DOCSLIB.ORG

Sulfur-Coated Urea for Lawn Care

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sulfur-Coated Urea for Lawn Care Sulfur-Coated Urea for Lawn Care Programs .Page 4 Phosphorus: the Neglected Lawn Nutrient Page 10 Chemical Additives- Clearing the Confustion Page 19 Resting Site Preferences for Sod Webworm Moths Page 27 a31S3D03d N0l±03dd00 SS3HQQV IZS "ON ±LLALD3D 'HDIIAI 'AOAAV NNV 0666fr308fr ue6iipi|/Y 'uoj6uiuujej AI\/D t anns ' 8av J3aia puej9 gosie 3Q\/±SOD SO JOieDi|ddv uAAe~| ueDuauuv 3iva >nna Look around you. Whether you service commer- cial or residential customers, the more places you find to use Roundup1 herbicide, the more you 11 save. Any side-by-side comparison along fencelines, sidewalks or curblines would prove Roundup works considerably faster than string trimmers and other mechanical weed control methods. So the more trim- j ming and edging jobs you do with Roundup, the more time you'll save per call. A complete weed control program with Roundup can also mean a considerable savings of time and labor on repeat treatments. With a 2% solution of Roundup you can control over 90 kinds of problem weeds—roots and all—so they won't grow back. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS FOR ROUNDUP Roundup® is a registered trademark of Monsanto Company. € Monsanto Company 1983. RUP-SP3-101 m USE ROUNDUP, LABOR YOU'LL SAVE. What's more, Roundup leaves no residual soil activity, and it won't wash or leach out to harm desirable vegetation. That makes Roundup ideal for around shrubs and flower beds, around trees and ipother areas. Using Roundup makes good business sense. Look around. The more you do, the more you 11 save. See your herbicide dealer soon. iFOR A FREE GUIDE TO ROUNDUP, CALL 1-800-621-5800 'POLL FREE. IN ILLINOIS CALL 1-800-972-5858. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Stephen Brown (former editor of ALA) Richard J. Hull, University of Rhode Island Malcolm Shurtleff, University of Illinois E. (Dick) Schmidt, Virginia Tech. A. Martin Petrovic, Cornell University Joseph M. Vargas, Michigan State University Keith Kennedy, ChemLawn E. L. Knake, University of Illinois Richard C. Rathjens, Davey Tree Expert Co. Don Blasingame, Mississippi State University Nick Christians, Iowa State University Peter H. Dernoeden, University of Maryland Marc C. Hirrel, University of Illinois Clinton F. Hodges, Iowa State University John A. Jagschitz, University of Rhode Island B. J. Johnson, University of Georgia Leon T. Lucas, North Carolina State University M. D. McGlamery, University of Illinois Landon C. Miller, Clemson University Robert E. Partyka, Chemscape Herbert T. Streu, Rutgers University Patricia L. Sanders, Pennsylvania State University H. L. Cromroy, University of Florida D. E. Short, University of Florida A. D. Oliver, Louisiana State University K. N. Komblas, Louisiana State University Norman W. Hummel, Jr., Pennsylvania State University To all our subscribers, contributing editors John R. Street, Ohio State University and advertisers, we would like to thank you Cynthia L. Brown, Michigan State University for your continued support during the past T. E. Freeman, University of Florida year. We extend our wishes for a Joyful Daniel Potter, University of Kentucky W. H. Robinson, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. Holiday and Prosperous New Year. From all Patricia P. Cobb, Auburn University the staff at ALA- Happy Holidays! William Mitchell, University of Delaware Karl Danneberger, Michigan State University Edward A. Brown, University of Georgia Gary A. Dunn, Michigan State University Glenn Dudderar, Michigan State University T. L. Watschke, Pennsylvania State University Harry D. Niemczyk, Ohio State University Stephen G. Fushtey, Agriculture Canada John R. Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. John F. Shoulders. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ. Noel Jackson, University of Rhode Island Mike Tolley, Ohio State University Copyright 1983. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Published bi-monthly for $10 per year by AMERICAN LAWN APPLICATOR, 31505 Grand River Ave., Suite 1, Farmington, Ml 48024. Phone (313) 474-4042. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Lawn Applicator, 31505 Grand River Ave., Suite 1, Fa/mington, Ml 48024. J YOU CAN SPEND MONEY RETREATING OXTAIL GOOSEGRASS CRABGRASS This year don't spend your time and money retreat- ing! You can again receive the reliable control of crabgrass, spurge, foxtail and other weeds with the OR convenience of pumping a liquid into your tanks. YOU CAN SAVE MONEY \ A/ITU Dacthal" is not only back but it's now available in a flow able form. For years Dacthal® has been the standard of the industry when it came to pre- emergence weed control, and now Bulkkem offers you Dacthal® Flowable. Save money and contact Bulkkem for Flowable Dacthal.