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ASSYRIOLOGICAL STUDIES • No. 25 oi.uchicago.edu ASSYRIOLOGICAL STUDIES • No. 25 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland • Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE HITTITE STATE CULT OF THE TUTELARY DEITIES GREGORY MCMAHON THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ASSYRIOLOGICAL STUDIES • No. 25 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-60344 ISBN: 0-918986-69-9 ISSN: 0066-9903 The Oriental Institute, Chicago ©1991 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1991. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu To my wife Melinda oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xi List of Bibliographic Abbreviations xv List of General Abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 General 1 Tutelary Deities 2 Text Scheme of the Festivals for the Tutelary Deities 6 Chapter 1. Tutelary Deities and Their Cults 9 General Comments 9 Tutelary Deities with Known Names 11 Tutelary Deities with the Title DLAMMA 23 DLAMMA Without Epithet 23 DLAMMA Plus Geographical Name 33 DLAMMA Plus Epithet 39 Tutelary Deities of Objects 39 Tutelary Deities of Locations 43 Tutelary Deities of B eings 47 Tutelary Deities of Divine Beings 48 Tutelary Deities with Adjectival Epithet 49 Other Tutelary Deities 51 Discussion 51 Chapter 2. The Festivals of Karahna 53 The Texts 53 CIH681.1: Bo 3298+ KUB 2532+KUB 27.70f 1628/u 53 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 56 CTH681.2: IBoT 1.5 78 Transliteration 78 Commentary 78 Chapter 3. The Festival for All the Tutelary Deities 83 Introduction 83 vii oi.uchicago.edu viii THE HITTITE STA TE CUL T OF THE TUTELARY DEITIES The Two Versions of the Festival 83 The Festival of Group Offerings 83 Text Scheme 85 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 86 The Festival of Individual Offerings 116 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 116 Text Scheme 117 Festival Texts of Uncertain Attribution 132 CTH682.3: KBo 12.59 132 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 132 CTH682A: KUB 51.36 136 Transliteration 136 CTH682.5: KUB 52.100 137 Transliteration 137 Commentary 137 Chapter 4. The Festivals for Renewing the KuSkursa-s 143 Introduction 143 The Texts 143 KUB 55A3 143 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 144 Comments on Individual Lines 157 A = KBo 13.179 B = KBo 22.168 164 Text Scheme 165 Transliteration 165 Translation 165 Comments on Individual Lines 166 KUB 7.36 168 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 168 KUB 20.13 170 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 170 A = KBo2l.S9+KBo8.97 B = IBoT2.69 174 Text Scheme 174 Transliteration 174 Commentary 178 Chapter 5. The Festivals for the Tutelary Deities of the River 189 Introduction 189 The Texts 189 A = KUB 9.21 B = ABoT3 189 Text Scheme 190 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 190 Line Commentary 191 IBoT 1.2 192 Transliteration 192 oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS ix Translation 192 Line Commentary 195 A=KUB 51.79 B = IBoT2.19 C = 412/s(+?)457/s 196 Text Scheme 197 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 198 Line Commentary 203 A = KUB 44.2 B = JO® 44.3 205 Text Scheme 206 Transliteration 206 Commentary 206 Chapter 6. Conclusions 211 Appendix A. Fragments of Festivals for Tutelary Deities 217 Introduction 217 The Fragments 217 KUB 7.36 217 KUB 7.40 217 Transliteration 218 Translation 218 KUB 9.17 218 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 220 KUB 10.29 222 Transliteration 222 KUB 10.93 223 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 224 KUB 12.52 227 Transliteration 228 KUB 20.13 229 IBoT2.22 229 Transliteration 230 Translation 230 IBoT3.18 231 Transliteration 231 Translation 231 KBo 8.59 232 Transliteration 232 KBo 21.89+KBo 8.97 232 KUB 44.24 233 Transliteration 233 KUB 51.40 234 Transliteration 235 KUB 53.11 236 Transliteration (with Facing Translation) 238 oi.uchicago.edu X THEHITTITE STATE CULT OF THE TUTELARY DEITIES Appendix B. Philological Commentary 245 Hittite 245 Sumerian 263 Numbers 270 Akkadian 270 Divine Names 271 Geographical Names 272 Appendix C. Tables of Sign Shapes for Selected Tablets 275 Table 1. Bo 3298+KUB 25.32+KIZB27.70+1628/u 276 Table 2. KUB 2.1 277 Table 3. KBo 22.189 278 Table 4. KBo 11.40 279 Table 5. KUB 55.43 280 Table 6. KBo 21.89+ KBo 8.97 281 Table 7. IBoTl.2 282 Table 8. KUB 51.79 283 Bibliography 285 Lexical Index 297 Index of Texts Treated 301 oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE This volume represents a thorough revision of my doctoral dissertation completed at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in May of 1988. It therefore necessarily reflects an immense amount of encouragement, correction, and guidance from my dissertation committee of Professors Harry A. Hoffner, Jr., Hans G. Giiterbock, Ahmet Unal, and