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Stello-Diss 2 Annika STELLO GRENZERFAHRUNG Interaktion und Kooperation im spätmittelalterlichen Schwarzmeerraum Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine leicht überarbeitete Version der vom Fachbereich III der Universität Trier angenommenen Inaugural-Dissertation gleichen Titels. Gutachter waren Prof. Dr. Alfred Haverkamp und Prof. Dr. Lukas Clemens. Das Datum der letzten mündlichen Prüfung war der 7. September 2011. Ei quae vidit nec principium nec finem operis, sed semper aderat in creatione eius. DANKSAGUNG Der erfolgreiche Abschluss eines so aufwändigen Unterfangens wie einer Promotion ist ohne Unterstützung von vielen Seiten kaum denkbar. Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand aus dem deutsch-israelischen, von der German-Israeli Foundation großzügig geförderten Forschungsprojekt „Slavery in the Later Medieval Mediterranean“ heraus, welches mir nahezu optimale Rahmenbedingungen bot. Darüber hinaus geht mein Dank zunächst an Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Alfred Haverkamp, der die Betreuung meiner Doktorarbeit übernahm und ihr Entstehen geduldig verfolgte. Dank auch an den Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. Lukas Clemens. Ganz besonders danke ich Dr. Christoph Cluse, der die Arbeit von Beginn an intensiv begleitete. Ohne seine fachlichen Anregungen, Ratschläge und Hinweise, vor allem aber moralische Unterstützung und wiederholten Zuspruch wäre sie wohl nicht zu gutem Ende gekommen. Ihm gebührt auch ein großer Dank für das kritische Korrekturlesen der jeweils ersten Textfassungen sowie für die Hilfe bei der Erstellung diverser Karten. Ebenso bedanke ich mich bei den Projektpartnern von der Hebrew University in Jerusalem, namentlich Prof. Reuven Amitai, für fruchtbare Gespräche, Hinweise und weiterführende Fragen. Auch den Teilnehmern der beiden Projekt-Konferenzen 2007 in Jerusalem und 2009 in Trier verdanke ich wertvolle Hinweise, insbesondere Prof. em. Michel Balard, der mir einige terminologische Probleme klarer zu fassen half. Vielen weiteren Kollegen vom Arye-Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden, dem SFB 600 und dem Institut für Slavistik der Universität Trier danke ich für anregende Diskussionen und zahlreiche Hinweise. Ganz speziell möchte ich Marion Rutz erwähnen, die mich jederzeit großzügig an ihren Russisch-Kenntnissen teilhaben ließ. Nicht vergessen werden sollen Paula, Aquizi und Th60: Danke für meist hilfreiches und immer aufbauendes gemeinsames Herumrätseln an Ausdrücken mittellateinisch-italienischer Fachsprache. Ein großer Dank schließlich gebührt Pia für ihre Geduld und ihre Flatrate, mit der sie mich und das Projekt Promotion auch durch mehrere Umzüge und die oft schwierige Zeit des Referendariats hindurch stets liebevoll begleitete. Karlsruhe, April 2012 Annika Stello INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. E INLEITUNG ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. F RAGESTELLUNG ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Q UELLEN ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. F ORSCHUNGSSTAND ..................................................................................................................... 29 1.4. A NMERKUNG ZU TERMINOLOGIE UND METHODE ...................................................................... 39 2. D IE ENTWICKLUNG CAFFAS ............................................................................................................... 43 3. MACHTSTRUKTUREN IM INNEREN ..................................................................................................... 54 3.1. D AS VERWALTUNGSNETZWERK ................................................................................................... 56 3.2. I NFORMATIONSBESCHAFFUNG UND NACHRICHTENAUSTAUSCH ............................................... 64 3.3. F ÜHRUNGSGRUPPEN ..................................................................................................................... 75 3.3.1. Die Führung in Caffa.......................................................................................................... 76 3.3.2. Die Führung der anderen Kolonien unter der Jurisdiktion Caffas.............................. 82 3.3.3. Familiennetzwerke ............................................................................................................. 86 3.4. F AZIT ............................................................................................................................................. 91 4. MACHTSICHERUNG NACH AUSSEN : D IPLOMATISCHE BEZIEHUNGEN ............................................ 94 4.1. G ESANDTSCHAFTSWESEN UND BOTENAUSTAUSCH : C AFFAS DIPLOMATISCHES NETZWERK ........................................................................................................................................... 