Pushto)

Part used Bark-fruit power

Method and folk uses

Fresh bark is collected, chewed in mouth and the water is swallowed. This is household remedy for abdominal pain.

The red powder of fruit is mixed with butter and ointment is made, which is used in various skin diseases like ringworm, eczema etc.

Family Fagaceae

Botanical Name: Quercus incana Roxb.

Local name Banj, Seray (Pushto)

Part used Bark and Fruits

Constituents: (Quercus (Bark) + Wheat Flour)

(Quercus (Fruit) + Wheat Flour)

Method and folk uses

The Bark is collected, cut into small pieces and boiled in milk up to the extant that it becomes gelatinous. This is used as bandage for broken and cracked bones.

The fruits are half roasted, grinded into powder form and a little amount of Desi ghee is added. It is used in urinary infections especially when the urine oozes drop by drop (Enuresis) as a tonic.

357 The bark is dried, grind, mix with flour and water is added which is locally called “Paha” is placed externally on wounds. Similarly fruits endosperm is grinded, mix with flour and water and then eaten for dysentery and diarrhea.

The bark is also kept in water and is used as dye for hair color which gives black color to hairs.

Family Fumariaceae

Botanical Name: Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley

Local name Papra (Pushto)

Part used Whole plant

Constituents: Azadirachta indica Leaves + Pistacia integerrima Bark + Fumaria indica Whole plant

Method and folk uses

Fresh plants are taken together, crushed and the extract is used as antipyretic.

Dry or boiled in water and used usually at morning before meal. It is a useful remedy for coolness of the body and blood purification.

The plant is taken and dried in shade. When it is fully dried and grinded into powder, then it is taken with cold water for dyspepsia and prevents vomiting.

Family Geraniaceae

Botanical Name: Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet.

Local name Sra zelai (Pushto)

Part Used Rhizomes

358 Method and folk uses

Dried rhizomes are grinded into powder, mixed in wheat flour, ghur or sugar and roasted in Desi ghee to make Halwa. The prepared mixture is eaten once in a day at night time. This is used for tonic purposes and in backache with a precaution that curd, lassi and other cold things should be avoided.

Family Juglandaceae

Botanical Name: Juglans regia L.

Local Name Ghoz

Part Used Bark of root and stem, leaves

Method and folk uses

Dried bark of stem is taken, moisten in water and then used for toothache and lips cracks locally called (Dandasa).

People also boil the bark of stem in water, cool down and gargle with it which is very effective for sore throat.

Similarly some people also boil the pericarp of unripe fruit in water, then cool down and use before sleeping which is useful for worm killing.

Family: Lamiaceae

Botanical Name: Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.

Local Name: Ghutti

Part used: Leaves

Method and folk uses

Leaves are washed and boiled in water. The decoction is placed exposed to sky throughout the night and is taken before breakfast at morning for abdominal pain, fever and body cooling. It is also used

359 as blood purifier and tonic. It is useful in sugar, hepatitis and wound of chest.

Botanical Name: Mentha longifoia (Linn.) L.

Local name valaney (Pushto)

Part used Leaves and floral tops

Method and folk uses

Dried leaves are grinded to form powder drug. This is mixed in curd and used in dysentery. A little table salt is added to powder drug and half tea spoonful is used with cold water for cough and cold.

The leaves and floral tops are taken and boiled in green tea and filtered. Then a cup of this decoction is taken before meal at morning and evening for preventing vomiting and abdominal pain.

(Mentha (Leaves) + Fennel)

(Mentha Roots)

Leaves are grinded and then boiled in water along with rind of orange and fennel. After cooling down the decoction is used three times a day from one to two teaspoon for diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and fever. It also make good vision of the eyes and used for body cooling.

The roots are boiled in water and the decoction is given to cattle’s for fever and for increasing their milk.

Botanical Name: Mentha ex piperita Linn.

Local Name Podina

Part Used Leaves

Method and folk uses

The leaves are boiled in water, cool down and then the decoction is drinking for headache, cold, diarrhea and also for the stoppage of

360 vomiting and stomach trouble. Its extraction in hot water is given to women which reduces bleeding trouble.

The leaves are boiled in tea and used at bed time for headache and cold.

The leaves are chewed in mouth and the water is swallowed. It is useful in dyspepsia and vomiting

Botanical Name: Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd

Local Name Spairkay

Part Used Leaves

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are put in water, boiled, cool down and filtered. The filtrate is kept for the whole night in open sky and is drink early in the morning before breakfast for sore throat.

Some people extract juice from its leaves, mix with water, shake well and given to children for cough.

Botanical Name: Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.

Local Name Kharghwag, Khardag (Pushto)

Part Used Leaves and Seeds

Method and folk uses

Dried ripe seeds are collected; grinded into powder and is given to children with water or milk to relieve the abdominal pain.

The leaves are heated and bind on the painful spots of the body to relieve the pain.

About half tea spoon seeds are eaten with water early in the morning before breakfast to reduce the burning of urine.

361 Leaves are plucked and tied on painful joints. This process is repeated daily up to three or four days. This is used as anodyne in pains of joints. Ripe fruits are taken in sharbat usually made in ghur and used in constipation.

Botanical Name: Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spring.

Local Name Salimgaya

Part Used Leaves

Constituents: (Leucas (Leaves) + Wheat Flour + Salt)

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are collected, cleaned from dust and other impurities, grinded and mixed with wheat flour. Then water and small amount of salt is added and heated till to become partly cooked. Then it is banded on pussy wound in partly warm condition. It is very useful to relieve the pain of wound and to release pus from it.

Botanical Name: Teucrium stocksianum Boiss.

Local Name Spairbotay

Part Used Whole Plant Except Roots.

Method and folk uses

Fresh plants are plucked, washed and kept in water for the whole night in open sky. The decoction is filtered and drinks early in the morning before breakfast. It makes the body cool i.e. avoid a condition locally called Shna-o-Shna. It is also very useful for hepatitis and used as tonic.

Botanical Name: Thymus linearis Benth.

Local Name Spairkai

362 Part Used Fruits

Constituents: (Thymus (Seeds) +Ghur)

(Thymus (Seeds) + Sugar)

Method and folk uses

The seeds are grinded and eaten with ghur for the abdominal pain.

The seeds are kept in soil little below the ground surface and cooked by making fire above it. The roasted seeds are grinded and eaten with water for abdominal pain, also useful for curing internal wounds.

Similarly its seeds are boiled in water and sugar is mixed with it. The decoction is taken for abdominal pain and raising body temperature to cure a condition locally known as “Qawsar” particularly in case of females.

Botanical Name: Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth.

Local name Narey shamakey

Part used Stem and Leaves

Method and folk uses

Fresh plant is chewed and the juice is swallowed to relieve abdominal pain.

Botanical Name: Otostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss.

Local name Pishkand (Pushto)

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

Dried leaves are grinded in to fine powder and put in eyes for eye allergies.

363 Leaves from Otostegia limbata and whole plant of Viola serupens are crushed together in piece of cloth. The drops are poured into eyes from cloth. This is used in eye troubles (ophthalmic).

Family Liliaceae

Botanical Name: Polygonatum verticillatum All.

Local name Noori-alam (Pushto).

Part used Rhizomes

Method and folk uses

The rhizomes are dug out, dried and powder drug is obtained by grinding. The drug is mixed with Desi ghee and tablets are made. These tablets are taken with milk as tonic and aphrodisiac.

Family: Meliaceae

Botanical Name: Melia azedarach Linn.

Local Name Tora – Shandai (Malki – Shandai)

Part Used Bark, leaves, fruits and flowers.

Constituents: (Melia Juice) + Brassica Oil)

(Melia Juice) + Sugar)

(Melia Fruits) + Wheat Flour)

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are grinded to obtain its juice and mixed with mustard oil and used as antilice. Similarly this juice is mixed with water and sugar and used before meal for expulsion of worms.

Its fruit is ground and mix in wheat flour called (Parha) which is given to cattle as tonic.

The bark of tree is removed and chewed in mouth. The water is swallowed. This is household remedy for abdominal pain.

364 Dried fruit powder is mixed with butter and ointment is made and used in various skin diseases like ringworm and eczema etc

Family: Mimosaceae

Botanical Name: Acacia modesta Wall.

Local Name: Palusa

Part used: Gum

Constituents: (Acacia (Gum) + Wheat Flour+ Ghee)

(Acacia (Gum) +Egg Yolk)

Method and folk uses

Dried gum is crushed, mixed in flour and small amount of sugar is added to it. Then it is roasted in ghee and eaten before going to bed as a tonic and stimulant. This is usually given to women after child birth.

Some people crushed the dried gum, mix with egg yolk and make bandage for fracture of bones.

Family Moraceae

Botanical Name: Ficus palmata Forssk.

Local Name Inzar

Part Used Latex and fruit.

Constituents: (Ficus Latex)

(Ficus Latex + Milk)

Method and folk uses

Latex is obtained from leaves or young branches and placed on the body spot where the prickle has hidden; the prickle is easily drawn out from the outer covering of the body.

365 Some people drop the latex in milk to manufacture curd locally called (Maste).

The fruits are plucked, cooled and used in constipation.

Family Myrtaceae

Botanical Name: Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Local Name Lachi

Part Used Leaves and Fruits

Constituents: (Eucalyptus Leaves & Bark)

Method and folk uses

The leaves and bark are collected, boiled in water and filtered. The decoction is used for wound of chest and toothache.

The fruits are boiled in green tea and are taken as anti vomiting.

Botanical Name: Myrtus communis L.

Local Name Manroo

Part Used Leaves and Seeds

Constituents: (Myrtus (Leaves) + Ghur)

(Myrtus (Seeds) + Sugar)

Method and folk uses

The leaves are collected, boiled in water along with ghur and filtered through a thinner cloth. It is used for stomach pain.

The seeds are dried, grind with sugar and is given to children with water for curing diarrhea.

366 Family Nyctaginaceae

Botanical Name: Boerhaavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.

Local name Ensut (Pushto)

Part used Root

Method and folk uses

Roots are crushed, boiled in milk and a bandage is formed. That is used externally as a poultice for abscesses and ulcers.

Family Oleaceae

Botanical Name: Olea ferruginea Royle

Local Name Khunna

Part Used Leaves and Fruits

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are chewed in mouth and its juice is swallowed for sore throat, throat wound, toothache, hoarseness of voice and for avoiding pain of joints and other body organs.

The oil of Olea is also useful and used externally on body surface or skin to avoid pain.

Family Oxalidaceae

Botanical Name: Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Local name Tarookey. (Pushto)

Part used Whole plant

Method and folk uses

Juice is obtained from fresh plant and is used in stomach troubles, for cooling purpose and eye allergies.

367 Sometimes the fresh leaves are taken and crushed, then kept on wounds to stop bleeding.

Family Paeoniaceae

Botanical Name: Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle

Local name Mamekh (Pushto)

Part used Tubers

Method and folk uses

Dried tubers are grinded in to fine powder and cooked in Desi ghee. One or two spoons of this Halwa or sheera is used at bed time for rheumatism, backache and as tonic purposes

Family Papaveraceae

Botanical Name: Papaver somniferum Linn.

Local Name Qash Qash

Part Used Air dried milky juice and Seeds.

Constituents: ( Papaver + Mentha+ Zafran +peppermint Seeds)

Method and folk uses

Locally Papaver fruit is boiled in tea and is drink at night time that is very effective cure for sever cough, flue and abdominal pain.

Opium along with other constituents such as Mentha, Zafran, Peppermint (seed) used against diarrhea and dysentery.

Family Papilionaceae

Botanical Name: Indigofera gerardiana Wall.

Local Name Ghurajah

Part Used Roots

368 Method and folk uses

The roots are cleaned, dried and boiled in water, then cool down, filtered and used this filtrate against abdominal pain.

The Bark of the roots is chewed in mouth to relieve abdominal pain.

The bark is boiled in milk and bandage is formed. This bandage is used externally for cracked and broken organs of the body.

Family Pinaceae

Botanical Name: Pinus roxburghii Sargent

Local Name Nakhtar

Part Used Bark, Resin, Leaves and Seeds

Constituents: (Pinus (Leaves & Bark) + Honey)

Method and folk uses

The resin of Pinus roxburghii is used in bandage upon wounds that releases pus from it.

Fresh leaves and bark are crushed, extracted its juice and mixed with water. This decoction is drink early in the morning and at bed time, very useful to cure lungs infection, sore throat and toothache.

The juice of leaves and bark is also mixed with honey and used for liver diseases.

Similarly the leaves and bark of Pinus are dried, crushed and then the powder is dissolved in cold water and drink for diarrhea.

Leaves of the Pinus roxberghii are boiled and the extract obtained is taken before meal as remedy for scabies.

Botanical Name: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson

Local Name Saraf

Part Used Resin and Tips of branches.

369 Constituents: ( Pinus Resine + Butter),( Pinus Branches + Butter)

Method and folk uses

Locally the resin are mixed with butter and eaten before meal which is useful for the expulsion of worms.

Similarly some people also crush the tips of branches, mix it with butter and then use externally for itching.

Family Plantaginaceae

Botanical Name: Plantago lanceolata Linn.

Local Name Ghawa jabai

Part Used Leaves and Seeds

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are collected, washed, then dried and crushed. This powder is kept on wounds for stopping of bleeding.

Its seeds are washed and then eaten with water mostly three times a day, useful for dysentery and diarrhea.

Family Polygonaceae

Botanical Name: Rumex hastatus D. Don

Local Name Tarookay

Part Used Whole Plant

Constituents: (Rumex Leaves + Wheat Flour)

(Rumex Roots + Ghur)

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are collected, grind and mixed with flour, little heated and then bind on pussy wounds that cure efficiently.

370 Similarly the roots are cleaned, boiled in water along with ghur and filtered. This filtrate is used for abdominal.

The juice of the fresh leaves is also used for clotting purposes.

Family Portulacaceae

Botanical Name: Portulaca oleracea L.

