X-Ray Annotation Mouse Atlas This Publication Is Under a Creative Commons License

J. Ruberte – A. Carretero – H. Cater G. Gràcia – C. Lally

X-Ray Annotation Mouse Atlas This publication is under a Creative Commons license. Total or partial reproduction and public communication is permitted, as long the authorship is acknowledged. Changes of the original publication, its commercial use, and creation of derivative works is not allowed.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Helena Ariño. 08208, Sabadell, Spain.

The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. AUTHORS

Prof. Dr. Jesús Ruberte (DVM, PhD) Head of the Mouse Imaging Platform. Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Prof. Dr. Ana Carretero (DVM, PhD) Mouse Imaging Platform. Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Dr. Heather Cater (BSc, PhD) Phenotyping Manager. Medical Research Council. Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.

Dr. Guillem Gràcia (DVM) Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Mr. Connor Lally (BSc, MSc) Senior Phenotyper and Data manager. Medical Research Council. Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. FOREWORD

One of the biggest challenges facing the biomedical sciences and medicine is the dark genome. Much of the human genome is unexplored and there remain thousands of genes for which we have little or no knowledge of function and their impact on disease. This is a very serious impediment to the development of a comprehensive understanding of the genetic bases of disease and progress in genomic medicine. If we are to make significant progress with understanding the mechanisms and pathological bases of disease, and develop and implement appropriate therapies, we need to address this challenge, which pervades all progress in the biomedical sciences.

The mouse remains the key genetic tool for exploring the dark genome. The mouse genetics community, including the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), is focused on the generation of a library of mouse mutants for every orthologous human gene. The phenotyping of each of these mutants will provide a comprehensive catalogue of mammalian gene function. Importantly, such efforts can be done at scale, ensuring that every gene is analysed and that the dark genome is illuminated. Already, many genes for which hitherto we had no information about function have emerged from the darkness, providing fascinating insight into their potential role in disease. Across many disease areas an extensive, unexplored landscape of novel gene function has been uncovered. The success of this endeavour depends upon the development of efficient and standardised phenotyping tools and approaches. The phenotyping platforms that are applied to the analysis of mutants must deliver robust and reproducible data and thus the development of standardised tools is critical. The X-ray Annotation Mouse Atlas is a major new advance in mouse phenotyping providing a comprehensive and standardised atlas of bone morphology and architecture. It provides a fundamental and vital tool which will speed and improve the characterisation and annotation of mouse mutants. The authors are to be congratulated on this new and powerful atlas which is already contributing to our understanding of bone pathology and disease mechanisms.

Steve Brown February 2021 PREFACE

Mice represent over 60% of laboratory skeleton can be observed and learned to animals used in Europe for phar- identify using this publication. Following maceutical and biotechnology compa- the IMPC standard operating procedures nies, as well as research institutions. The (https://www.mousephenotype.org/impre transgenic and genetic manipulation ss), dorso-ventral and latero-lateral radio- technologies applied to the mouse have graphies from 14 weeks old male and provided experimental proof that a female C57BL/6N mice were performed significant proportion of inherited disea- using a Ultrafocus DXA and a Faxitron ses share a common genomic source. MX-20 (Hologic®, Marlborough, Massa- The recent revolution in gene editing, the chusetts, USA). Isolated bone radiogra- CRISPR-Cas9 technology, has also pro- phies were obtained after digestion of vided an additional and powerful ap- soft tissues using pancreatin solution proach to design and produce mouse (0.05%). models with the same insertion or de- Special attention has been paid to letion missense mutations that occur in presenting the radiological anatomy of the human genome and are responsible the head, the carpus, the tarsus, and the for a significant proportion of inherited or vertebral column. To better understand acquired human disease. the complex anatomy of the skull, x-rays This success for testing molecular di- of its isolated bones are presented sease hypotheses in mice has encou- showing their shape, processes, fora- raged the development of massive global mina, etc. In addition, the boundaries of mouse projects, such as the International each bone are delimited on the X-ray Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), images of the complete skull. Anatomical which is building a catalogue of mam- variations in the number and fusion of malian gene function by producing and carpal and tarsal bones have been phenotyping a knockout mouse line for studied in a total of 14 Individuals. The every protein-coding gene. To date, the frequency of appearance for each ana- IMPC has generated and characterised tomical variation is indicated in percen- 7,626 mutant lines creating 246,749 X- tage. Vertebral regions have been pre- ray images that need to be analyzed and sented showing their vertebrae isolated understood. and drawing interpretative schemes to understand how anatomical structures Anatomy is the bedrock on which belonging to two contiguous vertebrae radiology has been based. However, to overlap in the same radiographic loca- our knowledge there is currently not a tion. Finally, the most important bone specific publication devoted to the mouse gender differences have also been de- radiological skeletal anatomy. Such a monstrated comparing male and female publication would help to diagnose ap- littermates. Male bones in general are propriately the huge number of X-ray bigger that their corresponding female images produced by the international specimens. consortia. For these reasons, here we introduce a complete description of mou- Muscular processes are more prominent se skeletal radiology using a set of 152 in males and the shape of articular X-ray images, 16 original drawings, and surfaces presented slight differences 590 anatomical references. All the im- when comparing sexes. Interestingly, as portant anatomical details of the mouse happen in other mammals including man, PREFACE the morphology of the pelvis is different “Anatomisches Bildwörterbuch der inter- between male and female mice. antionalen Nomenklatur” (3rd edition, 1993), by H. Feneis. We have also taken The anatomical terms that have been into consideration the mouse anatomical used here to describe the morphology of ontologies displayed in the eMouse Atlas the mouse skeleton mainly correspond to Project (EMAP). This publication has long the “Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV)” been demanded by the technicians in (4th edition, 1992). charge of analyzing the bone radiographs However, there are bones that exist in the obtained in “mouse clinics” worldwide. mouse, the clavicle for example, which is Today, thanks to the collaboration very similar to humans, and not very between the Universitat Autònoma de common in domestic animals. In these Barcelona and the Mary Lyon Centre situations, we have used the human (MRC Harwell Institute) it is a pleasure to anatomical nomenclature published in the present it to the mouse community. TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Dorso-ventral mouse radiography ...... 1 2. Latero-lateral mouse radiography ...... 2 3. Skull ...... 3 4. Mandible ...... 15 5. Cervical vertebrae ...... 16 6. Thoracic vertebrae ...... 19 7. Ribs ...... 21 8. Sternum ...... 22 9. Lumbar vertebrae ...... 23 10. Sacrum ...... 25 11. Caudal vertebrae ...... 27 12. Skeleton of the forelimb ...... 28 13. Skeleton of the hindlimb ...... 34 14. Gender differences ...... 41 15. Bibliography ...... 46 16. Index ...... 48 1 Dorso-ventral mouse radiography

