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Home , Battle of Carabobo, Magdalena Campaign, Pablo Morillo, Venezuelan Army

MILITA RY ASPECTSO F TH f

BAMO r~ .·C. MO·RA· LES

Militar,y aspects of the life of Simon Bolivar, The Liberator, by Capt R. C. ~'.' Morales, Venezuelan Amy. Command and f,"',",,,~t' .. ,.',' General Staff College. 31 May 49. {Jj T is Docnment • IS A HOLDING OF THE , ARCHIVES SECTDON "­ LIBRARY SERVICES FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS ~ DOCUMENT NO. N~25~.190 COpy NO. ~__

CGSC Form 160 Al'ffiy-CGSC-P2-1798-7 Mar 52-5M 13 Mal' 51

MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE yn OF

SIMON ]30LIVAli, THE LIBEHATOR

RAMON C MORALES Captain,

(Translated into English by Captain Robert 0 Barraza)

EITLITABY ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF Sll~ON BOLIVAR, THE LIBERATOR

Simon Bolivar, the Liberator, was born in on 24 July 1783.

His parents were Don Ped.ro Balivar and Dona Maria d~ la Concepcion Pala­ cios y Blanco •.

Among his professors were Don Andres, Bello and Don Simon Rodrig1.1.e~, the latter being the one who influenced ,Bolivar's life the most by incul­ eating in him at an early age the ideals of the Emancipation of America.

At the age of 16, he traveled to 1Jvhere he met his cousin,

Maria Teresa del Taro y Alayza, whom he married in Madrid. After his marriage he returned to where his wife died seven months later, a tragedy that considerably afflicted Boliv8x.. In order to mitigate his sorrow, Bolivar returned to Europe. In Vienna he ran into his 010. professor, tlffr Rodriguez, who advised him to participate in recreation extensively• Tvvo months later Rodrig1J.ez called him and they both took off on a trip to Italy .. In Rome, at Monte Aventino, Bolivar swore to dedicate his life to the independence of his country ..

On 2 April 1810, being a Lieutenant in the Infantry Be.ttalion of the Milltia of Aragua, Bolival:" participated in a conspira.cy to depose

Captain General Don Vicente Napar2~. The conspiracy was discovered and

Bolivar was imprisoned but, thanks to the intervention of the marquese from Toro, was only confined to his possessions of Aragua as a punish­ ment ..

About that time, Spain had been inv~ded by Bonaparte. On

18 April 1810, a ship docked at La Guaira with the news that the vn101e

Peninsula had fallen to the French except Cadiz and the island of Leon where a council of regents had been established.

The Pueblo of Caracas decided to take advantage of these circn.1L1­ stances in order to depose the Spanish Captain-General, who on the very neA~ day (19 April 1810) resigned after receiving pressure from the people and from a group of enthusiastic Revolutionaries, among whom out­ sho~~ Bishop Jose Cortes de Madariaga. The date of 19 April 1810 remained in this manner stamped in the as the first foothold tOiJ\iards Independence, v!hich,

ll1 order to consolidate itself, had to cost the nation. eleven long years

of war and a great ntwlber of sacrificese

From 19 April on, the Municipal Government constituted itself as

the governm.ent, with the na.me of Junta Suprema Conservadora de los dere­

chos de Fernando VII (Conservative Suprt:me Board of the Rights of

Ferdinand VII)"

The Supreme Board saw fit to send diplomats to the. Antilles, the

United States and England in order to obtain moral. and 4naterial support.

for her government. Bolivar "uletS designated to go to England, and realiz­

ing his longed-for dream, recommended that General ':J

ii'l turn, be relieved from his position and be sent. back to Venezuela ..

Miranda was one of the forerunners of the Venezuelan Independence~

Miranda, upon returning fl"om Europe, was elected President of the

nSociedad Patriotica,n of which Bolivar was also a member" This club was a political club, similar to the Jacobins Club of , -which de­

fended with audaclty the sacred principles of liberty and equalit:y-, and

which -worked intensely in favor of the declaration of independence 011 the

part of Congress~

The effort.s of the uSociedad Patrlot.icau \;7ere revv-arded v:Tith great

success when the Decla~ation of Independence was signed in a solerm1 8es­

sian of Congress on 5 July 18110

The constitution, inspired by that of .. the United StatesJ 1,iJas decreed

ar.td signed on 21 December 1811.