® Available in bulk quantities of 200 gallons or more. AVAILABLE IN BULK Easy transport, less waste, less handling problems, when supplied in bulk. ASK ABOUT OUR SPECIAL CONTAINER PROGRAM. CALL our toll free number 1 "800-447-4131 or write for further information. distributed by BULKKEM BULK SUPPLIERS OF m LAWN CHEMICALS THE BULKKEM CORPORATION • 400 NORTHTOWN ROAD • NORMAL. IL. 61761 Sulfur-Coated Urea for Lawn Care Programs by Norman W. Hummel, Iowa State University Sulfur-coated urea is produced by quicker the SCU will release N in the ' spraying granular or prilled urea with a soil. Most commercial sulfur-coated layer of molten sulfur. When the sulfur ureas have dissolution rates ranging | hardens it forms a coating that is im- from 20 to 35%. permeable to water around the soluble One of the first SCU materials urea. Since defects such as cracks, pin- made available for turfgrass fertiliza- > holes, and pores develop in the coating tion was "Gold-N", an SCU prill made ' as the sulfur hardens, a mixture of by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). f polyethylene and heavy weight oil is Studies in England found that "Gold-N' i usually sprayed on the SCU pellets to applied twice a year produced high qual-1 seal these defects. Finally, diatomaceous ity turf similar to that produced by i multiple applications of ammonium sulfate. A new process for coating / The real advantage of urea granules was later developed by SCU is the nonuniform the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). I Researchers in Florida found that TVA coating that produces a SCU with a 9% dissolution rate pro- duced more favorable results than uniform, extended IBDU, ureaform, and activated sewage Norman W. Hummel is an Assistant response to N when sludge. More recent work has shown | Professor and Extension Turf grass Spe- turfgrass response to different SCU ma- j cialist at Iowa State University. He re- applied to turf terials to be very favorable. However, ' ceived his B.S. degree from New Mexico response may vary depending on coating | State University in A gronomy and his thickness and coating method. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Penn State earth is added as a conditioner to pre- While the agronomic potential of I University, also in Agronomy. Dr. Hum- vent sticking and to make the surface SCU as a turfgrass fertilizer was recog- j mel's research interests He in the areas hydrophilic. The final product contains nized, there were still some unanswered ' of N nutrition and pesticide screening. 32 to 38% N, 13 to 20% sulfur, 2 to 3% questions regarding how SCU could be | sealant, and about 2% conditioner. used in a fertilizer program. In 1978 a It is possible to produce SCU with cooperative study was started between different N release rates by varying the Penn State University and the Tennessee | ometimes there seem to be as coating thickness. The real advantage of Valley Authority (TVA) to take a closer many nitrogen (N) fertilizers SCU, though, is that the coating thick- look at SCU. Similar experiments were | on the market as there are days ness of the final product is not at all conducted in State College, Pennsyl- j in Sthe year. And every manufacturer, uniform. A mixture of fractured, thin, vania, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama, so ' formulator, and distributor claims that and thick-coated urea pellets provide that two climatic regions and different | theirs is better than the rest. While every for immediate, intermediate, and long- grass species would be represented. N source or formulation probably has term release of N. The result of this non- Several fertilizer programs were its place, one material that has become uniform coating is a product that will evaluated. Three SCU materials were popular in granular lawn care programs produce a uniform, extended response applied at different rates and timing of is sulfur-coated urea (SCU). Its popu- to N when applied to turf. application to an established stand of larity should come as no surprise. Re- The rate of N release from SCU is Merion Kentucky bluegrass. Tifway ber- search has consistently shown SCU to often classified by a 7-day dissolution mudagrass and Meyer zoysiagrass were produce favorable results in turfgrass rate. This refers to a laboratory test that the turfgrasses used in the Alabama field trials. Also, the cost of SCU is determines how much SCU-urea dis- study. Two of the SCU products were competitive with other slow-release N solves in water at 100° in a 7-day peri- made by the TVA process; one with an I sources. od. The higher the dissolution rate, the 11 % dissolution rate (SCU-11) and the I Since the release of N from SCU is I00 somewhat temperature dependent, the annual rate of N from CIL SCU and SCU-25 should be split into three or 3 O 75 four applications in warmer climates. <n Studies in Alabama support this be- TVA-II cause the dissolution of SCU-25 was o UJ about 20% faster than in Pennsylvania. IJ In fact, the response of zoysiagrass and QCL < TVA-25 bermudagrass suggested that the only advantage to using SCU-25 over water O soluble N was that the foliar burn haz- ard was removed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An African Green Revolution, Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms {Keijiro Otsuka} [940075759X] (2012).Pdf
