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BLBK708-bind BLBK708-Christian December 13, 2017 15:5 Printer Name: Trim: 244mm × 170mm INDEX Page numbers referring to items in figures, maps, and tables are indicated by the suffix f, m or t respectively. Abdullah Khan II (r. 1583–1598), government control, 325, 353, Alexei, Tsar (r. 1645–1676), 148, 107, 108 457, 461, 480 149, 157, 158, 160, 164 Abul-Khayr, Khan (r. 1429–1467), innovation, 437 Alghu, Khan, 27, 31 61–63, 107 irrigation, 6 Algirdas (Olgerd) Prince of Afro-Eurasia land seizures, 321 Lithuania (r. 1345–1377), 75 global integration after 1500, 97 limits on growth, 6, 162, 246, 252, Altan Khan (d. 1582), 100–104, 186 human societies in 1250, 3 480, 483 Americas trade circuits pre-1500, 4m Northerliness and, xxvm agriculture, 144 agrarian regions “organic energy regime”, 233 European diseases, 143 advances after 1500, 119, 203, organization of, 218, 350 fur trade, 289 569 productivity, xxvim, xxvm, 77, global integration after 1500, 97 agrarian crisis in Russia, 247 485, 569 human societies in 1250, 3 agrarian societies in 16th century, railways as market drivers of pastoralism, 192 119–138 growth, 247 Russian colonization, 289 balance of power with slavery and, 275 smychka, 192 nomadic/pastoral regions, 18, spread of, 144, 186, 569 trade with, 74, 155 77, 114, 145 support for, 8, 58, 108, 110, 186, Amur river, Khabarov expedition to in Central Asia, 29 187, 188, 242, 300 (1650’s), 180 after Golden Horde, 76–78 Akkerman, Ottoman capture of Anatolia Islam, 33 (1484), 120 and Basmachi movement, 408 mobilization, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16f, Alaska, 289 Ceshme, battle of (1770), 212 18, 77, 106 Alexander I, Tsar (r. 1801–1825) Karakorum and, 10 population increase, 5 army, 220 Ottoman rule, 73, 119 Rus’, 80 death (1825), 224 Timur invades (1404), 56, 58 smychka, 15, 17, 54, 76–78 Napoleon and, 214, 222 trade, 112 state formation, 10, 16 King of Poland (1815), 215 Andropov, Yuri, 449, 455 trans-Eurasian contacts, 99, 104 Alexander II, Tsar (r. 1855–1881) Andrusovo, treaty of (1667), 160 agriculture abolition of serfdom (1861), 243 Archangel (port), 98, 133, 151, 155, advantages over pastoral COPYRIGHTEDassassination (1881), 255 MATERIAL178, 312, 335, 336 nomadism, 77 Crimean War, 226, 241 Ariq-Boke, Khan, 26, 31 and commercial policy, 286, 507, “Great Reforms”, 242–245 aristocracies and elites 508t, 554 Alexander III, Tsar (r. 1881–1894), banking and credit, 418 early development, 77, xxiv 254, 256, 263 building of, 57 economy based on, 39, 73, 76, Alexander Nevskii, Prince of elite discipline see elite discipline 120, 199, 217, 388, 397, 476, Novgorod, Grand Prince of Europeanization, 223 569 Vladimir, 40, 81, 82, 395 membership, 105 A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260–2000, First Edition. David Christian. © 2018 David Christian. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 605 BLBK708-bind BLBK708-Christian December 13, 2017 15:5 Printer Name: Trim: 244mm × 170mm INDEX aristocracies and elites (Continued) Belarus Janid (Ashtarkhanid) dynasty, mobilization strategies, 11 independence after 1991, 108, 199 monarchy and, 323 539–543 Kalmyk threat to, 193 political framework for, 263 as Inner Eurasian polity, 494 Kazakh rule, 63, 107 protection of, 211 Belgorod defence line (1635–1646), Khorezm and, 200, 277 urbanization, 34 128, 151, 162, 163m, 164 loss of Ferghana valley, 200 wealth, 296 Berdibeg, Khan (r. 1357–1359), 53 Mangit dynasty, 276 armies see military organisation Berke, Khan (r. 1258–1267) population, 275 artisans and builders attack on Il-Khanate (1262), 41 reform, 276 mobilization, 7, 9 death (1267), 41 Russian expansion, 279 movements of, 32, 39, 83 family,9,27 slavery, 278 settlements, 27, 28, 182, 253, 294 founds Christian bishopric in Soviet rule, 405, 407, 408, 549 support for, 108, 110 Saray (1261), 40 trade, 197, 272, 278 asabiyya “group loyalty” (Arabic), 15 Golden Horde, 41 travellers’ descriptions of, 107 Ashtarkhanid (Janid) dynasty, 108, Muslim faith, 41 and Uzbekistan, 551 199 reign, 36, 41 “Bureau of Pacification”, 32 Assembly of the Land see Zemskii Besh-Baligh (city), tribute-taking at, Buriatia Sobor 18 Buddhism, 290 Astrakhan Black Death collective farms, 515 and Crimean khanate, 111, 112 bubonic plague pandemics, 52f gold, 288 andIvanIV,136 climate change and, 49–53 and Mongolian independence, khanate of, 111 demographic effects, 49, 53 299 khans of, 108 and Little Ice Age, 50f Russian army recruitment, 298 Muscovite conquest of (1556), outbreaks, 53 