Colonel Bolivar, duri.ng J'L1.1y 1812, 'Nas defending the Plaza de Pu.ert/o

Cabello from attacks launched tif Spanish Captain Domingo Monteverde, who

had invaded thro1,.1.gh the Px'ovmce of Coro; Balivar was forced to abandon

the city due to the treacher.t of a milltia officer, Francisco Hernandez

Vinani. In late July 1812, after General Miranda had signed a capitulation

with Monteverde, and dtu~ing the latter's advance into Caracas, :Miranda

-2= was in La Guaira making arrangements to go abroad. Hearing r1.1.1nors in this city that General Miranda had capitulated with Monteverde for money, Simon Bolivar, accompanied troY four patriots, had Miranda imprisoned by order of Colonel Manuel Maria Casas,Military Commandant of the port. Casas later turned Miranda over to Monteverde. History has erased the misconduct of Miranda and has freed him from all blame and has fixed the censure of his imprisonment_to the dimness and dis­ concert which the'fortUllate victory of Monteverde produced in the spirits of the Republicans.

The year of 1812 signified to Vene~lela the sad date when the first Republic was lost. After this loss, Bolivar was able to embark to Cura­ zao, thanks to the intervention of his generous Spanish friend, Don Francisco Iturbe. Bolivar went from Curazaoto Cartagena, where he offered his ser­ vices to the Republican government of this city. - This government com­ missioned him so that he could rid the province of Loyalists, which he accomplished in a short time later. From Cartagena, Bolivax wen;t to

P8~plona, where after a few militar,y victories against Spanish Briga­ dier General Correa Bolivar was promoted to Brigadier and given comraand of the Division of Cucuta. After this action, Bolivar asked the Congress of Nueva Granada, which was in session at Tlmja, for permission to invade Vene'zuela. It was conceded to him. and immediately he initiated such a bold undertaking with a force of only 500 men. This campaign, which history meritoriously classified as "admirable,n lasted for three months, during which time

1400 kIns were scaled, many field battles were vron, and culminated in

General Bolivar's triu~phal entry into Oaracas. -On 14 October 1813, the municipality of Caracas acclaimed Bolivar as Captain-General of the Army and conceded him the title of uLiberator."

In early 1814, ~ new danger was threatening the Republic -- Spanish General Jose Tomas Boves had appointed himself as the leader of the Vene­ zuelan plainsmen and was trying to advance on Caracas with a force of

-5­ 3,000 Infantrymen -and 5,000 Cavalrymen.

The patriot army tried to put up resistance at Valencia, La Puerta and La Victoria, but it was all useless against the great advance of -- Boves' plainsmen. Boliyar himself directed the action at l.a Puerta on

14 June 1814 but was defeated by the Spanish leader. On 4 July, the city of Valencia capitulated. From this moment on, the situation of the Republic reverted to being desperate. again. The Liberator thought of organizing the defense of Caracas, but changed his mind upon finding out that all the-western area ·was under the Royalist Forces. It was necessary to organize a resistance movement in the eastern provinces.

On 6 Ju~ 1814, Bolivar started his withdrawal towards the East. A great number of emigrant families from Caracas followed this patriot army to escape the atrocities being committed by Boves' troops. This withdrawal remains knov~n as the "Emigration" in Venezuelan history.

Let us quote a description frOll the Venezuelan historian Baralt: UHtU1ger, sickness, the harmful beasts of the forests, and the lead from the eneIDY", in competition they preyed upon their victims. The families that reached the East suffered as much as the troops and with them died and disbanded them­ selves. Some lived a life of extreme poverty in the foreign acred colonies and even though they later produced better days for Venezuela, few celebrated their venture and could turn again to the blue skies of their COUl1try. This impru­ dent immigration. cost Caracas more habitants than the earth­ quake of 26 March 1812." Boves ordered General Morales to pursue Bolivax. He caught up with him at Aragua de Barcelona where unfortunately the patriot army s1..1.ffered

4,700 casualties. The Liberator went from Barcelona to Carupano, where his authority was intentionally not recognized by the Republican leaders, Manuel Piax and Jose Feliz Ribas, causing him to embark to Cartagena.