A B

6 1 1

4 3 5

10 9 11 12

A) Dorsal view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Cranium; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Ribs; 8: Vertebral column; 9: Hip bone; 10: Femur; 11: Tibia; 12: Fibula; 13: Hindpaw. 2 Latero-lateral mouse radiography

B 6 7 5 8 16 4 9 2 11 17 1 3 12 10

13 14 18 19

A) Left lateral view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Latero-lateral radiography.

1: Facies; 2: Cranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Cervical vertebrae; 5: Thoracic vertebrae; 6: Lumbar vertebrae; 7: Sacrum; 8: Caudal vertebrae; 9: Ribs; 10: Sternum; 11: Scapula; 12: Humerus; 13: Radius; 14: Ulna; 15: Forepaw; 16: Hip bone; 17: Femur; 18: Tibia; 19: Fibula; 20: Hindpaw. 3 Skull

A 4 4

5 5

3 3 10 10

B 4 4 C 5 5

10 1 8 8

3 7 13 7 3 6 6

10 10 9 9

2 11 11 12 12

A) Skeleton of the head. Dorso-ventral radiography. B) Skull. Dorso-ventral radiography. C) Mandibles. Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Viscerocranium (facial bones); 2: Neurocranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Upper incisor tooth; 5: Lower incisor tooth; 6: Upper molar teeth; 7: Lower molar teeth; 8: Body of mandible; 9: Ramus of mandible; 10: Coronoid process; 11: Condyloid process; 12: Angular process; 13: Intermandibular joint. 4 Skull

B 3 3

4 4

A 1 1 1 1

2 2 12

9 9

6 6 9 9 8 8

11 11 2 2

7 7 13 10 10

14 14

A) Position of nasal and frontal bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Frontal bone; 3: Rostral process; 4: Dorsal nasal concha; 5: Internasal suture; 6: Dorsal margin of the orbita; 7: Temporal line; 8: Ethmoidal foramen; 9: Frontal squama; 10: Temporal surface; 11: Orbital part; 12: Frontonasal suture ; 13: Interfrontal suture; 14: Frontoparietal suture (coronal suture) 5 Skull

B 5 5 6 6 8 8

9 9 3 3 A 10 1 1 4 10 4 7 7

11 11

1 1 2

2 13

A) Position of parietal and interparietal bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Parietal bone; 2: Interparietal bone; 3: Parietal plane; 4: Temporal plane; 5: Frontal angle; 6: Temporal line; 7: Vascular grooves; 8: Frontoparietal suture (coronal suture); 9: Parietotemporal suture (squamous suture); 10: Sagital suture; 11: Interparietal suture; 12: Osseous tentorium cerebelli; 13: Parietooccipital suture. 6 Skull

B 4 4

1 1 5

6 11 10 10 11

2 2 A 12 12 1 1 7 7

8 8 13 13 9 9 2 2

3 3

A) Position of incisive and zygomatic bones and maxilla. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of facial bones.

1: Incisive bone; 2: Maxilla; 3: Zygomatic bone; 4: Alveolar process; 5: Vomerosal bone; 6: Vomer; 7: First molar tooth; 8: Second molar tooth; 9: Third molar tooth; 10: Ventral nasal concha; 11: Infraorbital foramen; 12: Zygomatic process; 13: Palatine process. 7 Skull

B 4

8 5 8 7 6 1

13 13 10 10 A 9 14 14 15 15 12 2 12

1 16 16

2 17

3 3 21 21 20 20

22 19 22

A) Position of presphenoid, basisphenoid and occipital bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Presphenoid bone; 2: Basisphenoid bone; 3: Occipital bone; 4: Sphenoidal rostrum; 5: Jugum sphenoidale; 6: Body (presphenoid bone); 7: Wing (presphenoid bone); 8: Optic canal; 9: Body (basisphenoid bone); 10: Wing (basisphenoid bone); 11: Hypophysial fossa; 12: Sella turcica; 13: Infratemporal crest; 14: Foramen rotundum; 15: Foramen ovale; 16: Carotid incisura; 17: Basilar part (occipital bone); 18: Squamous part of the occipital bone; 19: Foramen magnum; 20: Hypoglosal canal; 21: Paracondylar process; 22: Occipital condyle. 8 Skull

6 A 4 1

7 2

8 1 1 3 9

2 2 10

A) Position of temporal bone. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated squamous, tympanic and petrous parts.

1: Squamous part; 2: Tympanic part; 3: Petrous part; 4: Zygomatic process; 5: Temporal line; 6: Parietotemporal suture (squamous suture); 7: Tympanic cavity; 8: Cochlea; 9: Vestibule; 10: Posterior semicircular canal; 11: Petrosquamous fissure. 9 Skull

1 1

16 16

2 2

4 6 6

5 5 7 7

17 8 8 17

18 18

9 19 19 9 10

21 20 20 21 12

26 26 25 25 22 22

23 13 23 24 24

Skull. Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Incisive bone; 3: Vomeronasal bone; 4: Vomer; 5: Maxilla; 6: Infraorbital foramen; 7: Zygomatic process (maxilla); 8: Palatine process (maxilla); 9: Zygomatic bone; 10: Palatine bone; 11: Presphenoid bone; 12: Basisphenoid bone; 13: Occipital bone; 14: Squamous part of the occipital bone; 15: Foramen magnum; 16: Upper incisor tooth; 17: First upper molar tooth; 18: Second upper molar tooth; 19: Third upper molar tooth; 20: Pterygoid bone; 21: Zygomatic process (temporal bone); 22: Tympanic cavity; 23: Cochlea; 24: Vestibule; 25: Muscular process; 26: Petrosquamous fissure. 10 Skull

2 1

14 13 B 12 2 15

8 10 1 16

17 11 9 18 4 6

5 3

A) Skeleton of the head. Latero-lateral radiography. B) Skull. Latero-lateral radiography. C) Mandible. Latero-lateral radiography.

