DOCSLIB.ORG

Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Management X-Ray, Block, and Extract Alexander M. Reiter, Dipl. Tzt., Dr. med. vet., Dipl. AVDC, EVDC, FF-AVDC-OMFS Professor of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Head of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania [email protected] Introduction Local and regional anesthesia is characterized by the loss of sensation only in the area of the body where an anesthetic drug is injected or applied. This is in contrast to general anesthesia, which provides anesthesia to the entire body and brain. Local and regional anesthesia preferably with longer lasting local anesthetics should be utilized in addition to systemic pain medication. This can reduce medical expenses by decreasing the concentration needed of an inhalant anesthetic, minimize complications from hypotension, bradycardia and hypoventilation, enable faster recovery, and provide analgesia in the postoperative period. Local Anesthesia Local anesthesia (infiltration anesthesia) refers to injection/application of a local anesthetic solution into/onto tissues at a surgical site. It is less commonly performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Examples include injection of local anesthetic along planned incisions. Splash block (wound irrigation) refers to dropping local anesthetic directly onto an incision or wound. The procedure is usually done at the end of surgery prior to closure of the surgical site (e.g., mixture of 50 mL lidocaine 2% and 0.25 mL phenylephrine 1% dropped into nasal cavity after maxillectomies [maximum dose: 0.05-0.1 mL/kg in cats and 0.1-0.2 mL/kg in dogs]). Regional Anesthesia Regional anesthesia (nerve blocks) refers to injection of a local anesthetic solution around a major nerve utilizing 22 to 27-gauge (depending on whether going through skin or mucosa), 1 ¼ to 1 ½ inch needles (depending on depth of penetration) on 1 to 3 ml syringes (depending on volume to be injected). This is usually performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery for the maxillary, infraorbital, major palatine, inferior alveolar, and middle mental nerve. Local Anesthetics Local anesthetics commonly used include bupivacaine 0.5% (effective for up to 6 hours, sometimes longer) and lidocaine 2% (effective for up to 2 hours). The onset time for analgesia is longer with longer acting local anesthetics (few minutes for lidocaine, up to 15 minutes for bupivacaine). The total maximum dosage for bupivacaine in cats and dogs is 2 mg/kg and for lidocaine in the dog 5 mg/kg and the cat 1 mg/kg. There are 5 mg of an agent in 1 ml of a 0.5% 1 solution and 20 mg of an agent in 1 ml of a 2% solution. Some dentists and oral surgeons mix 0.2 ml lidocaine 2% with 0.8 ml bupivacaine 0.5% per 4.53 kg (10 lbs) as maximum patient dosage to benefit from the short onset time of lidocaine and long-acting features of bupivacaine. Specific Nerve Blocks The maxillary nerve block is usually given intraorally just caudal to the last molar where the maxillary nerve enters the infraorbital canal through the maxillary foramen. Care must be taken not to inject anesthetic into the globe. The areas blocked include the incisive bone, maxilla and palatine bone, all maxillary teeth on that side and adjacent soft tissues. An extraoral approach is available with the needle advanced penetrating the skin at the side of the face through a palpable space encompassed by the caudal maxilla, zygomatic arch and mandibular ramus. The infraorbital nerve block is usually given intraorally at the infraorbital foramen or within the infraorbital canal. The needle is inserted through labial mucosa at the level of the maxillary second/third premolar and advanced in a caudal direction (keeping it parallel to the hard palate). The areas blocked include the incisive bone and maxilla, maxillary incisors, canine, and premolars (depending how far the needle is advanced into the infraorbital canal) and adjacent soft tissues. The major palatine nerve block is given intraorally through the palatal mucosa. The needle is inserted into the palatal mucosa at the level of the maxillary third premolar and advanced caudally towards the major palatine foramen (near the transverse palatine suture between the median palatine suture and the maxillary fourth premolar tooth). The areas blocked include the palatine shelf of the maxilla and adjacent soft tissues. The inferior alveolar nerve block can be given intraorally (at a relatively flat angle through the alveolar mucosa at the medial aspect of the mandible) or extraorally (through the skin at an unnamed notch at the ventrolingual surface of the mandible). The areas blocked include the mandibular body, all mandibular teeth and adjacent soft tissues. The middle mental nerve block is given intraorally at the middle mental foramen ventral to the mesial root of the second premolar (dog) or rostroventral to the third premolar (cat). The areas blocked include the rostral mandibular body, teeth rostral to the injection site and adjacent soft tissues. Basics of Tooth Extraction Tooth extraction is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in small animal practice. The most common indications for