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Case Report SKULL BONE ANATOMY of the YOUNG COMMON HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus Amphibius)

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Case Report SKULL BONE ANATOMY of the YOUNG COMMON HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus Amphibius) Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2018, 68 (3), 361-372 UDK: 599.731.4-147.14 DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0030 Case report SKULL BONE ANATOMY OF THE YOUNG COMMON HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius) ZORIĆ Zoran1, LOZANČE Olivera1*, MARINKOVIĆ Darko2, BLAGOJEVIĆ Miloš1, NEŠIĆ Ivana1, DEMUS Natalija3, ĐORĐEVIĆ Milena1 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Republic of Serbia; 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Republic of Serbia; 3Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies named after S.Gzhytskyj, Pekarska Street 50, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine (Received 18 May, Accepted 26 June 2018) Hippopotamidae family is nowadays represented by two species within two different genera: pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). The common hippopotamus has a very unique anatomy, and the shape of the body, especially the head is adapted for a semi-aquatic life style. The morphological examination and description of the gross anatomical features of the hippopotamus skull is described in this paper. The shape of the skull is adapted for the amphibian way of life. Their eyes, ears and nostrils are placed high on the roof of the skull which allows these organs to remain above the surface of the water while the animal is being submerged underwater. The skull is massive, but the brain case (neurocranium) is extremely small compared with the splanchnocranium and complete head. The dental formula of the common hippopotamus is: incisors (I) 2/2, canines (C) 1/1, premolars (P) 3-4/3-4 and molars (M) 3/3. Incisors and canine teeth are formed in the shape of tusks and are used for threat or “demonstration of power” among animals when vigorously fi ghting. Incisor teeth grow continuously and are twice bigger in males than in females. Key words: anatomy, hippopotamus, morphology, skull INTRODUCTION Hippopotamidae family is nowadays represented by two species within two different genera: pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is one of the largest land mammals, and the heaviest of the Artiodactyla which can weigh up to 3000kg. Today it inhabits rivers, lakes and wetlands of the sub-Saharan Africa. A number of these animals also live in Zoological gardens throughout the world. This *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 361 Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2018, 68 (3), 361-372 animal species is listed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species as Vulnerable to Extinction. Common hippopotamus has a very unique anatomy, and the shape of its body, especially the head is adapted for the semi-aquatic life style. Their eyes, ears and nostrils are placed high on the roof of the skull which allows these organs to remain above the surface of the water while the animal is being submerged. There are few studies on the skull of the common hippopotamus, and they are related to the evolution of ontogeny of the skull [1], dentition and ageing [2,3], and osteological features of the skull [4-7]. The skull is massive, but the brain case (neurocranium) is extremely small compared with splanchnocranium and complete head. From the dorsal view, the skull of the common hippopotamus has the appearance of the hourglass with wide caudal and rostral parts and a narrow middle part (maxillary region). As mentioned, its shape is adapted for the amphibious way of life, and the eyes (orbits) of the hippopotamus are on the roof of the skull, positioned laterally. Their massive jaw is capable of a 150 degree mouth opening. Dental formula of the common hippopotamus is: incisors (I) 2/2, canines (C) 1/1, premolars (P) 3-4/3-4 and molars (M) 3/3. Incisors and canine teeth are formed in the shape of tusks and are used for threat or “demonstration of power” among animals when vigorously fi ghting. Incisor teeth grow continuously and are twice bigger in males than in females. The crowned premolars and bunodont molars are used for the mastication of the food [2,3,8]. CASE PRESENTATION A 1-year-old, female common hippopotamus died suddenly in Belgrade Zoo garden as the result of a rare congenital heart anomaly - Single left coronary artery (LCA) [9]. After complete necropsy and histopathological examination, the carcass was submitted to the Department of Anatomy at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade. Maceration of the skeletal remains was performed and dry bone samples were examined. Since very scanty literature data are available, the morphological examination and description of the gross anatomical features of the hippopotamus skull is described in this paper. The skull of this young common hippopotamus was massive with a dominant splanchnocranium compared to the brain case (neurocranium). As in other animal species, bones of the common hippopotamus are divided in bones which form the cranium – the brain case (ossa cranii) and other bones which are form the oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavity as well as the facial skeleton (ossa faciei). Cranial bones are: occipital bone (os occipitale), sphenoidal bone (os sphenoidale), ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale), interparietal bone (os interparietale), parietal bone (os parietale), frontal bone (os frontale), and temporal bone (os temporale). The cranial cavity (cavum cranii) in the common hippopotamus consists of the aboral (Figure 1), dorsal - roof of the skull (Figure 2), lateral (Figure 3) and ventral part - basis of the skull (Figure 4). 