1: Viscerocranium (facial bones); 2: Neurocranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Upper incisor tooth; 5: Lower incisor tooth; 6: Upper molar teeth; 7: Lower molar teeth; 8: Nasal bones; 9: Incisive bones; 10: Ethmoid bone; 11: Maxilla; 12: Frontal bones; 13: Parietal bones; 14: Interparietal bone; 15: Occipital bone; 16: Temporal bones; 17: Basisphenoid bone; 18: Pterygoid bones. 11 Skull

1 3

B 10

8 9 1 3

6 4 5

A) Position of nasal, ethmoid and frontal bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Ethmoid bone; 3: Frontal bone; 4: Rostral process; 5: Dorsal nasal concha; 6: Ectoturbinates (ethmoidal labyrinth); 7: Endoturbinates (ethmoidal labyrinth); 8: Frontal squama; 9: Orbital part; 10: Temporal line; 11: Ethmoidal foramen. 12 Skull

2 1

2 6

5 8 7

3 15 14 10 13 16 12 11 4 9

A) Position of zygomatic and temporal bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Zygomatic bone; 2: Squamous part (temporal bone); 3: Tympanic part (temporal bone); 4: Petrous part; 5: Zygomatic process; 6: Occipital process; 7: Retrotympanic process; 8: Petrosquamous fissure; 9: Muscular process; 10: Tympanic cavity; 11: Pneumatic cells; 12: Cochlea; 13: Vestibule; 14: Anterior semicircular canal; 15: Lateral semicircular canal; 16: Posterior semicircular canal. 13 Skull

1 5 7 3

A) Position of basisphenoid and occipital bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Basisphenoid bone; 2: Occipital bone; 3: Body (basisphenoid bone); 4: Wings (basisphenoid bone); 5: Basilar part (occipital bone); 6: Squamous part (occipital bone); 7: Occipital condyles; 8: Paracondylar process. 14 Skull

21 20 12 23 27

10 13 18 5 9 15 25 11 17 26 6 14 24 16 22 8 19 7 1 2 3 4 28

Latero-lateral radiography of skull.

1: Upper incisor teeth; 2: First upper molar teeth; 3: Second upper molar teeth; 4: Third upper molar teeth; 5: Nasal bones; 6: Nasal dorsal concha; 7: Incisive bones; 8: Maxilla; 9: Infraorbital foramen; 10: Ectoturbinates; 11: Endoturbinates; 12: Frontal bones; 13: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone); 14: Presphenoid bone; 15: Optic canal; 16: Basisphenoid bone; 17: Hypophysial fossa ; 18: Zygomatic processes (temporal bones); 19: Pterygoid bones; 20: Parietal bones; 21: Interparietal bone; 22: Basilar part (occipital bone); 23: Squamous part (occipital bone); 24: Occipital condyle; 25: Squamous part (temporal bone); 26: Petrous part (temporal bone); 27: Anterior semicircular channels; 28: Tympanic bulla (tympanic part of temporal bone). 15 Mandible

17 23 12 18 22 A 21 7 9 10 11

16 2 4 20 5 3 8 19

17 23 18 22

B 13 21 14 2

20 15

1 19

C 6 7

5 3 8

Latero-medial radiography of mandible (A), without the incisive tooth (B), isolated incisive tooth (C).

1: Body of mandible; 2: Ramus of mandible; 3: Lower incisive tooth; 4: Clinical crown; 5: Clinical root; 6: Apical foramen; 7: Lingual surface; 8: Vestibular Surface; 9: First lower molar tooth; 10: Second lower molar tooth; 11: Third lower molar tooth; 12: Molar cusps; 13: Molar crown; 14: Molar root; 15: Incisive part; 16: Interalveolar margin; 17: Coronoid process; 18: Condyloid process; 19: Angular process; 20: Pterygoid fossa; 21: Mandibular foramen; 22: Mandibular canal; 23: Mandibular notch. 16 Cervical vertebrae

A C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

B C1 C C1

3 2 1 1 2 C2 C2

5 5 C3 C3 4 4 C4 2 C4 2

C5 C5 4 4 5 5 C6 C6

C7 C7

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated cervical vertebrae. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of cervical vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Lateral mass (wing of atlas); 2: Transverse foramina; 3: Dens of axis; 4: Transverse processes; 5: Cranial and caudal articular processes. 17 Cervical vertebrae

7 2 1 4 4 1 4 4

8 6 5 5 6 10 9 C2 C1

4 4 1

5 6 3 6 5

2 4 4 2 1 4 4 5 1 5 3 6 6 5 3 5 11 C6 11 C7

Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated cervical vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial and caudal articular processes; 5: Transverse process; 6: Transverse foramen; 7: Dorsal arch (atlas); 8: Ventral arch (atlas); 9: Ventral tubercle (atlas); 10: Dens of axis; 11: Ventral lamina (C6). 18 Cervical vertebrae

A C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

B C1 C2 1 3 7 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

4 4 2 4 4 4 5 5 9 5 6 9

C 1 D 7

8 4 2 C1 C2

A) Latero-lateral radiography of cervical vertebrae. B) Interpretative diagram. C) Latero-lateral radiography of atlas (C1). D) Latero-lateral radiography of axis (C2).

