Ritualising Names The Construction of Order in Daoist Religious Rituals Xuan Luo 羅璇 A thesis presented for the degree of Master of Arts in Theology & Religious Studies (research) Supervisor Dr. Stefania Travagnin (
[email protected]) Second assessor Dr. Peter Berger (
[email protected]) Research Master Programme ‘Religion and Culture’ Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies Rijksuniversiteit Groningen October 2014 Abstract This study addresses the paradoxical problem of the advocacy for ‘namelessness’ in Daoist philosophy and the myriad of name-empowered phenomena in Daoist religion. Its particular focus is on the functions of names in three rituals from the early Way of Celestial Masters (142–fourth century ce): the exorcism of demons, the ordination of priests, and the summoning of divinities in healing rituals. The study takes an analytical approach upon the above cases. It has been found that the application of names in these rituals has an ordering effect upon the Daoist community in three respects: religiously, name-empowered rituals invoke effective channels of communication with the bureaucratic institutions which govern the realms of the Celestial, Terrestrial, and Netherworld; socially, they provide concrete means for Daoists to deal with real life problems that are beyond the control of common people; and politically, they contribute to the organisation of a hierarchical monastic system, which maintains the Daoist values, beliefs, traditions, morality, and taboos. The efficacy of those rituals is achieved by a trade-off between the commitment to Daoist belief and the divine powers that provide ready solutions to human sufferings, such as disease or demon possession. Thus, they serve as divine interventions in times of disrupted order.