These disastrous events of the year 1814 marked the loss of the second

Republic. Bolivar went from Cartagena to Tunja, where he informed the Congress of Granada about his actions. Congress entrusted him the mission of re­ ducing the city of Bogota, which he -accomplished bjt 12 December 1814.

The government immediately fixed its seat of government in the city and ordered Bolivar to go dovID on the and reduce the Province

-4­ of Santa Marte.•

Ferdinand VII recuperated his throne on 22 March 1814 in accordance with the Valencey Treaty. His first worry was to re-establish defini-tely the Spanish Predominance in America. With this in mind, he sent an expe­ dition of 15,000 men and 65 transports to Venezuela, conunanded by Lieuten­ ant General Don . The expedition 8xrived at the shores of

Venezuela on 5 April 1815, and Morillo ~rrived at Caracas on 11 May.

Bolivar could not accomplish the mission assigned him qy Congress due to personal grudges against him by Colonel Manuel Castillo from

Granada, who commanded the Carte.gena troops and whom Congress had told to supply Bolivar 'Viith money and materials to reduce Santa Marta.

Colonel Castillo refused to obey Congress' requests so Bolivar dec2ded to besiege the city of Cartagena. V~Thile in this situation, news was received that Morillo had arrived in Venezuela and motivated an agree­ ment between the city and Bolivar, so he relinquished command and left for Jamaica on 8 May 1815.

Bolivar remained in Jamaica until the end of 1815; from there he went to Haiti where he got together with Marine Luis Brion from Curazao, who occupied himself' with bringing men and food materials together-... to help Cartagena. Balivarleft Haiti viith an expedition of seven merchant schooners and 250 men towe.rds the shores of Venezuela, since Cartagena had already been occupied by Morillo's forces. The e:A"'Pedition arrived· at

Margarita on ~5 May, and on 1 July occupied the port of Carupono. From there the expedition went to Ocumare de la Costa, where it disembarked on

6 June. Bolivar was defeated on a hill called Aguacates by a superior force and was forced to re-embark and speed to Bonaire. He proceeded to

GUiria, where he arrived on 16 August; again being denied authority by

Republican Generals Marino and Bermudez, he resolved to go to Port

Principe, Haiti.

While in Haiti, Bolivar organized a new expedition with the assist­ ance of President Petion. This expedition left Haiti on 21 December and arrived at Margarita 28 December; on 51 December, the Liberator disembarked

-5­ in Barcelona and placedhimself in charge of the troops. He took the

Province of. Guayana and desigaated the city of Angostura as the Provi­ sional capitol, of Venezuela.

On 15 February 1819, the Liberator assisted in the installation of a Congress of Angostura (second congress of Venezuela) which conferred on Bolivar' com.mand, under the denomination of the Pre'sident of the Republic.

Bolivar defeated Morillo on 1 April 1819, on the edge o.f the

Araunca Riv:er during the battle knmvn as ulasQueseras del Medio. n After this victory, Bolivar thought to go through with his project of liberating Nueva Gr811ada, so after he gave his generals their orders, he init.iated the march on 27 May 1819. The execution of this campaign implicated crossing the Andes with inadequately dressed, poorly fed, barefooted troops which were accustomed only to the hea.t of the plains. The operation was completed by 6 July but the rigors of the mountains cost him one-half of his troops. The crossing of the Andes reminds us of the heroic feats of Anibal upon crossing the,Alps. Bolivar, after crossing the Andes, won a few successful encounters

against Brigadier General Barreiro's fqrces from 11-25 July, in the battles of Gameza and Pantano de Vargas respectively. Bolivar occupied Tunja on 5 August and waited with 2,000 men for Barreiro at a bridge of Boyaca o.n 7 August 1819. This is the date of the famous Battle of Boyaca

in which the Spanish dominion· definitely was destroyed in Nueva Granada.

Only 50 soldiers out of 5,000 which Barreiro commanded, escaped ..