Russian rule, 290, 322 126, 193 spread, 52 Siberian nationalism, 413 and Peter the Great, 166, 213 Black Sea, Ottoman control of, 120 Soviet Autonomous Republic, Saray and, 54 Blue Waters, battle of (1363), 54 348 trade, 126, 133, 194, 197, 198, Brezhnev, Leonid, 387, 445, 452, Stalinist purges, 426 272, 285 453, 455, 456, 464, 467, 475, Buyr, Lake, battle of (1388), 28 Australasia 478 Buyunduk, Khan (r. 1480–1511), global integration after 1500, 97 Brezhnev doctrine, 464 63, 64, 105 human societies in 1250, 3 Brezhnev era, 457, 463, 477, 479, Ayuka, Kalmyk leader (tayishi), 194 498, 541, 546 Caffa (seaport), 38, 52 Azerbaijan, as Inner Eurasian polity, Britain camels 494 Archangel trade with Muscovy, caravans, 182, 197, 203, 251, Azov (Tana) (seaport), 38 133 293 Black Death (1349), 52 collective farms, 482 Baikal, Lake, 178 Crimean War (1854–1856), lorries instead of, 485 Baraq, Khan, 31 225–226, 241 military use, 187, 394 Bashkiria, Russian expansion, India and, 270, 279, 280, 282, 300 pastoralism, 12 195–197, 196m Opium Wars (1839–1842), capitalism and market driver of Batu, Khan (r. 1241–1255) 225–226 growth, 237 conquest of Pontic steppes bubonic plague see Black Death caravans (1237–1241), 36 Buddhism curtailment of, 27 family, 27, 41, 62 Buriatia, 290 decline, 182 Golden Horde, 27, 35, 41 Dalai Lamas, 102, 185, 187, 189, licensing, 186 invasion of Rus’, 74, 78, 81, 86, 422, 559 protection of, 3, 37, 198, 199, 272 89, 148, 391, 423, 430 Mongolia, 102, 183, 184, 185, replacement by railways, 285, 286 mobilization system, 35, 39 187, 296, 418, 421, 424, 426, taxation of, 37, 106 and Mongke Khan, 18 559 trans-Eurasian trade, 3, 9, 126, quriltai, 9, 36, 87 settlements, 31 182, 197, 198, 203, 272, 278, reign, 41 Soviet suppression, 377, 433 288, 293, 428 successors, 31, 34, 36, 53, 54, 62 Yellow Hat (Tibetan), 102, 108, travels by, 5, 427 “Ulus of Batu”, 35, 37, 41 184, 185, 187 Carpini, Giovanni, 10, 36, 41 Beijing (Daidu) builders see artisans and builders Catherine I, Tsarina (r. 1725–1727), attacks on, 100 Bukhara 168 as capital city, 26, 27, 184, 555 administration, 276 Catherine II, Tsarina (“the Great”) secretariat, 18 cultural influence, 200 (r. 1762–1796), 168, 210–215, travels to, 180, 182, 186, 294 Islam, 42, 63, 284, 404 222, 224, 226, 290, 318, 440 606 BLBK708-bind BLBK708-Christian December 13, 2017 15:5 Printer Name: Trim: 244mm × 170mm INDEX Central Asia China, People’s Republic commercial policy, agriculture and, after breakup of Mongol empire, (1949–present) 286, 507, 508t, 554 28 Islam, 488 Communism definition, xxxii Xinjiang, 432 abolition of market driver of geography, 29 China, Republic (1911–1949) growth, 239, 440 integration of empires and Mongolia and, 418–420 China see China, People’s cultures, 4 Xinjiang and, 427–432 Republic mobilization systems, 13 Chinggis Khan (r. 1206–1227) Mongolia see Mongolia Mongol Empire, 7 birth, 486 reintroduction of market driver of Mongolian civil war, 27 death (1227), 7 growth, 453, 456, 496 oases, xxiv, 6 elite discipline, 167, 334, 357, Russia see Soviet Union pastoralism, 12, 29 362 Constantinople regions, xxxii, xxxiiim family, 4, 9, 14, 18, 25f, 27, 65 and Orthodox Church, 226 smychka, 18, 28, 29, 32 great quriltai (1206), 28, 87 Ottoman conquest (1453), 74 ulus, 23, 26, 27 Karakorum, building of, 8 Cossacks urbanization, xxxii Keshig (royal bodyguard), 15, 33, attack on Sibir (1581), 176 Yuan dynasty, 28 42, 57, 135, 165, 361, 387 first formal contacts with Chabar, Khan, 32 leadership strengths, 23, 24, 56, Muscovy (1557), 127 Chagatay, Khan, 27, 30, 31, 57, 62, 71 in Muscovite service, 132 109 military organization, 184 reach Sea of Okhotsk (1641), 178 Chagatay Khanate as mobilizer, 11, 17, 61 Crimean khanate breakup, 32, 33 and modern Mongolia, 564 attack on Kiev (1482), 76 elite discipline, 34 and Mongolian nationalism, 486, formation (1449), 72 extent, 30m 559 Great Horde defeated by (1502), following Qaidu’s rule, 32–34 religion, 31 72, 86 and Golden Horde, 38, 40, 41 riseof,6,7 heartland, 42 Qaidu’s reign, 31, 32 Stalin and, 357, 378, 387 importance, 110 during Qaidu’s rule, 31–32 successors, 10, 18, 24, 26, 30, 34, Kalmyk raids on, 163 Qaidu’s successors, 32–34 36 Lithuania/Poland attacked by, 76, smychka,30 Timur compared, 56 111, 121 Timur reunites (1370), 34, 57 Uighur kingdom, 431 mobilization strengths, 111 Timur’s rule (1370–1405), 58 Uighur officials, 37 Moscow allied with, 76 treaty of 1303, 34 uymaq (entourage, retinue), 57 Muscovy attacked by, 111, 112, ulus of Chagatay, 29–31 uymaq “entourage, retinue”, 374 146 