96 4.1.1. Die Tataren in Solgat .......................................................................................................... 96 4.1.2. Die Tataren der Goldenen Horde: die Khane von Saray............................................. 112 4.1.3. Süd- und ostpontischer Raum......................................................................................... 123 4.1.4. Nord- und westpontischer Raum einschließlich Krim ................................................ 134 4.2. D AS PERSONAL DER GESANDTSCHAFTEN .................................................................................. 144 4.3. D IE GESCHENKE : A RT UND VERTEILUNG .................................................................................. 147 4.4. F AZIT ........................................................................................................................................... 152 5. WIRTSCHAFT UND HANDEL UNTER GENUESISCHER AUFSICHT : DER SKLAVENHANDEL ............ 155 5.1. M ETHODISCHE VORBEMERKUNG ............................................................................................... 155 5.2. B ESTEUERUNG VON SKLAVEN UND SKLAVENTRANSPORTEN IN CAFFA ................................... 158 5.2.1. Das Officium sancti Antonii ............................................................................................... 158 5.2.2. Die Steuern......................................................................................................................... 167 5.3. U MFANG DES SKLAVENHANDELS ............................................................................................... 176 5.3.1. Anzahl der Transporte pro Jahr...................................................................................... 177 5.3.2. Größe der einzelnen Transporte ..................................................................................... 180 5.4. Z EITLICHE VERTEILUNG DER TRANSPORTE ................................................................................ 188 5.5. R OUTEN DES SKLAVENHANDELS VON UND ÜBER CAFFA .......................................................... 189 5.6. B ETEILIGTE HÄNDLER ................................................................................................................. 194 5.7. F AZIT ........................................................................................................................................... 201 6. Z USAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK ............................................................................................. 206 7. Q UELLEN - UND LITERATURVERZEICHNIS........................................................................................ 215 A) A RCHIVALISCHE QUELLEN ........................................................................................................... 215 B) E DITIONEN UND REGESTENWERKE ............................................................................................... 215 C) S EKUNDÄRLITERATUR ................................................................................................................... 217 2 0 200 400 km 1. E INLEITUNG 1.1. Fragestellung Der Schwarzmeerraum war zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts, auch nach dem weitgehenden Zusammenbruch des byzantinischen Reiches noch, mehr als nur ein Nebenschauplatz der letzten Kämpfe der verbliebenen europäischen Kreuzritter und ihrer Nachfahren gegen die aufstrebenden Osmanen. Ebenso war er mehr als der Tummelplatz geschickter, überwiegend italienischer Kaufleute, die sich diese Machtkämpfe und die daraus resultierenden Bedürfnisse der Parteien, darunter immer noch auch die Byzantiner, in häufig wechselnden Allianzen zu Nutze machten und so gleichzeitig ihre eigenen Rivalitäten zwischen den verschiedenen Seerepubliken über das Mittelmeer hinaus in den Osten trugen. Das Gebiet rund um das Schwarze Meer war vielmehr und vor allem ein zusammenhängender geographischer Raum, in dem im 15. Jahrhundert vier große und teilweise sehr unterschiedliche weltanschauliche Systeme aufeinander trafen, sich bekämpften, aber auch koexistierten und intensiv miteinander interagierten: Die Kultur der muslimischen Osmanen im Süden und Südosten des Schwarzen Meeres; die unter deren Expansion langsam verblassenden, über die Region verstreuten letzten Reste der einst so glanzvollen byzantinischen Kultur, einschließlich der griechisch-christlichen Tradition, mit ihren Zentren in Konstantinopel und Trapezunt; die der römisch-christlichen Ritter und Kaufleute mit ihren stark diversifizierten Interessen, getragen von fest etablierten Stützpunkten und Handelsniederlassungen und gekennzeichnet
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