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Perkembangan Kehidupan Minoritas Muslim Di Rusia Studi Kasus Tatarstan

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Perkembangan Kehidupan Minoritas Muslim Di Rusia Studi Kasus Tatarstan PERKEMBANGAN KEHIDUPAN MINORITAS MUSLIM DI RUSIA STUDI KASUS TATARSTAN Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S. Hum) Oleh NUR ENDAH MUTHIAH NIM: 104022000811 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1430 H / 2010 M LEMBAR PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa : 1. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar strata 1 di UIN Syarif hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika dikemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku dari UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Ciputat, 27 Oktober 2010 Nur Endah Muthiah PERKEMBANGAN KEHIDUPAN MINORITAS MUSLIM DI RUSIA STUDI KASUS TATARSTAN Skripsi Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S. Hum) Oleh NUR ENDAH MUTHIAH NIM: 104022000811 Dibawah Bimbingan Prof. Dr. Didin Saefudin, M.A NIP: 150270616 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN PERADABAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1430 H / 2010 M ABSTRAK Nur Endah Muthiah Perkembangan minoritas Muslim di Rusia (studi kasus Tatarstan) Bila pada dasawarsa 1980-an di Eropa Bara dan Amerika dikenal secara cukup luas istilah “Less Mussulman Oubblies” (umat yang terlupakan) terhadap komunitas Muslim di Rusia (uni soviet), maka sejak era pasca 1990-an hingga kini sebutan peyoratif tersebut sudah kehilangan relevansinya. Memang harus diakui pula hingga kini sedikit sekali yang tahu tentang kondisi dan keadaan umat Islam di Rusia, mengingat posisinya yang berada dibawah bayang-bayang dominasi agama terbesar Rusia yaitu Kristen Orthodoks. Perkembangan umat Islam di Rusia khususnya Tatarstan dari masa kemasa dapat dikatakan berjalan dinamis, setidaknya wilayah Tatarstan pernah mengalami beberapa periode kekuasaan diantaranya, perode kekhanan Kazan, Volga Bulgaria, masa kekaisaran Rusia (dinasti Romanov), masa pemerintahan komunisme (USSR/soviet) dan saat ini berada dibawah pemerintahan federasi Rusia. Perkembangan Islam sendiri mulai meningkat pada masa kekhanan Kazan dan Volga Bulgaria. Namun Islam juga pernah mengalami tekanan. Bukan lagi rahasia umum bahwa seluruh umat beragama di Rusia tak terkecuali Islam telah mengalami lebih dari dari separuh abad lamanya berada dibawah tekanan rezim komunis ateistik yang sangat refresif. Tak di pungkiri pula bahwa hingga kini sebagian umat Islam di Rusia tak jarang menghadapi perlakuan-perlakuan intoleran, non kooperatif dan bahkan saling menjatuhkan dari kalangan tertentu di masyarakat. Tatarstan adalah sebuah republik bagian dari pemerintahan federasi Rusia dengan popularitas Muslim terbesar. Selain itu karena letaknya yang dekat dengan ibukota federasi Rusia yaitu Moskow, sehingga memudahkan interaksi dengan pemerintah pusat, baik untuk masalah ekonomi, social, politik, maupun keagamaan. Untuk urusan keagamaan pihak federasi telah memberikan hak istimewa seperti pengangkatan mufti di dewan federasi Rusia (duma) Dalam bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan dan keagamaan Muslim Tatarstan telah berperan dari masa awal penyebaran Islam hingga sampai saat ini. Hal ini telah terbukti dengan lahirnya beberapa tokoh sufi yang terkenal seperti Sh. Mardjani, dan Utez Imyani. Tatarstan pada masa federasi Rusia telah mengalami kemajuan baik bidang social,keagamaan, politik maupun ekonomi. Hal ini juga tidak lepas dari kerja keras umat Muslim Tatarstan dan pihak pemerintah. I KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirohmanirrahim Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh Segala fuji dan syukur bagi Alllah SWT, yang telah menciptakan langit dan bumi, dan memberikan rezeki-Nya kepada setiap makhluk ciptaan-Nya. Atas nama Rahman dan Rahim-Nya, Penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsiini. Shalawat serta salam selalu terlimpahkan kepada junjungan Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad SAW, kepada keluarga, sahabat serta umat beliau yang senantiasa mencintai dan menjalankan amanah-amanah beliau. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini terdapat banyak kendala yang seringkali menjadi faktor penghambat bagi penulis, namun insya Allah seiring dengan selesainya skripsi ini, penulis dapat mengambil hikmah dan i’tibar dari hambatan-hambatan yang telah dihadapi. Kendala itu semua dapat penulis lewati dengan bantuan motivasi, bimbingan serta dukungan moril dan materil dari orang-orang yang menyayangi penulis. Dengan sikap tulus dan segala kerendahan hati perkenankanlah penulis mengucapakan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada yang terhormat : 1. Yang tercinta dan akan selalu penulis banggakan serta sayangi, SUAMI yang telah memberikan segenap kasih saying serta doa yang tak pernah terputus yang selalu mengiringi setiap langkah penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 2. Bapak Didin Saefudin, Prof, Dr, M.A, selaku dosen pembimbing yang penulis kagumi dan banggakan yang telah memberikan pengarahan dan bimbingan ii dengan kesabaran dalam penulisan skripsi ini, serta memberikan motivasi kepada penulis untuk kosisten di bidang aktivitas intelektual. 