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Farmers, Miners and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), C.1895- 1961

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Farmers, Miners and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), C.1895- 1961 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository Farmers, Miners and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), c.1895- 1961. by Tapiwa Madimu Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History)in the Faculty of Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Sandra S. Swart March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Table of Contents Declaration................................................................................................ ii Abstract..................................................................................................... iii Opsomming………………………………………………………….… iv Dedication………………………………………………………………. v Acknowledgements.................................................................................. vi List of Abbreviations.............................................................................. vii List of Illustrations……………………………………………………. viii CHAPTE ONE........................................................................................ 1 Introduction, literature review and methodology CHAPTE TWO....................................................................................... 28 Farmer-miner contestations and the British South Africa Company, 1895 to 1923. CHAPTE THREE.................................................................................. 64 ‘He who pays the piper has the right to call the tune’? Administration, representation and taxation in Southern Rhodesia, 1898 to 1923. CHAPTE FOUR...................................................................................... 96 ‘Killing the goose which lays the golden eggs?’: Responsible Government and miner-farmer relations in Rhodesia, 1923-1945. CHAPTE FIVE......................................................................................... 136 “It is nobody’s baby so why should I worry?” – Farmers and miners in the era of formal conservation, 1939 to 1961. CHAPTE SIX.......................................................................................... 168 African labour for settler agriculture and mining in Southern Rhodesia, 1906 to 1948. CHAPTE SEVEN................................................................................... 194 Conclusion Bibliography........................................................................................... 203 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: .................................................... Date: March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis explores the long and entangled relationship of farmers, miners and the state in Southern Rhodesia from 1895 when the Mines and Minerals Act was promulgated to promote the growth of the country’s mining industry. The study ends in 1961 when an amendment to this same Act was crafted after the incorporation of considerations from the country’s farmers and miners. The country’s mining law, devised by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) to further its commercial interests, became a subject of controversy around 1907 when agriculture, which had been hitherto neglected, started developing – spurred by disillusioned fortune seekers who had turned from prospecting for gold to pursue farming. The BSAC laws favoured mining and this was challenged by the growing settler farmer community. This laid the basis for the interaction of farmers, miners and the state throughout the study period. The thesis thus explores the protean nature of state policies in dealing with the country’s farmers and miners. Mining and agriculture were the country’s leading primary industries, with mining contributing more towards the country’s revenue until 1945 when it was replaced by agriculture on the apex position. Therefore, state policies on the two sectors had a direct impact on the overall country’s economy. The thesis engages broader historiographical conversations on agriculture, mining, conservation and intra-settler relations, law and taxation in Southern Rhodesia. It fills a historiographical gap in existing studies on intra-settler studies in Southern Rhodesia by providing a broader analysis of state-farmer-miner relations incorporating economic, political and conservation concerns. It shows the various shifts in state policies from Company administration into Responsible Government and highlights how different national and international economic developments impacted on state policies and in turn on miner- farmer interactions. The study also demonstrates how the adoption of a formal conservation policy by the G. Huggins government provided a new context for the regulation of miner- farmer relations by the state. It argues that, miner-farmer relations during the period under review impacted heavily on state policy and the country’s economy. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die lang en verweefde verhouding tussen boere, mynwerkers en die staat in Suid-Rhodesië vanaf 1895 toe die Myne en Minerale Wet gepromulgeer is ten einde die land se mynbou te bevorder. Die studie eindig in 1961 toe ‘n amendement tot dieselfde wet bygevoeg is om die veranderende belange van die boere en mynwerkers te akkommodeer. Die land se mynwet wat oorspronklik deur die” British South African Company” (BSAC) ontwerp is om sy kommersiële belange te bevorder, het omstreeks 1907 omstrede begin raak toe landbou wat tot dan verwaarloos was, toenemend vooruit gegaan het. Dié verwikkeling het momentum begin kry toe ontnugterde goudprospekteerders eerder hulle tot boerdery gewend het. Die BSAC se mynwetgewing het die goudbedryf bevoordeel en die bedeling is toenemend deur die groeiende setlaar boerdery gemeeneenskap bevraagteken. Dit het die basis gevorm vir die interaksie tussen boere, mynwerkers en die staat gedurende die periode wat hier onder die loep geneem word. Die proefskrif ondersoek die vloeibare aard van staatsbeleid ten opsigte van die land se boere en mynwerkers. Mynbou en landbou was die land se toonaangewende primêre bedrywe met mynbou wat tot 1945 die meeste tot die algehele staatsinkomste bygedra het voordat dit deur lanbou oortref is. Staatbeleid het derhalwe ten opsigte van die twee sektore ‘n direkte impak op die algemene landsekonomie gehad. Die proefskrif vind aansluiting by breëre historiografiese diskoerse rondom landbou, mynbou, bewaring, onderlinge setlaar verhoudings, wette en belasting in Suid-Rhodesië. Dit vul ‘n historigrafiese gaping in bestaande studies oor die onderlinge verhousing tussen setlaars in Suid-Rhodesië deur’n breër ontleding van staat, boerdery en mynboubelange op ekonomiese, politieke vlak asook en bewaringsaspekte.Die verskeie beleidsaanpassings vanaf Kompanjiesbewind tot Verantwoordelike Bestuur word nagespeur en die wyse hoe verskillende nasionale en internasionale ekonomiese verwikkelinge staatsbeleid beinvloed het wat weer ‘n uitwerking op die verhouding tussen mynwerker en boer gehad het. Die studie demonstreer ook hoe die aanvaarding van ‘n formele bewaringsbeleid deur die regering van G Huggins ‘n nuwe konteks vir die regulering van die verhouding tussen mynwerker en boer daargestel het. Daar word geredeneer dat die verhouding tussen boer en mynwerker gedurende die tersaaklike periode ‘n betekenisvolle uitwerking op die staatsbeleid en die land se ekonomie gehad het. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Dedication To Paidamoyo and Tavonga (Bongani) with love and to my parents Wilson and Tamare Madimu v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly, I want to acknowledge the funding awarded to me by the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences to pursue my doctoral studies full time at Stellenbosch University. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof Sandra Swart for being a great source of inspiration and energy during the writing process. I sincerely appreciate your invaluable academic and morale support throughout my entire PhD journey. In addition to this support, Prof Swart facilitated my participation at various workshops and conferences where I presented parts of this thesis and received very useful comments and suggestions, which significantly enhanced my arguments. I want to acknowledge assistance received from staff at the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ), particularly from Mr Livingstone Muchefa and Mr Tafadzwa Chigodora. I remain indebted for the help rendered throughout the seven months I spent conducting research at the NAZ. I also acknowledge the help I received from Mr. F. Mugumbate, Deputy Director of the Geological Survey Department. I am also grateful to people who took time to read my chapters, discussed my work with me and made very useful suggestions, Godfrey Hove, Rory Pilossof, Gerald Chikozho Mazarire and Professor Roberts. I also extend a special thank you to the History Friday Morning family (HFM), Wesley Mwatwara, Este Kotze, Gustav Venter, Chelsey White Anri Delport, and George Jawali, for your constructive comments on parts of this thesis during HFM seminars. I also want
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