Thomas McClellan, at that time all on the faculty or staff of the Oriental Institute. I have retained some of the personal element inherent in a closely supervised dissertation by referring to personal communications throughout the monograph. It would be impossible to credit my committee with every correction and idea which they shared; I have tried to do so for certain important concepts. This work represents an attempt to study all the religious textual material available on the Hittite tutelary deities and to analyze the role they played in the official state cult as celebrated in the capital and at provincial cult centers. I have not attempted to evaluate the many tutelary deities in all of their occurrences in every genre of Hittite text beyond the survey presented in Chapter 1. The use of titles and names of tutelary deities in personal names is beyond the scope of this work. The basis of the work is extensive philological research in the cuneiform archives left by the Hittites over 3,000 years ago. The work on texts which are completely edited in the chapters devoted to different festivals is based on a year of research in the Hittite tablet archives in the museums of Istanbul, Ankara, and Berlin. That work with the tablets was supplemented with research in the lexical files of the Chicago Hittite Dictionary, which provided convenient access to the entire published corpus of Hittite tablets for research on individual deities or Hittite words that required in- depth analysis. A word of caution is in order concerning the conclusions reached in this volume. The nature of the Hittite archives is such that the amount and type of textual material which is available to us is dependent on accidents of preservation and discovery. Unlike historical archives of more recent cultures that have been continuously maintained up to the present day, the Hittite tablet archives were buried underground for more than three millennia. The Hittite capital, Hattusa, has not been completely excavated, and we simply cannot know what portion of the preserved corpus of Hittite material has been discovered. Shelf lists from the archives list many festivals and rituals the actual texts of which have not yet been discovered or identified. Of what has been discovered a portion has yet to be published. Therefore a work such as this, which relies to some extent on the frequency of occurrences of particular deities in the texts and assumes that we have representative samples of at least most of the major Hittite cultic texts, must carry with it the caveat that new discoveries of tablets or temples or cult objects may alter our reconstruction. Part of the attraction of Hittitology as a discipline is the intellectual flexibility which it requires, the certain knowledge that only a portion of the evidence is available, that more is constantly being discovered, and that theories will have to be revised. Our understanding of cultic activity at the local level especially may change as additional sites outside the capital continue to be investigated. xi oi.uchicago.edu xii THE HITTITE STATE CULT OF THE TUTELARY DEITIES The work has two main focuses. The first is a broad review of the evidence for the role of all tutelary deities in the cult. The discussion draws on evidence from the corpus of festivals, rituals, prayers, cult inventories, and mythology, as well as various genres of "secular" texts. I have created a provisional outline of the types of tutelary deities, the kinds of cultic activities performed for them, and their position vis-a-vis the other gods in the Hittite pantheon. The second focus of this monograph is a contribution to the continuing process of establishing our sources for the study of Hittite religion by editing a number of the festival texts. A study of the cults for tutelary deities must utilize as sources all types of religious texts, but the texts in which the Hittites described specific cult ceremonies will be our most important source. The festivals which I have chosen for extensive work are ones which were or at least may have been celebrated primarily for one or more tutelary deities. A number of fragmentary cult texts having to do with tutelary deities which cannot be fitted into the scheme of one of the larger festivals are included in Appendix A The editing of texts from any ancient Near Eastern culture requires intensive philological investigation into certain words or phrases central to the meaning or difficult of translation. Selected words which required special attention are treated individually in Appendix B. Because part of this work involves making English translations of Hittite religious texts available to the non-Hittitologist interested in ancient Near Eastern religious, social, or intellectual history, I have tried to be sensitive to the varied audience to which this monograph will appeal.
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