DOCSLIB.ORG

Ba %WIPS - Er, E., S , M Ferfil' N D T 9 Rl T" Jl-"R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

atlooalTotashWtiMe, Vrqbi tl t ri Ba %WIPS _-_ er, _e., s_, M Ferfil' N d T 9 rl T, t"jl-"r- a AL_.r ract" np 4ot Wot m of the lwennsth-6nA -P .1984, International Potash Institute Nutrient Balances and Fertilizer Needs in Temperate Agriculture fProceedings of the 18th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute held in Gardone-Riviera/Italy 1984 Contents Opening Session Page A. Malquori Introduction 9 1st Session Nutrient Balances in Farming Systems A. van Diest Characteristics of nutrient cycling and nutrient balance sheets in low-input and high-input agriculture 13 G. Toderi and G. Giordani Long-term development of soil nutrient status in an intensive cropping system 39 J. McEwen and A.E. Johnston Factors affecting the production and composition of mixed grass/clover swards containing modem high-yielding clovers 47 WE. Murphy Nutrient balances in farming systems - Intensive grassland in Northwestern Europe 63 U. Walther Nutrient balance in mixed farming sys- tems with low and high stocking rates 71 T Walsh Co-ordinator's Report on the I st Session 83 2nd Session Evaluation of Nutrient Balances H. Beringer Prospects and limitations of soil and plant analysis for establishing nutrient balances for major crops 91 R. Edelstein, Sala Feigenbaum Potassium and structural cations release and L Shainberg from micas in dilute solutions 115 J.P. Ryser Evaluation of potassium fixation and release in nutrient balances 129 5 G. Chisci and P. Spallaci Nutrient losses by leaching and run-off and possibilities of their control 137 A.E. Johnston and J. McEwen The special value for crop production of reserves of nutrients in the subsoil and the use of special methods of deep placement in raising yields 157 A. Kechl Potassium balances in a series of field ex- periments 177 A. Vez Co-ordinator's Report on the 2nd Session 187 3rd Session Building Yields by Fertilizer Input in Temperate Agricultural Systems P.B. Tinker Site-specific yield potentials in relation to fertilizer use 193 P. Sequi and P. Nannipierri Nitrification inhibitors and nutrient up- take by plants 209 K. Nemeth Response of grain yield of wheat to potassium as a function of nitrogen dynamics in the soil 217 G. Trolldenier Effect of potassium fertilizers on take-all of wheat 225 Denise Blanc The influence of mineral nutrition on plant susceptibility to pathogens 235 S.L. Jansson Co-ordinator's Report on the 3rd Session 243 4th Session Fertilizer Needs in Temperate Ecosystems J. Hebert Levels of fertilizer input and soil nutrient status in European agriculture 249 G. Droeven and L Rixhon Fertilizers, soil and crop management - Evaluation of long-term field exper- iments (1953-1983) 273 G. Thevenet Interactions between fertilizers and irri- gation with reference to nitrogen and winter wheat 291 6 H. Mantinger Fertilizer needs in fruit production 307 M. Fregoni Nutrient needs in wine production 319 0. Steineck Co-ordinator's Report on the 4th Session 333 5th Session Agricultural Productivity in Ecosystems LN. Overrein Biogeochemistry of forest ecosystems in relation to maintaining or increasing their productivity 339 K. Mengel Nutrient availability, fertilizer input and agricultural yields 349 7 Introduction A. Malquori, Chairman of the 18th IPI-Colloquium, Member of the Scientific Board of the International Potash Institute* As Chairman of this Colloquium, my first, and very pleasant, duty is to welcome you all to Gardone. We are honoured that after an interval of some years the InternationalPotash Institutedecided on Italy as the venue for the 18th Colloquium. In the early years of the Institute we were hosts in Rome for the 1955 Congress 'Potassiumin the Soil'. Later, in 1968 the Colloquium dealing with the 'Fertilization of Protected Crops' was held in Florence. The title for the current cycle of IPI's scientific colloquia is: 'Nutrient Balances and Fertilizer Needs in Different Climates" This title expresses our concern as to how much fertilizer per unit area is needed if we wish to sustain optimum plant growth now and to maintain soil fertility for the future. Essential in the nutrition of plants under natural conditions is the cycling of nutri- ents between the pedosphere, the biosphere (microorganisms, plants, animals), the hydrosphere and, to some extent, the atmosphere. Rates of nutrient transition between these must be known if the balance of nutrients is to be adequately defined from the ecological point of view. In agriculture, we, as scientists, are especially con- cerned with the soil's ability to supply nutrients to the growing crop over a growing season. Plants take up nutrients from the soil solution in which concentrations are buffered by nutrients adsorbed to clay minerals and organic matter and we might consider nutrient balance as that situation in which plant nutrients are in the equi- librium situation required for optimum growth. However, conditions can never be static owing to nutrient uptake by plants and to losses