Local Name Warkharia

Part Used Whole plant

Method and folk uses

The fresh leaves and branches are grinded and its juice is extracted which is green in color. This juice is given to children to relieve their abdominal pain. Its leaves are also used for external inflammation in form of poultice and seeds decoction is used as a cooling demulcent.

Family Punicaceae

Botanical Name: Punica granatum Linn.

Local Name Anangoray

Part Used Rind of fruit, root and stems bark, seed.

Constituents: (Punica (Fruit) + Milk or Sugar)

(Punica Seeds& Roots)

Method and folk uses

Dried fruit rind is crushed into powder and mixed in milk or along with small amount of sugar. A cup of this decoction is used before breakfast early in the morning. This is very useful to avoid abdominal pain, burning of urine and other urinary tract infections and for body cooling.

371 Its roots are crushed into powder, put in water, shacked and used for abdominal pain, also used for dysentery, diarrhea and controlling of excretion of urine during sleeping especially in children.

Dried fruit rind is crushed into powder. This powder drug is locally called “Nasrsawey”. This is used with cold water in dysentery, diarrhea and bellyache.

Family Ranunculaceae

Botanical Name: Clematis grata Wall.

Local name Chinganwala (Pushto)

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

The leaves are crushed and put on the effected part of the body especially near ankles. When the foul blood comes out, this is removed. This is a household remedy for sciatica.

Family Rhamnaceae

Botanical Name Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Jhonston

Local name Momanan (Pushto).

Part used Root

Constituents: Berberis lycium Root + Justicia adhatoda Leaves

Method and folk uses

The three components are boiled well in water together and cooled. It is used at morning before meal in jaundice, inflammation of urinary bladder and as cooling agent.

Botanical Name: Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.

Local name Elanai (Pushto)

372 Part used Root and fruits

Method and folk uses

The root of the plant is dug out, crushed and boiled in water. This boiled water is cooled, filtered from cloth and is kept in dew at night, next morning used before meal in Jaundice.

Botanical Name: Zizyphus jujuba Mill.

Local name Markhanai.

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

The leaves of the plant are plucked and put in mouth and chewed by diabetic patients to decrease sugar level.

Family Rosaceae

Botanical Name: Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch.

Local Name Shalthalo

Part Used Fruit and Resin

Constituents: (Prunus Fruit + Ginger+ Honey)

(Prunus Resin)

Method and folk uses

The dried fruits and ginger are crushed into powder. This powder is mixed with honey and eaten which is useful for body cooling and diabetes. Similarly its resin is also boiled in water, cool down and used for earache and deafness.

Botanical Name: Rosa brunonii Lindl.

Family Rosaceae

373 Part used Flowers and leaves

Local Name Khurach

Constituents: Viola serpens Flowers + Rosa moschata Flowers

Method and folk uses

The plants flowers are crushed squeezed for extraction. This is kept in dew at night and used orally at morning before meal. This is good remedy for scabies.

Its flowers and leaves are boiled in water and then the extraction is drink usually at night before eating the meal for blood purification and curing skin diseases.

Family Rubiaceae

Botanical Name: Rubia cordifolia L.

Local Name Chenjanwala

Part Used Fresh leaves and Flowers.

Method and folk uses

The fresh leaves and flowers of Rubia are grinded and poultice is prepared that bind on the place of the body for curing the internal wound and discharging of internal pus. It softens the spot that bursts and releases the pus. It is also used for curing body pain.

Family Sapindaceae

Botanical Name: Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq.

Local Name Ghuraskay

Part Used Leaves and seeds.

Constituents: ( Dodonea Leaves + Brassica Oil)

374 Method and folk uses

The leaves of Dodonea are burnt and the ash is mixed with Brassica oil. A poultice is prepared, used for external wound and also for animal’s mouth infection.

Similarly the ash of Dodonea is mixed with grinded leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and water is added to it, a resinous substance is prepared called snuff or (Naswar) which is used as narcotic.

The Fresh green leaves are plucked from the plant and crushed. It is crushed to the extant that it become very sticky and then tied on the effected pat or organ of the body to stop bleeding from wounds

Family Saxifragaceae

Botanical Name: Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Local name Goganda (Pushto)

Part used Rhizome

Method and folk uses

This rhizome of Bergenia ciliata are crushed and kept in a vessel at night in dew. Early in the morning water is added to the crushed material and filtered. This extract is used for coolness of the body.

Family: Solanaceae

Botanical Name: Datura stramonium Linn.

Local Name: Batura

Part Used: leaves and seeds and flowers.

Method and folk uses

The flowers are collected, dried and then grinded. Half tea spoon of powder called (Talay) is eaten along with water early in the morning before breakfast for asthma.

375 Similarly some people eat two seeds of Datura’s fruit daily for 40 days which is useful for epilepsy locally called (Mergii).

The fruit’s juice is used for curing dandruff and falling of hair.

Botanical Name: Solanum surattense Burm. f.

Local Name Maraghunay

Part Used Whole Plant

Method and folk uses

The ripe yellow fruits of Solanum are dried, grinded in to powder and taken with water early in the morning before break fast for Diabetes.

Similarly roots are boiled in water, filtered and about one tea cup of the filtrate is taken early in the morning before break fast for kidney stone. This is regarded as stone killer.

The whole plant is crushed and then boiled in water up to the extant that half water remains. This extract is used for massaging the broken organs and polio like diseases.

The fruit of plant is crushed and boiled in milk. When it becomes a jelly like, then boiling is stopped. A bandage is made from it and used for abscess on fingers which is called “Khalone” in local language.

Botanical Name: Datura innoxia Mill.

Local Name: Batura (Pashto)

Part used: Seed

Constituents: (Rheum emodi) +Zingiber officinale + Acacia arabica)

Method and folk uses

Datura innoxia seeds, Rheum emodi, Zingiber officinale, Acacia arabica gum are grounded and sieved through a cloth. About one

376 teaspoonful each time in the morning and evening is used for cough, cold and asthma.

Botanical Name: Datura fastuosa L.

Local name Batura (Pushto)

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves of the plant are taken and a little mustard oil is placed on it. This is usually used externally for boils, and sores as poultice.

Botanical Name: Solanum nigrum Linn.

Family Solanaceae

Local name kachmachoo

Part used Leaves

Method and folk uses

Fresh leaves are plucked, crushed and are used externally in skin diseases usually when skin has small warts.

Botanical Name: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Local name Kotilal (Pushto).

Part used Whole plant

Method and folk uses

The leaves and stem are crushed, a little water is added and the juice is given to the children in cholera, dysentery and as anti emetic.

The root of the plant is dug out and ground. Wheat flour and Desi ghee are added. Halwa is cooked and is used specially by men as tonic and aphrodisiac.

377 Family Verbenaceae

Botanical Name: Vitex negundo Linn.

Local Name Marvandai

Part Used Leaves and Roots

Method and folk uses

The leaves are boiled in water and this hot water is kept in mouth till cooling which cures the toothache very efficiently.

Similarly the same boiled and filtered water from leaves are used for gargle locally called (Ghar-ghara) which is useful against tonsil infections. Their roots are used as tonic.

Botanical Name: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene

Local name Aspa Bootey.

Part used whole plant

Method and folk uses

The whole plant is taken, crushed, squeezed out from cloth and water is added. This is kept in dew at night and used at morning before meal for Jaundice and urine burning.

Botanical Name: Verbena officinalis Linn.

Local name Shamakey (Pushto).

Part used Stem & leaves

Constituents: Phyla nodiflora Stem, leaves + Verbena officinalis Stem, leaves

Method and folk uses

These plants are plucked and crushed together in order to get extract. Water and little sugar are added and used before meal for malarial and intermittent fever.

378 Family Violaceae

Botanical Name: Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb.

Local Name Binowsha

Part Used Whole plant

Constituents: (Viola Whole Plant) + Sugar

Method and folk uses

Fresh plants of Viola are collected, cleaned and boiled in water along with sugar. The decoction is filtered and stored in bottle. About one tea cup early in the morning before breakfast is taken in fever, cough, asthma and coolness of body.

Flowers are plucked, boiled in water up to the extant that the water remains half of the first taken amount. The flowers are also boiled in tea without milk. This is used in cough, cold and hoarseness of throat

The plant is taken without flower boiled in milk. When it becomes gelatinous, then boiling is stopped. Bandage is made from it and used as poultice for wounds.

Family Zygophylaceae

Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris Linn.

Local Name Markoondai

Part Used Fruits

Constituents: Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds+ Tribulus terrestris Fruits

Method and folk uses

The dried and cleaned fruits of Tribulus are grinded into powder and mixed in water. This decoction is drink two or three times a day for dorsal pain. It is also used for body cooling and as tonic.

The fruits of Tribulus terretris is finely ground and mixed with the seeds of Trigonella foenum grecum. Sheera is made from it by mixing sugar or ghur and then used in rheumatism.

379 In Pakistan ethnobotany was introduced as a science in 1996, but deep-rooted ethnobotanical knowledge in Pakistani culture can be traced back to very ancient times through vast literature on Unani medicine. The herbal recipes of Maidan Valley were broadly divided into ten classes viz.abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, vermifuges, tonic, refrigerant, expectorant, antispasmodic, emollient and jaundice. Receipies used for these ailments are given in tables 14- 23, while table 24 and Figure No.10 show the plants use and disease wise percentage for these ailments.

Medicinal plants collected from different parts of research area used in herbal recipes were 77 belonging to 70 genera and 49 families. Out of which 2 species Gymnosperm, and 2 species are of Pteridophyte. Lamiaceae is the leading one with 10 species followed by solanaceae with 6 species. The families Asteracea, Rhamnaceae and Verbinaceae are representing by 3 species each. Acanthaceae, Alliaceae,Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaeceae, Pinaceae and Rosaceae with 2 species each. The remaining families are contributing only one species each.

The people of Maidan Valley have always used medicinal plants for various diseases and have been dependent on surrounding plant resources for a very long time. Medicinal plants are collected by the local inhabitants (Table 25), practitioners through traditional knowledge. Most of these people form the poorest link in the trade of medicinal plants. The local inhabitants are ignorant and had little knowledge about the species and proper time of collection.

380 TABLE. 14 PLANTS USED FOR ABDOMINAL PAIN

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

Acorus calamus Araceae Sakhawaja

Ajuga bracteosa Lamiaceae Ghutti

Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae Skha botay

Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae Da zamaki kharawa

Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Kashni

Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Lachi

Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Kagaenalay

Fumaria indica Fumariaceae Papra, shahtara

Indigofera gerardiana Lamiaceae Ghuaraja

Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Baikand

Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae Alum

Mallotus phillipensis Euphorbiaceae Kambela

Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Enalay

Mentha ex piperita Lamiaceae Podina

Micromeria biflora Lamiaceae Shamakai

Myrtus communis Myrtaceae Manro

Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Tarmira

Oxalis carniculata Oxalidaceae Taroki

Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Qash Qash

Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Warkharai

Puncia granatum Punicaceae Anangonry

Rumex hastatus Polygonaceae Tarookay

Salvia moorcroftiana Lamiaceae Kharghawag

Senecio chrysanthemoides Asteraceae Ziar guli

Thymus linearis Thymeleaceae Sparikai

381 TABLE. 15 PLANTS USED FOR DIARRHOEA

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

Allium cepa Alliaceae Piaz

Berberis lycium Berberidaceae Kwarai

Calotropis procera Ascelpiadaceae Spalmai

Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae Halam

Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Enalai

Mentha ex piperita Lamiaceae Podina

Myrtus communis Myrtaceae Manroo

Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Qashqash

Pinus roxburgii Pinaceae Nakhtar

Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae Ghawajabai

Punica granatum Punicaceae Anangonry

Quercus incana Fagaceae Serai

Senecio chrysanthemoides Asteraceae Ziar guli

Withania somnifera Solanaceae Kotilal

TABLE. 16 PLANTS USED FOR DYSENTRY

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

Acorus calamus Araceae Sakhawaja

Artimisia santolinifolia Asteraceae Tarkha

Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae Sakha bootai

Ficus palmata Moraceae Inzer

Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Enalai

Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Qashqash

Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae Ghawajabai

Punica granatum Punicaceae Anangonry

Quercus incana Fagaceae Serai

Salvia moorcroftiana Lamiaceae Kharghawag

Withania somnifera Solanaceae Kotilal

382

TABLE. 17 PLANTS USED AS VERMIFUGE

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME

Achyranthes bidentata Amaranthaceae Geshai

Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae Sakhabootai

Fumaria indica Fumariaceae Papra, shshtara

Juglans regia Juglandaceae Ghuz

Melia azedarach Meliaceae Shandai

Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Tarmira

Pinus wallichiana Pinaceae Sruf

TABLE. 18 THE PLANTS USED AS TONIC

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Acacia modesta Mimosaceae Palusa

Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Spalmai

Geranium wallichianum Geraniaceae Sra zela

Olea ferruginea Oleaceae Khuna

Zathoxylum armatum Rutaceae Dambora

Melia azedarach Meliaceae Malki shandi

Tribulus terrestris Zygophylaceae Markondai

Polygonatum verticillatum Liliaceae Noor- I- Alam

Paeonia emodi Paeoniaceae Mamekh

Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Marvandai

Teucrium stocksianum Lamiaceae Spairbotay

383 TABLE. 19 PLANTS USED AS REFRIGERANT

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Adiantum capallus veneris Pteridaceae Sumbal

Ajuga bracteosa Lamiaceae Ghutti

Bergenia ciliata Saxifragaceae Kamrpanra

Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Kashni

Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Warkharay

Nasturtium oficinale Brassicaceae Tarmira

Pistacia integerrima Anacardiaceae Shanai

Sageretia thea Rhamnaceae Mamanra

Tribulus terrestris Zygophylaceae Spairboay

Viola canescens Violaceae Banafsha

TABLE. 20 PLANTS USED AS EXPECTORANT

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Diospyros lotus Ebenaceae Amlok

Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Baikar

Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Spalmai

Pinus roxburghii Pinaceae Nakhtar

Ziziphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Markhanari

384 TABLE. 21 PLANTS USED AS ANTISPASMODIC

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Allium sativum Alliaceae Ouga

Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Baikar

Berberis lycium Berberidaceae Kowary

Datura stramonium Solanaceae Batura

Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae Chenjanwala

TABLE. 22 PLANTS USED AS EMOLLIENT

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Boerhaavia procumbens Nyctaginaceae Insut

Clematis grata Ranunculaceae Chenjanwala

Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae Ghawarskai

Datura fastuosa Solanaceae Batura

Leucas cephalotes Lamiaceae Salimgaya

Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Kachmachu

Strobilanthes glutinosus Acanthaceae Yakha Jarrai

Ziziphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Markhanari

Salvia moorcroftiana Lamiaceae Khardog

385 TABLE. 23 PLANTS USED FOR JAUNDICE

Botanical Name Family Local Name

Berberis lycium Beberidaceae Kowary

Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Kashni

Equisetum ramosissimum Equisetaceae Bandakai

Nasturtium oficinale Brassicaceae Tarmira

Pistacia integerrima Anacardiaceae Shanai

Phyla nodiflora Verbinaceae Aspha boti

Teucrium stocksianum Lamiaceae Spairbotay

TABLE: 24 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS USED FOR DIFFERENT AILMENTS S. No Ailment Number of species Percentage 1 Abdominal pain 26 33.77% 2 Diarrhoea 13 16.88% 3 Dysentry 11 14.29% 4 Vermifuge 7 9.09% 5 Tonic 7 9.09% 6 Body cooling 7 9.09% 7 Expectorant 4 5.19% 8 Antispasmodic 3 3.89% 9 Emollient 3 3.89% 10 Jaundice 5 6.49%

386 9.09% 6.49% 33.77% 14.29%

5.19% 9.09% 3.89% 9.09%3.89% 16.88%

Body cooling Jaundice Dysentry Vermifuge Emollient Diarrhoea Antispasmodic Tonic Expectorant Abdominal pain

Figure. 10 Disease wise Percentage of Different Plants used for various Ailments

TABLE. 25 POPULATION RATIO OF MEDICINAL PLANTS COLLECTORS IN MAIDAN VALLEY S. No. Villages Population involved Collectors involved in medicinal plants collection Pop. Total Men (%) Women (%) Children (%) 1 Gumbat banda 60% 100% 15 35 50 2 Balukhan 45% 100% 10 40 50 3 Qilla Manza 35% 100% 20 30 50 4 Outala 20% 100% 15 30 55 5 Baba Gam 26% 100% 20 30 50 6 Suri Pao 20% 100% 40 30 30 7 Asman Banda 25% 100% 10 40 50 8 Chinar kot 35% 100% 20 40 40 9 Lajbok 10% 100% 20 30 50 10 Average 31% 100% 19 34 47

387 TABLE. 26 ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LOCALITIES IN MAIDAN VALLEY S. No. Locality Zone Sub Tropical Temperate Sub alpine Alpine

1. Shaklai - - - + 2. Tajaka - - - + 3. Asman Banda - - - + 4. Spin kar - - + - 5. Guli Bagh - - + - 6. Suri Pao Banda - - + - 7. Gumbat Banda - - + - 8. Lajbok sar - - + - 9. Qilla manza - - + - 10. Balu khan - - + - 11. Baba gam - + - - 12. Outala - + - - 13. Suripao - + - - 14. Namazkot - + - - 15. Lajbok - + - - 16. Sarlara - + - - 17. Chinarkot - + - - 18. Muliano banda - + - - 19. Shagai - + - - 20. Kurshung - + - - 21. Shakartangi + - - - 22. Kaladag + - - - 23. Hayaserai + - - - 24. Sherkhani + - - - 25. Shadas + - - - 26. Lal qilla + - - - 27. Maniyal + - - - 28. Bishgram + - - - 29. Nagotal + - - - 30. Dherai + - - - 31. Gal + - - - 32. Topasin + - - - 33. Mergam + - - - 34. Barkhanai + - - - 35. Kumbar + - - - 36. Gauharkot + - - - 37. Bandai + - - - 38. Beragam + - - - 39. Lalu + - - - 40. Daman + - - -

388 3.3 CONSERVATION Maidan Valley is a part of the Hindu Kush range as it is situated in the off shoots of Hindu Raj Mountains bestowed with a diverse flora. The present study is the first ever record of the flora of this area that include 753 Angiosperms species (Table 6), 9 Gymnosperms (Table 5)and 18 Pteridophytes species (Table 4). Along with this the lower plants were also collected but their conservation status was not assessed. There are 96 threatened plant species in Maidan Valley, of which 34 species are critically endangered, 26 species are endangered, 20 species are vulnerable and 16 species were assessed as infrequent (Table 31). The flora of Maidan Valley has 12.33 % threatened plants, 4.37% are critically endangered, 3.34% are endangered, 2.57% are vulnerable and 2.06% are infrequent. According to the survey of Maidan Valley, various questions were asked from the local people about the plant cover (Table 27)and conservation status of medicinal plants. This data provides a look in to the awareness of the people about conservation of their resources(Table 28). The conservation status was assessed according to the criteria mentioned in material and methods(Table 29 ). The localities visited for gathering the data are presented in Table .26

TABLE. 27 IDEAS OF THE PEOPLE OF MAIDAN VALLEY ABOUT THE PLANTS COVER S. People of Increase % Decrease % Unchanged % No Idea % No. 1 Gumbat banda 20 10 55 15 2 Balukhan 9 45 35 11 3 Qilla Manza 0 25 50 25 4 Outala 0 50 35 15 5 Baba Gam 0 37 56 7 6 Suri Pao 1 20 55 24 7 Asman Banda 0 60 30 10 8 Chinar kot 15 45 35 5 9 Lajbok 0 70 10 20 10 Averages 5 40 40 15

389 TABLE. 28 AWARENESS PERCENTAGE OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY OF MAIDAN VALLEY REGARDING CONSERVATION STATUS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS S. People of Increase (%) Decrease (%) Unchanged (%) No Idea (%) No. 1 Gumbat banda 15 5 50 30 2 Balukhan 10 10 38 42 3 Qilla Manza 0 35 47 18 4 Outala 2 20 58 20 5 Baba Gam 2 20 65 13 6 Suri Pao 1 26 25 48 7 Asman Banda 0 25 60 15 8 Chinar kot 15 9 50 26 9 Lajbok 0 30 55 15 10 Averages 5% 20% 50% 25%

Table . 29 CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FLORA OF MAIDAN VALLEY

S.No. Plant Name Family Conservation Status Critically Endangered Vulnerable Infrequent endangered 1. Caesalpinia Caesalpiniacea + _ _ _ bonduc (L.) e Roxb. 2. Hypericum dyeri Hypericaceae _ + _ _ Rehder 3. Hypericum Hypericaceae _ _ + _ perforatum L. 4. Hypericum Hypericaceae _ + _ _ oblongifolium Choisy 5. Crataegus Rosaceae + _ _ _ songarica C. Koch. 6. Prunus prostrata Rosaceae + _ _ _ Labill. 7. Parrotiopsis Hamamelidace _ _ _ + jacquemontiana ae (Dcne.) Rehder 8. Bunium persicum Apiaceae _ + _ _ (Boiss.) Fedtsch. 9. Carum carvi L. Rosaceae _ _ + _

10. Trachyspermum Rosaceae _ _ _ +

390 ammi (L.) Sprague 11. Dioscorea Dioscoraceae + _ _ _ deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth 12. Dioscorea Dioscoraceae + _ _ _ melanophyma Burkill & Prain 13. Podophyllum Podophyllacea _ + _ _ emodi Wall. ex e Royle 14. Pupalia lappacea Amaranthaceae _ _ + _ (L.) Juss. 15. Aesculus indica Hippocastanac + _ _ _ (Wall. ex Camb.) eae Hk. f. 16. Berberis lycium Berberidaceae _ _ _ + Royle 17. Acer caesium Aceraceae + _ _ _ Wall. ex Brandis 18. Acer Aceraceae + _ _ _ cappadocicum Gled. 19. Betula utilis D. Betulaceae + _ _ _ Don. 20. Indigofera Papilionaceae _ _ _ + heterantha Wall. ex Brandis var. heterantha 21. Lathyrus Papilionaceae _ + _ _ laevigatus 22. Valeriana Valerianaceae + _ _ _ himalayana Grub. 23. Valeriana Valerianaceae + _ _ _ jatamansi Jones 24. Valeriana Valerianaceae + _ _ _ jaeschkei C.B. Clarke var. kaschmiriensis (Grubov) Y. Nasir 25. Quercus baloot Fagaceae _ + _ _ Griffth. 26. Quercus dilatata Fagaceae _ + _ _ Royle 27. Quercus glauca Fagaceae _ _ + _ Thunb. 28. Quercus incana Fagaceae _ _ _ + Roxb.

391 29. Quercus Fagaceae + _ _ _ semecarpifolia Sm. 30. Bergenia Saxifragaceae _ + _ _ stracheyi (Hk.f. & Thoms.) Engl. 31. Acorus calamus Araceae + _ _ _ L. 32. Paeonia emodi Paeoniaceae + _ _ _ Wall. ex Royle 33. Ilex dipyrena Aquifoliaceae + _ _ _ Wall. 34. Skimmia laureola Rutaceae _ + _ _ (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc.ex Walp. 35. Ampelopsis Vitaceae _ _ _ + vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. 36. Trachelospermu Apocynaceae _ _ _ + m lucidum (D. Don) Schum. 37. Geranium Geraniaceae _ + _ wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet 38. Rhus punjabensis Anacardiaceae _ + _ _ J. L. Stewart ex Brandis 39. Rhus lancea L. f. Anacardiaceae _ + _ _ 40. Cortusa brotheri Primulaceae _ _ + _ Pax ex Lipsky 41. Primula Primulaceae _ + _ _ denticulata Sm. 42. Primula rosea Primulaceae _ + _ _ Royle 43. Atropa Solanaceae + _ _ _ acuminata Royle ex Miers 44. Hyoscymus Solanaceae _ + _ _ insanus Stocks 45. Hyoscymus niger Solanaceae + _ _ _ L. 46. Solanum Solanaceae + _ _ _ rostratum Dunal 47. Ulmus villosa Ulmaceae + _ _ _ Brandis ex Gamble. 48. Ulmus Ulmaceae + _ _ _ wallichiana Planch. 49. Lindelofia stylosa Boraginaceae _ + _ _

392 (Kar. & Kir.) Brand 50. Lindelofia Boraginaceae _ + _ _ longiflora (Bth.) Baill. 51. Cynoglossum Boraginaceae _ _ + _ glochidiatum Wall. ex Bth. 52. Onosma hispida Boraginaceae _ _ _ + Wall. ex G. Don 53. Onosma Boraginaceae _ _ + _ khyberianum I.M. Johnston 54. Nepeta erecta Lamiaceae _ + _ _ (Royle ex Bth.) Bth. 55. Nepeta laevigata Lamiaceae _ _ + _ (D. Don) Hand.- Mazz. 56. Phlomis Lamiaceae _ + _ _ bracteosa Royle ex Bth. 57. Phlomis Lamiaceae _ _ + _ spectabilis Falc. ex Bth. 58. Salvia hians Lamiaceae _ + _ - Royle ex Bth. 59. Salvia nubicola Lamiaceae + _ _ _ Wall. ex Sweet 60. Thymus linearis Lamiaceae _ + _ _ Bth. 61. Aconitum Ranunculaceae + _ _ _ chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes 62. Aconitum Ranunculaceae + _ _ _ heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle 63. Aconitum Ranunculaceae + _ _ _ violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf 64. Aquilegia nivalis Ranunculaceae _ _ + _ Falc. ex Baker 65. Aquilegia Ranunculaceae _ _ _ + fragrans Bth. 66. Aquilegia Ranunculaceae _ _ _ + pubiflora Wall. ex Royle 67. Delpinium Ranunculaceae _ + _ _ nordhagenii Wendelbo

393 68. Delphinium Ranunculaceae _ + _ _ roylei Munz 69. Delphinium Ranunculaceae _ _ + _ aquilegifolium (Boiss.) Bornm. 70. Clematis connata Ranunculaceae _ + _ - DC. 71. Caltha alba Ranunculaceae _ _ + _ Camb. 72. Gentianodes Gentianaceae + _ _ _ kurroo (Royle) Omer, Ali & Qaiser 73. Gentianodes Gentianaceae + _ _ _ argentea (Royle ex D. Don) Omer, Ali & Qaiser 74. Swertia speciosa Gentianaceae _ _ + _ D. Don 75. Bistorta affinis Polygonaceae _ _ + _ (D. Don) Green 76. Populus alba L. Salicaceae _ _ _ + 77. Populus ciliata Salicaceae _ _ _ + Wall. ex Royle 78. Rheum australe Polygonaceae + _ _ _ D. Don 79. Rheum Polygonaceae + _ _ _ webbianum Royle 80. Achillea Asteraceae _ _ + _ millefolium L. 81. Artemisia Asteraceae _ + _ _ vulgaris L. 82. Artimisia biennis Asteraceae _ + _ _ Willd. 83. Artimisia Asteraceae _ _ _ + santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch. 84. Tussilago farfara Asteraceae _ _ + _ L. 85. Eremurus Asphodelaceae + _ _ _ himalaicus Baker 86. Adiantum Pteridaceae _ _ + _ venustum D. Don 87. Pteridium Pteridaceae _ _ _ + aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 88. Selaginella Selaginellaceae _ _ _ + sanguinolenta

394 (L.) Spring 89. Abies pindrow Pinaceae + _ _ _ Royle 90. Cedrus deodara Pinaceae + _ _ _ (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don 91. Picea smithiana Pinaceae + _ _ _ (Wall.) Boiss. 92. Pinus Pinaceae _ _ + _ wallichiana A.B. Jackson 93. Pinus roxburghii Pinaceae _ _ _ + Sargent 94. Cupressus Cupressaceae _ + _ _ sempervirens L. 95. Juniperus Cupressaceae _ _ + _ communis L. 96. Taxus Taxaceae + _ _ _ wallichiana Zucc. Total 34 species 26 species 20 species 16 species

395

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION

396 DISCUSSION 4.1 ETHNOBOTANY Maidan Valley is flat among the valleys of Dir located in District Dir Lower, about 35 km towards the north west of District Head Quarter Timargara. District Dir can be traced in 35° 50' to 34° 22' N and 71° 2' to 72° 3' E on a topographic sheet. The District is bifurcated into lower Dir and Dir upper in 1996. The lower District has total area of about 1585 square kilometers. Basically the area is mountainous, surrounded on all sides by the offshoots of Hindu Raj range a continuation of Himalayas. The mountains are steep on all sides with three remarkable conical peaks that provide alpine meadows for the valley with a single exit at the extreme South East. The valley provides small tributaries like streams and Nallas that combine with river Panjkora. Maidan Valley was ethnobotanically unexplored, during the present study an attempt was made to document the indigenous knowledge of the people and ethnobotanically important plants. The study revealed that plants are collected from the surrounding and forests during fuel wood collection and later on used at homes for treating different ailments. Some of these medicinal plants are sold to local Hakims. Hakims prepare raw drugs and provide medication to the local population. The population of plants having rhizome and roots used for preparation of drugs has reduced in the last 30 years due to their extensive use. The pressure on the medicinal plants also increased because of population explosion in the area, similarly Shinwari and Khan (2000) mentioned Asparagus adscendens and Viola canescens are vulnerable to harvesting.