    Keijiro Otsuka Donald F. Larson Editors An African Green Revolution Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms An African Green Revolution Keijiro Otsuka • Donald F. Larson Editors An African Green Revolution Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms Editors Keijiro Otsuka Donald F. Larson National Graduate Institute The World Bank for Policy Studies Research Group 7-2 2-1 Roppongi 1818 H Street Northwest Minato , Tokyo 106-8677 Washington , DC 20433 Japan USA The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily re fl ect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. ISBN 978-94-007-5759-2 ISBN 978-94-007-5760-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5760-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951120 © The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A
    Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT 39037 Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture and Rural Development Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A. Kelly, Ron J. Kopicki, and Derek Byerlee Public Disclosure Authorized Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Michael Morris Valerie A. Kelly Ron J. Kopicki Derek Byerlee © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 :: 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Fertilizer Use Manual
    SECTION CONTENTS: • Introduction • Ancient Practices • After the Fall of Rome • The Middle Ages • Chemical Discoveries • Early Understandings of Plant Growth • Early Field Experiments with Chemical Fertilizers • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Potassium • Granular, Homogeneous, Mixed Fertilizers • Bulk Blending • Fluid Mixed Fertilizers Introduction Use of commercial fertilizers has only a short history compared to the length of time that man is known to have grown crops. It is believed that crop production began some 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. For example, there are records of cropping dating back over 7,000 years in China and nearly that long in Norway. It was not until the 1840s that limited quantities of a few types of natural commercial fertilizer such as Peruvian guano and Chilean sodium nitrate were first used in the Western world. 1 Ancient Practices Up to the Fall of Rome Many of the sound agricultural practices of today, including manuring, liming, and crop rotations with legumes were also important in ancient times. Also, the value of silt deposits from flooding rivers in maintaining soil productivity was recognized over 5,000 years ago by the early Egyptians living along the Nile River and by the Mesopotamian civilization occupying the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, now present day Iraq. Figure Egyptian 1.1 Agriculture Organic manures have been used in Chinese agriculture for over 3,000 years. Descriptions of using human and animal wastes, plant ashes and grasses and how these materials benefited crop production and improved soil fertility were recorded in that country over 2,000 years ago. The age of the Greeks, probably between 800 to 200 B.C., was a "Golden Age" and during this early period several historians and writers referred to the manuring of crops and adjusting the amounts for thin and rich soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan
    Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan ❙ 1 © Gwoeii Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan First edition, IFA, Paris, France, May 2015 Copyright 2015 IFA. All rights reserved The publication can be downloaded from IFA’s website www.fertilizer.org/Library ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Ryan Bijay Singh Consultant Soil Scientist, Carrigataha, Cahir, Tipperary, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, Ireland – [email protected] India – [email protected] Dr John Ryan, researcher, educator, and editor, has Dr. Bijay Singh is INSA Senior Scientist at Punjab degrees from University College Dublin ( PhD, D.Sc) and Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. He is a fellow is currently a consultant in Ireland. He spent 37 years of the Indian National