1: Dorsal tubercle; 2: Ventral tubercle; 3: Transverse foramen; 4: Vertebral body; 5: Transverse process; 6: Ventral lamina (C6); 7: Spinous process; 8: Dens of axis; 9: First rib. 19 Thoracic vertebrae

A T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13

B C 2 1 T1 T1 8 T2 T2 7 T3 T3 T4 T4 1 T5 T5 8 T6 T6

9 T7 T7

T8 7 T8

T9 T9 8 T10 T10

1 T11 T11 9

7 T12 T12 4 4

T13 7 T13

6 5 3 5 6

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated thoracic vertebrae. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of thoracic vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Vertebral body; 2: Vertebral head (cranial extremity); 3: Vertebral fossa (caudal extremity); 4: Cranial articular process; 5: Caudal articular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Body of rib; 9: Head of rib. 20 Thoracic vertebrae

A T11 T12 T13 T10 T9 T8 T7 T2 T5 T6 T3 T4 T1

12 9 11

10 13

B 7 7

5 2 5 2 1 5 5 5 1 10 4 4 4 4 6 3 6 6 6 3 T1 T2 7 7

5 5 4 4 8 8 5 5 2 4 2 4 1 1 6 6 3 6 3 6 T9 T13

A) Latero-lateral radiography of thorax. Forelimbs are removed. B) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated thoracic vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial articular process; 5: Caudal articular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Accesory process; 9: 6th cervical vertebra; 10: Sternum; 11: Sternal ribs; 12: Asternal ribs; 13: Costal arch. 21 Ribs

1 15 15 A 20 C 2 16 19 3 17 16 4 5 14 6 18 1 14 7 18 21 8 2 9 10 11 12 15 13 17 14 22 14 B 10 1 2 3 4 13

18 18 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13

A) Ventro-dorsal radiography of thorax. B and C) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated ribs.

1-13: First to thirteenth rib; 14: Head of rib; 15: Tubercle of rib; 16: Neck of the head; 17: Angle of rib; 18: Body of rib; 19: Scapula; 20: First thoracic vertebra; 21: Seventh thoracic vertebra; 22: First lumbar vertebra. 22 Sternum

8 15 15 9 9 A 17 B

16 1 1 12

10 2 2 11 3 3 10 4 4 11 5 5

6 6

18 14 13

C 17 10

1 2 3 4 5 14 6

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of thorax. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated sternum. C) Latero- lateral radiography of thoracic cavity. Forelimbs are removed.

1: First sternebra (manubrium of sternum); 2-6: Second to sixth sternebrae; 7: Xiphoid cartilage; 8: Jugular notch; 9: Clavicular notch; 10: Costal bone; 11: Costal cartilage; 12: Sternal ribs (first to seventh); 13: Asternal ribs (eighth to tenth); 14: Costal arch; 15: Clavicle; 16: Scapula; 17: Sixth cervical vertebra; 18: Thirteenth thoracic vertebra. 23 Lumbar vertebrae

A L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

B CC 2 8 8

4 4 L1 7 L1 1

L2 L2 6 6

L3 7 L3 1 L4 L4

L5 L5 1

6 6 L6 7 L6 5 5 3

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated lumbar vertebrae. B) Ventro-dorsal radiography of lumbar vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

A L1 L2 L3

9 9 9 5 6 5 5 6 6 8 8 4 4 4 8 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 7 L4 L5 L6

9 9 5 9 6 5 6 5 6 4 8 4 4

2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 7 7 7

9 5,6 9 10 4 8 5,6 1 9 1 10 4 8 5,6 1 2 10 L1 3 1 4 L2 1 L3 2 1 L4 3 L5 7 L6 7

A) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated lumbar vertebrae. B) Latero-lateral radiography of lumbar vertebrae.

1: Vertebral body; 2: Vertebral head (cranial extremity); 3: Vertebral fossa (caudal extremity); 4: Pedicle (vertebral arch); 5: Cranial articular processes; 6: Caudal articular processes; 7: Transverse processes; 8: Accesory processes; 9: Spinous process; 10: Intervertebral foramen. 25 Sacrum

A S1 S2 S3 S4

B C 1 5

S1 4 6 7 S1

8 8 S2 6 7 S2

8 8 2

S3 6 S3 7

S4 6 S4

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated sacral vertebrae. B) Ventro-dorsal radiography of sacrum. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Base; 2: Wing; 3: Apex; 4: Promontory; 5: Cranial articular processes; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Sacral foramen. 26 Sacrum

7 7 4 4 4 4 5 5

2 2 1 1 6 6 6 6 3 3 S1 S2 8

7 7 4 4 4 4

2 2 6 1 6 6 6 1 3 3 S3 S4

Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated sacral vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial articular processes; 5: Caudal articular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Promontorium. 27 Caudal vertebrae

Cd1

4 5 5 Cd3

4 Cd5

4 Cd17

3 Cd18

2 4 Cd25 3

Cd29

Dorso-ventral radiography of caudal vertebrae.

1: Proximal region; 2: Middle region; 3: Distal region; 4: Vertebral body; 5: Transverse process. 28 Skeleton of the forelimb

A B

1 1

10 7 3

4 5 11 12 14 8

2 15 6 17

16 18 C 7

1 3 11 20 12 17 19 14

22 15 16 2

3 23 21

A) Latero-medial radiography of forelimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated scapula, humerus and clavicle. C) Latero-medial radiography of shoulder.

1: Scapula; 2: Clavicle; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Spine of scapula; 8: Hamatus process; 9: Supraspinous fossa; 10: Infraspinous fossa; 11: Neck of scapula; 12: Supraglenoid tubercle; 13: Coracoid process; 14: Acromial end; 15: Body of clavicle; 16: Sternal end; 17: Head of humerus; 18: Greater tubercle; 19: Body of humerus; 20: Deltoid tuberosity; 21: Throclea of humerus; 22: Lateral epicondyle; 23: Medial epicondyle. 29 Skeleton of the forelimb A B

2 3 3

4 5 9

10 8 17 18 6 11 12 19 13 C

14 20 7 9 18

13 15 21 14 23 16 22 20 A) Latero-medial radiography of forelimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated humerus, radius and ulna. C) Latero-medial radiography of elbow joint .