tooth extraction in dogs are periodontal disease and tooth fracture, and in cats tooth resorption and stomatitis. If the disease process is too advanced for the teeth to be saved, extraction is necessary. Financial and other considerations may lead the client to request extraction. Tooth extraction is contraindicated in patients (1) that cannot be anesthetized due to health concerns; (2) that have had radiation therapy involving the 2 jaws that would inhibit healing; (3) with bleeding disorders that cannot be controlled; or (4) are on medications that cause prolonged bleeding times or prevent healing. Teeth are anchored to the alveolar bone of the mandible, incisive bone and maxilla by soft tissue components of the periodontium, the gingiva and periodontal ligament. During the extraction process, these tissues must be severed (junctional epithelium and gingival connective tissue) or stretched and torn (periodontal ligament) to allow delivery of the tooth to be extracted. Gentle tissue handling is important to minimize trauma and to allow rapid healing of both soft and hard tissues. In the dog the incisors, canines, first premolars, and lower third molars are single-rooted teeth; in the cat, the incisors, canines, and commonly the upper second premolars are single-rooted. The cat’s upper first molars may be treated as single-rooted teeth even though they have more than one root (the roots are usually fused together). The upper fourth premolar in the cat and dog and the upper first and second molars in the dog are three-rooted. All other teeth are two-rooted. Equipment, Instruments and Materials for Tooth Extraction The basic equipment, instrument and material needs for tooth extraction include: • High-speed dental unit with water irrigation and 3-way syringe • Non-surgical- and surgical-length friction-grip (FG) burs such as round ((¼, ½, 1, 2, 4; to remove alveolar bone), cross-cut fissure (700, 701, 702; to section multi-rooted teeth) and round diamond burs (9, 14, 23; to smooth alveolar bone) • Number 3 or 5 scalpel handle with blades 11, 15 or 15C • Sharp and narrow-tipped (2-6 mm) periosteal elevators (such as Mead #3 or Periosteal #EX-9M for mid-sized and larger dogs, Glickman #24G or Periosteal #EX-9 for small dogs and cats) • Adson 1 x 2 thumb forceps (smaller version) • Dental elevators (#1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) • Dental luxators • Small extraction forceps • Root tip elevators • Root tip forceps • Small spoon curettes • Irrigation solutions (dilute chlorhexidine, lactated Ringer’s) • Gauze sponges • Small Metzenbaum scissors • Needle holders • Synthetic, absorbable monofilament suture material (4.0, 5.0) with swaged on, taper- point round, non-cutting needle • Suture scissors (or designated pair of Mayo scissors) 3 Proper Holding of Instruments Blades of dental luxators are designed to penetrate into the periodontal space and cut periodontal ligament fibers. Blades of dental elevators are worked into the space between the tooth and the alveolar bone and carefully rotated to create a slow, gentle and steady pressure on the tooth. Both instruments are grasped with the butt of the handle seated in the palm and the index finger extended along the blade of the instrument to act as a stop should the instrument slip and to prevent iatrogenic damage. The blades of extraction forceps should be applied as far apically on the tooth as possible to reduce the chances of root fracture. Closed Extraction of Teeth Extractions can be performed using the closed technique (without raising a mucoperiosteal flap) or open technique (raising a mucoperiosteal flap to expose alveolar bone). The closed technique should always start with cutting the gingival attachment around the tooth. A luxator or elevator is then inserted between the gingival margin or alveolar bone and the tooth. Pressure is applied while slowly rotating the elevator through a small arc and holding the instrument firmly against the tissues for at least 10 seconds. As the periodontal space widens, it is helpful to change from smaller to larger instruments. When the tooth is sufficiently loose, forceps are placed as far apically on the tooth as possible, and the tooth is rotated slightly on its long axis with a steady pull and removed from its socket. Granulation tissue, debris, pus, and bony fragments are removed from the extraction site, which is rinsed with chlorhexidine digluconate prior to closure. Leaving a blood clot in the alveolus is an essential part of healing. Packing the alveolus with osteogenetic, osteoinductive or osteoconductive materials may be done in selected cases. Multi-rooted teeth require sectioning into crown-root segments, which are extracted using the same principles as for single-rooted teeth. Sectioning is performed with a cutting bur in a high-speed handpiece and water irrigation, starting from the furcation through the tooth crown.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crowded and Rotated Teeth Crowded Teeth Are Common in Small Breed Dogs, While Crowded and Rotated Premolars Are Typically Seen in Brachycephalic Breeds