Science Academy and National in the Middle East as Senior Scientist at ICARDA in Syria, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and was one of the Professor of Agronomy with the University of Nebraska ten National Professors in India during 2006 to 2012. in Morocco and Professor of Soil Science at the American His contributions on nitrogen balance in soil plant University of Beirut, and previously at the University of systems have led to better understanding for enhancing Arizona. His main area of interest is dryland soil fertility nitrogen use efficiency in rice-wheat cropping system and plant nutrition. He is a Fellow of ASA, SSSA, CSSA, and reducing fertilizer nitrogen related environmental and AAAS, and is recipient of the International Awards in pollution. His work on nitrogen management in rice and ASA, SSSA, and CSSA, Distinguished Soil Science Award, wheat using leaf color chart is proving very useful in IFA Crop Nutrition Award, IPNI Science Award, J.Benton enhancing fertilizer use efficiency in South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Fertilizers Industries
    Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER INTRODUCTIN TO FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES BY TAREK ISMAIL KAKHIA 1 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER page Item 3 Fertilizer 71 N - P - K rating 17 Fertilizers Inorganic Acids: 21 Sulfur 53 Sulfur Dioxide 11 Sulfur Trioxide 44 Sulfuric Acid 35 Nitrogen 35 Liquid Nitrogen 37 Nitrogen Cycle 51 Nitrogen Oxide 53 Nitric oxide ( NOX ) 22 Nitrogen Di Oxide 27 Nitrous Oxide 111 Nitric Oxide 121 Di Nitrogen Pent oxide 714 Nitric Acid 151 Phosphate Minerals ( Phosphate Rock (Phospharite ٌ 157 155 Phosphorus 132 Phosphorus Oxide 171 Phosphorus Tri Oxide 172 Phosphorus Pent Oxide 711 Phosphoric Acid 137 Phospho Gypsum 711 Fertilizers Alkalizes: 787 Ammonia 211 Ammonia Production 211 Amine Gas Treating 171 Ammonium Hydroxide 212 Category : Ammonium Compounds 221 Potassium 253 Potassium Hydroxide 211 Fertilizers Salts 215 Ammonium Ferric Citrate 2 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER 211 Ammonium Nitrate 215 Di Ammonium Phosphate 212 Tri Ammonium Phosphate 231 Ammonium Sulfate 232 Calcium Nitrate 231 Calcium Phosphate 233 Mono Calcium Phosphate 271 Di Calcium Phosphate 271 Tri Calcium Phosphate 271 Sodium Nitrate 267 Magnesium Phosphate 275 Di Magnesium Phosphate 272 Magnesium Sulfate 235 Potassium Chloride 235 Potassium Citrate 251 Potassium Nitrate 253 Potassium Phosphate 257 Mono Potassium Phosphate 255 Di Potassium Phosphate 252 Tri Potassium Phosphate 221 Potassium Sulfate 221 Borax 511 Organic Fertilizers: 515 Compost 513 Composting 521 Urea 555 Urea Cycle 555 Urea Phosphate 331 Extension & Supplements 511 Macronutrient & Micronutrient Fertilizers 535 Category : Phosphate minerals 533 Pozzolan 535 Pumice 5 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Fertilizer Use Is a Problem in Africa
    Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT 39037 Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture and Rural Development Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A. Kelly, Ron J. Kopicki, and Derek Byerlee Public Disclosure Authorized Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Michael Morris Valerie A. Kelly Ron J. Kopicki Derek Byerlee © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 :: 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Fertilizer Ordinances – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
    Florida Fertilizer Ordinances – The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Florida Stormwater Association 2014 Annual Conference June 13, 2014 Harvey H. Harper, Ph.D., P.E. Environmental Research & Design, Inc. 2 Nitrogen 250,000 Fertilizer Use in 200,000 Florida 150,000 (Source: FDACS) 100,000 Nitrogen (tons) Nitrogen 50,000 Fertilizer is a multi-billion 0 dollar industry in Florida Farm Non Farm Fertilizer use in Florida increased steadily each Phosphate 100,000 year until about 2000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 Use has declined 50,000 significantly since 40,000 30,000 (tons) Phosphate 20,000 FDACS suggests that 10,000 0 decline is due to fertilizer regulation Farm Non Farm 3 Farm Acreage 10,400,000 Fertilizer Use in 10,200,000 Florida 10,000,000 (Source: FDACS) 9,800,000 9,600,000 9,400,000 Fertilizer decrease highly FarmedAcreage 9,200,000 correlated with decrease in farm land 9,000,000 8,800,000 8,600,000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Phosphate (as P2O5) Nitrogen (as N) (Multiply x 0.44 to get P) 250,000 90,000 R² = 0.78 80,000 200,000 R2 = 0.80 70,000 60,000 150,000 50,000 40,000 100,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 10,000 Nitrogen Use (tons/yr) Use Nitrogen Phosphate Use (tons/yr) Phosphate Use 0 0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 Farming Area (acres x 106) Farming Area (acres x 106) 4 Comparison of Florida Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption (tons) by Use from July 2010-June 2011 (6% of total) Mean N composition = 7.4% Comparison of Florida Phosphorus Fertilizer Consumption (tons) by Use from July 2010-June 2011