1: Scapula; 2: Clavicle; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Body of humerus; 8: Throclea of humerus; 9: Lateral epicondyle; 10: Medial epincondyle; 11: Head of radius; 12: Neck of radius; 13: Radial tuberosity; 14: Body of radius; 15: Throclea of radius; 16: Radius styloid process; 17: Olecranon; 18: Olecranon tubercle; 19: Anconeal process; 20: Body of ulna; 21: Head of ulna; 22: Ulnar styloid process; 23: Interosseus space of forearm. 30 Skeleton of the forelimb

A BB 40%

10 11 1010 1111

33 11 22 44 55 66 77 99 12 88 1212

13 16 1313 1616 1414 1515 14 15

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of carpus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate); 2: Ulnar carpal bone (triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone (pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Fusion of second and central carpal bones; 6: Third carpal bone; 7: Fourth carpal bone (hamate); 8: Falciform carpal bone; 9: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 10: Radius; 11: Ulna; 12-16: First to fifth metacarpal bones. 31 Skeleton of the forelimb

A B 45%

10 11 10 11

3 4 1 2 5 6 7 9

12 8 12

13 16 13 16 14 15 14 15

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of carpus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Fusion of intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate) and central carpal bone; 2: Ulnar carpal bone (triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone (pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Second carpal bone; 6: Third carpal bone; 7: Fourth carpal bone (hamate); 8: Falciform carpal bone; 9: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 10: Radius; 11: Ulna; 12-16: First to fifth metacarpal bones. 32 Skeleton of the forelimb

A B 15%

12 11

11 12

1 2 6 5 10 4 7 8

13 9

13 17 16 14 15 14 17 15 16

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of carpus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate); 2: Ulnar carpal bone (triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone (pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Second carpal bone; 6: Central carpal bone; 7: Third carpal bone; 8: Fourth carpal bone (hamate); 9: Falciform carpal bone; 10: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 11: Radius; 12: Ulna; 13-17: First to fifth metacarpal bones. 33 Skeleton of the forelimb

A B

11 12 11 12

10 10

1 5 7 9 2 4 3 I I 6 6 7

7 9 7 8 V V 9 8 8 II II 9 9 IV IV III III

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of forepaw. B) Interpretative diagram. The roman numerals indicate the number of the digits

1-5: First to fifth metacarpal bones; 6: Proximal sesamoid bones; 7: Proximal phalanx; 8: Middle phalanx; 9: Distal phalanx; 10: Carpus; 11: Radius; 12: Ulna. 34 Skeleton of the hindlimb

A 4 4 L6 1 1

5 5

8 S3 8

3 3 6 6 9 9 2 Cd1 2

7 7

B S3 Cd1 L6

2 1 8 2 1 8 3 9 3

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of pelvis. B) Latero-lateral radiography of pelvis.

1: Ilium; 2: Ischium; 3: Pubis; 4: Wing of ilium; 5: Body of ilium; 6: Body of ischium; 7: Tabula of ischium; 8: Acetabulum; 9: Obturator foramen. 35 Skeleton of the hindlimb

6 6

4 4

1 1

7* 5 5 7*

13* 13* 14 14

11* 11* 8 3 3 8 15* 15* 12* 2 12* 2 16*

9* 9* 10 10

Dorso-ventral radiography of hip (coxal) bones. Fourteen weeks old male (left) and female (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Ilium; 2: Ischium; 3: Pubis; 4: Wing of ilium; 5: Body of ilium; 6: Iliac crest; 7: Areas to the m. rectus femoris; 8: Body of ischium; 9: Tabula of ischium; 10: Branch of ischium; 11: Cranial branch of pubis; 12: Caudal branch of pubis; 13: Pecten pubis; 14: Acetabulum; 15: Obturator foramen; 16: Pubic symphysis. 36 Skeleton of the hindlimb

A B 8 7 6 9 1 2 10

11 1 3 4 12

5 15

3 4 17 1 2 16

21 14 22 23 15

3 19 18 20

A) Latero-medial radiography of hindlimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated femur, patella, tibia and fibula. C) Latero-medial radiography of stifle joint.

1: Femur; 2: Patella; 3: Tibia; 4: Fibula; 5: Hindpaw; 6: Head of femur; 7: Neck of femur; 8: Greater trochanter; 9: Trochanteric fossa; 10: Lesser trochanter; 11: Third trochanter; 12: Body of femur; 13: Femoral trochlea; 14: Femoral condyles; 15: Tibial condyles; 16: Body of tibia; 17: Cranial border (tibial crest); 18: Medial malleolus; 19: Lateral malleolus; 20: Cochlea tibiae; 21: Sesamoid bones of m. gastrocnemii; 22: Sesamoid bone of m. popliteus; 23: Meniscus 37 Skeleton of the hindlimb

A B 6 8 7 9

1 10 2

1 3 4

11 12

13 14

5 16

4 16 3

C 2

18 18 11 12 13 14

16 15 17 5

A) Antero-posterior radiography of hinlimb. B) Antero-posterior radiography of femur, tibia and fibula. C) Antero-medial radiography of stifle joint.

1: Femur; 2: Patella; 3: Tibia; 4: Fibula; 5: Hindpaw; 6: Head of femur; 7: Neck of femur; 8: Greater trochanter; 9: Lesser trochanter; 10: Third trochanter; 11: Medial condyle; 12: Lateral condyle; 13: Medial condyle; 14: Lateral condyle; 15: Medial malleolus; 16: Head of fíbula; 17: Lateral malleolus; 18: Sesamoid bones of m. gastrocnemii. 38 Skeleton of the hindlimb

A B 68%

8 8

10 9 10 9

1 3

7 4 6 5 15 11 15 11 12 14 13 12 14 13

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of tarsus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Calcaneus; 2: Talus; 3: Tibial tarsal bone; 4: Fusion of central and third tarsal bones; 5: First tarsal bone (medial cuneiform); 6: Second tarsal bone (intermediate cuneiform); 7: Fourth tarsal bone (cuboid); 8: Calcaneal tubercle; 9: Medial malleolus; 10: Lateral malleolus; 11-15: First to fifth metatarsal bones. 39 Skeleton of the hindlimb

14% 7%

2 2

1 1 3 3

8 4 8 9 6 6 7 5 5 16 16 12 12 13 15 13 15 14 14

7% 4%

2 2

1 1 3 3

10 11 6 5 5

16 16 12 12 13 15 13 15 14 14

Tarsal anatomical variations.

