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Albert Geyser's Ecclesiology in Delayed Action

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Albert Geyser's Ecclesiology in Delayed Action HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 7 Original Research There is only one Church! Albert Geyser’s ecclesiology in Delayed Action Author: A.S. (Albert) Geyser was professor of New Testament at the University of Pretoria from 1946 1 Wim A. Dreyer to 1961, when he accepted an appointment at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was one Affiliation: of the most active and outspoken critics of apartheid and played a leading role in the 1Department of Church establishment of the Christian Institute and the appointment of Beyers Naude as the first History and Church Polity, director of the Institute. However, Geyser received very little attention either in church history Faculty of Theology, or in the history of South Africa. This contribution, presented as the Third A.S. Geyser University of Pretoria, South Africa Commemorative Lecture at the University of Pretoria, reflects on Geyser’s ecclesiology. It is quite remarkable that Geyser chose ecclesiology as point of entry into the discourse on Research Project Registration: apartheid. He engaged in fundamental theological criticism of segregation in church and state Project Leader: W.A. Dreyer based on his understanding of the unity of the church in Christ and a humanity unified under Project Number: 77370920 the kingship of Christ. Description: This research is part of the research project, ‘Justice and Human Dignity. A Reformed Introduction perspective’, directed by Prof. Dr A.S. (Albert) Geyser (1918–1985), alumnus and professor in New Testament (1946–1961) Dr W. Dreyer, Department of Church History and Church of the University of Pretoria, is rarely mentioned in connection with the struggle against apartheid. Polity, Faculty of Theology, In fact, one is often led to believe that theologians and clergy of Afrikaans churches were University of Pretoria. unanimous in their support of apartheid, with a few exceptions like Bennie Keet, Ben Marais and Corresponding author: Beyers Naude (Coetzee & Conradie 2011:338). This was not the case. During the 1960s hundreds Wim Dreyer, of Afrikaans clergy voiced their concerns, which ranged from mild reservations to outright [email protected] rejection of apartheid. Dates: Received: 19 Apr. 2017 Since the 1990s many articles in journals, chapters in books and postgraduate studies highlighted Accepted: 20 May 2017 the role of Afrikaans theologians in the struggle against apartheid. As to be expected, this renewed Published: 30 June 2017 appreciation came mostly from Afrikaans academics. However, wider recognition of the critical How to cite this article: voice of Afrikaans theologians is growing, for instance, the contribution of Prince Mashele in Dreyer, W.A., 2017, ‘There is Sowetan Live (01 May 2015) where he says the following of Albert Geyser: only one Church! Albert Geyser’s ecclesiology in Here was a white man, an Afrikaner by blood, adhering obstinately to a biblical truth that essentially Delayed Action’, HTS shattered the religious foundations of Afrikanerdom – his very own being. It would indeed be difficult to Teologiese Studies/ know the extent to which black anti-statue crusaders of our time value truth. But it is easy to understand Theological Studies 73(1), why white people have built no monument to Geyser. Could it be that those who are busy defacing 4598. https://doi.org/ statues are themselves not different from the very statues they seek to eradicate? True virtue is not when 10.4102/hts.v73i1.4598 a man defends his own interests, but when he endangers his life in defence of others. This is precisely Copyright: what Geyser did. It is time for us, black people, to wage a ‘Geyser must rise’ campaign to protect the © 2017. The Authors. legacy of a white man who proclaimed that blacks were human at a time when such a basic truth was Licensee: AOSIS. This work heresy. (Mashele 2015: n.p.) is licensed under the Creative Commons The fact is that there were many more like Geyser, especially during the non-violent phase of the Attribution License. struggle against apartheid which ended in the early 1960s. The turn from non-violent to violent resistance created much controversy which alienated many (see, for instance, Zunes 1999). Afrikaans theologians in general did not support the armed struggle or political violence. Their criticism was mostly deconstructing and opposed the theological and moral justification of apartheid. Several theologians (like Geyser), who were ordained ministers of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) [Netherdutch Reformed Church in Africa] and taught at various universities, resisted segregation in church and state as well as the theological justification of apartheid. Read