Ethnobotanical study of Maidan Valley, District Dir, revealed that 363 plant species were of ethnobotanical importance (Appendix II). Plants were classified as Medicine (274) 75.48%, Fodder (21) 5.78%, Fuel wood (96) 26.44%, Timber (9) 2.47%, Agricultural tools (15) 4.13%, Construction (21) 5.78%, Wild fruit (50) 13.77%, Pot herb (43) 11.84%, Hay Fodder (26) 7.16%, Furniture (23) 6.33%, Dry fruits (7) 1.93%, Miswak (6) 1.65%, Hedge plant (20) 5.51%, Utensils (19) 5.23%, Dye (6) 1.65%, Fence (30) 8.26%, Soil binder (24) 6.61%, Sticks/handle (2) 0.55%, Beverage (5) 1.37%, Poison (22) 6.06%, Torch wood (5) 1.37%, Green pesticide (8) 2.20%, Wind break (6) 1.65%, Ornamental (19) 5.23%, Soil fertilizer (4) 1.10%, Shade tree (12) 3.30%, Fish poison (9) 2.47%, Graveyard things (2) 0.55%, Ink (12) 3.30%, Spice/flavoring agent (22) 6.06%, Packing/roping (6) 1.65%, Incense/perfume (3) 0.82%, Cushion plant (5)

397 1.37%, Paper (1) 0.27%, Beads (1) 0.27%, Resin (2) 0.55%, Soil reclamation (7) 1.93%, Brooms (9) 2.47%, Snuff ash (4) 1.10%, Charcoal (3) 0.82%, Bee attractants (6) 1.65%, Granary/Basketry (5) 1.37%, Wood carving (3) 0.82%, Root stock (1) 0.27%, Smoking medicine (2) 0.55%, Fishing checks (2) 0.55% (Table 11). Vegetation of the area is under high biotic pressure as a result of indiscriminate deforestation and overgrazing. People utilize wood mainly as fuel and remove trees to make more land available for agriculture. Indiscriminate collection of medicinal plants (Table 12 & Fig. 9) has threatened the existence of some important medicinal plants like Aconitum species, Paeonia emodi, Podophylum hexandrum, Valeriana jatamansi and Acorus calamus. Most of the people depend on agriculture, forest and mountain resources. They collect a lot of medicinal plants, fodder, fuelwood and timber wood from the forest. Human existence grazing and cultivation exerts enormous stress on the vegetation and results in environmental degradation. Some other causes included ignorance, poverty, joblessness and lack of scientific knowledge for the collection of medicinal plants. Most of the plants were found to be used for multi purposes, such as medicinal, timber wood, fuel wood, leaves, fodder, fruits and seeds. It provides spices, agricultural tools, and commercial fruit trees, wild edible fruits, used in naming, can provide shade and can nests birds. The local inhabitants are ignorant and had little knowledge about the species and proper time of collection. In Maidan Valley fruit trees decrease the yield of crops. Rubinia pseudoacacia, Alianthus altissima and Eucalyptus globulus are planted as fast growing trees especially for fuel and erosion control. Diospyrus Kaki is the most characteristics fruit tree of the valley. This plant plays a vital role as an income source for the local people. There are a number of wild ornamental plants in this area such plants include Jasminum humile, Nerium oleander, Rosa moschata and Senecio chrysenthemoides. Certain plants with beautiful flowers attract honeybees. This can boost up bee keeping as a useful incentive. It is useful activity, which can help in conservation and economic stability of the people. Important plants for bees in Maidan Valley are Acacia modesta, canabis sativa, Cucurbita maxima, Jasminum humile, Indigofera heterantha, Isodon rugosus, Prunus armeniaca and Zizyphus sativa. Many plants have a lot of miscellaneous uses such as fruits and seeds for food, decoration, cultivated for ornamental purposes, hedge and fencing species, wild pot herbs, thatching and basketry species Sticks/handle, fish poison, specified for grave yards, soil

398 binder, making wooden spoons and utensils from and helping in the removal of spines. The most interesting finding is that people are called on the name of the plants. The local people are very much influenced by their environment. There are about twenty five species that are famous for naming people or places The common masculine names on the local names of plants are Inzar Gul (Ficus palmata), Anar Gul (Punica granatum), Khona Gul (Olea ferrugenea), Jawakay (Artemisia scoparia), Shamshad (Buxus sempervirens), Kwanjai (Pteridium aquilinium) and Marno (Myrtus communis). Feminine names include Sumbal (Adiamtum venustum), Yasmin (Jasminum officinale), Nargis (Narcissus tazetta) and Banafsha (Viola canescens). Some names of plants are kept as nicknames such as Marchakay (Capsium annum) for person with loosing temper, Kadoo (Cucurbita maxima) for dull person, Nakhtar (Pinus roxburghi), Chinar (Plantanus orientalis) and Sarva (Thuja orientalis) for tall person. While Markhanai (Zizyphus jujuba), Kwaray (Berberis lycium), Alucha (Prunus bokhariensis), Chinar (Plantanus orientalis) and Shaltalu (Prunus persica) are used in naming places. This trend of naming people has been declining; however, Maidan Valley still shows a rich diversity of such beautiful names.

Collection of medicinal plants had threatened certain species. Podophyllum emodi, Valeriana Jatamansi and Taxus baccata are threatened species. Among the medicinal plants, Paeonia emodi was once very wide spread in the Valley is now restricted in a small localized area. It is due to the over exploitation of this plant for its high quality medicinal properties, especially for backache, dropsy, epilepsy, convulsions, hysteria and uterine diseases. Local people are well aware of its uses. However this plant is threatened and needs measures for its conservation.

4.1.1 FODDER The availability of fodder in different forms and their consumption status was surveyed in the valley. The plant collected and identified are 85 species belong to 41 families and 77 genera. Among them 18 are grasses, 43 are herbs and shrubs and 25 are trees (Table 6, 7, 8). The residents of the study area are mostly small-scale farmers. They keep the cattles for milk and agricultural needs. They have to feed their livestock and are dependent on fodder. The fodder is obtained from field boundaries of their farms and within the field crops. It is also obtained from nearby hills owned by each person/ member of the

399 community or the community forests. The grasses are available in plots owned by the local people in hills. Each plot containing different type of grass species that cut and brought for livestock but those who have no share in the hills purchase grasses for their cattle’s. Large leaves and stem of grasses were preferred by people as compared to small one. Fodder cultivated for livestock are negligible. The cattle’s are taken to pastures and meadows each day. In most of the areas, fodder is grown as Trifolium species (Shawthal), Hordeum vulgare (Warbashe) in spring season and Zea mays (Jawar) in fall that provided to their cattle as they mostly keep their livestock at home. In winter season the people of the valley provide dried grasses (Pashkalay), wheat husk (Boosa) rice stalks (Palala) and dried maize stalks (Tantay) to their cattle’s along with Fumaria parviflora, Avena sativa, Stellaria media and Silene conidea etc. are wildly growing in and around wheat fields available as fresh fodder to cattle’s. In winter when snowfall occur on hills, people still in search of fresh grass for livestock as they live on them, remain healthy and increase milk production. Usually after moon soon rainy season in July, grasses flourish well along with other fodder and thus a lot of fodder is available for livestock through out the valley. Local people of the valley cut the grasses, dried and then stack them on the large stones, on the roofs of their houses and some are put in branches of trees covered with plastic sheets, not only to protect them from pest attack and moisture but also to maintain nutrient availability in them (Brozoska and Franciszek 1994). Heavy grazing occurs in summer season. Goats are involved in browsing that cause damage to shrubs and low trees. The fast growing and highly productive trees (Rubinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima and Eucalyptus spp), shrubs and grasses are also introduced in the valley to fulfill the fodder demand which would reduce the pressure on useful tree species, grasses and other herbaceous fodder plants of the valley.

400 4.1.2 Fuel wood There are three major sources of energy, fuelwood, agricultural residues and livestock manure in Maidan Valley. As a matter of fact these sources meet about 86% of the total domestic energy requirements. Fuelwood accounts for 80% of the total fuel supply. It has been widely accepted that the production and conservation of forests considerably improves the environment. Its ruthless exploitation greatly damages the land and water resources of an area and strangles its aesthetic values, leading to total destabilization of the ecological landscape. Forests and trees are not only a valuable or renewable resource but are also a vital natural resource for an area like Maidan. Therefore, it is essential that the decline should be reversed. Trees are necessary not only for timber and fuel wood but also for maintaining micro-climates and soil stability for agricultural purposes, for protecting ground water supplies and streams and for a myriad of environmental and other reasons. The main role of fuelwood is to meet energy requirements of households for cooking and heating. The per capita domestic energy requirement in the valley is equal to 0.4 m3 of firewood. Fifty percent of it is met from wood and the rest from commercial fuels such as gas, kerosene oil, and coal and agriculture waste plus cow dung. From the point of view of natural resources endowment and the characteristics of the wood energy systems its household sector energy demand is primarily met with traditional fuels and fuelwood plays a prominent role. The analysis of data revealed that cent percent of sampled households were using fuel wood in various quantities to meet their domestic needs for cooking and heating. About 30% of the surveyed households were using fuel wood and kerosene, 27% were using fuel wood, Kerosene, L.P.G. and wood waste, 21% were using only fuel wood, 15% were using fuel wood and L.P.G. and 7% were using a combination of fuel wood, kerosene and L.P.G. to meet energy needs (Figure 8). The average fuel wood consumption per household figured out to be 5.43 Kg per day. Against this, the consumption of kerosene was 0.76 Liter and L.P.G. was 0.06 cylinder per day, while waste wood consumption was about 0.23 Kg. per day per household. If we apply these results to the total population of the area taking 10 as mean household size of the sample population, the total fuel wood consumption for the population of 156,012 persons is 30920798.34 Kg per annum. In addition to this the people need about 4268488.32 Liters kerosene, 336985.92 cylinders L.P.G. and

401 1291779.36 Kg of wood waste to meet their total energy needs. The total cost on fuel consumption is Rs: 2832.4 per capita per annum. If we apply these results to the total population of the area, the total cost on fuel consumption for the population of 156,012 persons would be Rs: 441888388.8/- per annum.

4.1.3 FOLK RECIPES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The herbal medicines occupy distinct position right from the primitive period to present day. The ethnobotanical pharmacology is as old as man himself. In Indo-Pak first record of plant medicine were compiled in Rig Veda between 4500-1600 BC and Ayurveda between 2500-600 BC. This system traces its origin to Greek medicine, which was adopted by Arabs and then spread to India and Europe. About 80% population of the world depends on the traditional system of health care (Ahmad, 1999). These medicines have less side effects and man can get it easily from nature. Unani system is dominant in Pakistan but the ethno medicinal uses of plants are common in the remote areas.

In China, ethnobotany was introduced as a science in the late 1970, but deep- rooted ethnobotanical knowledge in Chinese culture can be traced back to very ancient times through vast literature on Chinese materia medica and Chinese works of agriculture and horticulture (Pei, and Manandhor 1987).

On the other hand due to wide use of Allopathic medicines the preparation and use of recipes from the local medicinal plants has been reduced. But still many aged people use these plants to cure various diseases locally and also to avoid expenses. The preparation of ethnomedicinal recipes, dosage, mode of administration and plant uses are discussed.

Ajuga bracteosa is widely used which is very useful for body cooling, blood purification and also as a tonic. Mentha longifolia is a useful species from which the recipes are prepared and used for the removal of abdominal pain, body cooling, to make good vision of eyes and also given to cattle to increase their efficiency of giving milk, similarly Berberis is another well-known plant, which is used for soar throat, Jaundice, internal wounds and stomacache from time immemorial.

Datura stramonium is also very popular medicinal plant in the Valley. Its recipes are used for flue, nausea, cough, diarrhoea, fever, backache, sexual disease and norcotic, Bellew, 1994 also reported the same uses.

402 Cannabis sativa is one of the popular plants of the area, because of its use in the formation of a local narcotic recipe called (Tundai) and the preparation of chars. It is also used against shoulder ach, sexual desire and as diuretic, the same uses were reported by Aikins et al. 1994.

Calotropis procera recipes are used for curing ulcer, paralysis, cholera and as purgative. Salvia moorcroftiana recipes are used for abdominal pain and external wound, Rehman 1986 has mentioned the same result. Cichorium intybus is also very popular plant, the recipes of which are used locally for Jaundice, body cooling, as tonic and stomachic. Dodonaea is used for external wound while Chenopodium murale recipe is used for abdominal pain and worm expulsion.

Pistacsia integerrima is used by many people usually for body cooling, Jaundice and as expectorant. Rosa brunonii is used for curing scabies and blood purification. Papaver somniferum recipes are used as vermifuge. Pinus roxburghii recipes are effective for asthma and external worts. Juglans regia recipe is used for expulsion of worm as mentioned by Nadkarni, 1927.