On 11 December 1819, the Li'berator went to Angostura in order to render a report of his achievements to Congress. In a session of 17 Decem­ ber 1819, Congress approved the organization of Venezuela, Nueva Granada and Quito into a single nation under the name of tfColombia.. u This date

signified the glorious birth of nColombia, 11 which was to surprise the world with its titanic battles fo.r the emancipation of America. Early in 1821, while patriot Generals Soublette and Bermudez dis­ tracted part_of the Royalist forces towards Caracas, the Liberator

-6­ effected in San Carlos the reunion of his forces with those of General

Paez, and together moved towards the plains of , where the Spanish

General La Torre had emplaced himself with all forces available, numbering

5,500 men. Bolivar attacked the advantageous positions of the Spanish

commander on 24 June 1821, therefore obtaining in this occasion a bril­

liant victory over the Royalist forces. This glorious

finished up the Spanish domination in Venezuela; independence was com­

plated with the taking of Puer~o Cabello -- the last Spanish bulwark in

Venezuela -- by the Patriot forces on 7 November 1825.

In October 1820, three Venezuelan officers, upon arriving at Guaya­

qUil, were able to start an uprising in the garrison of this city in

favor of independence. One such officer was Colonel Luis Urdaneta, who

opened up military operations towards QUito, but was defeated at Guachi

and Verde Loma.

Bolivar completed in Bogota, in Decemb~r 1821, a plan of operations

tending to !Imop-up" enemies in the region south of . His plan

consisted, essential~, of effecting a simultaneous advance through the

north and south into 'C2uito in order to impede the concentration of

Spanish troops commanded by General Murgueon and 'chose commanded by

Colonel Garcia. General Murgueon, upon being killed, was replaced in

command by General Aymerich.

In order to effect the attack from the south, Bolivar commissioned

Sucre, who transferred himself to Guayaquil and assumed command and pre­

pared the maneuver projected by the Liberator.

General Sucre started his operation~ from the south in JanuaI"'J 1822,

effecting a junction with General Santa Cruz's Peruvian forces in Zaraguro

on 19 February. Following this, he liberated the Provinces of Loja and

Cuenca, and later occupied the small towns of Riobamba, Ambato and Lata­

cunga. Sucre completely defeated the Spanish General Aymerich on 24 May

1822 at the outskirts of Pechincha and occupied Quito.

The Liberator ar:rived at Cali from Bogota on I January 1822, after

leaving Vice-President Santander in executive power. On 16 March, he

-7­ concentrated his ar~' and started operations against Pasto on 20 March.

Bolivar dislodged Colonel Garcia from his stupendous position at Cerro de Cariaco at a great cost of casualtiesdur.lllg the battle of Bombona~ which was liberated on 7 April 1822. The Liberator offered Colonel

Garcia an honorable capitulation on 25 May, which was accepted by the latter on 9 June af~er learning of the defeat of the Royalist forces at

Pichincha. As a result of the battles of Bombona and Pichincha, all the southern region of Colombia was cleared of the enemy.

Bolivar went from Pasto to QUito, which he entered on 16 June 1822, effecting in this manner his projected reunion with General Sucre. At the same time that the titanic fight for independence of Venez­ uela and Nueva Granada continued in the north, the southern Provinces of

Rio de 1a Plata and Chile had been liberated in the battles of Chacabuco and M:aipu on 12 February 1817 and 5 April 1818 respectively. The heroes of these glorious journeys were General Jose de San Ma..rtin from Rio de la

Plata and Chilean General Bernardo de Q-tHiggins.

After these campaigns, Ge~eral San Martin organized an expedition to liberate , and after occupying the city of Lima as a result of the retreat to the valleys of Jauja by La Serna, proclaimed the inde­ pendence of Peru on 28 July 1821.

Genera~ San Martin, recognizing ilnraedia"Gsly that he didn't have enough troops to destroy the Royalist forces, which totaled 23,000 men, and against the possibility of getti.J.lg reia.A.forcements in Rio de la Plata and Chile, decided to confer with Bolivar with regard to plans which should be adopted to continue the war in Peru. Bolivar, after the meeting with General San Martin at Guayaquil, decided to go to Peru to take charge of military operations, arrivlllg at

Callao on 1 September 1825,. Arriving at Peru, which he found to be a complete anarchy with two Congresses and two'; Presidents, Bolivar accepted the orders installing him as dictator as of 13 February 1824.

For five months Bolivar feverishly dedicated himself to the organi­

zation, equipping and preparation of the army which later was to obta.in

-8­ the liberation of Peru, being in this manner able to review 8,000 excel­ lent fighting men at Cerro de Pasco on 1 and 2 August.