by leaching or volatilization. A useful practical approach is to consider nutrient balances over a growing season or over a rotation and so to establish balance sheets based on nutrient inputs and outputs. This 'book-keeping' approach is appropriate for planning fertilizer use on a regional or national basis. In taking the nutrient balance concept into the field we really need more detail and we have to take into account effects which the soil, the weather and the crop might have on the mobility and availability of plant nutrients. These can best be investi- gated in field experiments. The aim is to arrive at the situation where the field pro- duces economically optimum yields which can be maintained over many years and where the efficiency of fertilizer use is high. These are the aspects which will be prin- cipally discussed here, as they were in last year's Colloquium in Morocco dealing with arid and semi-arid climates and will be next year in a tropical environment. We have five working sessions: 1) Nutrient balances in farming systems, 2) Evalu- ation of nutrient balances, 3) Building yields by fertilizer input in temperate agricul- tural systems, 4) Fertilizer needs in temperate eco-systems, 5) Agricultural productivity in eco-systems. When the lectures and discussions are finished, the excursions will allow you to see something of specialized agriculture in the region. * Prof. Dr. A. Malquori, Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Forestale, Facolt. di Agraria, Piazzale Cascine 28, 1-50100 Fireaze/Italy 9 The choice of northern Italy to represent the temperate zone places our Colloquium in the centre of a type of agriculture which can be considered advanced in its control of soil fertility, in the use of selected crop varieties and which is highly productive both in general farming and in highly specialized enterprises. Touching the soils of this region which have been cultivated over so many generations, it is interesting to remark that in his first report on Italy, Bonaparte described the plains of northern Italy as being among the most fertile in the world. The propitious natural conditions have favoured the development of industry and in some regions such as Piedmont, Lombardy, Venetia and Emilia excellent relations have been established between agriculture and industry. I am sure that the results which will be presented here and the discussions we shall have will contribute conspicuously to the perfection of fertilizer use in the temperate area and that this will in turn be evidenced by a further improvement in agricultural production in both quantitative and qualitative terms. We should never forget that the main problem which agriculture has to face is the constant growth in world population; there is no doubt that fertilizers have a key role to play in solving this problem. I am glad that you are all able to take part in this Colloquium. Knowing the standing of our speakers, I am sure you will find your participation to be fruitful. I wish you all a pleasant stay on the shores of this beautiful lake which has something to offer to everyone and which was found so congenial by Catullus, Virgil, Dante and Goethe. 10 Chairman of the 1st Session Dr. T Walsh, former Director of the Institute of Agriculture of Ireland, Dublin/Ireland; mem- ber of the Scientific Board of the International Potash Institute 1st Session Nutrient Balances in Farming Systems Characteristics of Nutrient Cycling and Nutrient Balance Sheets in Low- Input and High-Input Agriculture A. van Diest, Department of Soid Science and Plant Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural Uni- versity/Netherlands*; Member of the Scientific Board of the International Potash Institute Summary Nutrient cycles for the elements N, P, and K were considered. It was shown that for all three nutrients the cycles can be divided into subcycles. For each cycle, in one of the subcycles the nutrient involved is channeled toward the crop that is grown. The other subcycles act as com- petitors with the crop for the nutrient. In the case of N, microorganisms and the atmosphere are the main competitors. For P, the soil is the primary competitor with microbes taking a sec- ond position. For K, surface water and the oceans are competing with higher plants, while under certain conditions the soil can be a strong competitor. To maximize the efficiency of utilization of nutrients applied as fertilizers, care should be taken that the general growing conditions allow a crop to compete as effectively as possible with other agents in the various nutrient cycles for the nutrient involved. The examples shown in this paper make it clear that the degree of recovery of a fertilizer nutrient is usually a func- tion of the quality of the growing conditions and also of the type of farming, but not of the quantity of the nutrient applied as long as the quantity is adjusted to the need of the crop grown.
Recommended publications
  • An African Green Revolution, Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms {Keijiro Otsuka} [940075759X] (2012).Pdf