Foeniculum vulgare recipes are used as antidiarrhoeal, gases expulsion, the same has been reported by Wren, 1956; Wallis, 1985. Quercus is sued for external wound, Diarrhoea, Dysentery as reported by Bentley and Trimen 1880.

403 4.2 BRYOPHYTES 4.2.1 Mosses Mosses a group of plants which can grow in every habitat, where humidity and temperature permits their growth. They are mostly found in moist shady areas where less evaporation and transpiration occurs. Mosses grow in places which are permanently or periodically under water or where water drips constantly, such as species of Bryaceae and Amblystegiaceae. On the other extreme some of them grow in very dry places such as species of Grimmia and Orthotrichum, however most of the mosses grow in habitats of moderate light intensity. 29 species belonging to 11 families and 19 genera have been reported from Maidan valley. Pottiaceae leads the list with 4 genera and 6 species. Brachytheciaceae with 3 genera and 5 species. Grimmiaceae have 2 genera and 4 species. Dicranaceae contains 2 genera and 2 species each. Bartramiaceae, Amblystigiaceae and Hedwigiaceae are represented by a single genus and single specie each. Bryaceae contains one genus and 4 species. Orthotrichaceae contains 1 genus and 2 species. Funariaceae with 2 species and two genera (Table 1). The substrata on which mosses grow are diverse and varied (Table 2), Barbula, Dicranum, Funaria, Brachythecium and Homalothecium species mostly grow on ordinary moist soil. While Hapnum cuppressiformes and Isothecium myosuroides grow on tree trunk and some grow exclusively on rocks such as species of Grimmia and Tortula. The species of Grimmia, Tortula and Barbula spp are adapted to dry condition with less developed gametophyte and are mostly erects (Smith, 1980). They mostly grow on barren rocks with little supply of water. The leaves are modified with thick and recurved margins being narrow, cylindrical, twisted and mostly dentate hairy points. Homalothecium lutescens, Bryum algovicum, Dicranella heteromella, etc grow on sandy soil are forming small cushion in dry habitat and thick cushion in wet habitat. These species are mostly regular or irregularly branched and the leaves have ovate lamina with broad nerve only up to mid of leaf. These characters are well adapted to the sandy soil as also reported by Asghar (1957). Funaria, Dicranum, Pottia and Bryum pallens are small-sized, erect gametophytic species adopted to muddy type of soil. According to Richardson (1981) the muddy type of soil is suitable for their growth due to good water holding capacity and rich in nutrients.

404 Brachythecium rivular, Orthotrichum, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Philonotis rigida etc flourish well along the banks of streams and below water-fall. They prefer abundance of water and nutrients in their surroundings therefore, they form thick mat with broad and single celled-thick leaves with plane and entire margins. (Flower, 1973)

Hypnum cuppressiformes, Brachythecium velutinum, Dicranum majus, Homalothacium sericeum, Isothecium myosuroides, form loose tufts on surface of tree trunks or on wet type of soil are branched and do not have crowded leaves as reported by Smith (1980).

4.2.2 LIVERWORTS The systematic studies of these plants are very frequent in Europe and America (Pande and Srivastava, 1952) and various books are written on bryological research, morphology, ecology, taxonomy, methods of collection and preservation (Flowers, 1973; Conard and Redfearn, 1979; Richardson, 1981; Smith, 1982; Schuster, 1983-84; Raven et al., 1986.) their study is still neglected in the third world and specially in Pakistan. Some stranded reports are there as Stewart collection of 101 species of Mosses from Kashmir, N.W. Himalayas and Mussoorie hills was published by Bartram, (1955). Chitral and allied areas is thoroughly explored for bryophytes, some 89 species with some subspecies from Tirch Mir were reported by Stromer (1954). Highuchi 1992 compiled a paper on Mosses of Pakistan. A list of 67 genera and 131 species of Mosses of West Pakistan is published by Asghar, 1957. Some 22 genera and 40 species of Mosses are reported from Dir Malakand Division by Afridi, 1996. Sirajuddin1992 reported 18 species of thallose liverworts from Malakand Division. The Bryophytes of Maidan valley has special importance and could be studied for their genetic diversity. The liverworts collected are 14 species belonging to 10 genera and 5 families. Reboulia, Grimaldia, Fimbraria, Preissia, Conocephallum, Dumartiera, and Pellia are represented by single specie each. Three species of Marchantia and two each to Plagiochasma and Anthoceros were recorded (Table 3). Survey of the liverworts shows that Reboulia hemispherica, Plagiochasma appendiculatum and Plagiochasma articulatum flora is fairly rich and common in the gorges and sides of the streams, where there is enough shade and moisture. Preissia, Conocephallum, Dumartiera, and Pellia prefer those places where water is percolating or the splashes of water falls on them with a dense shade.

405 Marchantia and Anthoceros are commonly found in muddy areas either in shade or exposed places. Grimaldia and Fimbraria colonizing the exposed and sandy loam type of soil.

4.3 PTERIDOPHYTES The climatic conditions, topography and favorable habitat provide the best environment for the growth of Ferns and their allies in Maidan valley. They flourish well in the moon soon season during the months of July, August and September due to large amount of rainfall, high humidity and required optimum temperature. Comparing to bryophytes they are somehow resistant to drought and even some ferns are serious weeds and their control is a problem as Salvinia molesta (Jayanth, 1987). The ecological amplitude of the valley ranges from 1000 m to 4000 m and support Ferns and their allies in wet habitat around the springs, streams banks and khuwars. Most of Pteridophytes remains dormant during the rest of the months due to low humidity and low temperature. Adiantum capillus-veneris, Pteris vittata, Cheilanthes albomarginata and Ceterach officinarum are the common Fern species of this altitude. In broad leaved forests, mixed forests and coniferous forests the number of Fern species increases because of the more favorable habitats for plants. Usually the conditions at the forest floor are mesophytic. The Ferns species are protected from direct rays of the sun. The diurnal fluctuations in the climatic conditions are not so, soil substratum is fairly rich in humus. This group plays an important role in the ecosystem as 11 fungal species were isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere region of Pteris vittata (Yasmin and Saxena, 1990). This zone extends from 1500 m to 2200 m and the common Ferns are Adiantum venustum, Asplenium trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Pteris cretica, Pteridium aquilinum and species of Dryopteris. The ridges and rocks are exposed in alpine and sub alpine regions with less developed soil and have poor water holding capacity. Moreover there is a considerable fluctuation in humidity and temperature due to strong wind blow and intense ultra violet radiation. These sloping ridges are usually dry and with unstable surface and the plants are unable to establish themselves firmly in spite of heavy precipitation. In such regions, shady places under rocks and boulders and cliff crevices provide favorable habitat to the following common species. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Asplenium ceterach L., Polystichum discretum (D.Don) J. Smith. and Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. etc. Ninteen species of 12 genera distributed among 9 families have been recorded in Maidan Valley.

406 Aspleniaceae being the leading family with 4 species and two genera, these genera are Asplenium and Ceterach with 3 and 1 respectively. Adiantaceae is represented by three species of Adiantum. Petridium, Pteris and Onychium are representing Pteridaceae with one species each. Dryopteris and Polystichum with 1 species each in Dryopteridaceae. Sinopteridaceae and Equisetaceae are represented by one genus and with 2 species each. Aspidiaceae, Marsileaceae and Selaginellaceae are with one genus and one species each.

The literature regarding Pteridophytes in Pakistan is meager and there are some reports like Clarke (1880) studied the ferns of Northern India and mountains of West Pakistan. Hope (1899-1902) reported 27 ferns from Chitral. Stewart (1957) published a checklist of 127 ferns where 7 species were new records for West Pakistan. These are Cystopteris dickieana, Dryopteris oreades, Dryopteris chrysocarpa, Actinopteris australis, Polypodium nudum, Pyrrosia mollis and Equisetum palustre. Some ferns of Kaghan Valley were reported by Sheikh (1962). Shah et al. (1985) published the ferns of Malakand Division. The ferns and fern allies of Kurram Agency comprising 11 families 12 genera and 20 species were listed by Wazir (1995). A list of 68 taxa of Pteridophytes with their synonyms, distribution and photographs collected from Pakistan, was published in 1992 by Toshiyuki and Malik. Among the Fern allies, the very common in the area are Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring, Equisetum arvense L., Equisetum ramosissimum Desf and Marsilea minuta L. Selaginella sanguinolenta (L.) Spring, is an abundant gregarious species usually growing on cliffs in temperate and sub-alpine regions. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., are found in wet places such as standing water of shallow ponds, lacks, ditches, marshy places, seepage slopes, wet meadows and rice fields in the lower altitudes. Equisetum arvense L. is commonly found from 1500 m to 2500 m, often growing in sandy or gravelly slopes or meadows. Marsilea minuta L. is a very common water fern abundant in rice fields, ditches and quiet water in the bottom of the valley.

407 4.4 GYMNOSPERMS Three families of gymnosperms are available in Maidan valley; these are Cupressaceae, Pinaceae and Taxaceae. The genera Cupressus, Juniperus and Thuja are representing the family Cupressaceae. Juniperus has two species with Juniperus communis and Juniperus excellsa (J. macropoda). Cupressus and Thuja has single species namely Cupressus semipervirens and Thuja orientalis. The two species, i.e. Cupressus semipervirens, and Thuja orientalis are exotic and are commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes. They are cultivated very widely in the whole valley. The Juniperus species occur naturally at very high altitudes and are important medicinally. Family Pinaceae is the largest family and are very widely distributed throughout the valley. The genera Abies, Cedrus, Picea and Pinus are representing this family. Pinus with three species, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii and Pinus brutia and the remaining three genera are represented with a single species each, namely Apies pindrow, Cedrus deodara and Picea smithiana(Table 5). Out of the total three species of genus Pinus, Pinus brutia is exotic and is usually cultivated in lower hilly areas mixed with Pinus roxburghii. The remaining two species are indigenous. Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara and Picea smithiana occur naturally and are found at high altitudes. All members of the family are very important from economic, cultural, social and ecological point of views (Elisabeth, 1994). Wolff et al, (1999) reported several active ingredients and the fatty acids of the edible fruits of six Pinus species, while Singh et al (2000) mentioned the wide use of Abies pindrow in homeopathy. Studies revealed that in the past, the forest habitat was intact and the forest was sufficient according to the needs of the population. But now the forest and specifically of Pinus gerardiana which was one of top component of such type of forest in the world is severely declining due to over exploitation and diseases (Sing and Lakanpal, 2000). Family Taxcaceae has a single genus Taxus with a single species called Taxus wallichiana. It is very important from medicinal point of view that it yield a drug called Taxol which has anticancer activity and its unsustainable exploitation has threatened the very existence of this valuable specie (Sharma, 1999).

Cupressus sempervirens and Thuja orientalis are used for Ornamental Purposes only. Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus brutia and Taxus wallichiana have multiple uses as fuel wood, yielding valuable timber for furniture, making doors, agricultural implements, construction of

408 house buildings, mosques, tiles and ceiling, bridges, watermills, musical instruments, handicrafts and Railway sleepers.

Some trees like Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana and Taxus wallichiana are at the verge of extinction in the area. They all are extensively used as fuel and timber.

4.5 ANGIOSPERMS Pakistan has a diverse flora containing about 6000 species of phanerogams. Estimates indicate that around 700 plant species are used as medicinal and aromatic plants (Pei, 1992). The wide range of habitats supporting a diverse flora has been explored and reported in the pre emergence era (Kurz, 1877; Hooker, 1879 and 1885; Chaudhuri, 1936; Kashyap, 1936 and Mukerjee, 1938, 1940) as well as after the independence by Stewart (1952;1958;1967) listing the flora of Rawalpindi and Lahore. Jafri (1958, 1966) Malik and Mohajir (1959) reported the medicinal plants of Karachi. Chaudhri (1954, 1960 and 1966) worked and gave a detailed account of grass species of Swat and the vegetation of Thar Desert and Kaghan Valley. Baquar and Tasnif (1967) discussed various species of plants in “Medicinal plants of Southern West Pakistan”. Nasir and Robina (1995) in “Wild Flowers of Pakistan” reported the diversity of Angiosperms of Pakistan. Chaudhri and Qureshi (1991) elaborated that about 709 species of vascular plants of Pakistan, constituting about one fourth of the vascular flora are in danger of being gradually wiped out or exterminated altogether. Marwat (2005) worked on taxonomy and diversity of genus Cotoneaster from Pakistan. Such studies are required to complete the regional biodiversity of Pakistan, yet not explored or completed.

The environmental conditions are of various types in Maidan valley. The main causes of these variations are rainfall, soil, exposure and slopes. The valley has three topographic zones and in each zone different kinds of vegetation flourish well. Different members of the families are present in these zones. The subtropical zone which comprises of the lower areas of the valley has cultivated fields. Irrigation is good and soil is deep. 757 Angiosperm species has been reported from Maidan Valley. There are 50 wild fruits trees such as the species of Zizyphus, Vitis, Vibernum, Rubus, Prunus and Pyrus that serves as a source of wild fruits for the local people.

409 In the temperate zone most of the areas are covered by forest. The conditions are comparatively colder than the subtropical zone and moisture is also present. Various species show luxuriant growth in this zone. In the sub alpine and alpine zone of the valley, growing season is short, snow is usually perpetual, solar radiation is intense, wind blows with high velocity and temperature is low. All these conditions result in the prevalence of xerophytic habitat but still some plants flourish well in these conditions. These plants are of stunted growth, dwarf, green-yellowish in color; leaves are packed and densely arranged.