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER Tennessee Valley
    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No. AL-46 Tennessee Valley Authority Reservation Road Muscle Shoals Colbert County Alabama ALA PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL & DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER 2 HAER No. AL-46 Location: Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals Alabama tut )7. Date of Construction: 1918 I- Designer/Engineer: Air Nitrate Corporation Builder/Fabricator: Westinghouse, Church, & Kerr Company Present Owner: Tennessee Valley Authority Present Use: Environment Research Center Significance: Production of Ammonium Nitrate Project Information: This recording project is part of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), a long range program to document the engineering industrial and transportation heritage of the United States. The HAER program is administered by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Division of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The Tennessee Valley Authority-Muscle Shoals Recording Project was cosponsored during the summer of 1994 by HAER under the general direction of Robert J. Kapsch, Chief of HABS/HAER and by the Tennessee Valley Authority with the staff of the Tennessee Valley Authority's Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The field work, measured drawings, historical report, and photographs were prepared under the direction of Eric N. De Lony, Chief of HAER and Project Leader; Richard O'Connor, Project Historian; Jet Lowe, HAER Photographer; and Craig N. Strong, Project Architect. The recording team consisted of Tom Behrens, Field Supervisor; Balazs Krikovszky (ICOMOS) and Sergio Sanchez, Architects and Susie B.
    [Show full text]
  • Fertilizer Use in North America: Types and Amounts - T.L
    AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Vol. II - Fertilizer Use in North America: Types and Amounts - T.L. Roberts, and D.W. Dibb FERTILIZER USE IN NORTH AMERICA: TYPES AND AMOUNTS T.L. Roberts, and D.W. Dibb Potash & Phosphate Institute, Norcross, Georgia, USA Keywords: Nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate, potassium, potash, fertilizer Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Fertilizer Use 2.1. Early American Agriculture 2.2 Introduction of Commercial Fertilizer Industry 2.3 Discovery of Phosphate Rock 2.4 Discovery of Potash 2.5 North American Nitrogen Industry 3. Fertilizer Use and Crop Production 4. Fertilizer and Environmental Issues 5. Future Trends in the Fertilizer Industry Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary North America (United States and Canada) produces and sells more fertilizer than any country in the world. The U.S. is the world’s largest producer and exporter of phosphorus (P), while Canada leads in production and export of potassium (K). North America is also the world’s second largest consumer of fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers were introduced to North America in the mid 1800s with the import of guano and acidulated phosphates, but the origin of the industry began with the arrival of the early colonists almost 200 years earlier. Within 100 years of their arrival on the Atlantic coast, the agriculture systems of the early colonists exploited native soil fertility resulting in ‘worn out’ lands. This prompted a nationwide move to improve farming practices, which led to recognition of the importance of soil fertility and the introductionUNESCO of liming and fertilizer materials. – EOLSS The finding of SAMPLEphosphate rock in South Ca rolinaCHAPTERS in 1837 and then other deposits in Florida, North Carolina and the West were the most important developments in the history of USA fertilizer industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Ba %WIPS - Er, E., S , M Ferfil' N D T 9 Rl T" Jl-"R
