DOCSLIB.ORG

X-Ray Annotation Mouse Atlas This Publication Is Under a Creative Commons License

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

J. Ruberte – A. Carretero – H. Cater G. Gràcia – C. Lally X-Ray Annotation Mouse Atlas This publication is under a Creative Commons license. Total or partial reproduction and public communication is permitted, as long the authorship is acknowledged. Changes of the original publication, its commercial use, and creation of derivative works is not allowed. ILLUSTRATIONS: Helena Ariño. 08208, Sabadell, Spain. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Jesús Ruberte (DVM, PhD) Head of the Mouse Imaging Platform. Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. Prof. Dr. Ana Carretero (DVM, PhD) Mouse Imaging Platform. Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. Dr. Heather Cater (BSc, PhD) Phenotyping Manager. Medical Research Council. Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Dr. Guillem Gràcia (DVM) Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. Mr. Connor Lally (BSc, MSc) Senior Phenotyper and Data manager. Medical Research Council. Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. FOREWORD One of the biggest challenges facing the biomedical sciences and medicine is the dark genome. Much of the human genome is unexplored and there remain thousands of genes for which we have little or no knowledge of function and their impact on disease. This is a very serious impediment to the development of a comprehensive understanding of the genetic bases of disease and progress in genomic medicine. If we are to make significant progress with understanding the mechanisms and pathological bases of disease, and develop and implement appropriate therapies, we need to address this challenge, which pervades all progress in the biomedical sciences. The mouse remains the key genetic tool for exploring the dark genome. The mouse genetics community, including the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), is focused on the generation of a library of mouse mutants for every orthologous human gene. The phenotyping of each of these mutants will provide a comprehensive catalogue of mammalian gene function. Importantly, such efforts can be done at scale, ensuring that every gene is analysed and that the dark genome is illuminated. Already, many genes for which hitherto we had no information about function have emerged from the darkness, providing fascinating insight into their potential role in disease. Across many disease areas an extensive, unexplored landscape of novel gene function has been uncovered. The success of this endeavour depends upon the development of efficient and standardised phenotyping tools and approaches. The phenotyping platforms that are applied to the analysis of mutants must deliver robust and reproducible data and thus the development of standardised tools is critical. The X-ray Annotation Mouse Atlas is a major new advance in mouse phenotyping providing a comprehensive and standardised atlas of bone morphology and architecture. It provides a fundamental and vital tool which will speed and improve the characterisation and annotation of mouse mutants. The authors are to be congratulated on this new and powerful atlas which is already contributing to our understanding of bone pathology and disease mechanisms. Steve Brown February 2021 PREFACE Mice represent over 60% of laboratory skeleton can be observed and learned to animals used in Europe for phar- identify using this publication. Following maceutical and biotechnology compa- the IMPC standard operating procedures nies, as well as research institutions. The (https://www.mousephenotype.org/impre transgenic and genetic manipulation ss), dorso-ventral and latero-lateral radio- technologies applied to the mouse have graphies from 14 weeks old male and provided experimental proof that a female C57BL/6N mice were performed significant proportion of inherited disea- using a Ultrafocus DXA and a Faxitron ses share a common genomic source. MX-20 (Hologic®, Marlborough, Massa- The recent revolution in gene editing, the chusetts, USA). Isolated bone radiogra- CRISPR-Cas9 technology, has also pro- phies were obtained after digestion of vided an additional and powerful ap- soft tissues using pancreatin solution proach to design and produce mouse (0.05%). models with the same insertion or de- Special attention has been paid to letion missense mutations that occur in presenting the radiological anatomy of the human genome and are responsible the head, the carpus, the tarsus, and the for a significant proportion of inherited or vertebral column. To better understand acquired human disease. the complex anatomy of the skull, x-rays This success for testing molecular di- of its isolated bones are presented sease hypotheses in mice has encou- showing their shape, processes, fora- raged the development of massive