Arbeitsfassung 1

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Arbeitsfassung 1 Die Selbstmörderin als Tugendheldin Ein frühneuzeitliches Bildmotiv und seine Rezeptionsgeschichte Dissertation zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Renate Schrodi-Grimm aus Ehingen/Donau Göttingen 2009 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Schnell 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Carsten-Peter Warncke 3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Fidel Rädle Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Januar 2009 Bene mori est libenter mori Seneca Meditare mortem: qui hoc dicit, meditari liberta- tem iubet. Lipsius Sed virtus pulchreque necis generosa cupido Vicit vitae ignominiam, insidiasque tiranni, Libertas nam parta nece est, nec vincula sensi, Umbraque tartareas descendi libera ad undas, Castiglione [...] una bella e glorïosa morte illustra tutta la passata vita Trissino [...] Nichts / als der Tod nur kann Der Freyheits-Ancker sein Lohenstein Morte bramata in ogni etade è cara. Vivaldi Wie mutig hat ihr Geist gerungen, Da sie des Todes Arm bezwungen, Noch ehe ihre Brust besiegt. Gottsched Inhaltsübersicht Vorwort 7 I ›Schönes Sterben‹ 12 1 Ein ›lebendes Bild‹ im Fin de siècle 12 2 ›Die schöne Tote‹ – ein Motiv des 19. Jahrhunderts 14 3 Der Tod des Helden 18 4 ›Mourir en philosophe‹ 20 5 ›Starke Frauen‹ 23 6 ›Exemplum virtutis‹ 25 II Sterbebildtypen und Todesdarstellung bis zur Frühen Neuzeit 29 1 Die klassizistische Engführung 29 2 Thanatos und Hypnos: Sterben in der antiken Kunst 31 3 Der personifizierte Tod in Spätantike und Mittelalter 33 4 Mittelalterliche Kontingenzerfahrung: Totentanz 34 5 artes moriendi 35 6 Der Marientod als Modell des guten Sterbens 36 7 Monumentale Grabmäler 37 8 Der Kreuzestod: Vom Triumph zur compassio 39 9 Märtyrer 41 10 Erweiterung der Bildthemen im Humanismus und in der Frühen 42 Neuzeit III Bildthemen exemplarischen Sterbens 45 1 Exemplarisches Sterben in der frühneuzeitlichen Historienmalerei 45 2 Der Verwandlungstod der Metamorphose 46 3 Das nachtridentinische Märtyrerbild 47 4 Sterbende Helden 49 5 Der Tod des Philosophen 50 6 Die Selbstmörderin als Tugendheldin 52 7 Gegenstand der Untersuchung 54 IV Sophonisbe: Liebe, Patriotismus und Selbstbestimmung 57 Antike Quellen 59 Spätmittelalterliche Rezeption 63 Von der Novelle zur Tragödie 68 Ikonographische Entwicklung in der Frühen Neuzeit 78 Ikonographie der Historienmalerei 85 V Römische Tugendheldinnen in der Ikonographie der Frühen Neuzeit 103 1 Dido: Herrscherin und Liebende 103 Antike Quellen 103 Literarische Rezeption 104 Ikonographie der Historienmalerei 108 2 Lukretia: Keuschheit, eheliche Treue, politischer Umsturz 118 Antike Quellen 118 Literarische Rezeption 119 Ikonographie der Historienmalerei 123 4 Inhaltsübersicht 3 Kleopatra: Tugendheldin oder femme fatale 139 Antike Quellen 139 Literarische Rezeption 139 Ikonographie der Historienmalerei 145 4 Porzia: Republikanerin, Ehefrau und Stoikerin 166 Antike Quellen 166 Literarische Rezeption 167 Ikonographie der Historienmalerei 169 VI Der Neustoizismus: Leitphilosophie der Frühen Neuzeit 177 1 Heroische Tugend und Neustoizismus 177 Exkurs: Die moralphilosophische Wendung des frühneuzeitli- 179 chen