1: Calcaneus; 2: Talus; 3: Tibial tarsal bone; 4: Central tarsal bone (navicular); 5: First tarsal bone (medial cuneiform); 6: Second tarsal bone (intermediate cuneiform); 7: Third tarsal bone (lateral cuneiform); 8: Fourth tarsal bone (cuboid); 9: Fusion of central, second and third tarsal bones; 10: Fusion of central, third and fourth tarsal bones; 11: Fusion of central, second, third and fourth tarsal bones; 12-16: First to fifth metatarsal bones. 40 Skeleton of the hindlimb

A B

11 11

1 5

2 4

3 6

6 7 6 6 7

I 8 7 7 7 I 7 V 8 V 8 8 8 9 10 9 9 9 II III IV III

Dorso-ventral (A) and latero-medial (B) radiographies of hindpaw. The roman numerals indicate the number of the digits.

1-5: First to fifth metatarsal bones; 6: Proximal sesamoid bones; 7: Proximal phalanx; 8: Middle phalanx; 9: Distal phalanx; 10: Distal sesamoid bone; 11: Tarsus. 41 Gender differences

A B

7 S3 7 1

2 4 8 1 8 6 6

5 3

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of male pelvis. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated glans of penis.

1: Penis bone; 2: Base (cranial); 3: Apex (caudal); 4: Glans of penis; 5: Urethral process; 6: Ischium; 7: Pubis; 8: Obturator foramen. 42 Gender differences

A 6

8 9 9

1 10

2 1

A) Latero-lateral radiography of male inguinal region. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated glans of penis.

1: Penis bone; 2: Base (cranial); 3: Apex (caudal); 4: Glans of penis; 5: Urethral process; 6: Ilium; 7: Ischium; 8: Pubis; 9: Femur; 10: Tibia. 43 Gender differences

5* 5*

3 4 3 4

11 1 1 12

6 6 2* 2*

7* 7*

Latero-medial radiography of isolated scapulae. Fourteen weeks old male (left) and female (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Spine of scapula; 2*: Hamatus process; 3: Supraspinous fossa; 4: Infraspinous fossa; 5: Dorsal border; 6: Supraglenoid tubercle; 7: Coracoid process. 44 Gender differences

1* 1*

2 2

3* 3*

5* 5*

4 4

Latero-medial radiography of isolated humeri. Fourteen weeks old male (left) and female (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Head of humerus; 2: Body of humerus; 3: Deltoid tuberosity; 4: Throclea of humerus; 5: Lateral epicondyle. 45 Gender differences

3* 3* 1* 1*

2* 2* 4* 4*

5* 5*

6 6

7 8 7 8

Antero-posterior radiography of isolated femori. Fourteen weeks old male (left) and female (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Head of femur; 2: Neck of femur; 3: Greater trochanter; 4: Trochanteric fossa; 5: Third trochanter; 6: Body of femur; 7: Lateral condyle; 8: Medial condyle. 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Chiasson RB. Laboratory Anatomy of the Hedrich, HJ. The Laboratory Mouse. Second White Rat. Fifth Ed. Boston, Massachusetts, Ed. Elsevier Academic Press. 2012. USA: WCB McGraw-Hill, 1994. Hrabé de Angelis M, Chambon P, Brown S. Cook MJ. The Anatomy of the laboratory Standards of mouse model phenotyping. mouse. London, UK: Academic Press Inc. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: Ltd, 1965. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2006.

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Feldman DB, Seely JC. Necropsy guide. Jackson Laboratory, The. Biology of the Rodents and the Rabbit. Florida, USA: CRC laboratory mouse. Second Ed. New York, Press, Boca Raton, 1988. USA: Dover publications, Inc., 1966.

Feneis H. Anatomisches bildwörterbuch der König HE, Liebich HG. Veterinary Anatomy of internationalen nomenklatur. Seventh Ed. Domestic Mammals. Texbook and Colour Stuttgart, Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag, Atlas. Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer GmbH, 1993. 2004.

Graichen H, Lochmüller E-M, Wolf E, Menegola E, Broccia ML, Giavini E. Atlas of Langkabel B, Stammberger T, Haubner M, rat fetal skeleton double stained for bone and Renner-Müller I, Englmeier K-H, Eckstein F. cartilage. Teratology. 2001; 64: 125-133. A non-destructive technique for 3-D microstructural phenotypic characterisation of Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (Fourth Ed). bones in genetically altered mice: preliminary Nomina Histologica (Revised Second Ed). data in growth hormone transgenic animals Nomina Embriologica (First Ed). New York, and normal controls. Anat Embriol. 1999; USA: The World Association of Veterinary 199: 239-248. Anatomists (Ed), 1994.

Greene EC. Anatomy of the Rat. New York, Popesko P, Rajtová V, Horáck J. A colour USA: Hafner Publishing Company, 1963. atlas of the Anatomy of small Laboratory animals. Vol 2. Rat, mouse, golden hamster. London, UK: Wolfe Publishing Ltd., 1992. 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rowett HGQ. The rat as a small mammal. Treuting PM, Dintzis SM, Montine KS. Third Ed. London, UK: John Murray Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A (Publishers) Ltd., 1974. Mouse, Rat and Human AtlasLondon, UK: Elsevier Academic Press, 2018. Ruberte J, Carretero A, Navarro M. Morphological Mouse Phenotyping: Ward JM, Mahler JF, Maronpot RR, Anatomy, Histology and Imaging. Elsevier Sundberg JP, Frederickson RM. Pathology Academic Press, 2017. of genetically engineered mice. First Ed. Iowa, USA: Iowa State Press, 2000. Sautet J. Animaux de Laboratoire. Elements d’Anatomie. Toulouse, France: Wirstchafter ZT. The genesis of the mouse École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, skeleton. A laboratory Atlas. Springfield, 1991. Illinois, USA: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1960. Terminología Anatómica. Comité Federal sobre Terminología Anatómica (FCAT). Madrid, Spain: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2001. 48 INDEX