global mina, etc. In addition, the boundaries of mouse projects, such as the International each bone are delimited on the X-ray Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), images of the complete skull. Anatomical which is building a catalogue of mam- variations in the number and fusion of malian gene function by producing and carpal and tarsal bones have been phenotyping a knockout mouse line for studied in a total of 14 Individuals. The every protein-coding gene. To date, the frequency of appearance for each ana- IMPC has generated and characterised tomical variation is indicated in percen- 7,626 mutant lines creating 246,749 X- tage. Vertebral regions have been pre- ray images that need to be analyzed and sented showing their vertebrae isolated understood. and drawing interpretative schemes to understand how anatomical structures Anatomy is the bedrock on which belonging to two contiguous vertebrae radiology has been based. However, to overlap in the same radiographic loca- our knowledge there is currently not a tion. Finally, the most important bone specific publication devoted to the mouse gender differences have also been de- radiological skeletal anatomy. Such a monstrated comparing male and female publication would help to diagnose ap- littermates. Male bones in general are propriately the huge number of X-ray bigger that their corresponding female images produced by the international specimens. consortia. For these reasons, here we introduce a complete description of mou- Muscular processes are more prominent se skeletal radiology using a set of 152 in males and the shape of articular X-ray images, 16 original drawings, and surfaces presented slight differences 590 anatomical references. All the im- when comparing sexes. Interestingly, as portant anatomical details of the mouse happen in other mammals including man, PREFACE the morphology of the pelvis is different “Anatomisches Bildwörterbuch der inter- between male and female mice. antionalen Nomenklatur” (3rd edition, 1993), by H. Feneis. We have also taken The anatomical terms that have been into consideration the mouse anatomical used here to describe the morphology of ontologies displayed in the eMouse Atlas the mouse skeleton mainly correspond to Project (EMAP). This publication has long the “Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV)” been demanded by the technicians in (4th edition, 1992). charge of analyzing the bone radiographs However, there are bones that exist in the obtained in “mouse clinics” worldwide. mouse, the clavicle for example, which is Today, thanks to the collaboration very similar to humans, and not very between the Universitat Autònoma de common in domestic animals. In these Barcelona and the Mary Lyon Centre situations, we have used the human (MRC Harwell Institute) it is a pleasure to anatomical nomenclature published in the present it to the mouse community. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Dorso-ventral mouse radiography . 1 2. Latero-lateral mouse radiography . 2 3. Skull . 3 4. Mandible . 15 5. Cervical vertebrae . 16 6. Thoracic vertebrae . 19 7. Ribs . 21 8. Sternum . 22 9. Lumbar vertebrae . 23 10. Sacrum . 25 11. Caudal vertebrae . 27 12. Skeleton of the forelimb . 28 13. Skeleton of the hindlimb . 34 14. Gender differences . 41 15. Bibliography . 46 16. Index . 48 1 Dorso-ventral mouse radiography A B 6 1 1 4 3 5 2 7 8 10 9 11 12 13 A) Dorsal view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Dorso-ventral radiography. 1: Cranium; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Ribs; 8: Vertebral column; 9: Hip bone; 10: Femur; 11: Tibia; 12: Fibula; 13: Hindpaw. 2 Latero-lateral mouse radiography A B 6 7 5 8 16 4 9 2 11 17 1 3 12 10 13 14 18 19 15 20 A) Left lateral view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Latero-lateral radiography. 1: Facies; 2: Cranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Cervical vertebrae; 5: Thoracic vertebrae; 6: Lumbar vertebrae; 7: Sacrum; 8: Caudal vertebrae; 9: Ribs; 10: Sternum; 11: Scapula; 12: Humerus; 13: Radius; 14: Ulna; 15: Forepaw; 16: Hip bone; 17: Femur; 18: Tibia; 19: Fibula; 20: Hindpaw. 3 Skull A 4 4 5 5 3 3 10 10 2 B 4 4 C 5 5 10 1 8 8 3 7 13 7 3 6 6 10 10 9 9 2 11 11 12 12 A) Skeleton of the head. Dorso-ventral radiography. B) Skull. Dorso-ventral radiography. C) Mandibles. Dorso-ventral radiography. 1: Viscerocranium (facial bones); 2: Neurocranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Upper incisor tooth; 5: Lower incisor tooth; 6: Upper molar teeth; 7: Lower molar teeth; 8: Body of mandible; 9: Ramus of mandible; 10: Coronoid process; 11: Condyloid process; 12: Angular process; 13: Intermandibular joint. 4 Skull B 3 3 4 4 A 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 12 9 9 13 6 6 9 9 8 8 11 11 2 2 7 7 13 10 10 14 14 A) Position of nasal and frontal bones.
Recommended publications
  • Yahaya Et Al.Cdr