    1 Crowded and rotated teeth Crowded teeth are common in small breed dogs, while crowded and rotated premolars are typically seen in brachycephalic breeds. To some this might suggest that the propensity for crowded, rotated teeth have a hereditary link. Studies show that the smaller the dog, the larger the teeth are in proportion to the mouth when compared to the teeth and mouths of larger dogs. Rotated and/or crowded conditions can occur in a single tooth, in multiple teeth, or in any combination. It is not uncommon to find crowded mandibular incisors in brachycephalic breeds. (Figure 1). Another common finding in many breeds, but especially in brachycephalics, is maxillary third premolars crowded with maxillary fourth premolars or the mandibular fourth premolars crowded with first molars. The maxillary third premolars and mandibular fourth premolars are usually also rotated in this condition .(Figure 2) Another common condition is incisors crowded together but also against the canine teeth Figure 1: Crowding of the mandibular incisors. Treatment included extracting the right and left mandibular second incisors. Figure 2: Crowded and rotated maxillary third premolars in a brachiocephalic dog 2 Rotation and crowding can cause pain from chronic tooth on tooth contact. This might be compared to the pain that humans experience from a caries that has been overfilled. It is a condition that generally does not result in clinical signs; however, it can be quite painful. The chronic trauma resulting from tooth on tooth contact can lead to tooth non vitality. Rotation and crowding can also result in tooth on soft tissue contact, which can be not only painful but can result in soft tissue defects.
    [Show full text]
  • Veterinary Dentistry Extraction
    Veterinary Dentistry Extraction Introduction The extraction of teeth in the dog and cat require specific skills. In this chapter the basic removal technique for a single rooted incisor tooth is developed for multi-rooted and canine teeth. Deciduous teeth a nd feline teeth, particularly those affected by odontoclastic resorptive lesions, also require special attention. Good technique requires careful planning. Consider if extraction is necessary, and if so, how is it best accomplished. Review the root morphology and surrounding structures using pre-operative radiographs. Make sure you have all the equipment you need, and plan pre and post-operative management. By the end of this chapter you should be able to: ü Know the indications for extracting a tooth ü Unders tand the differing root morphology of dog and cat teeth ü Be able to select an extraction technique and equipment for any individual tooth ü Know of potential complications and how to deal with them ü Be able to apply appropriate analgesic and other treatment. Indications for Extraction Mobile Teeth Mobile teeth are caused by advanced periodontal disease and bone loss. Crowding of Teeth Retained deciduous canine. Teeth should be considered for extraction when they are interfering with occlusion or crowding others (e.g. supernumerary teeth). Retained Deciduous Teeth Never have two teeth of the same type in the same place at the same time. This is the rule of dental succession. Teeth in the Line of a Fracture Consider extracting any teeth in the line of a fracture of the mandible or maxilla. Teeth Destroyed by Disease Teeth ruined by advanced caries, feline neck lesions etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Feline Dentistry: Cats Are Not Small Dogs Matt Lemmons, DVM, DAVDC Medvet Indianapolis Carmel, IN
    Basics for Practitioners: Oral Anatomy and Pathology Matt Lemmons, DVM, DAVDC MedVet Indianapolis Carmel, IN Dentistry is truly a branch of medicine and surgery. A strong knowledge of normal anatomy and pathology is cornerstone to adequate diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the oral cavity. The majority of oral related disease is inflammatory (periodontal disease) or traumatic (fractured teeth, orthopedic injuries) in nature. However other causes are not rare and need to be recognized. The basic dental unit is the tooth and surrounding periodontium. The tooth consists of the crown and root. The crown is covered in enamel and the root by cementum. Deep to the crown and cementum is the dentin. Dentin is a porous hard tissue which continuously grows toward the center of the tooth as long as the tooth is vital. Deep to the dentin is the pulp which consists of nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue, fibroblasts and odontoblasts. The periodontium is composed of the cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. The periodontal ligament serves to anchor the cementum to the alveolar bone, act as a shock absorber and aid in sensation. The gingiva is attached to the bone (attached gingiva), tooth by connective tissue and the most apical extent is not attached and is known as the free gingiva. The potential space between the free gingiva and tooth and ending apically at the sulcular epithelium is the gingival sulcus. In health this should be less than 3mm in depth in dogs and 1mm in cats. When addressing the teeth and periodontium, directional nomenclature is not similar to directional nomenclature of the rest of the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Yahaya Et Al.Cdr