    An African Green Revolution, Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms {Keijiro Otsuka} [940075759X] (2012).Pdf

    Keijiro Otsuka Donald F. Larson Editors An African Green Revolution Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms An African Green Revolution Keijiro Otsuka • Donald F. Larson Editors An African Green Revolution Finding Ways to Boost Productivity on Small Farms Editors Keijiro Otsuka Donald F. Larson National Graduate Institute The World Bank for Policy Studies Research Group 7-2 2-1 Roppongi 1818 H Street Northwest Minato , Tokyo 106-8677 Washington , DC 20433 Japan USA The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily re fl ect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. ISBN 978-94-007-5759-2 ISBN 978-94-007-5760-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5760-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951120 © The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
  • Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A

    Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A

    Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT 39037 Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture and Rural Development Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A. Kelly, Ron J. Kopicki, and Derek Byerlee Public Disclosure Authorized Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Michael Morris Valerie A. Kelly Ron J. Kopicki Derek Byerlee © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 :: 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
  • Efficient Fertilizer Use Manual

    Efficient Fertilizer Use Manual

    SECTION CONTENTS: • Introduction • Ancient Practices • After the Fall of Rome • The Middle Ages • Chemical Discoveries • Early Understandings of Plant Growth • Early Field Experiments with Chemical Fertilizers • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Potassium • Granular, Homogeneous, Mixed Fertilizers • Bulk Blending • Fluid Mixed Fertilizers Introduction Use of commercial fertilizers has only a short history compared to the length of time that man is known to have grown crops. It is believed that crop production began some 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. For example, there are records of cropping dating back over 7,000 years in China and nearly that long in Norway. It was not until the 1840s that limited quantities of a few types of natural commercial fertilizer such as Peruvian guano and Chilean sodium nitrate were first used in the Western world. 1 Ancient Practices Up to the Fall of Rome Many of the sound agricultural practices of today, including manuring, liming, and crop rotations with legumes were also important in ancient times. Also, the value of silt deposits from flooding rivers in maintaining soil productivity was recognized over 5,000 years ago by the early Egyptians living along the Nile River and by the Mesopotamian civilization occupying the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, now present day Iraq. Figure Egyptian 1.1 Agriculture Organic manures have been used in Chinese agriculture for over 3,000 years. Descriptions of using human and animal wastes, plant ashes and grasses and how these materials benefited crop production and improved soil fertility were recorded in that country over 2,000 years ago. The age of the Greeks, probably between 800 to 200 B.C., was a "Golden Age" and during this early period several historians and writers referred to the manuring of crops and adjusting the amounts for thin and rich soils.
  • Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan

    Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan

    Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan ❙ 1 © Gwoeii Managing Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Health Bijay Singh and John Ryan First edition, IFA, Paris, France, May 2015 Copyright 2015 IFA. All rights reserved The publication can be downloaded from IFA’s website www.fertilizer.org/Library ABOUT THE AUTHORS John Ryan Bijay Singh Consultant Soil Scientist, Carrigataha, Cahir, Tipperary, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, Ireland – [email protected] India – [email protected] Dr John Ryan, researcher, educator, and editor, has Dr. Bijay Singh is INSA Senior Scientist at Punjab degrees from University College Dublin ( PhD, D.Sc) and Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. He is a fellow is currently a consultant in Ireland. He spent 37 years of the Indian National Science Academy and National in the Middle East as Senior Scientist at ICARDA in Syria, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and was one of the Professor of Agronomy with the University of Nebraska ten National Professors in India during 2006 to 2012. in Morocco and Professor of Soil Science at the American His contributions on nitrogen balance in soil plant University of Beirut, and previously at the University of systems have led to better understanding for enhancing Arizona. His main area of interest is dryland soil fertility nitrogen use efficiency in rice-wheat cropping system and plant nutrition. He is a Fellow of ASA, SSSA, CSSA, and reducing fertilizer nitrogen related environmental and AAAS, and is recipient of the International Awards in pollution. His work on nitrogen management in rice and ASA, SSSA, and CSSA, Distinguished Soil Science Award, wheat using leaf color chart is proving very useful in IFA Crop Nutrition Award, IPNI Science Award, J.Benton enhancing fertilizer use efficiency in South Asia.
  • Introduction to Fertilizers Industries