    Yahaya Et Al.Cdr

    Anatomical Study of the Variations of the Facial bones in Skull of the Camel (Camelus dromendarius) in Nigeria SUMMARY wide opening on each side of the nasal The morphological features of facial bone and could be classified into two region of the camel skull were types (fIssura frontomaxillaris and investigated. A total of 42 camel skulls fissura nasofrontomaxillaris) (30 mature and 12 immature) from according to various patterns of three geographical locations articulations of the neighbouring (Maiduguri, Kano and Sokoto) in bones. The nasal region Nigeria were used in this study. The morphological information provided morphological features of the nasal in this study will contribute to region of the camel skulls were knowledge of the morphological observed to be composed of the os pattern of the fissures of facial bones in nasale, os incisivivum, os lacrimale, skull that can play a prominent role in maxilla and part of the os frontalale as osteological investigation or reported for other domestic animals. osteoarchaeology, and also offer Variations in the morphological elements for eventual comparative arrangement of the incisive, maxilla studies that can be used for tracing and nasal bones of the nasal region in origin of the animal. camel skulls for both mature and Key words: Morphology, variations, immature animals were observed to facial bones, skull, camel show two typical variations as nasomaxilloincisive notch (80%) and nasoincisive notch (20%) in all samples studied. Slit-like fissures were also observed at the frontomaxillary suture area in 90.5% mature and 92% immature camel skulls. These fissures were observed to be either rectangular or oval in shape and bilateral in 95% while in the remaining were either absent or unilateral.
  • 06 Bolanowski.P65

    06 Bolanowski.P65

    Folia Morphol. Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 168–175 Copyright © 2005 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur Wojciech Bolanowski1, Alicja Śmiszkiewicz-Skwarska2, Michał Polguj1, Kazimierz S. Jędrzejewski1 1Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland 2Department of Anthropology, University of Łódź, Poland [Received 16 May 2005; Accepted 20 June 2005] The purpose of the study was to analyse the occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation with the morphology of the human femur. The third tro- chanter was found in 38 of 622 (6.2%) human femora taken from 3 excavation sites. 36 of these were included in the study and were compared to the femora without the third trochanter. The bones with the third trochanter were charac- terised by a greater superior sagittal diameter and diaphysis platymetry index as well as a larger greater trochanter. These results suggest that the third trochant- er is not a progressive morphological feature of the skeleton. Rather it is con- nected with an altered gluteal muscle function. Key words: osteometry, human skeleton, third trochanter, femur INTRODUCTION ses studies have revealed significant differences The third trochanter (trochanter tertius, Fig. 1) among ethnic groups as well as between male and of the human femur is a descriptive term for the female skeletons of the same population. A higher prominent structure frequently localised under the incidence of the third trochanter in females has been greater trochanter in the superior part of the gluteal reported in many studies on various human popula- tuberosity.
  • Anatomy of the Dog the Present Volume of Anatomy of the Dog Is Based on the 8Th Edition of the Highly Successful German Text-Atlas of Canine Anatomy

    Anatomy of the Dog the Present Volume of Anatomy of the Dog Is Based on the 8Th Edition of the Highly Successful German Text-Atlas of Canine Anatomy

    Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy. Anatomy of the Dog – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible. […] Showing the clinical rele- vance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest. […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” vet vet The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative mate- rial and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy. Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working know- ledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog. Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations. For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical infor- mation on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) Budras ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 9 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy.
  • Epiphyseal Closure of Femur, Tibia and Fibula of the Paca