Humanismus Exkurs: Die Leitfigur des Neustoizismus: Justus Lipsius 181 2 Die meditatio mortis im neustoischen Denken 184 3 gloire und vertu auf der Bühne 193 4 Neustoisches Meditationsbild und nachtridentinisches Andachts- 198 bild VII Posttridentinische Märtyrer und stoische Tugendhelden 204 1 Kirchliche Andachts- und profane Meditationsbilder 204 2 Rubens: Christliche compassio und stoische consolatio 212 3 Reni: ›Sehnsuchtshalbfiguren‹ als Meditationsbilder 216 4 Tiepolo: Bene mori est libenter mori 222 5 Posttridentinische Andachtsbilder und neustoische Ikonen 227 VIII Tema con variazioni – Bildprogramme 232 1 Bilder im Bild 232 2 Bildprogramme 233 3 Bildfolgen und Galerien 236 4 ›La gallerie des femmes fortes‹ 254 5 Pendants 259 IX Von der vertu zum Affekt 272 Oper und Kantate 272 1 Affektmodellierung und moralischer Diskurs 272 Exkurs: Die Anfänge der Oper 273 2 Tugendheldinnen in der Oper 274 3 Didone abbandonata 276 Exkurs: Kammerkantate 284 Monodrama und Attitüde 288 4 Die Tugendheldin im Monodrama 288 5 Attitüden: die neuen Ausdruckskünste 294 Exkurs: Illuminationen, ›lebende Bilder‹ und Attitüden 295 6 Das Ende eines Motivs 300 X Exempla virtutis 302 Literaturverzeichnis 317 5 Inhaltsübersicht Ausstellungskataloge 317 Bestandskataloge 325 Quellentexte 330 Forschungsliteratur 337 Bildkatalog 370 Index 435 Künstlerverzeichnis 435 Personen 441 Forschung 458 6 Vorwort Vorwort Am Ausgangspunkt dieser Untersuchung1 stand das ›schöne Sterben ‹ weibli- cher Protagonisten, das als Thema in der Kunst und Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts in den letzten Jahren unter Perspektiven, die von der Gender-Forschung bis zur Kulturpsychologie reichen, hinreichend Beachtung gefunden hat. Im ersten Kapitel werden mit dem niederländischen Romancier Couperus und der Kleopatra Makarts typische Beispiele für das Fin de siècle angeführt. Die Verbindung von weiblicher Tugend, Selbstmord und ›schönem Sterben‹ erwies sich als so attraktiv, dass sich die gründliche Untersuchung dieses ikonographischen Musters lohnte, die im Fol- genden vorgelegt wird. Die ästhetisierende und erotisch aufgeladene Darstellung weiblicher Selbstmörde- rinnen im dekadenten Roman und in der Endphase der Historienmalerei, deren literarische oder historische Vorlagen nur noch anzitiert werden, hat eine faszinie- rende ikonographische Vorgeschichte. Die ästhetische Entschärfung und morali- sche Überhöhung des schockierenden weiblichen Selbstmords verweist – so mei- ne These – auf einen neustoischen Hintergrund, der im Lauf der Jahrhunderte im- mer mehr verblasste und in den ›Attitüden‹ des 19. Jahrhunderts gänzlich depo- tenziert ist. Dabei trat zunächst die Gruppe ›starker Frauen‹ in den Gesichtskreis, die über die bekannten Graphikserien des 17. Jahrhunderts einigen der hier unter- suchten Bildthemen, die noch in der späten Historienmalerei des 19. Jahrhunderts aufgegriffen wurden, weite Verbreitung verschafft hatte. Über diese ikonographisch recht geschlossene Gruppe biblischer und römischer Tugendheldi n nen führte der Weg zum frühneuzeitlichen Bildmotiv der Tugendheldin als Selbstmörderin zu- rück, das seit dem 16. Jahrhundert in einem überraschend stabilen ikonographi- schen Muster fünf ›starke Frauen‹ umfasste: Sophonisbe, Dido, Lukretia, Kleopatra und Porzia.2 1 Belege für die Motti: S e n e c a , Ep. mor. 61,2; L i p s i u s , Manuductio ad stoicam philosophiam II,2; Cas- t i g l i o n e , Cleopatra; T r i s s i n o , Sofonisba vv. 338f.; L o h e n s t e i n , Sophonisbe, v. 400; V i v a l d i , Tito Manlio (Libretto von Matteo Noris), RV 738-A; G o t t s c h e d , Libretto für die Trauerode BWV 198 2 Zur Schreibweise vgl. Fussnote 27 auf S. 52. 