3. Bapak Abd. Choir, Dr, M.A, selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. 4. Bapak Ma’ruf Misbah, Drs, selaku Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam yang telah meluangakan waktunya untuk berkonsultasi dengan penulis. 5. Bapak Usep Abdul Matin, M.A, selaku Sekertaris Jurusan Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam dan terima kasih atas seventh habitnya. 6. Bapak Saidun Derani, Drs, M.A, selaku dosen pembimbing Akademik yang telah memberikan motivasi dan meluangkan waktu untuk mendengar keluh kesah penulis. 7. Dosen-dosen Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Nurhasan, M.A, Imam Subchi,M.A, Tarmidzi Idris, Drs, Tati Hartinah, M.A, Parlindungan Siregar, M.A, Awalia Rahma M.A, Muslich Idris M.A dan dosen-dosen lainnya yang tidak dapat disebutkan 8. Dr. Wan Jamaluddin Z, Phd yang telah memberikan informasi dan buku-buku tentang Islam di Rusia. 9. Perpustakaan utama UIN dan perpustakaan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, serta perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia yang telah memberikan informasi tentang pembahasan skripsi. 10. Khusus rekan-rekan mahasiswa Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam angkatan 2004, Indah’gondah, mpo Marni, Siti Rohimah, Aini, jeng Yuli, Murni, Anita, iii Nur Hasanah (Glenn), cyntia, Fatimah, Maul dan Sayyidah juga fahmi, Joy, Mantik, Ochol, Syarif (Uin), Ujang, Udeen, Yaqin, Pandu dan teman-teman yang lainnya, terima kasih atas semuanya yang telah dilakukan. Harapan penulis semoga skripsi ini memiliki manfaat bagi penulis sendiri maupun pihak lain yang membutuhkan. Akhir kata penulis panjatkan do’a kepada Allah SWT, agar senantiasa melimpahkan rahmat dan karunia-Nya dan semoga semua bantuan yang diberikan dapat menjadi nilai ibadah serta dijadikan amal kebaikan. Amin . Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh. Ciputat, Oktober 2010 Penulis iv DAFTAR ISI Hal ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………… i KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………. ii DAFTAR ISI ……………………………………………………………… v BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah …………………………………………… 1 B. Perumusan dan Pembatasan Masalah ……………………………… 6 C. Tujuan Penelitian ………………………………………………….. 6 D. Tinjauan Pustaka …………………………………………………... 6 E. Metode Penelitian ………………………………………………….. 7 F. Sistematika Penulisan ………………………………………………. 8 BAB II IDENTIFIKASI WILAYAH TATARSTAN A. Letak Geografis wilayah Tatarstan ………………………………….. 10 B. Sejarah Suku Bangsa Tatar ………………………………………….. 11 C. Sejarah Masuknya Islam di Tatarstan ………………………………. 15 BAB III TATARSTAN PADA MASA FEDERASI RUSIA A. Struktur Pemerintahan ……………………………………………….. 20 B. Hubungan Tatarstan dengan Federasi Rusia ………………………… 22 v BAB IV PERKEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT ISLAM DI TATARSTAN A. Perkembangan Organisasi Tarekat Sufi di Tatarstan ……………….. 27 1. Syeikh abd- al Rahim Utez Imyani ………………………………. 30 2. Syeikh Abd al-Nashir al-Kursawi ………………………………... 35 3. Syeikh Syihab al-Din al-Marjani ………………………………... 39 B. Perkembangan pendidikan …………………………………………… 51 C. Perkembangan Sosial kemasyarakatan …………………………….. 54 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN A. Kesimpulan ………………………………………………………… 56 B. Saran ……………………………………………………………….. 57 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ……………………………………….............. 58 vi JADWAL BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI Nama : NUR ENDAH MUTHIAH NIM : 104022000811 Jurusan/Fakultas : SPI / Adab dan Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. Didin Saepudin, M.A No Tanggal Keterangan Paraf Ciputat, Oktober 2008 Nur Endah Muthiah LAMPIRAN Kerja sama antara Tatarstan dan Russian DOSAAF BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Tatarstan merupakan wilayah bagian dari Negara federasi Rusia yang sekarang dikenal sebagai wilayah bagian dari Eropa Timur. Dahulu Tatarstan adalah sebuah bangsa yang tergabung dalam Uni Sovyet yang menguasai daerah- daerah disekitar Asia Tengah. Rusia modern adalah sebuah bangsa yang kini dikenal sebagai pewaris dan penerus keadidayaan Uni Sovyet pasca perang dingin. Pada tahun 1991 Rusia mengalami perubahan kehidupan sosial, politik, ideologi, ekonomi dan budaya bangsa Rusia yaitu dengan adanya Perestroika dan Glasnost yang dicetuskan oleh Mikhail S Gorbachev yaitu seorang panglima tertinggi tentara Rusia (KGB)1. Akibatnya Rusia mengalami yang mendasar dan besar-besaran pada tantangan geopolitik di Eropa Timur bahkan dunia.2 Rusia sekarang ini merupakan Negara yang multikultural dan multietnis karena penduduknya yang beragam budaya dan suku
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