    Epiphyseal Closure of Femur, Tibia and Fibula of the Paca

    Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Volume 5 | Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-9790 Research Article Open Access Epiphyseal Closure of Femur, Tibia and Fibula of the Paca (Cuniculus Paca, Linnaeus, 1766) Lippi ICC, Oliveira RGS, Smargiassi NF, Machado MRF, Sasahara THC, Rocha TASS and Oliveira FS* Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil *Corresponding author: Oliveira FS, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castelane – 14884-900 - Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Lippi ICC, Oliveira RGS, Smargiassi NF, Machado MRF, Sasahara THC, et al. (2017) Epiphyseal Closure of Femur, Tibia and Fibula of the Paca (Cuniculus Paca, Linnaeus, 1766). J Vet Sci Ani Husb 5(4): 403. doi: 10.15744/2348-9790.5.403 Received Date: October 29, 2017 Accepted Date: December 27, 2017 Published Date: December 29, 2017 Abstract After capybara, paca (Cuniculus paca) is the largest rodent in the neotropical region and the body weight varies from 5 to 10 kg, and may reach up to 14 kg. They are animals that reach sexual maturity at around 10 months of age. The aim of this research is to examine, through radiography, the femur, tibia and fibula of the paca. The animals were anaesthetized for radiographic exams. At 6 months of age, the growth line of the femoral proximal epiphysis ceases to perform its functions. At 12 months of age, there is the closure of the line growth of distal femoral epiphysis. At the paca’s tibia, at 12 months old, there was the closure of the growth of the proximal epiphysis.
  • Incidence of Third Trochanter and Hypotrochanteric Fossa in Human Femora in Indian Population

    Incidence of Third Trochanter and Hypotrochanteric Fossa in Human Femora in Indian Population

    Page 1 of 4 Research study Incidence of third trochanter and hypotrochanteric fossa Anatomy in human femora in Indian population. S Ghosh1*, M Sethi1, N Vasudeva1 Abstract The knowledge of the occurrence stabilization and control of the thigh Introduction would be crucial for the diagnosis and indicating medio-lateral reinforcement Third trochanter is described as an management of pertrochanteric to resist high mechanical stress in erect 5 oval tubercle at the superior end of fractures and also in the study of posture and locomotion. Different the gluteal tuberosity. The importance microevolutionary trends in the varieties of impressions are seen at the of the third trochanter in anthropometric and comparative site of the insertion of gluteus maximus studies of humans. ranging from rounded or oblong pertrochanteric fractures have been recently hypothesized to be correlated tubercle, Third Trochanter, to a ridge or with the fracture break lines in Introduction a prolonged elevation, Gluteal pertrochanteric fractures. The third In many anthropometric studies the tuberosity, or a groove known as trochanter may function to provide third trochanter and the Hypotrochanteric Fossa. Most increased skeletal mass as a hypotrochanteric fossa are commonly commonly seen gluteal tuberosity is reinforcement mechanism for the used non metric variations of the well described in textbooks of anatomy. proximal diaphysis in response to postcranial skeleton. They serve for Hence the study analysed the presence increased ground reaction force. The descriptive purposes of the proximal of third trochanter and hypotrochanteric fossa is considered end of the femur in various ethnic hypotrochanteric fossa in an Indian population. to be a varied manifestation of the groups.
  • Macroscopic Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses of the Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) Daniel John Hillmann Iowa State University

    Macroscopic Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses of the Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) Daniel John Hillmann Iowa State University

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1971 Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) Daniel John Hillmann Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Structures Commons, and the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Hillmann, Daniel John, "Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)" (1971). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4460. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4460 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 72-5208 HILLMANN, Daniel John, 1938- MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES OF THE DOMESTIC PIG (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA). Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1971 Anatomy I University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor. Michigan I , THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) by Daniel John Hillmann A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Veterinary Anatomy Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. h Charge of -^lajoï^ Wor Signature was redacted for privacy. For/the Major Department For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames/ Iowa 19 71 PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have indistinct print.
  • Sesamoid Bone in the Tendon of the Supinator Muscle of Dogs: Incidence and Comparison of Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Features

    Sesamoid Bone in the Tendon of the Supinator Muscle of Dogs: Incidence and Comparison of Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Features