410 4.6 CONSERVATION Inter relationship between people and a plant has long been a definite part of human thought and activity. It is important to assess which plants are recognized as resources in a particular socio-economic and agroclimatic regime. The linkage between cultural and biological diversity has strongly demonstrated that the dependence for coexistence of biological environment and mountain people has been established. The review of human history also suggest that for conservation of biological diversity the cultural diversity should be simultaneously considered (Pei, 1992). It is clear that talking of conservation of Biodiversity will be incomplete or impossible without conserving cultural diversity of the custodian communities. Neglect in any degree will lead to reduction and loss of diversity, and the value of human heritage. Conservation of biodiversity calls for both global attention and prompt action at the regional level. Historically, many indigenous communities have formulated and established their own traditional conservation methods, including the protection of plants, animals, and ecosystems based on the society’s cultural tradition and indigenous knowledge systems. With rapid population growth and the expansion of economic development by the means of outside interventions, the natural habitat has already been destroyed it to a considerable extent. This situation is particularly critical in Maidan Valley, an extension of Himalayan Mountain Region. The Himalaya experiences the worse where 90 percent of the natural forest habitats have already been lost (Shinwari et al., 2000). The situation is as worse in Maidan Valley also. It has 3.5% threatened taxa of Pakistan as compared to 6% vulnerable and 3.5% are rare in Buner and 4% endangered, 9% vulnerable and 9% rare in Chitral (Chaudhri & Qureshi, 1991, Gul et al., 1999). The Swat District also shows that 8% of threatened plants are endangered, 11.5 % vulnerable and 7% are rare (Ahmad and Sirajuddin, 1996). Medicinal plants are collected in access that is why they are declining in all parts of the world. According to an estimate by Peter Raven and Norman Myers (cited in Pei, 1994) 100 species are being driven to extinction per day. For the first time in human history, biodiversity as a whole is facicng the danger of extinction. Conservation biologists warn that 25 percent of all species could become extinct during the next twenty to thirty years (cited in Pei, 1994). According to Raven, for every plant species that becomes extinct, 10 to 30 other development organisms are doomed along with it. The natural resource base in the Hindu-Kush Himalayas is deteriorating more rapidly than any other global regions. It has been estimated that the Pakistani Hindu-Kush Himalayas has more

411 than 10% of the flora threatened and 12% of the flora of Pakistan is used as medicinal plants(Shinwari et al. 2000a). The estimates given by Chaudhri and Qureshi (1991) indicate that as many as 709 species of the Vascular plants of Pakistan, constituting about one-tenth of our Vascular Flora, are in danger of being gradually wiped out or exterminated altogether. Most of them are, in fact, scarce and have been collected from one or two localities only during the past one hundred years or so. Many of the plants in these areas and other plant communities will be destroyed before they have been collected and described for the first time (Shinwari et al., 1996). Maidan Valley has biologically diverse resources and their traditional utilization reflects a diverse resource use pattern. The ordinary use of wood for construction purposes and charcoal has increased because of population explosion. For more food, new areas are brought under crop cultivation and forests are cleared. As a result, trees are ruthlessly cut and destroyed. Overgrazing is the worst biotic factor associated with the deterioration of the ecosystem. All these factors caused severe degradation of habitat. Due to these losses the wildlife species are depleting at an alarming rate. Most of the wildlife has shifted from the area. In some areas, deep soils are changed into scrubby or exposed rocks. Today, the Lush green forests are shrinking. The beauty, the “Green Gold” is torn away on one pretext or the other. Each tree is mournfully waiting for its turn to be torn away. Fodder is collected in large quantities from valley except in winter. Tree fodder is used but is of less significant than herbaceous fodder. Fodder obtained from the area is used directly in the fresh state. The people prefer fresh grasses and herbs as compared to dried fodder because they are more nutritious and increasing milk capacity of the cattle’s. Fodder collection and utilization activity in the valley is existed and continued in a sustainable way. Fodder collection is not damaging the population of fodder species, however, indiscriminate grazing has a damaging effect on fodder resources of the valley. It has been observed that in over grazed areas some weedy species are increasing and invading. Another aspect is the collection of fuel wood, which is the chief threat for the trees and shrubs in the Valley. The long and sever winters need fuel for heating and cooking. For plant conservation, forest management through participatory approach to increase the productivity of degraded forest and forest products through active involvement of local communities in harvesting, marketing, benefit sharing and sustainable use is needed. The natural resources base in the area is deteriorating more rapidly than many other regional or global ecosystems. Various threats that are posed to conservation of this region include

412 fuel shortage, construction of roads and buildings, over grazing for forage and woodcutting for timber, medicine, furniture, charcoal etc. Among these the most serious single threat to native vegetation is the use of wood as fuel as more than 80 percent of the home use of wood as the sole source for fuel. The same is true for other areas of Hindu Kush Himalayas (Shinwari (1996). There are more than 420 endemic species of higher plants in Pakistan. Most of the endemic (78%) are confined to mountainous regions of northern parts of Pakistan. The three big mountainous ranges namely Karakorum, Hindu-kush and Himalayas meet in Northern Pakistan (Malakand, Dir, Hazara, Swat and Northern Areas) is most interesting botanically. The flora of this region is unique that need conservation. The haphazard exports are more than 3.3 (million kg) crude drugs and only 10 dawakhanas consume medicinal plants worth Rs 20 million per annum. Almost all of these plants are extracting from this belt and this need to be checked. According to Pei (1992) there are 6000 green plant species in Pakistan. The present study in Maidan Valley revealed 757 plant species while some more species can also be added in this number. The flora of areas like Khunjarab, Deosai, Gilgit, Chitral, Kashmir, Kaghan and Naran has not yet been properly collected nor identified. Extensive study is required to explore and document the flora of Northern Pakistan. The total number of plants in Pakistan might be much higher than 6000 plant species as mentioned by previous workers. According to an estimate, 100 species are being driven to extinction per day. And the conservationists are of the view that the flora of the World is depleting rapidly and by the end of 2050, one fifth of the World flora either will be extinct or severely genetically eroded (Allen Hamilton, personal communication). Efforts are needed to identify endemic, endangered, threatened flora of the area and to point out ways and means for their conservation. The traditional conservation methods formulated and established include the protection of plants, animals, and ecosystems based on the society’s cultural tradition and indigenous knowledge. The natural habitats have already been destroyed to a considerable extent with rapid population growth and the expansion of economic development in the Maidan Valley, where most of the forests were lost through over harvesting in the 7th decade of 20th century. In Maidan Valley 34 species are critically endangered, 26 are endangered and 20 species are vulnerable. The endangered species include as for instance Aconitum spp., Paeonia emodii, Delphinium spp. and Podophylum hexandrum etc., these require conservation on priority basis.

413 Shinwari and Khan (1999) mentioned that there was a good population of barking deer when there existed a dense vegetation of Accacia modesta, Olea ferruginea co dominates with Zizyphus numularia and Dodonaea viscosa. Due to habitat depletion, the population of these deer is critically depleted. Similarly, Kalij pheasant used to live in thick forest of Pinus roxberghii in Margalla Hills. Since the density of the trees has been decreased as a result, the pheasant is diminished from the area. Sheikh et al. (2002) studied the biodiversity of Naltar Valley, Gilgit and stated that Thymus serphylum, Gentiana tianshanica, Stellaria media, Geranium waillichianum and Capparis spinosa have high demand as medicinal plants leading to overexploitation. Similarly, Gentianode korroo and Gentianode argentea are threatened in Maidan Valley. Apart from these, the species Geranium wallichianum, Primula denticulata, Thymus linearis, Artemisia ssp., Onosma hispida, Hyoscymus niger and Atropa acuminata are important for maintenance of ecosystem for the people of the valley as they are important medicinal plant species of the valley. It is concluded that the traditional management system, which existed in Maidan for Mellinia, has been devastated in the Valley. There is no alternate conservation system in place, which could sustainably utilize plant resources of the area. The entire terrain is thus denuded with unwise use of the resources. Since it is the right time to start conservation practices in the area to save this beauty being vanished away. Strategy to restore the ecosystem is imperative, to protect the bio-diversity and improve the livelihood of the communities through these natural resource management. It will certainly result in better future through creating healthy environment with intact bio-diversity for the coming generations.

414

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429 GLOSSARY

Abscess: a collection of pus in a cavity.

Acrid: pungent; producing an irritation.

Alternative: a drug which corrects disordered processes of nutrition, and restores the normal function of an organ or of the system.

Amenorrhoea: suppression of menses not due to natural causes.

Anesthetize: act to abolish pain, produce unconsciousness and more or less complete relax the muscles.

Anodyne: a drug that relieves pain.

Anthelmintic: a drug that is capable of killing intestinal worms; vermifuge.

Antilithic; a drug which counteracts the development of stone or calculus

Antiperiodic: a drug which controls periodic attacks of a disease; an anti malarial drug.

Antiseptic: a drug which destroys disease germs; a disinfectant.

Antispasmodic: a drug which prevents or cures colic, convulsions, or spasmodic disorders.

Aphrodisiac: a drug which promotes sexual desire.

Apoplexy: sudden paralysis with or without loss of consciousness; stroke.

Ascarides: pinworms, intestinal parasites.

Asthma: a disease of the bronchial tubes causing recurrent attacks of breathlessness and coughing.

Astringent: a drug which induces contraction of the tissues or arrests secretion or bleeding.

Biliousness: a digestive disturbance due to improper functioning of the liver.

Bleeding: the escape of blood

Boil: an infectious festering sore which ultimately may develop into an ulcer.

430 Bronchitis: an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes or air passages; feverish cold with cough and sore chest.

Calculi: (single calculus) a hard and solid concretion, generally of inorganic matter, formed in the body, especially in the bladder, kidneys and ureters. It may be sand gravel of stone.

Cancer: any malignant growth.

Cardiac tonic: the agents which are used to restore cardiac efficiency and bring about an improvement of circulation of blood.

Carminative: a drug which relieves flatulence of the feeling of over-fullness of the stomach.

Catarrh: inflammation of a mucous membrane, with a free discharge (hippocrates); especially such inflammation of the air passages of the head and throat.

Cathartic: a drug which includes active movement of the bowels.

Colic: pain due to spasmodic contraction of the abdomen.

Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunction or the mucous membrane covering the eyeball and lining the eyelids.

Constipation: a condition in which the faecal is more or less contained in the intestine, as the bowels do not move or are not completely emptied.

Cutaneous: disease: skin disease.

Dandruff: an inflamed condition of the scalp, characterised by the presence of white scales in the hair due to exfoliation of the horny cells of the scalp.

Demulcent: an agent having a soothing effect on the skin and mucous membranes.

Dentition: the teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli.

Deodorant: these are the agents used to absorb or destroy foul odour.

Diaphoretic: an agent that includes copious secretion of sweat.

431 Diarrhoea: a disorder in which there is a too frequent evacuation of more or less watery stools.

Diuretic: a drug which increases the amount of urine.

Dropsy: a disease marked by an excessive collection of a watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.

Dysentery: an infectious disease, characterised by acute diarrhoea accompanied by gripping pains, the stools being chiefly of blood and mucous.

Dyspnea: difficult or laboured breathing.

Dysuria: painful and difficult urination.

Efficacious: an agent having power to produce the desired result.

Emetic: a drug which causes vomiting.

Emmenagogue: a drug which promotes menstruation or regulates the menstrual periods.

Emollient: a drug which allays irritation of the skin or softens the skin.

Epilepsy: a chronic nervous disorder marked by repeated attacks of unconsciousness or convulsions or both.

Epistaxis: nose bleed; haemorrhage from the nose.

Eruption: a disease of the skin or mucous membranes, marked by rash, redness, spotting, lesions, etc.

Expectorant: a drug which promotes bronchial secretion and facilitates its removal.

Febrifuge: a agent or drug used for reducing fever.

Fecal: pertaining to or of the nature of faeces.

Flatulence: a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of gas or wind in the stomach.

Foetid discharge bad smelling excretion

Fomentation: treatment by warm and moist applications; also the substance thus applied.

432 Galactagogue: an agent that promotes the secretion and flow of milk; lactagogue.

Gleet: a chronic discharge from the urethra.

Gonorrhoea: an infectious venereal disease causing an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genital organs.

Gout: a hereditary form of arthritis characterised by an excess of uric acid in the blood.

Haematemesis: vomiting of blood.

Haemoptysis: spitting of blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes.

Haemorrhage: bleeding, especially profuse, from any part of the body.

Hypertrophy: the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells.

Hypnotic: a drug which induces sleep.

Hysteria: a disease in which the patient, who is physically healthy, suffers from imaginary diseases and has lost control over acts and feelings.

Inflammation: a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off (sequester).

Insanity: mental derangement or disorder; a condition which renders the effected person unfit to enjoy liberty of action.

Intermittent fever: that type of fever which produces mental confusion followed by muscular in-co-ordination.

Jaundice: a disease condition in which there is a yellowish staining of the tissues and excretions with bile.

Lactifuge: an agent that checks the secretion of milk.

Laxative: the agents which cause more or less normal equation of bile without irritation or gripping effects.

Leprosy: a chronic wasting disease caused by a germ, which generally results in multilations and deformities.

Lithotomy: removal of a calculus.

433 Lumbago: rheumatism of the back causing acute pain and stiffness.

Mange: a communicable skin disease of domestic animals, due to various mites.

Menorrhagia: abnormally excessive menstruation.

Mumps: an infectious disease marked by inflammation of glands near the ear.

Mydriatic: a drug which dilates the pupil.

Narcotic: a drug which induces deep sleep or insensibility to pain.

Nausea: a feeling of sickness inclination to vomit.

Neuralgia: a pain of a severe shooting or stabbing character along a nerve.

Obstructed the act of blocking or clogging

Ophthalmia inflammation of the eye; conjunctivitis

Otitis: inflammation of the ear.

Ozaena: a foul smelling emanating from nose.

Paralysis: a disease in which there is loss of power of voluntary movement in any part of the body, or loss of any function.

Pectoral: pertaining to the chest; cough remedy; expectorant.

Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting and moderate fever.

Piles: an inflamed condition of the veins in the rectal region; haemorrhoids.

Pleurodynia: a painful rheumatic disease of the nerves and muscles that lie between the ribs.

Purgative: the agents which produce watery stool or soft semi-fluid stool.

Refrigerant: an agent which relieves feverishness or produces a feeling of coolness.

434 Remittent fever: a form of malaria in which the temperature fluctuates considerably, but does not fall to the normal.