A Carotid incisura (basisphenoid Dorsal nasal concha (nasal bone), 7 bone), 4, 11, 14 Accessory carpal bone, 30, 31, Carpal bone, 30, 31, 32 Dorsal tubercle (atlas), 18 32 Carpus, 30, 31, 32, 33 Accessory process (vertebrae), Caudal articular process 20, 24 (vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, E Acetabulum (hip bone), 34, 35 24, 25, 26 Ectoturbinates (ethmoid bone), Acromial end (clavicle), 28 Caudal branch (pubis), 35 11, 12, 14 Alveolar process (incisive Caudal vertebrae, 2, 27 Endoturbinates (ethmoid bone), bone), 6 Central carpal bone, 30, 31, 32 11, 12, 14 Anconeal process (ulna), 29 Central tarsal bone, 38, 39 Ethmoid bone, 10, 11 Angle (rib), 21 Cervical vertebrae, 2, 16, 17, Ethmoidal foramen (frontal angular process (mandible), 3, 18, 22 bone), 4, 9, 11 15 Clavicle, 22, 28 Ethmoidal labyrinth (ethmoid Anterior semicircular canal Clavicular notch (sternum), 22 bone), 11, 12 (temporal bone), 12, 14 Clinical crown, 15 Apex (penis bone), 41, 42 Clinical root, 15 Apex (sacrum), 25 F Cochlea (temporal bone), 8, 9, Apical foramen (tooth), 15 Facies, 2 12 Areas to the m. rectus femoris Falciform carpal bone, 30, 31, Cochlea tibiae, 36 (ilium), 35 32 Condyloid process (mandible), Asternal rib, 20, 22 Femoral condyle, 36 3, 15 Atlas, 16, 17, 18 Femoral trochlea, 36 Coracoid process (scapula), 28, Axis, 16, 17, 18 Femur, 1, 2, 36, 42, 45 43 Fibula,1, 2, 36 Coronal suture (frontal bone), 4 First molar tooth, 6, 9, 14, 15 Coronal suture (parietal bone), B Foramen magnum (occipital 5 Base (penis bone), 41, 42 bone), 7, 9 Coronoid process (mandible), 3, Base (sacrum), 25 Foramen ovale (basisphenoid 15 Basilar part (occipital bone), 7, bone), 7 Costal arch, 20, 22 13, 14 Foramen rotundum Costal Bone, 22 Basisphenoid bone, 7, 9, 10, (basisphenoid bone), 7 Costal cartilage, 22 13, 14 Forelimb, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Coxal bone, 35 Body (basisphenoid bone), 7, Forepaw, 1, 2, 28, 29, 33 Cranial articular process 13 Frontal angle (parietal bone), 5 (vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, Body (clavicle), 28 Frontal bone, 4, 10, 11, 14 24, 25, 26 Body (femur), 36, 45 Frontal squama (frontal bone), Cranial branch (pubis), 35 Body (humerus), 28, 29, 44 4, 11 Cranium, 1, 2 Body (ilium), 34, 35 Frontonasal suture (frontal Cuboid tarsal bone, 38, 39 Body (ischium), 34, 35 bone), 4 Body (mandible), 3, 15 Frontoparietal suture (frontal Body (presphenoid bone), 7 D bone), 4 Body (radius), 29 Deltoid tuberosity (humerus), Frontoparietal suture (parietal Body (rib), 19, 21 28, 44 bone), 5 Body (tibia), 36 Dens (axis), 16, 17, 18 Body (ulna), 29 Distal phalanx, 33, 40 Branch (ischium), 35 G Distal sesamoid bone, 40 Glans (penis), 41, 42 Dorsal arch (atlas), 17 Greater trochanter (femur), 36, Dorsal border (scapula), 49 C 45 Dorsal margin of the orbita Calcaneal tubercle, 38 Greater tubercle (humerus), 28 Calcaneus tarsal bone, 38, 39 (frontal bone), 4 49 INDEX

H Intervertebral foramen, 24 N Ischium, 34, 35, 41, 42 Hamate carpal bone, 30, 31, 32 Nasal bone, 4, 9, 11, 14 Hamatus process (scapula), 28, Neck (femur), 36, 45 43 J Neck (radius), 29 Head, 3, 10 Jugular notch (sternum), 22 Neck (rib), 21 Head (femur), 36, 45 Jugum sphenoidale Neck (scapula), 28 Head (humerus), 28, 44 (presphenoid bone), 7 Neurocranium, 3, 10 Head (radius), 29 Head (rib), 19, 21 Hindlimb, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, L O 39, 40 Lateral condyle (femur), 45 Obturator foramen (hip bone), Hindpaw, 1, 2, 40 Lateral epicondyle (humerus), 34, 35, 41 Hip, 35 28, 29, 44 Occipital bone, 7, 9, 10, 13 Hip bone, 1, 2 Lateral malleolus (tibia), 36, 38 Occipital condyle, 7, 13, 14 Humerus, 1, 2, 28, 29, 44 Lateral mass (atlas), 16 Olecranon (ulna), 29 Hypoglosal canal (occipital Lateral semicircular canal Olecranon tubercle (ulna), 29 bone), 7 (temporal bone), 12 Optic canal (presphenoid Hypophysial fossa Lesser trochanter (femur), 36 bone), 7, 14 (basisphenoid bone), 7, 14 Lingual surface (incisor tooth), Orbital part (frontal bone), 4, 11 15 Osseous tentorium cerebelli Lower incisor tooth, 3, 10, 15 (interparietal bone), 5 I Lower molar tooth, 3, 10, 15 Iliac crest, 35 Lumbar vertebrae, 2, 21, 23, 24 Ilium, 34, 35 P Incisive bone, 6, 9, 10, 14 Palatine bone, 9 Incisive part (mandible), 15 M Palatine process (maxilla), 6, 9 Infraorbital foramen (maxilla), 6, Mandible, 2, 3, 10, 15 Paracondylar process (occipital 9, 14 Mandibular canal (mandible), bone), 7, 13 Infraspinous fossa (scapula), 15 Parietal bone, 5, 10, 14 28, 43 Mandibular foramen (mandible), Parietal plane (parietal bone), 5 Infratemporal crest 15 Parietoccipital suture (basisphenoid bone), 7 Mandibular notch (mandible), (interparietal bone), 5 Interalveolar process 15 Parietotemporal suture (parietal (mandible), 15 Manubrium (sternum), 22 bone), 5 Interfrontal suture (frontal Maxilla, 6, 9, 10, 14 Parietotemporal suture bone), 4 Medial condyle (femur), 45 (temporal bone), 8 Intermandibular joint Medial cuneiform tarsal bone, Patella, 36 (mandible), 3 38, 39 Pecten (pubis), 35 Intermediate cuneiform tarsal Medial epicondyle (humerus), Pelvis, 34, 41 bone, 38, 39 28, 29 Penis bone, 41, 42 Intermedioradial carpal bone, Medial malleolus (tibia), 36, 38 Perpendicular plate (ethmoid 30, 31, 32 Meniscus, 36 bone), 14 Internasal suture (nasal bone), Metacarpal bone, 30, 31, 32, 33 Petrosquamous fissure 4 Metatarsal bone, 38, 39, 40 (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12 Interosseous space of forearm, Middle phalanx, 33, 40 Petrous part (temporal bone), 8, 29 Molar crown, 15 12, 14 Interparietal bone, 5, 10, 14 Molar cusp, 15 Pisiform carpal bone, 30, 31, 32 Interparietal suture (interparietal Molar root, 15 Pneumatic cells (temporal bone), 5 Muscular process (temporal bone), 12 bone), 9, 12 50 INDEX