Chernenko, Konstantin, 454, youth, 6 Muscovy conquest of, 212 456 Chinggisid family Muscovy expansion against, 127, China, Empire (to 1911) decline, 24 159, 161 decline and collapse 1750–1911, fall of Mongol Empire, 23 Ottoman protectorate over 293–302 genealogy, 25f,26 (1475), 73, 76, 111, 120 global integration, 1750–1850, Mongke Khan’s purge (1251), 18, slavery, 113 209–210 30 smychka, 112, 113, 123 hegemony over Mongolia, 183 treaty of 1303, 32 in Ukraine, 533 influence on Inner Eurasia, xxxiii Christianity Crimean War (1854–1856), Manchu dynasty see Qing dynasty Nestorian see Nestorian 225–226, 241 Milescu’s visit to (1674), 180 Christianity military technology, 17 Orthodox see Orthodox Church Daidu see Beijing Ming dynasty see Ming dynasty Saray bishopric (1261), 40 Dalai Lama see Buddhism mobilization, military, 12 chronology, xxxiv Damascus, 15, 56, 58, 59 Mongol conquest of, 18 Circassians, 213 Daniil, Prince of Moscow and Mongolia see Mongolia climate (r.
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    136 GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. № 1. 2015 УДК 94(470) THE GOLDEN HORDE STATE IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS I.М. Mirgaleev (Sh. Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan) The present article examines the place of the Golden Horde in the system of international relations of the 13th–14th centuries as well as directions of its foreign policy. To determine the place of the ulus of Jochi in the international system the author suggests to disclose the subject through illumination of such important issues as: – the Mongol conquests and creation of the Chingisid state entities, the establishment of a new international order. – formation of the ulus of Jochi as an independent State and its role in the Chingisid States’ relations, the kurultai of 1269. – international activities of the Golden Horde State during the period of its might. – interstate coalitions in the global geopolitics and national interests of the ulus of Jochi in international systems. – The role and place of the Golden Horde in the international life of the second half of the 14th – early 15th centuries. The program activity of the Jochids in a new geopolitical situation of the late 14th – early 15th centuries. The author believes that the establishment of the Golden Horde State occurred in three phases (1207–1241, 1242–1259, 1260–1269). The Jochids’ policy towards their neighbors and other Chingisid states formed during this time. Both the Distemper of the 1360–70’s in the ulus of Jochi and destruction of all other Chingisid States resulted in the Golden Horde’s loss of its place in the system of international relations.
  • The Journey of Benedictus Polonus Or a European Discovery of Asia Before Marco Polo

    The Journey of Benedictus Polonus Or a European Discovery of Asia Before Marco Polo

    ACTA VIA SERICA Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2019: 79–95 doi:10.22679/avs.2019.4.2.004 The Journey of Benedictus Polonus or a European Discovery of Asia before Marco Polo RENATA CZEKALSKA This article presents a brief reconstruction of the historic journey of Benedict the Pole and John of Pian de Carpine, the first known Europeans after A.D. 900 who completed a successful return journey east of Baghdad and gave surviving accounts of their travels. The article, which focuses mainly on the role of Benedict the Pole, is divided into five parts: the reasons and organization of the deputation sent to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV from 1245-1248, the route travelled by the Papal envoys, the existing versions of the two surviving accounts of the mission, the role of Benedict the Pole as the secretary and translator to the papal legate Pian de Carpine, and the outcome of the journey as seen from the perspective of Europe-Asia contacts. Keywords: 13th century Europe-Asia contacts, early Western accounts of Asia and the Mongol Empire, Benedictus Polonus, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, European journeys to Asia before Marco Polo RENATA CZEKALSKA ([email protected]) is a professor at the Chair for East and South Asia, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University, Poland. 80 Acta Via Serica, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2019 Introduction Already during the initial period of the formation of Polish statehood (from ca. 960), in the areas located in the Vistula and Odra basins, there existed a network of European trade routes, leading from east to west and north to south.