PRIME) Project Funded by the United States Agency for International Development Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA

Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement through Market Expansion (PRIME) Project Funded by the United States Agency for International Development Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA)

6th Quarterly Report Year 2 – Quarter 2 Reporting Period: January 1 through March 31, 2014

Submitted to: AOR: Mohamed Abdinoor, USAID/Ethiopia

Country Contact HQ contact Program Summary Karri Goeldner Byrne Nate Oetting Award No: AID-663-A-12-00014 Chief of Party Senior Program Officer Box 14319 Mercy Corps Start Date: October 15, 2012 Addis Ababa 45 SW Ankeny Ethiopia Portland, Oregon 97204 End Date: October 14, 2017

Phone:+251-(11) 416-9337 Total Award: $52,972,799 Fax: +251-(11)416-9571 503.896.5000 [email protected] [email protected] Report Date: April 30, 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 1

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

II. RESULTS SUMMARY TABLE ...... 6

III. CORRELATION TO MONITORING PLAN ...... 8

IV. RESULT BY RESULT ANALYSIS ...... 9

V. CONSTRAINTS, CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED ...... 43

VI. PRIORITIES FOR THE NEXT QUARTER ...... 43

VII. PERFORMANCE DATA TABLE ...... 45

VIII. FINANCIAL SUMMARY ...... 49

IX. ANNEXES ...... 50

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACPA Aged and Children Pastoralist Association AEMFI Association of Ethiopian Microfinance Institutions ACCRA Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance AISDA Afar Integrated and Sustainable Development Association AMFIN Africa Microfinance Network BA Barrier analysis BCC Behaviour Change Communication BoA Bureau of Agriculture BOFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development CAHW Community Animal Health Worker CBEFE Competency Based Economies through Formation of Enterprises CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Research Program CCFE Climate Change Forum Ethiopia CIAFS Capacity to Improve Food Security Project CRGE Climate Resilient and Green Economy CRiSTAL Community-based Risk Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods CSU Colorado State University CVCA Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment DPPB Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Bureau DRM Disaster Risk Mitigation DRMFSS Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector DPFSCO Disaster Preparedness and Food Security Coordination Office DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ECDD Ethiopian Center for Development and Disability EMD Economic and Market Development EMMA Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan ENA Essential Nutrtion Action ENCAP Africa Environmentally Sound Design and Management Capacity-building for Partners and Programs in Africa ENGINE Empowering New Generations in Improved Nutrition and Economic Opportunities EPHSS Enhancing Post harvest and Seed System ERR Environmental Review Record ETB Ethiopian Birr EW Early Warning EWM Early Warning Systems FEWSNET Famine Early Warning System Network FGDs Focus Group Discussions FIPSRE Financial Inclusion for the People of Somali Region in Ethiopia FOG Fixed Obligation Grant FTF Feed the Future FTFMS Feed the Future Monitoring System GCC Global Climate Change GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

GIS Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GPS Geographic Positioning System GoE Government of Ethiopia HAD Health Development Army HAVOYOCO Horn of Africa Voluntery Youth Committee HEA Household Economy Analysis HH Household HU Haramaya University ICT Information and Communication Technology IEC Information, Education, Communication IFC International Finance Corporation IIF Innovation Investment Fund ILRI International Livestock Research Institution IPAS Institute of Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Studies IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding JESH Jijiga Export Slaughter House LAND Land Administration to Nurture Development LKM Learning and Knowledge Management LOC Letter of Credit M&E Monitoring and evaluation MFI Microfinance institution MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoT Ministry of Trade MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSE Micro and small-scale enterprise NBE National Bank of Ethiopia NLMIS National Livestock Market Information System NMA National Meteorological Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency NRM Natural Resource Management OCSSCO Oromiya Credit and Saving Share Company OPaDC Oromiya Pastoral Development Community OSC One Stop Center PaRFE Pastoral Rangelands Forum/Ethiopia PC Pastoralist Concern PCDP Ethiopia Pastoral Community Development Project PDO Pastoral Development Office SoPARI PECCN Poverty, Environment and Climate Change Network PGIS Participatory Geographical Information System PLI Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative PMP Performance Management Plan PNRM Participatory Natural Resource Management PRIME Pastoralists Areas Resilience Improvement and Market Expansion PRM Participatory Rangeland Management PSP Participatory Scenario Planning PSP Private Service Provider PVP Private Veterinary Pharmacy RAIN Revitalizing Agricultural/Pastoral Incomes and New Markets

RuSACCO Rural Savings and Credit Cooperatives SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperatives SBCC Social behavior change communications SMFI Somali Microfinance Institution SOPARI Somali Pastoral/Agro-pastoral Research Institute SRS Somali Regional State TEEMA Transitioning Out of Pastoralism Employment and Entrepreneurship Market Assessment TOP Transitioning Out of Pastoralism TOT Training of Trainers TVET Technical and vocational education and training USAID United States Agency for International Development USFS United States Forest Service VC Value chain VSLA Village Savings and Loan Association WDRP Woreda Disaster Risk Profiling Program