    Anatomical Study of the Variations of the Facial bones in Skull of the Camel (Camelus dromendarius) in Nigeria SUMMARY wide opening on each side of the nasal The morphological features of facial bone and could be classified into two region of the camel skull were types (fIssura frontomaxillaris and investigated. A total of 42 camel skulls fissura nasofrontomaxillaris) (30 mature and 12 immature) from according to various patterns of three geographical locations articulations of the neighbouring (Maiduguri, Kano and Sokoto) in bones. The nasal region Nigeria were used in this study. The morphological information provided morphological features of the nasal in this study will contribute to region of the camel skulls were knowledge of the morphological observed to be composed of the os pattern of the fissures of facial bones in nasale, os incisivivum, os lacrimale, skull that can play a prominent role in maxilla and part of the os frontalale as osteological investigation or reported for other domestic animals. osteoarchaeology, and also offer Variations in the morphological elements for eventual comparative arrangement of the incisive, maxilla studies that can be used for tracing and nasal bones of the nasal region in origin of the animal. camel skulls for both mature and Key words: Morphology, variations, immature animals were observed to facial bones, skull, camel show two typical variations as nasomaxilloincisive notch (80%) and nasoincisive notch (20%) in all samples studied. Slit-like fissures were also observed at the frontomaxillary suture area in 90.5% mature and 92% immature camel skulls. These fissures were observed to be either rectangular or oval in shape and bilateral in 95% while in the remaining were either absent or unilateral.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Dog the Present Volume of Anatomy of the Dog Is Based on the 8Th Edition of the Highly Successful German Text-Atlas of Canine Anatomy
    Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy. Anatomy of the Dog – Fully illustrated with color line diagrams, including unique three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy, together with radiographs and ultrasound scans – Includes topographic and surface anatomy – Tabular appendices of relational and functional anatomy “A region with which I was very familiar from a surgical standpoint thus became more comprehensible. […] Showing the clinical rele- vance of anatomy in such a way is a powerful tool for stimulating students’ interest. […] In addition to putting anatomical structures into clinical perspective, the text provides a brief but effective guide to dissection.” vet vet The Veterinary Record “The present book-atlas offers the students clear illustrative mate- rial and at the same time an abbreviated textbook for anatomical study and for clinical coordinated study of applied anatomy. Therefore, it provides students with an excellent working know- ledge and understanding of the anatomy of the dog. Beyond this the illustrated text will help in reviewing and in the preparation for examinations. For the practising veterinarians, the book-atlas remains a current quick source of reference for anatomical infor- mation on the dog at the preclinical, diagnostic, clinical and surgical levels.” Acta Veterinaria Hungarica with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg Budras (ed.) Budras ISBN 978-3-89993-018-4 9 783899 9301 84 Fifth, revised edition Klaus-Dieter Budras · Patrick H. McCarthy · Wolfgang Fricke · Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog The present volume of Anatomy of the Dog is based on the 8th edition of the highly successful German text-atlas of canine anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroscopic Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses of the Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) Daniel John Hillmann Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1971 Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) Daniel John Hillmann Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Structures Commons, and the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Hillmann, Daniel John, "Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)" (1971). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4460. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4460 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 72-5208 HILLMANN, Daniel John, 1938- MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES OF THE DOMESTIC PIG (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA). Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1971 Anatomy I University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor. Michigan I , THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Macroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) by Daniel John Hillmann A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Veterinary Anatomy Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. h Charge of -^lajoï^ Wor Signature was redacted for privacy. For/the Major Department For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames/ Iowa 19 71 PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have indistinct print.