362 Zorić et al.: Skull bone anatomy of the young common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) Figure 1. A – Foramen magnum; B – Condylus occipitalis; C – Os occipitale (squama occipitalis); D – Os occipitale (partes laterales); E – Palatum durum; F – Os temporale (Processus zygomaticum) Figure 2. A – Os occipitale; B – Os parietale; C – Os temporale; D – Os frontale; E – Os nasale; F – Os lacrimale; G – Os zygomaticum; H – Maxilla; I – Os incisivum Figure 3. A – Os occipitale; B – Corpus mandibulae; C – Ramus mandibulae; D – Maxilla; E – Os incisivum; F – Os temporale (processus zygomaticus); G – Os parietale; H – Os zygomaticum (processus temporalis); I – Incisura vasorum facialium Figure 4. A – Os occipitale (basis occipitalis); B – Condylus occipitalis; C – Bulla tympani; D – Os sphenoidale; E – Vomer; F – Os temporale (processus zygomaticus); G – Os palatinum; H – Os zygomaticum (processus temporalis); I – Maxilla; J – Processus palatinus maxillae; K – Processus palatinus ossis incisivi The occipital bone forms the aboral part of the skull, while the parietal, interparietal, frontal and occipital bone form the roof of the skull. The lateral part of the skull is formed by the temporal bone while the part of occipital bone and sphenoidal bone form the basal part of the skull. The occipital bone of the common hippopotamus consists of two lateral parts and one basal part, and it closes the cranial cavity from 363 Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2018, 68 (3), 361-372 the aboral side and only small part of this bone forms the roof of the skull. In the hippopotamus this bone communicates with the parietal, temporal and sphenoidal bones. The squamous part of the occipital bone (squama occipitalis) builds up a plate- like vertically positioned aboral part of the bone with a notable nuchal ridge (crista nuchae). This ridge divides this bone on its larger ventral part which closes the cranial cavity from the aboral side, and dorsal horizontal, smaller part which is fused with interparietal bone and which forms small aboral part of the roof of the skull. In the middle of the squamous part of the occipital bone a rough external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) is present, and on the dorsal side of the same part of the occipital bone an external sagittal crest (crista sagittalis externa) is notable. The lateral parts of the occipital bone (partes laterales) are situated laterally and ventrally from the squamous part of the occipital bone, and a well differentiated articular occipital condyle (condylus occipitalis) is developed for the connection to the fi rst neck vertebra. Foramen magnum is positioned between these two condyles and has a notch on the dorsal side, while the paracondylar processes is situated laterally from the occipital condyles. Between the paracondylar process and the occipital condyle, on the lateral part of the occipital bone, the hypoglossal canal (canalis n. hypoglossi) is present. The basal part of the occipital bone (pars basilaris), median unpaired bone, is situated in the base of the skull and it communicates (the cartilaginous communication) cranially with the corpus of the sphenoid bone (basisphenoid), caudally it forms the ventral part of the foramen magnum. On the ventral part of the basal part of the occipital bone two small bony protrusions (tubercula muscularia) are present [4-6,10,11]. The sphenoid bone (os sphenoidale) is the median unpaired bone of the rostral part of the base of the skull which consists of median unpaired body (corpus), paired wings (alae), and paired pterygoid processes (processus pterygoideus). As mentioned, caudally this bone communicates with the basal part of the occipital bone, and rostrally with the vomer. The wings (alae) of the sphenoid bone are situated laterally from the body of this bone and are connected with it by cartilaginous bond. Rostrally they are connected with the sagittal lamina of the palatine bone and the base of the pterygoid bone. The ethmoid foramen (foramen ethmodale) is present on the orbital part of the pterygoid processes. On the rostral part, near the nasal cavity, the sphenoid bone communicates with the unpaired ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale) which separates the cranial and nasal cavity [5,6,10,11]. The ethmoid bone in the hippopotamus communicates with the vomer, presphenoid bone (os presphenoidale) and palatine bones, while its rostral part is situated between the orbital parts of the frontal bones.
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