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Des Origines Diverses Au Declin De L'aowin a La Référence de cet article : Lazare Yera AKPENAN (2013), Les Morofoue : des origines diverses de l’Aowin à la création du royaume embryonnaire du Moronou (1721-1780), Rev iv hist,22,102-130. LES MOROFOUE : DES ORIGINES DIVERSES AU DECLIN DE L’AOWIN A LA CREATION DU ROYAUME EMBRYONNAIRE DU MORONOU (1721-1780) Dr Akpenan Yéra Lazare Département d’Histoire Université Alassane Ouattara Bouaké-Côte d’Ivoire RESUME Avec la débacle de l’Aowin en 1721, les peuples qui vont devenir des Morofoué sont issus de trois principaux Etats de la Gold Coast : il s’agit de l’Aowin pour les Amantien, les Ahali, les Sahoua, les Alangoua, les Essandané, et les N’Gatiafoué ; le Sefwi pour les Sahié ; l’Ashanti pour les Assié. A ces populations représentatives dans le Moronou, d’autres populations « résiduelles » se sont mêlées à la migration Aowin en direction de la Côte d’Ivoire actuelle. Il s’agit notamment des Wassa qu’on retrouve dans les villages d’Abongoua en pays Ahua, à Bananbo dans le N’Gatia ; des Denkyira qu’on retrouve à Niandian ; des Abradé à N’Guinou en pays Essandané. Tous ces peuples se mettront à la disposition de Dangui Kpangni une fois parvenus sur les bords du « Moro », ce petit ruisseau dont le nom finira par les désigner. Les émigrants s’installent dans une première localité appelée Kassiadagouabo. La pression démo- graphique en ce lieu et les problèmes de terres font que le leader des Morofoué quitte cette localité pour s’installer à Elubo, une zone riche en or et située en zone de forêt. Malheureusement au moment où il organise son royaume, survient la guerre Agni-Baoulé en 1780 où non seulement Dangui Kpangni, le leader des Morofoué est tué par les Baoulé mais aussi tous les premiers chefs de l’émigratrion à savoir Boa Badjo, son général des armées, Aklatia le commandant personnel de Dangui Kpangni etc. Ses suc- cesseurs, incapables de poursuivre l’œuvre de Dangui kpangui, le royaume du Moronou éclate. Tous les groupements politiques en profitent pour prendre leur indépendance vis-à-vis du siège du N’Gatianou. Mots clés : Aowin, Ashanti, Sefwi, Wassa, Denkyira, Kassiadagouabo, Elubo, Moro. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT With the debacle of Aowin in 1721, the peoples who were going to become Morofoué were stemming from three Main States of Gold Coast: it is about Aowin, for Amantien, Ahali, Sahoua, Alangoua, Essan- dané, and them N’Gatiafoué; Sefwi for Sahié; Ashanti for Asia. With these representative populations in Moronou, other “dust of populations” mixed themselves with the Aowin migration in the direction of the current Ivory Coast. It deals also with the Wassa that is found in the villages of Abongoua in country Ahua at Bananbo in Gatia; Denkyira that are found at Niandian; Abradé at Guinou in country Essandané. All of these peoples will make themselves available to Dangui Kpangni once parvenu on the edges of “Moro,” this small brook which will finish by designate them. The emigrants settle in a first locality called Kassiadagouabo. The demographic pressure in this place and the problems of lands make that the leader of the Morofoué leaves this locality to settle down to Elubo, an area rich in gold and situated moreover in forest zone. Unfortunately at the time where he organised his Kingdom, occurs the Agni-Baoulé war in 1780 where not only Dangui Kpangni, the leader of the Morofoué is killed by Baoulé but also all the first heads of the emigration of whom Boa Badjo, his general of the armies. His successors unable to continue the work of Dangui kpangui, the kingdom of Moronou bursts. All the political groupings take advantage of it to take their independence regarding the siege of N’ Gatianou. Keywords: Aowin, Ashanti, Sefwi, Wassa, Denkyira, Kassiadagouabo, Elubo, Moro 102 © EDUCI 2013. Rev iv hist,22,102-130. ISSN 1817-5627 INTRODUCTION Avec la débâcle de l’Aowin en 1721 face à l’Ashanti, les peuples qui vont devenir des Morofoué sont issus de plusieurs Etats. Or les Morofoué d’aujourd’hui parlent de venir tous d’Anyuan-yuan, une localité de l’Aowin où Ano Assoman a été défait par l’armée Ashanti. Tous donnent l’impression d’être liés au pays des ancêtres, à Ano Assoman, le roi de l’Aowin comme s’ils viennent tous de cet Etat. Ainsi dans le Sahié, l’Assiè, l’Amantien, L’Alangoua… bref dans tous les neuf groupements politiques (N’Gatia, Amantien, Ahua, Ahali, Alangoua, Assiè, Essandané, Sahié, Sahua), les traditionnistes situent leur origine de la Gold Coast vers la Côte d’Ivoire actuelle à Anyuan-yuan (Enchi), la capitale de l’Aowin. Le