Bolivar left Pasco towards Jauja on 5 August, following a road on the western border of Lake Reyes. Royalist General Canterac, who com­ manded 7,000 Infantrymen and 1,300 CavalrJl1llen, had taken the lead from

Jauja to Pasco, by taking the road which borders the east side of the

same lake. Seeing his line of command tlu-eatened by the advance of

Bolivar, Canterac tried to vdthdraw towards Jauja, but was caught up by

the Liberator at the grasslands of Junin on 6 August 1824, where the

Spanish com.mander lost all his Cavalrymen in the famous "Battle of Junin.• u

After this battle, Bolivar designated Sucre as Cormnandant of the

United Army and returned to the coast, arriving at Lima on 8 December 1824.

Sucre assumed command on 19 September 1824 and after his army had

crossed and re-crossed the River Pampas, waited an attack ~J Viceroy La

Serna at Campo de Ayacucho. La Serna commanded 9,500 men and Sucre com­

manded 6,776. On 9 December 1824, both forces met, resulting in the

complet~) defeat of the Royalist forces. This memorable action, ·which

determined the last Spanish domination in America, left in General

Sucre's commend the following Royalist strength: two Lieutenant Generals,

four Field , ten Brigadiers, 16 , 552 officers of lower

rank and 2,000 soldiers.

Sucre was given the rank of by' Bolivar after the victory at

Ayacucho. The Peruvian Congress later ratified his rank as Marshal.

Sucre went from Ayacucho to , 'where he favored a Congres­

sional summons in order to have these small tovJns decide as to what form

of government they wanted to adopt. On 6 August 1825, the ProVll1.CeS of

Upper Peru erected themselves into a sovereign state, during the reunited

assembly in Chuquisaca, adopting a new state by. the name of tfBolivia. u

This assembly proclaimed Bolivar as ttFather of the Country" and elected

him as President of the republic. Bolivar delegated this magistracy to

-9­ the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho.

The Father of the Republic, ill, poor and abandoned by everj-one, and seeing his favorite daughter, "Colombia," disintegrating, surrendf?red

his life in a cottage in Santa Marta on 17 December 1850. His last words were: ttlf my death contributes to the cpssation of political parties and the consolidation of a union, I myself will gladly lOVIer myself into my

grave.t1 And in this manner died he who sacrificed all for his country,

his personal fortune, his energies, his health and his life in his . infinite eagerness to liberate a complete contingent from the chains of Spanish oppression.

-10­ MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF SIMON BOLIVAR, THE LIBERATOR

BIBLIOGRAPJiI

Gonzalez, Eloy G, Histori,{!.qe \T.e.l1ezue1a. Pena"ArcadioQuintero, Hist0t,la de 18. Gran Colo.!Jlbia. MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF SIMON BOLIVAR, THE LIBERaTOR

Simon Bolivar, the Liberator from Venezuela, Colombia, ,

Ecuador, Peru and , was bom in Caracas on 24 July 1783. Among his professors was Don Simon J;todriguez, who influenced Bolivar's life the most by inculcating in him at an early age the ideals of the eman­ cipation of America.

On 2 April 1810, being a Lieutenant in the InfantrJ Battalion of the Militia of Aragua, Bolivar participated in a conspiracy to depose Captain General Don Vicente Emparam. The conspiracy was discovered and Bolivar was imprisoned but, thanks to the intervention of the mar­ quese from Toro, 'Was only confined to his possessions of' Aragua. as a punishment. A. new conspiracy on 19 April of the same year was successful, being on that date the first foothold towards independence. Bolivar was not present at the second conSJ.:>1racy. The Declaration of Indepen­ dence was signed in a solemn session of Congress on 5 July 18il.

The constitution, inspired by that of the United States of

America, was decreed and signed on 21 December 1811.

During the year of 1812, Bolivar fought some battles against the

Spanish troops' commanded by Captain Domingo Monteverde. Unfortunately,

Monteverde succeeded in restoring the Spanish Government in July 1812. After the 1.oss of the first republic, Bolivar offered his services to the Congress o~ Nueva Granada (known as Colombia now). Bolivar ac­ complished some important missions assigned him by Congress, and 1VaS promoted to Brigadier and given command of the Division of' Cucuta.. After this action, Bolivar asked Congress for permission to invade

Venezuela. It was conceded to him and immediately he initiated such a bold undertaking with a force of only 500 men. This campaign, which history meritoriously classified as "admirable," lasted for three months, during 'Which time 1400 kms were scaled, many field battles were won, and culminated in General Bolivar's triumphal entry into Caracas. On 14 October 1813, the municipality of Caracas acclaimed

Bolivar as Captain General of the Army and granted him the title or

"Liberator."