online: Scan this QR These critics included Old Testament scholars of the University of Pretoria such as Adrianus van code with your smart phone or Selms (1906–1984), Casper Labuschagne (1929–) and Jimmy Loader (1945–). Van Selms was a legend mobile device to read online. Note: This was delivered during the third A.S. Geyser Commemorative Lecture by the author on 30 March 2017 at the University of Pretoria as part of the centenary celebrations of the Faculty of Theology. http://www.hts.org.za Open Access Page 2 of 7 Original Research in his own lifetime, and posthumously honoured at the Wyk and G.J. Swart (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk); as centenary celebrations of the University of Pretoria as one of well as H. du Plessis and C. Hattingh (Gereformeerde Kerke its hundred greatest academic achievers. Labuschagne had to van Suid Afrika). This publication appeared in the aftermath leave his position at the University of Pretoria and started of the Sharpeville massacre, while preparations for the teaching at the University of Groningen (1967–1991), where he Cottesloe Consultation of the World Council of Churches still lives. Loader moved to the University of South Africa and were in its final stages. then to Vienna. He is the Dean Emeritus of the Protestant Theological Faculty of the University of Vienna and Professor In this lecture, Geyser’s contribution to Delayed Action is Ordinarius in Old Testament Studies and Biblical Archaeology discussed. Geyser chose as his topic the unity of the church as at the same institution (see Van Aarde & Dreyer 2013). He is witness to the world. It is important to note that Geyser, with still serving as minister of the Afrikaans-speaking congregation the other authors of Delayed Action, chose to enter the in Vienna. discussion on justice in South Africa from the perspective of ecclesiology. They were convinced that a Biblical and Other theologians of the NHKA critical of racial policies were evangelical understanding of the church would in itself be Prof. Dr J.A.A.A. Stoop and Prof. Dr B.J. van der Merwe (both sufficient to create a fundamental awareness amongst South lecturers at the University of South Africa). Van der Merwe African Christians that the calling and responsibilities of the taught Semitic Languages and Old Testament (see Venter church is in promoting justice and human dignity. 1999 for a biography). Stoop was a well-known church historian with extensive knowledge of early Patristic Context of Delayed Action writings. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Leiden under the supervision of Prof. Dr J.N. Bakhuizen Before we look at the content of Geyser’s contribution in van den Brink. In his dissertation, he discussed Augustine’s Delayed Action, it is important to understand the context of views on the deificatio hominis and its implications for Delayed Action. One of the contextual sources available to us Christian anthropology (imago Dei) and ecclesiology. The is the newspapers of the time which carried many articles on dissertation (Stoop 1952) was published in Leiden and Geyser and other theologians’ criticism of apartheid. During received much attention, even in Roman Catholic the period 1960–1968 C.J. Labuschagne (mentioned above) publications.1 Looking at the content of the dissertation, collected hundreds of newspaper clippings related to the especially the section on ecclesiology (Stoop 1952:58–66), one events surrounding Geyser and other Afrikaans theologians’ could expect that Stoop would be critical of segregation in opposition to apartheid. On a visit to Labuschagne in church and state. More explicitly, Stoop (1952:65) is of the Groningen during 2014, he gave three volumes of clippings opinion that the unity between Christ and the believer, the into my care, which I subsequently deposited in the church 4 presence of Christ in the church, could never be limited to an archives. From these clippings the hostile environment in intellectual enterprise, but is experienced in the liturgy, which opponents of apartheid found themselves during the sacraments as well as the ethical life of every Christian. 1960s is evident, even to the extent that Geyser was regarded Through faith we know Christ is in us. That should determine as a public enemy. It is also known that Geyser received our personal and ecclesial conduct. several death threats. It is a stark reminder of another theologian of the University of Pretoria and apartheid critic, To these (forgotten) names others could be added, not only Prof. Johan Heyns, who was assassinated in his house. Severe academics but also ministers who served in various criticism was levelled against Geyser in the media, coming congregations. During the last three decades the name of from journalists, churches and the general public. Despite Prof. Dr A.G. van
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