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PRIME is a five-year, USAID-funded initiative designed to support resilience among pastoralist communities in Ethiopia, and thus enhance prospects for a long-term development in Ethiopia‟s dryland landscape where the pastoralist livelihood system prevails. Financed through Feed the Future (FTF) and Global Climate Change (GCC) facilities, PRIME is designed to be transformative, innovative and achieve scale through market-driven approaches to livestock production and livelihood diversification that simultaneously support dryland communities to adapt to a changing climate. In order to achieve its overall goal of Increasing Household Incomes and Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change through Market Linkages, the program works to meet the following five major objectives (intermediate results):

1) Improved productivity and competitiveness of livestock and livestock products; 2) Enhanced pastoralists‟ adaptation to climate change; 3) Strengthened alternative livelihoods for households transitioning out of pastoralism; 4) Ensure enhanced innovation, learning and knowledge management; and 5) Improved nutritional status of targeted households improved through targeted, sustained and evidence-based interventions.

This report summarizes the key activities implemented, and the associated accomplishments for PRIME over the period of January 1 through March 31, 2014, which is the sixth quarter (second quarter, second year) of program implementation.

During the quarter, PRIME continued to build on the foundation activities that were started in the previous quarter. The following is a brief summary of the key highlights and achievements by the project‟s objectives:

1. Improved productivity and competitiveness of livestock and livestock products

During the Quarter the IR1 PRIME time focused on further development and implementation of activities in all target regions towards meeting the key results of the project. In order to improve productivity in key livestock market systems, PRIME conducted series of refresher trainings for CAHWS and pastoral producers; trainings in animal feed production, conservation and utilization for women pastoral groups as well as training in business management for PVPs and livestock traders. In addition, work was conducted in implementing the small scale competitive business expansion grants for expansion of the private veterinarian pharmacies networks, establishment and improvement of milk collection points, establishment of livestock feedlots and holding grounds and increased animal feed production. In order to improve market linkages within the market actors in key value chains and market systems, PRIME conducted and facilitated the participation of diversified target market actors to the Ethiopian Somali Regional Agricultural Fair and the Gulffood Fair in Dubai. In addition, preparations were conducted for facilitating the exposure and market linkage of PRIME target beneficiaries to the PRIME supported Regional Agricultural Fair in Borena and the African Livestock Exhibition and Conference, activities that will be conducted in the next Quarter. Market linkage events were conducted to also provide direct B2B familiarization of PVPs and animal health products wholesalers in the Southern Cluster. Business enabling environment activities this quarter focused on providing technical assistance for the further development of the National Livestock Market Information System by the Ministry of Trade, conducting consultative meetings for the development of the National Livestock Identification.

2. Natural resource management and climate change adaptation:

In furthering PRIME's IR 2 key results to improve access to science and information for decision- making, and implement solutions that can support climate change adaptation, CARE supported partnes to implement 16 workshops on weather forecasting as an early warning mechanism. The workshops brought together climatologists and traditional forecasters to discuss both scientific and indigenous forecasting mechanisms, and better understand the current value and approaches of improvement for the systems to support forward-thinking decision-making among communities and households. The workshops led to four Participatory Scenario Planning sessions, where the wider community and governmental stakeholders examined the scientific and traditional forecasts for the upcoming rainy season, develop scenarios based on the various rainfall probabilities, and prepared corresponding advisories and action plans.

CARE has finalized support to the National Meteorological Agency to validate its current forecast methodology against actual climate trends since 1961. The process has allowed the agency to identify action steps for downscaling forecasts that are reliable, timely and understandable to local communities, and that can directly support and improve participatory scenario planning processes, and household level decision-making. The results of the validation were presented to the Director General on April 10th and MoU signing is scheduled for May of Q7.

In this quarter, PRIME has finalized the digitization of 4,184,847 hectares of land mapped by communities as part of participatory exercises in previous quarter, on Borena and lowland Guji, and has conductd participatory review and validation of the maps with elders councils. The process also supported institutional strengthening. This includes the 580, 097 hectares of LAND reported in prevoius quarters. PRIME has also initiated the participatory rangeland managemet process in its 19 rangeland system of intervention - Dakthata in Babile, Somali - in this quarter.

3. Strengthened alternative livelihoods for households transitioning out of pastoralism:

During the quarter, PRIME continued to provide technical and financial assistance to Somali MFI to rollout a sharia compliant loan product for livestock traders in the region. SMFI has to date disbursed 4,600,000 ETB approximately 230,000 USD for 23 large and medium sized livestock traders in the region. The injection of this loan in the livestock market will enable traders to buy and export 15,400-18,400 livestock from approximately 7000 households.

Eight One-Stop centers were supported with Entrepreneurship and MIS to capacitate them provide skill development training and market information to TOPs. The one stop centers serve as a central location where TOPs first come to get information on the labor market, employment and skills development. This activity is ongoing and is expected to benefit 5,000 TOPs.