    [Show full text]
  • Lance Canines: an Illustrated Exploration I Would Like to Discuss a Recent Case of a Young Sheltie with a Couple of Dental Problems
    Lance Canines: An Illustrated Exploration I would like to discuss a recent case of a young sheltie with a couple of dental problems. The first problem was a common one in shelties and is variably called lance canines, rostrally displaced maxillary canines or mesially displaced maxillary canines. Whatever name you choose, the problem is that the permanent maxillary canine teeth erupt pointing in the wrong direction. To understand a problem, you must first understand normal so I will review the normal relationship of the canine triad. The canine triad is composed of the maxillary lateral incisor and the canine teeth on one side and is depicted in Figure 1. In this picture, you can see that the crowns of the canine teeth are basically vertical. There is a large space between the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary canine and this space is known as a diastema. When the mouth is closed, the mandibular canine crown resides in the centre of the diastema so that it does not contact either of the other teeth in the triad. Figure 1: The normal canine triad. In affected shelties, one or both of the maxillary canines is malpositioned so that it is lying more horizontally. As such, the crown crosses the diastema and blocks the mandibular canine out as in Figure 2. Now on closure, the mandibular canine contacts the maxillary canine and is often forced to tip labially. Owners notice this because the mandibular canine then starts to catch on the upper lip. There is variability in the degree to which the maxillary canine is malpositioned.
    [Show full text]
  • The Simple Tooth: a Review of Feline Skull and Tooth Anatomy Cindy Charlier, DVM, DAVDC Fox Valley Veterinary Dentistry and Surgery Chicago, IL
    The Simple Tooth: A Review of Feline Skull and Tooth Anatomy Cindy Charlier, DVM, DAVDC Fox Valley Veterinary Dentistry and Surgery Chicago, IL Skull anatomy The skull can be divided into the fused bones of the calvarium, the upper jaw, and the lower jaw. The cranial portion of the calvarium consists of the paired frontal bones, which articulate cranially with the nasal bones and maxillae, and caudally with the parietal bones. The nasal cavity contains an ethmoid bone and is bordered dorsally by the incisive, nasal and frontal bones, laterally by the incisive, maxilla, lacrimal, frontal and palatine bones, ventrally by the incisive, maxilla, and palatine bones and caudally by a single vomer bone which lies ventral to the ethmoid and dorsal to the hard palate. The lateral surface of the frontal bone shapes the dorsomedial and caudal aspect of the orbit. The medial and ventral part of the orbit is completed by articulation of the frontal bone with the lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, presphenoid and palatine bones. The zygomatic bone forms the lateral boundary of the orbit. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming the zygomatic arch. Caudal to the frontal bones and forming the caudal portion of the cranial vault are the paired parietal bones, which articulate caudally with the occipital bone. Ventrally, the parietal bone joins the temporal and basisphenoid bones. The upper jaw includes the incisive, maxillary, and palatine bones. The paired incisive bones form approximately one-sixth of the hard palate, and three incisors are rooted in each incisive bone.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15: Endodontics
    Chapter 15 Endodontics. Chapter 15: Endodontics Endodontics is that branch of dentistry that deals outside dimension of the crown is established with the internal anatomy of the tooth and the early. Once the enamel is formed, the tissue that area where the inside of the tooth communicates made it goes dormant and no more enamel can with the rest of the body. ever be produced for that tooth. Teeth are composed of four main tissues. The Inside the tooth is the pulp. Lining the inside crown is covered by a thin veneer of enamel and wall of the developing tooth is a single layer of the root is covered by a thin layer of cementum. low columnar cells known as odontoblasts. Under the enamel and cementum is dentin and These cells produce the dentin. During pre- inside the dentin is a chamber filled with soft eruptive development and during eruption, the tissues known collectively as the dental pulp. odontoblasts produce primary dentin. Once the The chamber within the crown is called the pulp tooth has developed to its final length, the chamber and within the root it is called the root odontoblasts produce secondary dentin such that canal. the pulp chamber inside the tooth gets smaller as the wall of the tooth gets thicker. This The pulp is a highly organized collection of progression can be seen in the series of tissues that includes blood vessels, nerves, radiographs in Figure #15.1. Also review Figures lymphatic channels, undifferentiated cells and #7.4 to #7.8 on pages 27 to 29.