Resolvent: an agent which promotes the dissipation of pathologic growth.

Rheumatism: an indefinite term used for pains in the muscles, joints and certain tissues; the disease takes various forms.

Rubefacient: a mild counterirritant, a drug that causes tingling and reddening of skin.

Sciatica: a neuralgic pain at the back of the thigh caused by the inflammation of the sciatic nerve.

Scrofula: a disease chiefly of the young, marked by want of resisting powers making the patient susceptible to tuberculosis, especially of the glands, bones and joints, eczematous eruptions, ulcerations, glandular swelling etc.

Sedative: a drug which has a calming of quieting effect on the patient, and which reduces nervous excitement.

Stimulant: the agents which stimulates the functional activities of living tissues, i.e. body or brain.

Stomatitis: inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.

Styptic: an agent which checks bleeding.

Sinuses: a hollow cavity, pathologically the term refers to a channel leading to a suppurating cavity.

Sudorific: an agent that promotes perspiration; a diaphoretic.

Suppurative: producing pus, or associated with suppuration.

Tonics: the agent which stimulate the restoration of tone to the muscle tissues.

Treacle: swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammation or a new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; also called neoplasm.

Ulcer: an open sore on the skin or on any mucous membrane.

435 Varico: a combining from denoting relationship to a varix, or meaning twisted and swollen.

Vein: a vessel through which blood passes from various organs or part back to the heart.

Vermifuge: a drug which expels intestinal worms.

Visceral: pertaining to a viscous (any large interior organ in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen).

Vulnerary: a drug which promotes healing of wounds.

Wart: a hypertrophy or growth on skin.

436 APPENDIX I. ECONOMIC PLANTS OF MAIDAN VALLEY

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Pinaceae Achar 3,4,6,10,14,16 Abies pindrow Royle Acacia modesta Wall. Mimosaceae Palosa 1,2,3,12,41 Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile. Mimosaceae Kikar 3,16 Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis. Aceraceae Chinaranga 1,2,3,4,5,6 Acer cappadocicum Gled. Aceraceae Chinaranga 1,2,3,4,5,6 Achillea millefolium Linn. Asteraceae Karkara 1 Achyranthus bidentata Linn. Amaranthaceae Buch Kanda 1,2 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Ranunculaceae Zahar mora 1,20 Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf Ranunculaceae The Ghra Zahar 1,17,20 Acorus calamus Linn. Araceae Skha Waja 1, 17,37 Adiantum cappillus -veneris Linn. Adiantaceae Bar Sumbal 1,17,33 Adiantum incisum Forssk Adiantaceae Bar Sumbal 1,17,33 Adiantum venustum D. Don Adiantaceae Babozae 1,17,33 Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hk. f. Hippocastinaceae Jawaz 1,2,3,5,10,22,26 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Simarubaceae Hindustanai shandai 2,3,10,16,17,23 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Lamiaceae Khawaga Bouti 1,27 Ajuga parviflora Benth. Lamiaceae Tarkha Bouti 1,27 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill Mimosaceae Serikh 1,3 Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Bth. Mimosaceae Serikh 1,3 Allium ascalonium Linn. Alliaceae Piazakae 1,30 Allium cepa Linn. Alliaceae Piaz 1,8,30 Allium jacquemontii Kunth. Alliaceae Zangali Piaz 1,30,36 Allium sativum Linn. Alliaceae Ooga 1,8,30 Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Betulaceae Girae 3,26,23,37 Amaranthus caudatus Linn. Amaranthaceae Chalwaye 2,8,9 Amaranthus viridis Linn. Amaranthaceae Ganrkar 2,8,9 Ammi visnaga (Linn.) Lam. Apiaceae Spairkai 1 Ampelopsis vitifolia(Boiss.) Planch Vitaceae Kwar 1,2,7 Andrachne cordifolia (Done) Muell. Euphorbiaceae Krahcai, gulpinsa 1,20 Anemone obtusiloba D.Don. Ranunculaceae Spin Gwalae 2,17 Anemone rupicola Camb. Ranunculaceae Spin Gwalae 2,17 Anethum graveolens Linn. Apiaceae Sowah 1 Aquilegia pubiflora Wall.ex Royle Ranunculaceae Woudi Gwalae 1 Aralia cachemirica Dcne. Araliaceae The Dadono Binakai 3,14,41,45 Argemone maxicana Linn. Papaveraceae Raidae 1,24 Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Araceae Wara Marjarai 1,20 Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Araceae Ghata Marjari 1,20

437 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex Schott Araceae Tora Marjarai 1,20 Aristida adscensionis Linn. Poaceae Mashkar 2,9,38 Aristida cyanantha Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Mashaanrae 2,9,38 Artemisia scoparia Linn. Asteraceae Jaokae 1,3,38 Artemisia brevifolia Wall. Asteraceae Tarkha 1,20,22 Artemisia vulgaris Linn. Asteraceae Tarkha 1,20, 22 Asparagus officinalis Linn. Liliaceae Thindarae 1,12 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Asphodelaceae Piazakay, Oogakay 8,30 Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss. Papilionaceae Mamol 1,12 Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. Papilionaceae Mamol 1,12 Astragalus pyrrhotrichus Boiss. Papilionaceae Mamol 1,12 Atropa acuminata Royle ex Miers Solanaceae Garar/Bargak 1,20 Berberis brandisiana Ahrendt Berberidaceae Kowaray 1,3 Berberis chitria Lindl. Berberidaceae Kowaray 1,3 Berberis kunawurensis Royle Berberidaceae Kowaray 1,3, Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Kwarai 3,17,16 Berberis pseudumbellata Parker Berberidaceae Kwarai 3,17,16 Berberis vulgaris Linn. Berberidaceae Kwarai 3,17,16 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae Gat Panra 1,24 Bergenia stracheyi (Hk. f. & Thoms.) Saxifragaceae Gat Panra 1 Engl. Betula utilis D. Don Betulaceae Braj 5,10,14,34 Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Polygonaceae Tarva panra 1 Brassica rapa Linn. Brassicaceae Tipar 8, Brassica rapa Linn. ssp. campestris Brassicaceae Sharshum 1,8 (Linn.) Clapham Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) Moraceae Kaghzi Toot 2,3,34 L`Herit. ex Vent. Buddleja asiatica Lour. Buddlejaceae Booi 1,27 Buddleja crispa Bth. Buddlejaceae Booi 1,27 Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch. Apiaceae Tore Zankai 1,10,30 Buxus Pappilosa C.K. Schneid. Buxaceae Shamshad 1,3,14 Caesalpinia decapitala (Roth.) Alston. Caesalpiniaceae Jara 13 Calendula arvensis Linn. Asteraceae Ziar Gulae 1 Calendula officinalis Linn. Asteraceae Zair gulae 1 Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Asclepiadaceae Spulmay 1 Caltha alba Camb. Ranunculaceae Makhanr Path 1,2,8 Cannabis sativa Linn. Cannabaceae Bhang 1,3

438 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linn.) Medik. Brassicaceae Bambesa 1,2 Capsicum annuum Linn. Solanaceae Marchakey 1,30 Capsicum frutescence Linn. Solanaceae Ghat marchakay 1,30 Carthamus oxyacantha M.B. Asteraceae Kareza 1 Carum carvi Linn. Apiaceae Sperkai 1,30 Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don Apocynaceae Sada Bahar 1 Cedrela serrata Royle Meliaceae Skhawounae 5,20,27 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Pinaceae Oil, Bark, gum and 1,3,5,6,14,21,28 Don wood. Celtis caucasica Willd. Ulmaceae Thagha 1,2,3,5,10,26 Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Ulmaceae Thagha 1,2,3,7,14 Cenchrus cilliaris Linn. Poaceae Pisho Lamae 2,9 Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. ex Poaceae Pisho Lamae 2,9 Stued. Cestrum nocturnum Linn. Solanaceae Raat Ki Rani 1 Chenopodium album Linn. Chenopodiaceae Sarmae 1,2,8 Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. Chenopodiaceae Benakae 1 Chenopodium botrys Linn. Chenopodiaceae Skha Khawra 1 Chenopodium murale Linn. Chenopodiaceae Benakae 1,8 Chrysopogon aucheri(Boiss.) Stapf Poaceae Spin Wakha 2,9,31 Chrysopogon gryllus(Linn.) Trin. Poaceae Spin Wakha 2,9,31 Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin. Poaceae Spin Wakha 2,9,31 Cichorium intybus Linn. Asteraceae Han 1,8 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Karkunday 1,2 Citrus aurantium Linn. Rutaceae Khati 1, 7 Citrus reticulata Blanco Rutaceae Kino 1,7 Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck Rutaceae Malta 1,7 Clematis connata DC. Ranunculaceae Hal 1,2 Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae Chenjanwala 1,2 Clematis orientalis Linn. Ranunculaceae Zelai 1 Cnicus benedictus Linn. Asteraceae Sharai 2,8,9 Coccinea diffusa Mill. Nyctaginaceae Ensut 1 Coix lacryma jobi Linn. Poaceae Thaspa Boutai 35,37 Colchicum luteum Baker Colchicaceae Suranjan/Ziargulae 1 Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith Lamiaceae Binda 1,3 Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Convolvulaceae Prewatai 1, 2 Conyza canadensis (Linn.) Cronquist Asteraceae Malooch 1, 2 Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Dhanya 1,30

439 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Cornus macrophylla Wall. Cornaceae Kandar 2, 3, 4 Corydalis govaniana Wall. Fumariaceae Desi mamera 1, 2 Corydalis stewarttii Fedde Fumariaceae Mamera 1 Cotoneaster acuminata Lindl. Rosaceae Luni 1 Cotoneaster affinis (Lindl.) Schn. Rosaceae Kharawa 1,3,4 Cotoneaster microphylla Wall. ex Rosaceae Kharawa 1,3,7,18 Lindl. Cotoneaster numularia Fisch. & Mey. Rosaceae Mamanra 1,3,18 Crataegus songarica C. Koch Rosaceae Tampasa 1,3,7,16 Cucumis sativus Linn. Cucurbitaceae Badrang 1, 8 Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. Cucurbitaceae Khog kadoo 1, 8 Cuminum cyminum Linn. Apiaceae Sufaid zeera 1,30 Cupressus sempervirens Linn. Cupressaceae Saro 1, 10 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Neladarai 22 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Rosaceae Behi 1, 7 Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pres. Poaceae Kabal 2,9,24 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Papilionaceae Shawa 3,5,6,10,14,43 Daphne mucronata Royle Thymeleaceae Leghonae 1,3 Daphne oleoides Schreb. Thymeleaceae Leghonae 1, 20 Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae Bhatura 1, 20 Datura fastuosa L. Solanaceae Bhatura 1,20 Datura stramonium Linn. Solanaceae Bhatura 1,20 Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Urticaceae Kharawa 1, 2 Rendle Delphinium aquilegifolium (Boiss.) Ranunculaceae Warigulai 1, 24 Bornm. Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hk. f. Ranunculaceae Da kono zaila 1, 24 & Thoms. Delphinium pyramidale Royle Ranunculaceae Oudi Gulae 1,24 Delphinium roylei Munz. Ranunculaceae Oudi Gulae 1,24 Desmodium elegans DC. Papilionaceae Chamkat 1, 2 Desmodium podocarpum DC. Papilionaceae Chamra 1, 2 Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf. Poaceae Drab 2,9 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth. Dioscoraceae Kanis 1,27,33 Diospyrus kaki Linn. Ebenaceae Persimon 1, 7 Diospyrus lotus Linn. Ebenaceae Amlok 1,3,5,7,10,26 Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Ghwaraskay 1, 3, 39, 17 Echinops griffithianus Boiss. Asteraceae - 1 Equisetum arvense Linn. Equisetaceae Bandakae 1

440 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Equisetaceae Bandakae 1 Eriobotryajaponica(Thunb.)Lindley. Rosaceae Lokat 1, 7, 24 Eryngium coeruleum M-Bieb. Apiaceae Tha Manzari 1,2 Mangwal Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Lachi 1,3,6,10,30

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Myrtaceae Lachi 1,3,6,10,22

Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Mandaroo 1,20,27 Euphorbia indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Krachae 20, 27 Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Euphorbiaceae Warmaga 1 Ficus carica Linn. Moraceae Inzar 1,2,3,7 Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex J.E. Moraceae Inzar 1,2,3,7 Smith Ficus palmata Forssk. Moraceae Inzar 1,2,3,7 Ficus racemosa Linn. Moraceae Inzar 1,2,3,7 Ficus sarmentosa Buch.- Ham. ex J. E. Moraceae Inzar 1,17 Smith Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Kagah 1,30 Fragaria indica Andrews Rosaceae Tha Zmake Thooth 1,7 Fragaria nubicola Lindl. Rosaceae Tha Zmake Thooth 1,7 Fraxinus hookeri Wenzig Oleaceae Shoom 2,3,13,16 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Fumariaceae Papra 1,2,9 Gagea pseudoreticulata Wed. Liliaceae Qaimath Gulae 20 Galium asperifoleum Wall. Rubiaceae Tha Kargh 2,7 Makookha Gentiana kurroo Royle Gentianaceae 1 Geranium collinum Steph. ex Willd. Geraniaceae Sra zela 1 Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Geraniaceae Sra zela 1 Sweet. Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. Proteaceae 10,24 Grewia optiva Drum. ex Burret Tiliaceae Dhaman, Tamar 1,2 Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori Tiliaceae Dhaman 1,2,7 Gymnosporia royleana (Wall.) ex Celastraceae Kandiari 1,14,43 Lawson Gynandrisis sisyrinchium (Linn.) Parl. Iridaceae Gandechar 1,20 Hedera nepalensis K.Koch Hederaceae Palool/Pairwata 1,2,3 Helianthus tuberosus Linn. Asteraceae Aloopach 6,8,24 Hibiscus syriacus Linn. Malvaceae Biscuit 2,13 Himalrandia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Kikra, Kukal 1,27