    Introduction to Fertilizers Industries

    Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER INTRODUCTIN TO FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES BY TAREK ISMAIL KAKHIA 1 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER page Item 3 Fertilizer 71 N - P - K rating 17 Fertilizers Inorganic Acids: 21 Sulfur 53 Sulfur Dioxide 11 Sulfur Trioxide 44 Sulfuric Acid 35 Nitrogen 35 Liquid Nitrogen 37 Nitrogen Cycle 51 Nitrogen Oxide 53 Nitric oxide ( NOX ) 22 Nitrogen Di Oxide 27 Nitrous Oxide 111 Nitric Oxide 121 Di Nitrogen Pent oxide 714 Nitric Acid 151 Phosphate Minerals ( Phosphate Rock (Phospharite ٌ 157 155 Phosphorus 132 Phosphorus Oxide 171 Phosphorus Tri Oxide 172 Phosphorus Pent Oxide 711 Phosphoric Acid 137 Phospho Gypsum 711 Fertilizers Alkalizes: 787 Ammonia 211 Ammonia Production 211 Amine Gas Treating 171 Ammonium Hydroxide 212 Category : Ammonium Compounds 221 Potassium 253 Potassium Hydroxide 211 Fertilizers Salts 215 Ammonium Ferric Citrate 2 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org ADANA UNIVERSTY – INDUSTRY JOINT RESEARCH CENTER 211 Ammonium Nitrate 215 Di Ammonium Phosphate 212 Tri Ammonium Phosphate 231 Ammonium Sulfate 232 Calcium Nitrate 231 Calcium Phosphate 233 Mono Calcium Phosphate 271 Di Calcium Phosphate 271 Tri Calcium Phosphate 271 Sodium Nitrate 267 Magnesium Phosphate 275 Di Magnesium Phosphate 272 Magnesium Sulfate 235 Potassium Chloride 235 Potassium Citrate 251 Potassium Nitrate 253 Potassium Phosphate 257 Mono Potassium Phosphate 255 Di Potassium Phosphate 252 Tri Potassium Phosphate 221 Potassium Sulfate 221 Borax 511 Organic Fertilizers: 515 Compost 513 Composting 521 Urea 555 Urea Cycle 555 Urea Phosphate 331 Extension & Supplements 511 Macronutrient & Micronutrient Fertilizers 535 Category : Phosphate minerals 533 Pozzolan 535 Pumice 5 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia.
  • Low Fertilizer Use Is a Problem in Africa

    Low Fertilizer Use Is a Problem in Africa

    Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT 39037 Public Disclosure Authorized Agriculture and Rural Development Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Public Disclosure Authorized Michael Morris,Valerie A. Kelly, Ron J. Kopicki, and Derek Byerlee Public Disclosure Authorized Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines Michael Morris Valerie A. Kelly Ron J. Kopicki Derek Byerlee © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 :: 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
  • Florida Fertilizer Ordinances – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

    Florida Fertilizer Ordinances – the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

