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Invitations to Prophetic Integrity in the Evangelical Spirituality of the Students’ Christian Association Discipleship Tradition: 1965 - 1979

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Invitations to Prophetic Integrity in the Evangelical Spirituality of the Students’ Christian Association Discipleship Tradition: 1965 - 1979 Invitations to Prophetic Integrity in the Evangelical Spirituality of the Students’ Christian Association Discipleship Tradition: 1965 - 1979 Allen James Goddard Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Programme in Church History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa I, Allen James Goddard, declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Allen Goddard Prof Philippe Denis Student Supervisor 30 November 2015 For Joyann whose joy for living is our joy to share Table of Contents Foreword p. 1 Abstract p. 3 List of Abbreviations p. 4 Chapter I - Remembering with Eschatological Imagination: Historical Theological Method p. 5 Definitions of Key Concepts p. 8 Importance of this Study for History, Theology and Spirituality p. 13 Methods of Inquiry, Synthesis and Narration p. 19 The Structure of the Dissertation p. 28 Chapter II - Enlightenment Evangelicalism and Victorian Civility at the Origins of SCA p. 40 Transatlantic and Colonial Revivalism p. 41 Evangelicalism in the Ebullience of Empire p. 50 Characteristics of the Spirituality Received into SCA p. 53 Conclusions: SCA’s Spirituality: Its Promise and Myopia p. 58 Chapter III - The Question of Gospel Allegiance in SCA’s Twentieth Century Story: 1900 - 1969 p. 60 Imperial Paternalism, Nationalist Resistance and the Roots of Apartheid p. 61 The Evangelical-Ecumenical “Schism” p. 68 Coercion, Compromise and Confrontation: 1951-1964 p. 71 Prophetic Protest Versus Towing the Line p. 78 SCA’s Fierce Conservatism Confronts Establishment Evangelicalism p. 83 Some Faithful Conclusions: About Remembering Eschatologically… p. 90 Chapter IV - Liberal Evangelicals and Conservative Radicals – An SCA ParadoX: 1970-1974 p. 103 SCA’s National Presence, Governance and Staffing in 1970 p. 105 SCA’s Anglophile Affinity in the Worldwide IFES Family p. 109 Black Consciousness and SCA’s Forming Discipleship Tradition p. 112 Engaging Context and Black Consciousness: 1972 and 1973 p. 119 New Voices in Evangelicalism in 1974 p. 128 Conclusions: Radical Disciples and “Liberal” Evangelicals Privatizing p. 139 Chapter V - Old and New Reflections in the Unlikely Mirror of Apartheid: 1975-1976 p. 141 Making Disciples - Which Way? p. 142 Some Things Made New – in 1975 p. 148 God’s Kairós in a Sick Society p. 156 A Tempest “Too Ghastly to Contemplate” p. 161 The Hidden Seed of Prophetic Engagement p. 172 Conclusion: Looking and not Seeing, Hearing and not Understanding p. 178 Chapter VI - Discipleship as Healing Transformation: Conversion or Cultural Accommodation. p. 179 Reactionary Change or Transformative “New Reality” Before 1977 p. 180 The New Evangelicalism in SCA’s Young Minds p. 189 Welcome to Christ’s “Antibody” p. 194 God’s Gift of Surgery p. 200 New Evangelicalism in Student Hands p. 207 Conclusion: A Way to be Christ’s Wounded Healers p. 216 Chapter VII - The Prophetic Discipleship of Eschatological Imagination p. 218 Findings of the Monograph in Summary p. 219 Excursus - SCA's Mid-Century History in Retrospect p. 223 A Fracture Line of Contradictions in the 1980s p. 226 Epilogue - Three Themes from SCA's Twentieth Century Discipleship p. 236 Theme 1 - Prophetic Allegiance Images the Trinity p. 236 Theme 2 - Prophetic Metánoia Turns From Exclusion to Embrace p. 238 Theme 3 - Prophetic Communities Submit to Divine Surgery p. 239 From Realism to Hope: A Way of Remembering for Holy Defiance p. 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 245 APPENDICES p. 266 APPENDIX A: MATRIX OF PUBLISHED THEOLOGICAL RECEPTION p. 266 APPENDIX B: MATRIX OF SCA CURRICULUM TOPICS AND MATERIALS p. 267 APPENDIX C: “THE S.C.M. DECLARATION” p. 269 APPENDIX D: “RESPONSE TO THE CYARA DECLARATION” CIRCA DECEMBER 1976 p. 270 APPENDIX E: MATRIX OF SCA DISCIPLESHIP EVENTS p. 278 APPENDIX F: PHOTO ARCHIVE p. 280 Foreword When all has been said and done a PhD dissertation is just a learning exercise, albeit a student’s most rigorous, formative and culminating accomplishment for matriculation as a scholar. This training assignment is also a journey into service. Thanks to the prayers, friendship, patience, hospitality, generosity, and excellence in discerning mentorship of many people who have accompanied me towards this destination, the grace and challenge that direct a PhD researcher’s journey have been my experience in equal measure. For this reason, along