    atlooalTotashWtiMe, Vrqbi tl t ri Ba %WIPS _-_ er, _e., s_, M Ferfil' N d T 9 rl T, t"jl-"r- a AL_.r ract" np 4ot Wot m of the lwennsth-6nA -P .1984, International Potash Institute Nutrient Balances and Fertilizer Needs in Temperate Agriculture fProceedings of the 18th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute held in Gardone-Riviera/Italy 1984 Contents Opening Session Page A. Malquori Introduction 9 1st Session Nutrient Balances in Farming Systems A. van Diest Characteristics of nutrient cycling and nutrient balance sheets in low-input and high-input agriculture 13 G. Toderi and G. Giordani Long-term development of soil nutrient status in an intensive cropping system 39 J. McEwen and A.E. Johnston Factors affecting the production and composition of mixed grass/clover swards containing modem high-yielding clovers 47 WE. Murphy Nutrient balances in farming systems - Intensive grassland in Northwestern Europe 63 U. Walther Nutrient balance in mixed farming sys- tems with low and high stocking rates 71 T Walsh Co-ordinator's Report on the I st Session 83 2nd Session Evaluation of Nutrient Balances H. Beringer Prospects and limitations of soil and plant analysis for establishing nutrient balances for major crops 91 R. Edelstein, Sala Feigenbaum Potassium and structural cations release and L Shainberg from micas in dilute solutions 115 J.P. Ryser Evaluation of potassium fixation and release in nutrient balances 129 5 G. Chisci and P. Spallaci Nutrient losses by leaching and run-off and possibilities of their control 137 A.E. Johnston and J. McEwen The special value for crop production of reserves of nutrients in the subsoil and the use of special methods of deep placement in raising yields 157 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Steelmaking Slag for Fertilizer Usage
    NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 109 JULY 2015 Technical Report UDC 669 . 184 . 28 : 631 . 82 /. 86 Steelmaking Slag for Fertilizer Usage Kimio ITO* Abstract Both blast furnace slag and steelmaking slag have been utilized as raw materials for fertilizer. Fertilizers made of blast furnace slag or steelmaking slag are categorized in slag silicate fertilizer, byproduced lime fertilizer, slag phosphate fertilizer or iron matter of spe- cial fertilizer. Effective elements in blast furnace slag are Ca, Si and Mg. Steelmaking slag contains Ca, Si, Mg, P, Mn and Fe. Steelmaking slag also contains plant available Si. There- fore, fertilizers made of steelmaking slag is more useful. Four research examples were in- troduced. : (1) Formation of silica body cells by application of silicate fertilizer. (2) Registra- tion as phosphate fertilizer. (3) Restoration of paddy fields damaged by Tsunami. (4) Composting of cow manure using steelmaking slag. 1. Introduction 2. Main Subject According to Nippon Slag Association’s statistics on the use of 2.1 History of fertilizer using steelmaking slag as a raw material slag in 2012,1) the consumption of blast furnace slag was 1 390 000 and the fertilizer control law tons for civil engineering, 18 220 000 tons for cement production, The use of steelmaking slag as a raw material for fertilizer began and 3 340 000 tons for sub-base course material. The consumption to spread mainly in Europe. In 1878, the Thomas converter process of steelmaking slag was 3 470 000 tons for civil engineering, 530 000 was invented in England. Since then, the process had been devel- tons for cement production, and 260 000 tons for sub-base course oped in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No
    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No. AL-46 Tennessee Valley Authority Reservation Road Muscle Shoals Colbert County Alabama ALA PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL & DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER 2 HAER No. AL-46 Location: Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals Alabama tut )7. Date of Construction: 1918 I- Designer/Engineer: Air Nitrate Corporation Builder/Fabricator: Westinghouse, Church, & Kerr Company Present Owner: Tennessee Valley Authority Present Use: Environment Research Center Significance: Production of Ammonium Nitrate Project Information: This recording project is part of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), a long range program to document the engineering industrial and transportation heritage of the United States. The HAER program is administered by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Division of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The Tennessee Valley Authority-Muscle Shoals Recording Project was cosponsored during the summer of 1994 by HAER under the general direction of Robert J. Kapsch, Chief of HABS/HAER and by the Tennessee Valley Authority with the staff of the Tennessee Valley Authority's Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The field work, measured drawings, historical report, and photographs were prepared under the direction of Eric N. De Lony, Chief of HAER and Project Leader; Richard O'Connor, Project Historian; Jet Lowe, HAER Photographer; and Craig N. Strong, Project Architect. The recording team consisted of Tom Behrens, Field Supervisor; Balazs Krikovszky (ICOMOS) and Sergio Sanchez, Architects and Susie B.
    [Show full text]