    Florida Fertilizer Ordinances – The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Florida Stormwater Association 2014 Annual Conference June 13, 2014 Harvey H. Harper, Ph.D., P.E. Environmental Research & Design, Inc. 2 Nitrogen 250,000 Fertilizer Use in 200,000 Florida 150,000 (Source: FDACS) 100,000 Nitrogen (tons) Nitrogen 50,000 Fertilizer is a multi-billion 0 dollar industry in Florida Farm Non Farm Fertilizer use in Florida increased steadily each Phosphate 100,000 year until about 2000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 Use has declined 50,000 significantly since 40,000 30,000 (tons) Phosphate 20,000 FDACS suggests that 10,000 0 decline is due to fertilizer regulation Farm Non Farm 3 Farm Acreage 10,400,000 Fertilizer Use in 10,200,000 Florida 10,000,000 (Source: FDACS) 9,800,000 9,600,000 9,400,000 Fertilizer decrease highly FarmedAcreage 9,200,000 correlated with decrease in farm land 9,000,000 8,800,000 8,600,000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Phosphate (as P2O5) Nitrogen (as N) (Multiply x 0.44 to get P) 250,000 90,000 R² = 0.78 80,000 200,000 R2 = 0.80 70,000 60,000 150,000 50,000 40,000 100,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 10,000 Nitrogen Use (tons/yr) Use Nitrogen Phosphate Use (tons/yr) Phosphate Use 0 0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 Farming Area (acres x 106) Farming Area (acres x 106) 4 Comparison of Florida Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption (tons) by Use from July 2010-June 2011 (6% of total) Mean N composition = 7.4% Comparison of Florida Phosphorus Fertilizer Consumption (tons) by Use from July 2010-June 2011
  • UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER Tennessee Valley

    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER Tennessee Valley

    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No. AL-46 Tennessee Valley Authority Reservation Road Muscle Shoals Colbert County Alabama ALA PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL & DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER 2 HAER No. AL-46 Location: Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals Alabama tut )7. Date of Construction: 1918 I- Designer/Engineer: Air Nitrate Corporation Builder/Fabricator: Westinghouse, Church, & Kerr Company Present Owner: Tennessee Valley Authority Present Use: Environment Research Center Significance: Production of Ammonium Nitrate Project Information: This recording project is part of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), a long range program to document the engineering industrial and transportation heritage of the United States. The HAER program is administered by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Division of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The Tennessee Valley Authority-Muscle Shoals Recording Project was cosponsored during the summer of 1994 by HAER under the general direction of Robert J. Kapsch, Chief of HABS/HAER and by the Tennessee Valley Authority with the staff of the Tennessee Valley Authority's Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The field work, measured drawings, historical report, and photographs were prepared under the direction of Eric N. De Lony, Chief of HAER and Project Leader; Richard O'Connor, Project Historian; Jet Lowe, HAER Photographer; and Craig N. Strong, Project Architect. The recording team consisted of Tom Behrens, Field Supervisor; Balazs Krikovszky (ICOMOS) and Sergio Sanchez, Architects and Susie B.
  • Fertilizer Use in North America: Types and Amounts - T.L

    Fertilizer Use in North America: Types and Amounts - T.L

    AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Vol. II - Fertilizer Use in North America: Types and Amounts - T.L. Roberts, and D.W. Dibb FERTILIZER USE IN NORTH AMERICA: TYPES AND AMOUNTS T.L. Roberts, and D.W. Dibb Potash & Phosphate Institute, Norcross, Georgia, USA Keywords: Nitrogen, phosphorus, phosphate, potassium, potash, fertilizer Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Fertilizer Use 2.1. Early American Agriculture 2.2 Introduction of Commercial Fertilizer Industry 2.3 Discovery of Phosphate Rock 2.4 Discovery of Potash 2.5 North American Nitrogen Industry 3. Fertilizer Use and Crop Production 4. Fertilizer and Environmental Issues 5. Future Trends in the Fertilizer Industry Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary North America (United States and Canada) produces and sells more fertilizer than any country in the world. The U.S. is the world’s largest producer and exporter of phosphorus (P), while Canada leads in production and export of potassium (K). North America is also the world’s second largest consumer of fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers were introduced to North America in the mid 1800s with the import of guano and acidulated phosphates, but the origin of the industry began with the arrival of the early colonists almost 200 years earlier. Within 100 years of their arrival on the Atlantic coast, the agriculture systems of the early colonists exploited native soil fertility resulting in ‘worn out’ lands. This prompted a nationwide move to improve farming practices, which led to recognition of the importance of soil fertility and the introductionUNESCO of liming and fertilizer materials. – EOLSS The finding of SAMPLEphosphate rock in South Ca rolinaCHAPTERS in 1837 and then other deposits in Florida, North Carolina and the West were the most important developments in the history of USA fertilizer industry.
  • Steelmaking Slag for Fertilizer Usage