P Squamous suture (parietal Trochlea (humerus), 28, 29, 44 bone), 5 Trochlea (radius), 29 Posterior semicircular canal Squamous suture (temporal Tubercle (rib), 21 (temporal bone), 8, 12 bone), 8 Tympanic bulla (temporal Presphenoid bone, 7, 9, 14 Sternal end (clavicle), 28 bone), 14 Promontory (sacrum), 25, 26 Sternal rib, 20, 22 Tympanic cavity (temporal Proximal phalanx, 33, 40 Sternebra (sternum), 22 bone), 8, 9, 12 Proximal sesamoid bone, 33, Sternum, 2, 20, 22 Tympanic part (temporal bone), 40 Stifle joint, 36 8, 12, 14 Pterygoid bone, 9, 10, 14 Styloid process (radius), 29 Pterygoid fossa (mandible), 15 Styloid process (ulna), 29 U Pubic symphysis, 35 Supraglenoid tubercle Ulna, 1, 2, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, Pubis, 34, 35, 41, 42 (scapula), 28, 43 33 Supraspinous fossa (scapula), Ulnar carpal bone, 30, 31, 32 28, 43 Ulnar sesamoid bone, 30, 31, R 32 Radial tuberosity (radius), 29 T Upper incisor tooth, 3, 9, 10, 14 Radius, 1, 2, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, Tabula (ischium), 34, 35 Upper molar tooth, 3, 10 33 Talus tarsal bone, 38, 39 Urethral process (penis bone), Ramus (mandible), 3, 15 Tarsal bone, 38, 39 41, 42 Rib, 1 Tarsus, 38, 39, 40 Rib, 2, 18, 19, 22, 23 Temporal bone, 8, 10 V Rostral process (nasal bone), Temporal line (frontal bone), 4, Vascular grooves (parietal 4, 11 11 bone), 5 Temporal line (parietal bone), 5 Ventral arch (atlas), 17 Temporal line (temporal bone), Ventral lamina (6th cervical S 8 vertebra), 17, 18 Sacral foramen, 25 Temporal plane (parietal bone), Ventral nasal concha (maxilla), Sacral vertebrae, 25, 26 5 6 Sacrum, 2, 25, 26 Temporal surface (frontal Ventral tubercle (atlas), 17, 18 Sagital suture (parietal bone), 5 bone), 4 Vertebral arch, 17, 20, 24, 26 Scapholunate carpal bone, 30, Third molar, 6, 9, 14, 15 Vertebral body, 17, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32 Third trochanter (femur), 36, 45 24, 26, 27 Scapula, 1, 2, 22, 28, 29, 43 Thoracic cavity, 22 Vertebral column, 1 Second molar, 6, 9, 14, 15 Thoracic vertebrae, 2, 19, 20, Vertebral foramen, 17, 20, 26 Sesamoid bone of m. 21, 22 Vertebral fossa, 19, 23, 24 gastrocnemii, 26 Thorax, 20, 21, 22, 24 Vertebral head, 19, 23, 24 Sesamoid bone of m. popliteus, Tibia, 1, 2, 36, 42 Vertebral pedicle, 24 26 Tibial condyle, 36 Vestibular surface (incisor Shoulder joint, 28 Tibial crest, 36 tooth), 15 Skull, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, Tibial tarsal bone, 38, 39 Vestibule (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 Transverse foramina (atlas), 16 12 Sphenoidal rostrum Transverse foramen Viscerocranium, 3, 10 (presphenoid bone), 7 (vertebrae), 17, 18 Vomer, 6, 9 Spine (scapula), 28, 43 Transverse process Vomeronasal bone, 6, 9 Spinous process (vertebrae), (vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26 24, 25, 26, 27 W Squamous part (occipital bone), Triquetrum carpal bone, 30, 31, Wing (atlas), 16 7, 13, 14 32 Squamous part (temporal Trochanteric fossa (femur), 36, bone), 8, 9, 12, 14 45 51 INDEX

W X Z Wing (basisphenoid bone), 7, Xiphoid cartilage (sternum), 22 Zygomatic bone, 6, 9, 12 13 Zygomatic process (maxilla), Wing (ilium), 34, 35 6, 9 Wing (presphenoid bone), 7 Zygomatic process (temporal Wing (sacrum), 25 bone), 8, 9, 12, 14