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Enhancing Democracy in Spatial Planning Through Spatial Data Sharing in Indonesia

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Enhancing Democracy in Spatial Planning Through Spatial Data Sharing in Indonesia The Enhancing Democracy in Spatial Planning Through Spatial Data Sharing in Indonesia A d i p a n d a n g Y u d o n o Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Sheffield for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2017 1 ABSTRACT In the current era of open data in Indonesia, spatial mapping methods have changed from paper- based to digital formats. Today, government institutions, business enterprises and citizens in Indonesia create and share spatial data to present geographic information in particular areas for socio-economic applications, including spatial planning. This situation provides the context for the research reported here. This study emerged during the development of a policy focused on national spatial data sharing in Indonesia. The policy intends to achieve the integration of spatial planning programmes at national, provincial, municipality (kota) and regency (kabupaten) levels, with a ‘One Map Policy’ (OMP). This concept suggests merging geographic information to create a unified system of basic and national thematic geographic information. Furthermore, the idea of the ‘One Map Policy’ does not only consider the technical aspects of spatial data infrastructure, but also non-technical Geographic Information System (GIS) matters, such as strategic management, human resource capacity and institutional collaboration. One way of achieving spatial planning coherence is dialogue between policy makers and the public. The dialogue can be built through spatial data sharing between official and crowd-sourced data. Technical aspects important for achieving spatial planning programmes consensus in both these cases, but non-technical issues, such as social, political, economic, institutional, assurance, and leadership factors are also critical. Therefore, this thesis proposes the SPATIAL framework, which stands for Social interactionism, Political will, Accounting, Technological artefacts, Institution, Assurance and reward, as well as Leadership and legitimacy. Furthermore, to enhance democracy in spatial data and information sharing in the spatial planning context, the researcher developed the SPATIAL framework using three models, viz. i) the organisational willingness model to share spatial data within the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) and Voluntereed Geographic Information (VGI) context; ii) the community participation stepped model for government agencies; and iii) the socio- technical model of SDI and VGI integration in the spatial planning context. Ultimately, the findings of this research make a significant contribution to knowledge in bridging spatial data management between official spatial data and crowd-sourced geographic information in planning practice, especially as it is applied in Indonesia. SDI and VGI integration will require extensive rebuilding of spatial data streams and institutional plans. The SDI and VGI integration approaches present spatial data streams, which are genuinely two-way and include plans of action. This approach enhances transparency and ease of working in a transparent environment also an important step towards increasing democracy in spatial planning, particularly in Indonesia but also in other countries with similar levels of economic development. i ii Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ x List of Tables ....................................................................................................... xiii Glossary and Abbreviations .............................................................................. xvi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY ................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Motivation and rationale for the study ............................................................ 1 1.3 Potential contribution to knowledge ............................................................... 4 1.4 Research problem ......................................................................................... 6 1.5 Research area ............................................................................................... 8 1.6 Spatial data usage in the Indonesian spatial planning process ................... 10 1.7 Background to the Indonesian NSDI initiative ............................................. 11 1.8 Background to the Indonesian VGI initiative ................................................ 12 1.9 The Indonesian ‘One Map Policy’ context ................................................... 13 1.10 Research Aim ............................................................................................ 13 1.11 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 14 1.12 Research approach .................................................................................... 14 1.13 Research questions .................................................................................... 15 1.14 Structure of the thesis................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 18 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 18 2.2 The rationale for spatial planning and spatial data sharing .......................... 19 2.3 Frameworks of data-information-knowledge-wisdom and the open data concept ........................................................................................................ 21 2.3.1 The framework of data, information, knowledge and wisdom ............... 21 2.3.2 The concept of information as infrastructure ......................................... 24 2.3.3 The underlying concept of open data .................................................... 27 2.4 Underlying concepts of spatial data infrastructure ........................................ 31 2.4.1 Why and What is SDI ? .......................................................................... 32 2.4.2 SDI models and components ................................................................. 33 iii 2.4.3 Organisational framework for the implementation of SDI ....................... 38 2.5 Underlying Fundamentals of Citizen Participation Theory and Citizen Science in Spatial Planning Processes ...................................................... 44 2.6 Underlying Concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) ............. 48 2.6.1 Characteristics of VGI ........................................................................... 49 2.6.2 Assessment of the Quality of VGI ......................................................... 50 2.6.3 The Value of VGI .................................................................................. 51 2.6.4 Criteria for monitoring crowd-sourced information in VGI ...................... 52 2.7 Summary of Chapter ................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 58 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 58 3.2 A research paradigm to examine spatial data development and sharing .... 58 3.3 A conceptual strategy to create spatial data sharing alliances in the context of spatial governance ...................................................................... 61 3.3.1 Collaboration .......................................................................................... 62 3.3.2 Cooperation ........................................................................................... 63 3.3.3 Coordination ........................................................................................... 63 3.4 Essential elements of spatial data sharing inter-agency alliances ............... 65 3.5 Spatial data co-production between government agencies and citizens ..... 67 3.6 Summary of Chapter .................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 72 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 72 4.2 Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods approaches in researching spatial data sharing ..................................................................................... 73 4.2.1 Qualitative approach versus quantitative approach in spatial data sharing research ................................................................................... 73 4.2.2 Mixed-method approach in spatial data sharing research ...................... 74 4.2.3 Rationale selection to use qualitative approach in this thesis ................ 75 4.3 Reasons for conducting a single case study ............................................... 76 4.4 Aim, objectives and research questions .....................................................
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