    Steelmaking Slag for Fertilizer Usage

    NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 109 JULY 2015 Technical Report UDC 669 . 184 . 28 : 631 . 82 /. 86 Steelmaking Slag for Fertilizer Usage Kimio ITO* Abstract Both blast furnace slag and steelmaking slag have been utilized as raw materials for fertilizer. Fertilizers made of blast furnace slag or steelmaking slag are categorized in slag silicate fertilizer, byproduced lime fertilizer, slag phosphate fertilizer or iron matter of spe- cial fertilizer. Effective elements in blast furnace slag are Ca, Si and Mg. Steelmaking slag contains Ca, Si, Mg, P, Mn and Fe. Steelmaking slag also contains plant available Si. There- fore, fertilizers made of steelmaking slag is more useful. Four research examples were in- troduced. : (1) Formation of silica body cells by application of silicate fertilizer. (2) Registra- tion as phosphate fertilizer. (3) Restoration of paddy fields damaged by Tsunami. (4) Composting of cow manure using steelmaking slag. 1. Introduction 2. Main Subject According to Nippon Slag Association’s statistics on the use of 2.1 History of fertilizer using steelmaking slag as a raw material slag in 2012,1) the consumption of blast furnace slag was 1 390 000 and the fertilizer control law tons for civil engineering, 18 220 000 tons for cement production, The use of steelmaking slag as a raw material for fertilizer began and 3 340 000 tons for sub-base course material. The consumption to spread mainly in Europe. In 1878, the Thomas converter process of steelmaking slag was 3 470 000 tons for civil engineering, 530 000 was invented in England. Since then, the process had been devel- tons for cement production, and 260 000 tons for sub-base course oped in Germany.
  • UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No

    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No

    UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER KAER No. AL-46 Tennessee Valley Authority Reservation Road Muscle Shoals Colbert County Alabama ALA PHOTOGRAPHS REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS WRITTEN HISTORICAL & DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD UNITED STATES NITRATE PLANT NUMBER 2 HAER No. AL-46 Location: Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals Alabama tut )7. Date of Construction: 1918 I- Designer/Engineer: Air Nitrate Corporation Builder/Fabricator: Westinghouse, Church, & Kerr Company Present Owner: Tennessee Valley Authority Present Use: Environment Research Center Significance: Production of Ammonium Nitrate Project Information: This recording project is part of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), a long range program to document the engineering industrial and transportation heritage of the United States. The HAER program is administered by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Division of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The Tennessee Valley Authority-Muscle Shoals Recording Project was cosponsored during the summer of 1994 by HAER under the general direction of Robert J. Kapsch, Chief of HABS/HAER and by the Tennessee Valley Authority with the staff of the Tennessee Valley Authority's Environmental Research Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The field work, measured drawings, historical report, and photographs were prepared under the direction of Eric N. De Lony, Chief of HAER and Project Leader; Richard O'Connor, Project Historian; Jet Lowe, HAER Photographer; and Craig N. Strong, Project Architect. The recording team consisted of Tom Behrens, Field Supervisor; Balazs Krikovszky (ICOMOS) and Sergio Sanchez, Architects and Susie B.
  • Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer in the U.S

    Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer in the U.S

    Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer in the U.S. Sarah Sellars Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics University of Illinois Vander Nunes Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois February 17, 2021 farmdoc daily (11): 24 Recommended citation format: Sellars, S. and V. Nunes. “Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizer in the U.S.” farmdoc daily (11): 24, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, February 17, 2021. Permalink: https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2021/02/synthetic-nitrogen-fertilizer-in-the-us.html Introduction We provide background on nitrogen fertilizer production in the United States, thereby aiding in understanding conservation concerns with nitrogen production. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere and makes up approximately 78% of the atmosphere. One of the most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century is the Haber-Bosch process, which transforms atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic nitrogen for crop fertilization. The discovery of the Haber-Bosch process allowed for the widespread fertilization of crops, and together with other agricultural technology advancements, helped revolutionize food production for a growing world population. This article explores the history of nitrogen fertilizer use in the U.S., briefly explains the science of synthetic nitrogen production, and provides a discussion about the nitrogen industry in the U.S. today. History of Fertilizer in the U.S. According to Nelson (1990), the first documented use of fertilizer in the U.S. was by Native Americans who lived along certain streams in New England and New York and used fish caught in these streams to fertilize corn. Early colonists in the U.S.