Moronou est situé entre les 6°30 et le 7° de latitude Nord, c’est-à-dire dans la zone de transition de la Côte d’Ivoire. Il a une superficie de 5.570 km². Il est couvert de forêt mésophile. Il est limité au Nord par les départements de Daoukro et de Bocanda, au Sud par les départements d’Akoupé, d’Agboville et de Tiassalé; à l’Ouest, il est limité par le N’zi, le séparant de celui de Dimbokro et à l’Est par la Comoé le délimitant de celui d’Abengourou. Le relief de la région est dominé par les bas plateaux aux sols schisteux, mais surplombés au centre et dans le Nord Ouest par des collines d’altitude variant entre 400 et 600 m. Le Moronou comprend trois départements: Bongouanou, la capitale de région, les départements d’Arrah et de M’Batto auxquels s’ajoutent onze sous préfectures (Andé, Assiè-Koumassi, N’Guessankro et la sous préfecture centrale de Bongouanou dans le département de Bongouanou; Abongoua, Krégbé et la sous préfecture centrale d’Arrah dans celui d’Arrah ; Assahara, Anomanba, Tiémélékro et M’Batto dans celui de M’Batto). Sa population est estimée à plus de 350.000 habitants aujourd’hui. C’est dans cette zone, qu’à la chute de l’Aowin en 1721 face à l’Ashanti, plusieurs peuples du pays des ancêtres venus également de plusieurs Etats de la Gold Coast, lieront leur sort à Dangui Kpangni, le neveu d’Ano Assoman, le guide des Morofoué pour s’établir sur les bords du ‘’Moro’’, ce petit ruisseau dont le nom finira par les désigner. D’où la question de savoir les origines diverses de ces Morofoué et leur organisa- tion socio politique après leur installation dans le Moronou entre 1735 et 1780, date de l’éclatement du royaume embryonnaire créé par Dangui Kpangni. Ainsi cette étude sera axée sur deux parties : • la première portera sur les origines diverses des morofoué en 1721 au moment de l’émigration. Cette première partie nous permettra de remonter aux origines lointaines des émigrants avant d’aborder leurs lieux de migration dans le pays des ancêtres, de la Côte de l’or à la Côte d’Ivoire actuelle en 1721, date de la chute dénitive de l’Aowin. • la seconde partie nous permettra d’étudier et d’identifier les différents groupes d’émigrants à travers leurs Etats respectifs, de parler brièvement de leur his- toire et d’étudier la formation du royaume, c’est-à-dire, sa naissance et son organisation jusqu’en 1780. Lazare Yera AKPENAN (2013), Les Morofoue : des origines diverses de l’Aowin à la création du royaume embryonnaire du Moronou (1721-1780) 103 dans la Côte d’Ivoire La région du Moronou La région du Moronou 104 © EDUCI 2013. Rev iv hist,22,102-130. ISSN 1817-5627 I- LES ORIGINES DIVERSES DES MOROFOUE A L’EMIGRATION DE 1721 Les Morofoué qui s’établissent dans le Moronou après la débâcle Aowin face à l‘Ashanti en 1721 sont issus de plusieurs Etats de la Côte de l’or dont trois Etats principaux qui ont des populations représentatives dans le Moronou : il s’agit de l‘Aowin, du Sefwi (Sahié) et de |’Ashanti. Ainsi nous commencerons par montrer l‘origine lointaine de ces peuples dans la Côte de l’or avant leur migration en 1721 en direction de la Côte d’Ivoire actuelle. I.1- les origines lointaines des Aowin, des Sahié et des Ashanti I.1.1- De Bono à l’étape d’Adansi Nous avons voulu éviter ce grand débat sur l‘origine lointaine des Akan. En effet pour certains historiens, les Akans seraient partis de la Rift vallée pour remonter vers l’Egypte1 au Nord. Pour d’autres, ils viendraient du Soudan. Pour d’autres encore ils viendraient de quelque part entre Tchad-Bénué dans la trouée du Dahomey, c’est-à dire le Benin actuel2 . Selon les tenants de cette thèse, c’est de là que les Akan auraient progressé jusqu’au foyer de l’Adansi entre Pra et Offin. Pour notre part, nous pensons qu’il ne faut pas aller au-delà de l’espace Bono d’où seraient descendus au Sud plusieurs clans d’Akan, certainement sous la menace des Dagomba et des Mamprussi, des peuples du Nord. Par conséquent, après s‘être imposés aux Akan par la force des armes, ces derniers ne se sentent plus en sécurité et ont fuit leur zone d’origine où ils y étaient établis depuis des millénaires. Car entre le 5e et le 15e siècle de notre ère ces peuples Akan étaient établis encore dans l’espace Bono qui était une constellation de petites chefferies Akan. L’espace Bono comprenait trois royaumes : le Bono, N’Sawkaw, Wenchi. Outre ces trois royaumes, d’autres tels que Takyiman, héritier du Bono, l’Abease seront créés autour de 1723 / 1730. Mais jusqu’au 15e siècle de notre ère, tous ces royaumes étaient de petites chef- feries autonomes dirigées par des Akan.
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