441 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Yamazaki Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Crassulaceae Tha Gat Warkharae 1 Ohba Hyoscyamus niger Linn. Solanaceae Dewana bhang 1 Hypericum perforatum Linn. Hypericaceae Shin Chai 1,19 Hypericumoblongifolium Choisy. Hypericaceae Sharan Gulab 1,2,17 Impatiens bicolor Royle Balsaminaceae Writh Athrang 15,2,26 Impatiens brachycentra Kar.& Kir. Balsaminaceae Spin Athrang 1,2,15 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f. Balsaminaceae Ziar Athrang 1,2,15 Impatiens flemingii Hook. f. Balsaminaceae Gulabi Athrang 1,2,15 Indigofera gerardiana Wall. Papilionaceae Ghwareja 14,31,39,42,46 Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand. Papilionaceae Ghwareja 2 Iris germanica L. Iridaceae Oudi Thurai 1,24 Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd Lamiaceae Karachai 1,22,38,41 Jasminum humile Linn. Oleaceae Rambel Chambel 3,16,24,32 Jasminum officinale Linn. Oleaceae Ziar RambelChambel 3,16,24,32 Juglans regia Linn. Juglandaceae Ghouz 1,2,3,5,7,11,12,15,24, 30,43 Juniperus communis Linn. Cupressaceae Gugar 3 Justicia adhatoda Linn. Acanthaceae Baikar 1,3 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley Cucurbitaceae Gharangay kadoo 1,8 Lathyrus aphaca Linn. Papilionaceae Kur Kamanai 2,8,9 Lathyrus cicera L. Papilionaceae Wara Chilo 2,7,8,9 Lathyrus pratensis Linn. Papilionaceae Ziara Chilo 2,9 Lathyrus sativus Linn. Papilionaceae Ghata Chilo 2,8,9 Lepidium sativum Linn. Brassicaceae Halam 1 Lespedeza juncea (Linn.F) Persoon Papilionaceae Oormaray 1 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Caprifoliaceae Hedei 1,2 Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. Caprifoliaceae Hedei 1,2 Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem. Cucurbitaceae Torai 1,8 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Euphorbiaceae Kambila 1,3,15 Malus pumila Mill. Rosaceae Manra 1,7 Malva neglecta Wall. Malvaceae Panerak 2,8,9 Malva officinalis Schimp. & Spenn. Malvaceae Sonchal 2,8,9 Malva sylvertris Linn. Malvaceae Panerak 1,2,8,9 Medicago denticulata Willd. Papilionaceae Shpeshtarae 1,2,9,25 Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Shandai 1,2,3,10,26 Mentha ex piperita Linn. Lamiaceae Yakha Podina 1,30

442 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Mentha longifolia (Linn.) L. Lamiaceae Yenalae 1,19,30 Mentha spicata Linn. Lamiaceae Podina 1,19,30 Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Lamiaceae Narae Shamakae 1,41 Don) Benth. Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Gule Bada 1,24 Momordica charantia Linn. Cucurbitaceae karela 1,8 Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. Sapotaceae Gwargwara 2,3,7,16 Morus alba Linn. Moraceae Baidana 2,3,5,7, 10,23,26 Morus nigra Linn. Moraceae Thooth 2,3,5,7,10,23 Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) Cucurbitaceae Kakora 1 M.J.Roem. Myrsine africana Linn. Myrsinaceae Marorang 1,3,6,33 Narcissus tazetta Linn. Amaryllidaceae Gwale Nargas 1,24 Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn.ex Brassicaceae Talmira 1,2,8 Reichb. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae Talmira 1,8,10 Nerium oleander Linn. Apocynaceae Ganderay 1 Ocimum basilicum Linn. Lamiaceae Kashmalae 1,24,30,32 Olea ferruginea Royle Oleaceae Khona 2,3,6,7,26 Onopordum acanthium Linn. Asteraceae Wrejakai 1,2 Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don Boraginaceae Gaozaban 1 Opuntia dillenii Haw. Cactaceae Zookam 13,17 Origanum vulgare Linn. Lamiaceae Shamakae 1,41 Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. Lamiaceae Spin azghay 1,2 Oxalis corniculata Linn. Oxalidaceae Manzakeen tarookay 1 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Paeoniaceae Mamekh 1 Papaver somniferum Linn. Papaveraceae Khash-khash 1 Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Dcne.) Hamamelidaceae Beranj 3,6,18,31 Rehder Periploca aphylla Dcne. Asclepiadaceae Barara 1,39 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Poaceae Sharghashae 14 Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. Pinaceae Kachhal 3,6,43 Pimpinella stewartii (Dunn) E. Nasir Apiaceae 1 Pinus roxburghii Sargent Pinaceae Nakhtar 3,4,7,10,17,21,24,36 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Pinaceae Sraf 3,4,10,17,21,24 Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. Anacardiaceae Shnai, Kakar Singi 1,2,3,16,10 integerrima (J.L.S) Rech. f. Pisum sativum Linn. Papilionaceae Matar 8 Plantago lanceolata Linn. Plantaginaceae Jabai 1,2

443 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Plantago major Linn. Plantaginaceae Ghata Jabai 1,2 Plantago ovata Forssk. Plantaginaceae Wara Jabai 1,2 Platanus orientalis Linn. Platanaceae Chinar 5,10,24,26 Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle Podophyllaceae Gangora 1 Polygonatum verticillatum All. Liliaceae .Baramola 1 Polygonum barbatum Linn. Polygonaceae Palpolak 1,27 Polygonum viviparum Linn. Polygonaceae Anjabar 1,,27 Populus alba Linn. Salicaceae Watani Sperdar 3,6,22 Populus ciliata Wall ex Royle Salicaceae Parra 3,6,17,26 Populus euphratica Oliv. Salicaceae Sperdar 6,10,14,17,23,25 Populus nigra Linn. Salicaceae Sperdar 3,10,14,23 Portulaca oleracea Linn. Portulacaceae Warkharai 1,8 Potentilla nepalensis Hk. Rosaceae Kunachi 1 Primula denticulata Smith Primulaceae Asli mameera 1,22 Prunus amygdalus Batsch. Rosaceae Badam 1,3,7 Prunus armeniaca Linn. Rosaceae khubani 1,3,7 Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K. Rosaceae Alucha 1,3,7 Schn. Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Rosaceae Changa 2,3,7,11,16,10 Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch. Rosaceae Shaftalu 1,3,7 Pteridium aquilinum (Linn.) Kuhn. Dennstaedtiaceae Kwanjae 1,8,33 Punica granatum Linn. Punicaceae Anangorae 1,3,7,16,30 Pyrus communis Linn. Rosaceae Nashpatai 1,7 Pyrus pashia Ham. ex D. Don Rosaceae Tanga 44 Quercus baloot Griffth. Fagaceae Serai 3,6,16,40 Quercus floribunda Lindley ex A. Fagaceae Jaran 2,3,6,16,40 Camus Quercus incana Roxb. Fagaceae Banj 2,3,5,6,7,16,40 Quercus semicarpifolia Sm. Fagaceae Kaanar/Mer 3,5,6 Ranunculus muricatus Linn. Ranunculaceae Quazi Ban 1,2 Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. Ranunculaceae Jaghagha 1,20 Raphanus sativus Linn. Brassicaceae Mooley 1,8 Rheum australe D. Don Polygonaceae Ghoutyal 1 Rhus punjabensis J. L. Stewart ex Anacardiaceae 2,3,31,42 Brandis Ribes alpestre Decne. Grossulariaceae Kag Dakh 1,2 Ribes glaciale Wall. Grossulariaceae Karn 1,2 Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae Aseela Haranda 1,3 Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. Papilionaceae Kikar 2,3,13,16

444 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Rosa brunonii Lindl. Rosaceae Khwarch 13,46 Rosa nanothamnus Boulenger Rosaceae Zangali gulab 1,13,16 Rosa sericea Lindl. Rosaceae Zangali gulab 1,24,16 Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle Rosaceae Zangali gulab 1,13,16 Rubus ellipticus Smith. Rosaceae Ziara Karwara 1,7,13,16 Rubus idaeus Linn. Rosaceae Baganai 1,7,13,16 Rubus niveus Thunb. non. Wall. Rosaceae Khwarch 1,7,16 Rubus saxatilis Linn. Rosaceae Goraja 1,7,16 Rubus ulmifolius Schott. Rosaceae Khwarch 1,7,16 Rumex acetosa Linn. Polygonaceae Tarokae 1,8 Rumex alpinus Linn. Polygonaceae Thaghm Shalkhae 1,8 Rumex dentatus Linn. Polygonaceae Shalkhae 1,8 Rumex hastatus D. Don Polygonaceae Tarookay 1,30,39 Saccharum bengalense Retz. Poaceae Nal 13,14,17 Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Poaceae Sharghashe 14,17 Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Jhonston Rhamnaceae Mamanra 1,2 Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn. Alismataceae Taqae 2,37 Salix acmophylla Boiss. Salicaceae Wala 2,3,5,17,26,37 Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Aseela Wala 2,3,5,17,26,37 Salix denticulata Andersson Salicaceae Tha Ghra Wala 1,2,3,17 Salix flabellaris Andersson Salicaceae Tha Ghra Wala 2,3,17 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae Wala 2,3,5,17,26,37 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall.ex Benth. Lamiaceae Kharghwag 1 Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Sambucaceae Ganoola 1,2 Arn. Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell. Buxaceae Ladanr 1,3 Arg. Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott Araceae Mar Jarai 1,20 Silene conoidea Linn. Caryophyllaceae Bashka Mashora 2,9 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Caryophyllaceae Mataranga 2,9 Sisymbrium irio Linn. Brassicaceae Awrae 1,2 Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb. & Z ucc. Rutaceae Nazar Panra 1,45 ex Walp. Solanum nigrum Linn. Solanaceae Kamachoo 1,8 Solanum pseudo-capsicum Linn. Solanaceae Marchak 1 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Maraghune 1 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandi Cucurbitaceae Desi kakora 1,2 Sonchus asper Linn. Asteraceae Shawda pai 1,2 Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker ssp. Papilionaceae Kathi 1,2,3

445 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY mollis. Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.)Rehder. Rosaceae Jijrai 2,3,16 Sorghum helepense (Linn.)Pers. Poaceae Dadam 2,9 Spiraea affinis Parker. Rosaceae Kurkun 2,38,42 Spiraea cantoniensis Lour. Rosaceae Karrari 2,38,42 Spiraea lasiocarpa Kar & Kir. Rosaceae Shagolo 1,2,38,42 Stachys parviflora Benth. Lamiaceae Sper bootae 1,3 Stellaria media (Linn.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Tighstargai 2,8,9 Taraxicum officinale Weber. Asteraceae Ziar Gwalae 1 Taxus wallichiana Zucc Taxaceae Banrya 2,3,5,6,28 Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Lamiaceae Kwandi boutae 1 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Ranunculaceae Kamasla mammera 1,2 Thuja orientalis Linn. Cupressaceae sarva 1,24 Thymus linearis Benth. Lamiaceae Spairkai 1 Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague Apiaceae Sperkai 1 Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Markoondai 1 Trigonella foenum graecum Linn. Papilionaceae Malkhuzay 1,8 Tulipa stellata Hk. f. Liliaceae Ghantol 1,2 Tylophora hirsuta Wight Asclepiadaceae Gilo 1 Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble. Ulmaceae Mannu 1,3,10 Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Ulmaceae Kahae 2,3,6,26 Urtica dioca Linn. Urticaceae Lawane Sezoonkae 1,8 Urtica pilulifera L. Urticaceae Sezoonkae 1,8 Valeriana jatamansi Jones Valerianaceae Shingatai 1 Verbascum thapsus Linn. Scrophulariaceae Khar Dag 1 Veronica ciburia (Linn.) Less Scrophulariaceae Shamakae 1 Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Caprifoliaceae Ghamzewa 1,3,13,7,16 Viburnum foetens Dene. Caprifoliaceae Ghaz meva 1,3,7,13,16 Viburnum grandiflorum Dene. Caprifoliaceae Ghamzewa 1,3,7,13,16 Vicia faba Linn. Papilionaceae Marghai Khpa 2,9,19,25 Vicia hirsuta (Linn.) S.F.Grey Papilionaceae Mardikakh 2,9,19,25 Viola betonicifolia Smith Violaceae Binafsha 1,8 Viola biflora Linn. Violaceae Binafsha 1,8 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. Violaceae Binafsha 1,8 Viola kashmiriana W. Becker Violaceae Banafsha 1,8 Viola pilosa Blume Violaceae Banafsha 1,8 Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Marwandai 1,22 Vitis jacquemontii Parker Vitaceae Angur 1,2,7 Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Kwar 1,2,7

446 BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY LOCAL NAME ETHNOBOTANY Withania somnifera (Linn.)Dunal Solanaceae Kotilal 1,20 Woodfordia fruiticosa (Linn.) S. Kurz. Lythraceae Dhawai 1,2,3 Xanthium strumarium Linn. Asteraceae Gishkae 1,3 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae Dambara 1,13,16,18,30 Zizyphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae Baira 1,2,3,7,11,13,14 Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae 1,2,3,7,11,13,14 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight Rhamnaceae Kurkanda 1,2,3,7,11,13,14 & Arn. Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew. Rhamnaceae Elanai 1,2,3,7,11,13,14

KEY TO ETHNOBOTANICAL DESCRIPTION 1 Medicine 13 Hedge plant 25 Soil fertilizer 36 Resin 2 Fodder 14 Utensils 26 Shade tree 37 Soil reclamation 3 Fuel wood 15 Dye 27 Fish poison 38 Brooms 4 Timber 16 Fence 28 Graveyard things 39 Snuff ash 5 Agricultural tools 17 Soil binder 29 Ink 40 Charcoal 6 Construction 18 Sticks/handle 30 Spice/flavoring agent 41 Bee attractants 7 Wild fruit 19 Beverage 31 Packing/roping 42 Granary/Basketry 8 Pot herb 20 Poison 32 Incense/perfume 43 Wood carving 9 Hay Fodder 21 Torch wood 33 Cushion plant 44 Root stock 10 Furniture 22 Green pesticide 34 Paper 45 Smoking medicine 11 Dry fruits 23 Wind break 35 Beads 46 Fishing checks 12 Miswak 24 Ornamental

447