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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand com er and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 TENDING TO DEVIANCE: SEXUALITY AND PUBIC POLICY IN URBAN VIRGINIA, RICHMOND AND NORFOLK, 1920-1950 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Philippa Holloway ***** The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: Professor Susan Hartmann, Adviser Approved by Professor Steven Conn ''^ ■ 1 ■ f-a é L t - Professor Leila Rupp Adviser Department of History Professor Jennifer Terry UMI Number: 9931615 Copyright 1999 by Holloway, Philippa Elizabeth All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9931615 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Philippa Holloway 1999 ABSTRACT This work argues that critical changes in Virginia’s government in the mid- twentieth century can be better understood by examining sex-related public policy measures. Between 1920 and 1950 Virginia’s policymakers focused increasing attention on the sexual behavior of citizens. State and local leaders identified sexual behaviors that seemed to have a negative impact on the state and inaugurated policies to control these behaviors or mitigate their purportedly harmful consequences. A campaign against venereal disease in the 1930s and anti-prostitution efforts during the second World War form the core of this study. However, this dissertation also considers statewide practices of sterilizing “ defective” individuals, laws against interracial marriage, debates over the appropriate treatment of “sexual psychopaths,” and movie censorship. Focusing on Norfolk and Richmond, provokes comparisons in policy between the two cities and underscores the conflicting objectives of federal, state and municipal governments. The war had a tremendous impact on Norfolk, and the failure of public officials to preserve public order and social hygiene there led to the city being labeled “America’s Worst War Town.” Public policies directed at sexual behavior illustrate key characteristics of the state in Virginia, particularly the ways the drive for economic growth, the emphasis on limited taxes and governmental expenditures, and the narrow distribution of political, social, and economic power shaped the form governance in Virginia took. i i For my Mom 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser, Susan Hartmann, for her thoughtful critiques of this project, her support for my work, and her kindness throughout my time at Ohio State. Thanks also to Steven Conn, Leila Rupp, and Jennifer Terry for serving on my dissertation committee and for their encouragement of my work and career. I thank the following for financial support for my research: The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University Graduate School; the Departments of History and Women’s Studies; and the Virginia Historical Society. Due to the kindness of Andrea Slane and Janice Connard, I benefited from a related kind of financial support, specifically free places to stay while on research trips. The enthusiasm of the staff of the Library of Virginia for Virginia history proved most contagious, directing me towards a dissertation topic focused on Virginia, and they have been most helpful ever since. Thanks especially to Brent Tarter and John Kneebone, who also read portions of this dissertation. 1 also appreciate the help of the staff at the Virginia Historical Society, the Old Dominion University Archives, the Special Collections of the University of Virginia, the Richmond Public Library, the Norfolk Public Library, the city of Norfolk Records Management Division; the National Archives Mid-Atlantic Region; and the National Archives at College Park. John D’Emilio and Birgitte Soland have been wonderful mentors, providing all kinds of assistance and advice for which I am very grateful. Many fiiends have helped me immeasurably, sharing intellectual camaraderie, laughter, and love. Thanks in particular to Debra Dickey, Nan Enstad, Susan Freeman, Susan Hartmann, Aileen Lynn, John Rogers, Birgitte Soland, Jennifer Terry, and most especially Ulpian Toney for his fine food and vast wisdom. I could not have done any of this without the constant support and love of my family, specifically my father, Peter Holloway, my step-mother Natasha Kononenko, my step-father Tom Lynn, my brothers Ken Holloway and Greg Holloway, and my sister-in- law Shu-Ling Holloway. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Caroline Tobia Holloway Lynn who died while 1 was half-way through writing it. IV VITA May 16, 1969...........................................Bora, Durham, North Carolina 1990.......................................................... B.A., History and Music, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1994.......................................................... M.A., History, University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1994-1998................................................Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University 1998-present.............................................Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. “ Searching for Southern Lesbian History,” inWomen o f the American South: A Multicultural Reader, ed. Christie Ann Famham, New York University Press (1997). 2. Review ofLonely Hunters : An Oral History o f Lesbian and Gay Southern Life, 1948- 1968, James T. Sears, in North Carolina Historical Review (April 1998). 3. “ Harry Hay,” “ Mattachine Society,” “ Stonewall Riot,”The Encyclopedia o f Civil Rights, Macmillan Reference (Forthcoming 2000). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Table of Contents Page Dedication........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ iii Vita........................................................................................................................................iv Chapters: 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 2. New Sex-Related Legislation in the 1920s................................................................ 3. Venereal Disease Control in the 1930s..................................................................... 4. The Second World War in Richmond; Protecting Social Hygiene.......................... 5. The Second World War in Norfolk: Struggling with for Control............................ 6. Sexuality and Public Policy in Post-War Virginia.................................................... 7. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. Bibliography........................................................................................................................ VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Public health officials and doctors in Virginia found themselves engaged in a gentlemanly but heated debate in the late 1920s. Dr. Ennion Williams, the state health commissioner, led one side, arguing against expanding governmental efforts at venereal disease control. In the 1929 annual report of the state department of health, Williams wrote, somewhat testily, “It is probably not necessary for me to restate my position on this subject. I have never been able to understand why we should operate clinics for the treatment of venereal diseases and not operate clinics for the cure of all communicable diseases.” Williams continued, also contending that though the state should educate people about health issues, “I am of the opinion that sex matters should not be openly discussed in schools, colleges, or public places to mixed audiences of male and female, young or old. Proper literature should be properly distributed by the State as approved by the Health and Educational Departments.” In the following year Williams would use his power
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