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Ethiopia Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement and Market Expansion (PRIME) Project Impact Evaluation

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Ethiopia Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement and Market Expansion (PRIME) Project Impact Evaluation Ethiopia Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement and Market Expansion (PRIME) Project Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey Report Volume 1: Main Report January 2015 This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Lisa Smith, Tim Frankenberger, Ben Langworthy, Stephanie Martin, Tom Spangler, Suzanne Nelson, and Jeanne Downen for the Feed the Future FEEDBACK project. The authors' views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or of the United States Government. Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development, USAID Contract Number GS-23F-8144H/AID-OAA-M-12-00006, Feed the Future FEEDBACK Contact: Detra Robinson, MA, PMP, Chief of Party Westat 1600 Research Boulevard Rockville, MD 20850 Tel: 301-738-3653 Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements TANGO would like to thank numerous individuals for the support they provided to this PRIME baseline. They include Emily Hogue and Tiffany Griffin (Bureau for Food Security, USAID), Cullen Hughes (USAID/Ethiopia), Mohamed Abdinoor (USAID/Ethiopia), Semachew Kassahun (USAID/Ethiopia), Greg Collins (USAID), Farzana Ramzan (Bureau for Food Security, USAID), Ato Biratu Yigezu (deputy director general, Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia), Ato Habe Kiristos (director, Agricultural and Natural Resources Directorate, Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia), Amin Yusef (vice president of development affairs, Somali Regional State), Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse (International Food Policy Research Institute/Ethiopia), and Ben Watkins (Kimetrica). We are indebted to the staff from Mercy Corps Ethiopia, including Karri Byrne, Jeton Starova, Mohamed S. Ali, Abdulkadir Jemel, Mayan S. Ali, and Olga Petryniak. We also wish to thank Steve Durako, Detra Robinson, Rodney Knight, Tom Scialfa, and Jason Ives of Westat for their assistance. In addition, we wish to give great thanks to Ato Zenagebril Degu and his staff at Green Professionals Services for their tireless work in collecting the data and supporting the logistics for this survey. Last, we wish to thank all of the gracious people in the kebeles and towns that took the time to be interviewed for this survey. Tim Frankenberger, President TANGO International Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. i Acronyms .............................................................................................................................. i Executive Summary................................................................................................................ ii Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Feed the Future and FEEDBACK Overview ....................................... 1 1.2 Description of the PRIME Project .......................................................... 1 1.3 General Overview of the Project Area Within the Broader Ethiopia Context ................................................................................. 4 1.4 What Is Resilience? .................................................................................... 5 1.5 The PRIME IE: Objectives and Research Questions .......................... 5 1.6 Baseline Survey Objectives ....................................................................... 6 1.7 Organization of the Report....................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 7 Objectives of the Data Collection .................................................... 7 Quantitative Survey Instruments ...................................................... 7 Qualitative Survey Instruments ......................................................... 8 Survey Sampling Design .................................................................... 9 Enumerator Training, Field Schedule, and Details of the Qualitative Data Collection ............................................. 11 Challenges Encountered During Training and Data Collection ........................................................................... 13 Country Approvals Obtained and Respondent Informed Consent .............................................................................. 14 2.2 Analysis of the Quantitative Data .......................................................... 14 Descriptive Analysis ......................................................................... 14 Multivariate Analysis ......................................................................... 16 2.3 Analysis of the Qualitative Data ............................................................ 18 2.4 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses ......................... 18 Chapter 3. Household and Community Livelihood Environment ............................... 19 3.1 Demographic and Housing Characteristics .......................................... 20 3.2 Livelihood Activities ................................................................................ 24 3.3 Migration Patterns .................................................................................... 25 3.4 Livestock Ownership and Access to Land ........................................... 27 3.5 Livestock Production and Marketing System ...................................... 30 3.6 Differences in Results by PRIME IE Intervention Group ................ 42 Chapter 4. Well-Being Outcomes: Poverty, Food Insecurity, and Child Malnutrition ..................................................................................................... 44 4.1 Poverty ....................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Food Insecurity ......................................................................................... 48 Consumption Indicators .................................................................. 48 Experiential Indicators ..................................................................... 49 4.3 Child Malnutrition .................................................................................... 54 4.4 Differences in Results by PRIME IE Intervention Group ................ 56 Chapter 5. Shock Exposure ................................................................................................ 58 5.1 Types of Shocks Experienced in the Previous Year ........................... 58 5.2 Perceived Severity of Shocks and Shock Exposure Index ................. 60 5.3 Differences in Results by PRIME IE Intervention Group ................ 62 Chapter 6. Resilience Capacity ............................................................................................ 64 6.1 Past Shocks: Ability to Recover and Coping Strategies ...................... 64 6.2 Psychosocial Measures of Resilience Capacity: Aspirations and Confidence to Adapt ................................................................. 71 6.3 Social Capital ............................................................................................. 75 6.4 Livelihood Diversification ...................................................................... 82 6.5 Ownership of Productive Assets and Access to Financial Resources ........................................................................................... 83 6.6 Access to Markets, Services, and Infrastructure .................................. 88 6.7 Access to Information ............................................................................. 93 6.8 Availability of Disaster Planning and Response Services ................... 96 6.9 Indexes of Household Resilience Capacity: Absorptive Capacity, Adaptive Capacity, and Transformative Capacity .............................................................................................. 97 6.10 Community Resilience ......................................................................... 103 6.11 Differences in Results by PRIME IE Intervention Group ........... 106 Chapter 7. Links Between Shock Exposure, Resilience Capacities, and Well- Being Outcomes ........................................................................................... 109 7.1 Links Between Well-Being Outcomes and Shock Exposure ........... 110 7.2 Links Between Well-Being Outcomes and Resilience Capacity ...... 112 7.3 Does Greater Household Resilience Capacity Reduce the Negative Impact of Shocks on Well-Being Outcomes? ............ 115 Chapter 8. Conclusion: Key Findings and Next Steps.................................................. 119 Key Findings ................................................................................................. 119 Next Steps ...................................................................................................... 121 Appendix 1. Calculation of Measures of Resilience ...................................................... 123 A1.1 Index of Perceived past shocks«««««««««««123 A1.2 Index of Aspirations and Confidence to Adapt ......................... 125 A1.3 Indexes of Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Social Capital ....... 126 A1.4 Index of Absorptive Capacity ....................................................... 128 A1.5 Index of Adaptive
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