    [Show full text]
  • PREMAXILLA / INCISIVE BONE from “The Anatomy of the Laboratory Mouse ”
    PREMAXILLA / INCISIVE BONE from “The Anatomy of the Laboratory Mouse” -- by Margaret J. Cook from “DigiMorph” – An NSF Digital Library at UT Austin http://digimorph.org/specimens/Mus_musculus/homozygous/adult/head/ from The Anatomy of the Laboratory Mouse -- by Margaret J. Cook from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dieseases – http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/labs/aboutlabs/cmb/InfectiousDiseasePathogenesisSection/mouseNecropsy/st ep12.htm: from “Cell Biology: a laboratory handbook” from “A Color Atlas of Sectional Anatomy of the Mouse” from “Anatomy of the Human Body” (1918) (p. 162) On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. (p. 163) Ossification. The maxilla is ossified in membrane. Mall and Fawcett maintain that it is ossified from two centers only, one for the maxilla proper and one for the premaxilla. These centers appear during the sixth week of fetal life and unite in the beginning of the third month, but the suture between the two portions persists on the palate until nearly middle life. Mall states that the frontal process is developed from both centers. The maxillary sinus appears as a shallow groove on the nasal surface of the bone about the fourth month of fetal life, but does not reach its full size until after the second dentition.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Commonly Used Dental Terms
    Glossary of Commonly Used Dental Terms A • Abutment: A tooth or implant used to support a prosthesis. A crown unit used as part of a fixed bridge. • Abscess: A localized inflammation due to a collection of pus in the bone or soft tissue, usually caused by an infection. • Amalgam: A dental filling material, composed of mercury and other minerals, used to fill decayed teeth. • Alveoloplasty: A surgical procedure used to recontour the supporting bone struc tures in preparation of a complete or partial denture. • Anesthetic: A class of drugs that eliminated of reduces pain. See local anesthetic. • Anterior: Refers to the teeth and tissues located towards the front of the mouth (upper or lower incisors and canines). • Apex: The tip end of a root. • Apexification: A method of inducing apical closure, or the continual apical develop ment of the root of an incompletely formed tooth, in which the pulp is no longer vital. B • Bicuspid: A two-cuspid tooth found between the molar and the cuspid also known as an eye tooth or canine tooth. • Biopsy: A process of removing tissue to determine the existence of pathology. • Bitewing x-ray: X-rays taken of the crowns of teeth to check for decay. • Bleaching: The technique of applying a chemical agent, usually hydrogen peroxide, to the teeth to whiten them. • Bondin: A process to chemically etch the tooth's enamel to better attach ( bond ) composite filling material, veneers, or plastic/acrylic. • Bone loss: The breakdown and loss of the bone that supports the teeth, usually caused by infection or long-term occlusal ( chewing areas of the teeth ) stress.
    [Show full text]
  • Skull / Cranium
    Important! 1. Memorizing these pages only does not guarantee the succesfull passing of the midterm test or the semifinal exam. 2. The handout has not been supervised, and I can not guarantee, that these pages are absolutely free from mistakes. If you find any, please, report to me! SKULL / CRANIUM BONES OF THE NEUROCRANIUM (7) Occipital bone (1) Sphenoid bone (1) Temporal bone (2) Frontal bone (1) Parietal bone (2) BONES OF THE VISCEROCRANIUM (15) Ethmoid bone (1) Maxilla (2) Mandible (1) Zygomatic bone (2) Nasal bone (2) Lacrimal bone (2) Inferior nasalis concha (2) Vomer (1) Palatine bone (2) Compiled by: Dr. Czigner Andrea 1 FRONTAL BONE MAIN PARTS: FRONTAL SQUAMA ORBITAL PARTS NASAL PART FRONTAL SQUAMA Parietal margin Sphenoid margin Supraorbital margin External surface Frontal tubercle Temporal surface Superciliary arch Zygomatic process Glabella Supraorbital margin Frontal notch Supraorbital foramen Internal surface Frontal crest Sulcus for superior sagittal sinus Foramen caecum ORBITAL PARTS Ethmoidal notch Cerebral surface impresiones digitatae Orbital surface Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear notch / fovea Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen NASAL PART nasal spine nasal margin frontal sinus Compiled by: Dr. Czigner Andrea 2 SPHENOID BONE MAIN PARTS: CORPUS / BODY GREATER WINGS LESSER WINGS PTERYGOID PROCESSES CORPUS / BODY Sphenoid sinus Septum of sphenoid sinus Sphenoidal crest Sphenoidal concha Apertura sinus sphenoidalis / Opening of sphenoid sinus Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Praechiasmatic sulcus Carotid sulcus GREATER WINGS Cerebral surface • Foramen rotundum • Framen ovale • Foramen spinosum Temporal surface Infratemporalis crest Infratemporal surface Orbital surface Maxillary surface LESSER WINGS Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Optic canal PTERYGOID PROCESSES Lateral plate Medial plate Pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid fossa Pterygoid sulcus Scaphoid fossa Pterygoid notch Pterygoid canal (Vidian canal) Compiled by: Dr.
    [Show full text]