    Sesamoid bone in the tendon of the supinator muscle of dogs: incidence and comparison of radiographic and computed tomographic features Word count: 8473 Manon Dorny Student number: 01609678 Supervisor: Dr. Ingrid Gielen Supervisor: Prof. dr. Wim Van Den Broeck Supervisor: Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine Academic year: 2018 - 2019 Ghent University, its employees and/or students, give no warranty that the information provided in this thesis is accurate or exhaustive, nor that the content of this thesis will not constitute or result in any infringement of third-party rights. Ghent University, its employees and/or students do not accept any liability or responsibility for any use which may be made of the content or information given in the thesis, nor for any reliance which may be placed on any advice or information provided in this thesis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the people that helped me accomplish this thesis and helped me achieve my degree in veterinary science. First of all I would like to thank Dr. Ingrid Gielen, Dr. Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier and Prof. Dr. Wim Van Den Broeck. I thank them all for their time spend in helping me with my research, their useful advice and their endless patience. Without their help, I wouldn’t have been able to accomplish this thesis. Next I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuing support and motivation during the last years of vet school. My parents and partner especially, for all the mental breakdowns they had to endure in periods of exams and deadlines.
  • Ó Incidence of Third Trochanter/Crista Glutei in Human Femora in Central Indian Population

    Ó Incidence of Third Trochanter/Crista Glutei in Human Femora in Central Indian Population

    JKIMSU, Vol. 6, No. 2, April-June 2017 ISSN 2231-4261 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Incidence of Third Trochanter/Crista Glutei in Human Femora in Central Indian Population 1* 2 3 Rupa Chhaparwal , Vishal Bhadkaria , Nidhi Chhaparwal 1Department of Anatomy, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore-453555 (Madhya Pradesh) India, 2Department of Anatomy, Bundelkhand Medical College Sagar- 470001 (Madhya Pradesh) India, 3 Department of Anatomy, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri-Pune- 411018 (Maharashtra)India Abstract: Introduction: Background: The third trochanter is a rounded bony The femur is known for being the largest and projection which may be present along the superior longest bone in the human skeleton. This bone border of the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.Sometime supports all of the weight of the body during there is linear elevation along the gluteal tuberosity standing, walking and running. Femur is the most called as crista glutei. If conical projection is present in measured and reported bone of the human skeleton. the gluteal tuberosity, it is called as third trochanter. Researchers have great work on human femora Aim and Objectives: To undertake the study of because it separates humans greatly from primates incidences of third trochanter and crista glutei in and early hominids. It also play great role in central Indian population this study was undertaken biological and forensic science. The structural and to compare it with occurrence in other series. function of the femur requires that it endure these Material and Methods: Fifty dry adult human femora collected from the Department of Anatomy and mechanical loads, by changing its shape, size and examined carefully.
  • On the Development of Sesamoid Bones

    On the Development of Sesamoid Bones

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. On the Development of Sesamoid Bones Shai Eyal1*, Sarah Rubin1, Sharon Krief1, Lihi Levin1 and Elazar Zelzer1 1 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel * Current address: University of California at San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Sesamoid bone, Patella, Fabella, Digits, Sox9, Scleraxis, Tgfβ, Bmp2, Bmp4, Joint, Mouse bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/316901; this version posted May 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ABSTRACT Sesamoid bones are a special group of small auxiliary bones that form in proximity to joints and contribute to their stability and function. Sesamoid bones display high degree of variability in size, location, penetrance and anatomical connection to the main skeleton across vertebrate species. Therefore, providing a comprehensive developmental model or classification system for sesamoid bones is challenging. Here, we examine the developmental mechanisms of three anatomically different sesamoid bones, namely patella, lateral fabella and digit sesamoids. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis at the cellular, molecular and mechanical levels, we demonstrate that all three types of sesamoid bones originated from Sox9+/Scx+ progenitors under the regulation of TGFβ and independent of mechanical stimuli from muscles.
  • The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008)

    The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008)