The year of 1814 'WaS another disastrous year for Venezuela. General Jose Tomas Boves, one of the most able Spanish military leaders, had organized in the plains of Venezuela a force of 3,000 Infantrymen and 5,000 Cavalrymen, and was try:tng to .advance on Caracas. Bolivar conducted a delaying a.ction,but was finally defeated by the forces of

General Boves. These disastrous actions of the year 1814 marked the loss of the second republic.

A£ter those events, Bolivar went to Nueva Granada., and from there he went to Haiti, where he organized two successive expeditions to the coasts of Venezuela. The first of those expeditions failed, but dUr"lng

the second one,~lementedat the end of the year 1816, Bolivar suc- .

ceeded .in capturing the Province of Guayana, and designated the tom of Angos tura as the provisional capitol. of Venezuela.

After this victory, Bolivar thOUght to go through with his project

of' liberating Nueva Granada, so after he gave his generals their Lnstruc­

tions, he in!tiated the march on 27 May 1819. The execution of this campaign implicated crossing the Andes -with inadequately dressed, poorly fed, barefooted troops which were accustomed only to the heat of the

plains•. The operation 'Was cOIl\>leted by 6 July, but the rigors of the mountains cost him one-half of his troops. The crossing of the Andes reminds us of the heroic feats of Hannibal upon crossing the Ups.

Innnediately after crossing the Andes, Bolivar defeated the Spanish General Barreiro during the battle of Boyaca on 7 'August 1819. The re­

sult of that battle was the independence of Nueva Granada. On 17 Decem~ ber 1819, the Congress of Angostura approved the organiZation of Venezuela., Nueva Granada. and Quito into a single nation under the name

of "Colombia. tt

On 24 June 1821, Bolivar defeated decisively the Spanish General

LaTorre during the battle of Carabobo ~ The result of that action was

-2­ the liberation of Venezuela.

The battles of Bombana. and Pic1rl.ncha, fought on 24 ftllay and 7 April

1822 respectively, on the Province of Quito, had as a direct result the consolidation. of the. Republic ot Colombia. After the independence ot Colombia was gained, Bolivar had a meet­ ing with General San Martin at Guayaquil, and Bo~ivar acceded to help

Peru in its struggle for independence trom Spain. That result was definitely achieved during the battle ot Junin.on 6 August 1824, and the battle of Ayacueho on 9 December of the same year, fought on Peru­ vian so11. Bolivar personally conducted the battle ot Junin.

The glorious battle of Ayacueho, conducted by Venezu.elan General

Antonio Jose de Sucre, determined the last Spanish domination of South America.

Sucre was given the rank ot .Marshal by Bolivar atter.tbe victory at Ayacucho. The Peruvian Congress later. ratified hi:srankasllarshal.

On 6 August 1825, the Provinces of Upper.Peru er.~ctedthemselves into a Sovereign state, .during the assembly in Chuquisaca, ,. adopting the new name of the Republic of 1tBolivia." This assembly' proclaimed

Bolivar as "Father of the Country, It and elected him as President or

1ihe Republic. .Bolivar delegated this magistracy.to the Grand.Marshal of Ayacucho.

The father. aithe Repu~lic, ill, poor and abandoned by everyone, and seeing his favorite daughter, nColombia," disintegrating, surren­ dered. his life in a co1i.tage in Santa, Marta .(C.alombia) on 17,.· December

1830. His, last words were: "It .m:T death contributes to the cessa.tion ot political parties' and the consolidation of thetJnion, I lDl'self will gladly. lower 1Dl"self .. into .. Jt13'. grave." .Unfortunately, that ideal or the

Liberator. 'WaS notaccomplishedj ..in,the same -rear ,of 1830, .Colombia disintegrated into her, threecomponents:.V$nezuela,.N'ueva Granada ,and

Quito. The name, ot Colombia remained with Nuev~ Grana.da. TheProvince ot Quito .is the territoIT knownnowadaY'S,as the Republic .. of ... .

-3­