the way I have received many of the charisms and have learnt many of the disciplines of true fellowship. That I was able even to start a PhD is thanks to Prof James Houston with whom I worked as teaching assistant for two years at Regent College, whose salted words helped me understand what Jesus meant by “treasures old”, and Alan Kreider, Pauline Hoggarth, Gideon Strauss, Eugene Peterson, Vinoth Ramachandra, Dan Nighswander, David Barbour, John Roff, Joan Campbell and Heather Johnston, who in different instances over many years have expressed their belief in my ability to write, in service of what is true. For being first to show me the meaning of authentic discipleship I thank Steve Truscott, Jane Asher, Lynn Pedersen and Sally Longley. Philippe Denis, my supervisor, has patiently schooled me in many research and writing lessons with a sharp eye and keen historical sense, inspiring me to greater rigour and saving me from errors. The responsibility for any that remain is mine. My thanks also go to Prof Denis for generously providing me funding to present my first academic paper at Oxford University even before he had read my first chapter - a risked investment that led to four of my subsequent research articles being accepted for publication before I completed this monograph. The PhD destination would never have been reached without the kind generosity of twenty-two patrons, including the Rouxville Baptist and Hilton Methodist Church leaders, who regularly contributed towards my family’s keep during the two and a half years of writing. Words cannot express my thanks for the gift and regimen of their magnanimous sharing from the economy of God’s Kingdom. One of many pleasurable aspects of the journey was to work with over fifty co-researchers who shared their memories, helping to breathe into this study its relational, personal spirit. My special thanks go to Stephen Granger, Peter Greenwood, Philip Le Feuvre, Dons Kritzinger, Lybon Mabasa, Caesar Molebatsi, Maurice Ngakane, René Padilla, Lynn Pedersen, Eunice Rajuile, Sydney Seolonyane, Stanley Sher, Deryck Sheriffs, Steve Truscott and Stuart Vaughan, who went extra miles to help me attain greater accuracy. Jim Johnston and Bill Houston gave copious hours of interviews, patiently opening multi- dimensional windows on their stories, to this historian’s often one-dimensional viewpoint. Without their personal archival materials generously lent, insightful comments on each of the chapters, debate, constructive criticism, and assistance on many of the finer details, this history would have been a chronicle without insight. 1 Celeste Johns and John Timms at the Cecil Renaud Library at UKZN; Karen Suderman of the Anabaptist Network of South Africa Peace Library; and Clare Landon and Jacqueline Gibson of The Denis Hurley Library at the St Joseph’s Theological Institute, all deserve heartfelt thanks for their steadfast, kind assistance. André Landman, archivist at the University of Cape Town’s Jagger Library, also well deserves thanks for professional advice during my ten weeks in the archive, and for readily digitizing and sending documents right up to the last week of the research. Particular mention needs to be made of Glenn and Ann Truran, James and Ros Irlam, Gary and Michelle Pienaar, Peter and Analie Golesworthy, Ralph and Aileen Wilcox and Philip and Charmian Le Feuvre in Cape Town, Ray and Margie Durrheim and Stanley and Alison Sher in Johannesburg, Ian and Jacqui Couper in Hartbeespoort, Faure and Rita Louw in Pretoria, and Steve and Jan Truscott in Bristol, for taking me into your homes and welcoming me into the rhythms of your families’ lives during my travels, overnight, over a few days or a week, or during the two and a half months of my longer sojourns to complete the archival studies. Your companionship across many miles in many settings was an empowering gift. Finishing would not have been possible without a smaller company. David and Anne Barbour and Dave Larsen came to my aid with crucial Apple computer support. Vic Graham, Carolyn Dugmore and Roger Stewart drew alongside with sustaining words at moments of weariness. The loving support of Joyann, my wife, and the enthusiasm of our sons, Gabriel and Simeon, have been a constant inspiration. Their wholehearted permission for me to make this midlife journey, their endurance of shared financial constraint, and forbearance during my many travels from home, make this monograph a celebrated family achievement. Joyann most of all helped me shoulder the weight carried along the way and faithfully encouraged me to persevere. At the last minute she pushed on to the finish with me in the capacity of final copy editor.
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