7 Vorwort Bereits die ersten Überlegungen führten in den Bildbereich e x e m p l a- r i s c h e n S t e r b e n s , der sich in der Frühen Neuzeit entwickelt hatte und neben dem uneigentlichen Verwandlungstod der Metamorphose die sterbenden Helden der Historienmalerei ebenso wie das nachtridentinische Märtyrerbild umfasst. Der Philosophentod und die Selbstmörderin als Tugendheldin bilden in diesem Zu- sammenhang eine gesonderte Gruppe exemplarischen Sterbens, die dadurch auf- fällt, dass sie den selbstgewählten Tod zum Vorbild erhebt, und dabei gewisser- maßen eine profane Variante des Märtyrerbilds gestaltet, die sich allerdings da- durch abhebt, dass sie eine frühe Form individueller Selbstermächtigung darstellt. In neueren Untersuchungen wird auf den Zusammenhang des Bildmotivs der ›starken Frauen‹ mit der Rolle der Regentinnen im entstehenden frühneuzeitli- chen Staat hingewiesen; dieser Zusammenhang mag die Auswahl antiker Herr- scherinnen und römisch-republikanischer Aristokratinnen als Tugendheldinnen plausibel machen, erklärt allerdings nicht den Umstand, dass es sich bei den ge- nannten Bildvorwürfen um Selbstmörderinnen handelt, deren selbstgewählter Tod sie mit dem Bildmotiv des Philosophentods verbindet, für den sich eine vergleichbar stabile Bildgruppe antiker Philosophen gefunden hatte. Hinter dem erotisch-dekadenten Motiv der schön inszenierten und attraktiv dargebotenen weiblichen Körper des 19. Jahrhunderts zeichnete sich so eine iko- nographische Semantik ab, die den freiwilligen Tod ganz im Sinn der neustoischen Lehre als äußerste Selbstbestätigung des Individuums gegenüber politischem oder moralischem Zwang verstand. Ohne die neustoische Hintergrun d s p h i l o- s o p h i e , die für die frühneuzeitliche Historienmalerei und ihr Tugendkonzept oh- nehin konstitutiv ist, war die positive Darstellung des Selbstmords als Tugendtod schwer erklärbar, zumal er in evidentem Gegensatz zur negativen Wertung des Selbstmords im Zeitalter der entstehenden Konfessionen stand. Das in der Frühen Neuzeit entstandene Bildmotiv der Selbstmörderin als Tugendheldin setzt einen unter den Prämissen des Konfessionszeitalters so eklatanten Widerspruch in Sze- ne, dass es sich lohnt, dem semantischen Hintergrundssinn nachzugehen, der es Kardinälen erlaubte, das Bildmotiv profaner Selbstmörderinnen neben Märtyrerin- nen in ihre Bildersammlungen aufzunehmen. Neben Parallelen zum Bildmotiv des Philosophentods drängte sich der Zu- sammenhang mit den Todesdarstellungen der nachtridentinischen Märtyrerbilder auf. Es war zweifellos kein Zufall, dass neustoische Meditationsbilder wie 8 Vorwort nachtridentinische Andachtsbilder tugendhaftes Sterben in den Mittelpunkt stellten und in der Ausgestaltung oft zu den gleichen ikonographischen Mitteln
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