    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-31-2008 The ffecE ts of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee Wendy K. Anemaet University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Anemaet, Wendy K., "The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/121 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Non-Surgical Interventions on Osteoarthritis-Like Changes in the Mouse Knee by Wendy K. Anemaet A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Aging Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Anna Plaas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: William Haley, Ph.D. Katalin Mikecz, Ph.D. Keiba Shaw, Ed.D. Brent Small, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 31, 2008 Keywords: cartilage, degradation, exercise, hyaluronan, transforming growth factor-beta, treadmill © Copyright 2008, Wendy K. Anemaet Dedication I dedicate this to my daughter, Aviendha, who has been right there every step of the way. You have experienced and endured more than most 10 year olds in this process. My hope is that it inspires (not disheartens) you to continually ask questions and seek answers.
  • Sesamoid Bone of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee Joint

    Sesamoid Bone of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee Joint

    CASE REPORT Eur. J. Anat. 21 (4): 309-313 (2017) Sesamoid bone of the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint Omar M. Albtoush, Konstantin Nikolaou, Mike Notohamiprodjo Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Karls Eberhard Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany SUMMARY tomical relations and the exclusion of other possi- bilities. The variable occurrence of the sesamoid bones This article supports the theory stating that the supports the theory stating that the development development and evolution of the sesamoid bones and evolution of these bones are controlled are controlled through the interaction between in- through the interaction between intrinsic genetic trinsic genetic factors and extrinsic epigenetic stim- factors and extrinsic stimuli. In the present article uli, which can explain their variable occurrence. we report a sesamoid bone at the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint, a newly discovered find- CASE REPORT ing in human and veterinary medicine. We present a case of a 51-year-old female pa- Key words: Sesamoid – MCL – Knee – Fabella – tient, who presented with mild pain at the medial Cyamella aspect of the left knee. No trauma has been re- ported. An unenhanced spiral CT-Scan was per- INTRODUCTION formed with 2 mm thickness, 120 kvp and 100 mAs, which showed preserved articulation of the New structural anatomical discoveries are not so knee joint with neither joint effusion, nor narrowing often encountered. However, their potential occur- of the joint space nor articulating cortical irregulari- rence should be kept in mind, which can eventually ties (Fig. 1). Mild subchondral sclerosis was de- help in a better understanding of patients’ symp- picted at the medial tibial plateau as a sign of early toms and subsequently improve the management osteoarthritis.
  • The Simple Tooth: a Review of Feline Skull and Tooth Anatomy Cindy Charlier, DVM, DAVDC Fox Valley Veterinary Dentistry and Surgery Chicago, IL

    The Simple Tooth: a Review of Feline Skull and Tooth Anatomy Cindy Charlier, DVM, DAVDC Fox Valley Veterinary Dentistry and Surgery Chicago, IL

    The Simple Tooth: A Review of Feline Skull and Tooth Anatomy Cindy Charlier, DVM, DAVDC Fox Valley Veterinary Dentistry and Surgery Chicago, IL Skull anatomy The skull can be divided into the fused bones of the calvarium, the upper jaw, and the lower jaw. The cranial portion of the calvarium consists of the paired frontal bones, which articulate cranially with the nasal bones and maxillae, and caudally with the parietal bones. The nasal cavity contains an ethmoid bone and is bordered dorsally by the incisive, nasal and frontal bones, laterally by the incisive, maxilla, lacrimal, frontal and palatine bones, ventrally by the incisive, maxilla, and palatine bones and caudally by a single vomer bone which lies ventral to the ethmoid and dorsal to the hard palate. The lateral surface of the frontal bone shapes the dorsomedial and caudal aspect of the orbit. The medial and ventral part of the orbit is completed by articulation of the frontal bone with the lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, presphenoid and palatine bones. The zygomatic bone forms the lateral boundary of the orbit. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming the zygomatic arch. Caudal to the frontal bones and forming the caudal portion of the cranial vault are the paired parietal bones, which articulate caudally with the occipital bone. Ventrally, the parietal bone joins the temporal and basisphenoid bones. The upper jaw includes the incisive, maxillary, and palatine bones. The paired incisive bones form approximately one-sixth of the hard palate, and three incisors are rooted in each incisive bone.