PRIME received a proposal from Amasis and Belecash to implement Hellojobs/„(Hellosira)‟ service aimed at registering job seekers through the internet and phone and providing free access to the data for employers. By signing FOG agreement with PRIME, starting from May 2014, the phone and online service will start registering job seekers. A minimum of six call center agents located in Somali, Afar and Oromia regions will be established in the first year and the number will be adjusted to align the needs in year 2 and year 3; a total of 30,000 profiles of job seekers will be registered in the first year and eventually another 100,000 in the following two years.

The National Bank of Ethiopia has enforced a new directive to allow mobile and agent banking in Ethiopia. Somali Microfinance Institution and Belcash have signed on the amended agreement and submitted their revised business plan submitted to NBE. Belcash has started providing training to SMFI officers at the main and branch offices and will continue providing training to all its agents in the next quarter.

4. Ensure enhanced innovation, learning and knowledge management:

The beta version of Ki-projects was successfully released to users by Kimetrica through several live simulation tests with PRIME‟s leadership in Addis. Ki-projects has been extensively customized in order to breakdown some elements of complexity and increase agility within the project environment. The system is undergoing final adjustments following which it will be rolled-out to PRIME users in the next quarter. Training for field based teams is scheduled during the last week of May. Meanwhile, Kimetrics whose objective is to enhance the quality of program data and increase reporting efficiency is functional and will be ready to use in the next quarter.

The development phase of the PRIME website was launched during the quarter which when completed will increase PRIME‟s interface with the public. The web portal will have multiple interfaces thereby ensuring knowledge resources specifically target needs of different audiences.

Completion analysis of the baseline report continued based on comments received from PRIME during the quarter. In addition to providing a more focused overall analysis of baseline indicators, the final report will also include an urban and rural dimension, a perspective of wealth which captures realities of Populations Transitioning out of and into Pastoralism (TOPs & TIPs) and more information on rural communities in Oromiya. The final report will be submitted during the next quarter. Meanwhile, PRIME through Haramaya University, completed a literature review on TOPS and Youth meant to create a better understanding among implementing partners on the knowledge of TOPs in their context.

A draft of the PRIME communication strategy was developed during the quarter. The strategy outlines the detailed plan of PRIME‟s internal and external communication with beneficiaries, stakeholders, and partners. Nine fact sheets that provide information about PRIME and its components in English have been finalized. These fact sheets will be translated into local languages- Amharic, Afan Oromo, Afar and Somali and will be printed and shared with beneficiaries, stakeholders and partners in the next quarter.

5. Improved nutritional status of targeted households improved through targeted, sustained and evidence-based interventions:

During the 6th quarter, PRIME nutrition focus comprised: (i) cascading Agricultural/Nutrition- sensitive approach to key government sectors such as the livestock/agriculture, health, education and the women affairs bureaus through agricultural/nutrition leveraging workshops ii) strengthening local capacity particularly, for health workers, through providing Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA) training (iii) conducting different promotional events for challenging negative behaviors

6 while reinforcing existing positive behaviors through circus and local theater group performance in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities (iv) conducting rapid assessments on parents‟ aspiration for their children to know motivational factors that can be linked with behavior change communication (BCC) messages (v) conducting indigenous food assessment in order to determine dietary diversity messages (vi) the development of Soap Opera for Change, for blending entertainment with education for behavioral change and identifying BCC products for the program. (vii) Conducting training on crop residue conservation technique and feed production and conservation. (ix) Conducting health facility information, education communication and information audit to identify existing educational materials and identifying challenges on accessing materials.

Through the successful implementation of these activities, PRIME nutrition, was able to reach a total of 18,287 beneficiaries through government and community trainings and promotional events such as through the circus. The program also worked with team members from IR1&3 to ensure that IR1 and IR3 Access and Availability activities most effectively target the “First 1000 Days”. For example, the post-harvest storage bags and the trade and nutrition fairs were designed with prioritizing the 1000 days.

6. USAID Forward

PRIME carried out organization and capacity building support initiatives for Aged and Children Pastoralist Association (ACPA) in Jijiga and for the Afar Integrated and Sustainable Development Association (AISDA) in Afar using the Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool (OCAT) developed by CARE Ethiopia. The assessment process was participatory and self-assessment that helped organizations to critically look in to their current status regarding the key capacity areas i.e. i) Governance and strategic vision, ii) Project design and implementation, iii) human resources, iv) Administration, v) Financial management, and vii External relations and strategic partnerships. Consequently, the partners rated their capacity levels under each area and developed action plans with list of capacity building activities for implementation.

11. RESULTS SUMMARY TABLE

See Section VII for more detail

Table 1: FTF Summary Table-Q6 (Jan-March 2014) Year 2 Indicator Disaggregation Year1 Progress 2014 Target Progress

CROSS CUTTING INDICATORS

Number of HHs reached (custom) Total 17,640 75,000 17,341

Total 12,879 18,640 3,996 4.5.2(7): Number of individuals who have received USG supported short-term Male 11,153 13,048 2,484 agricultural sector productivity or food security training (RIA) (WOG) Female 1,726 5,592 1,512

Total 93 500 247

Private Sector 74 305 94

Producer Orgz 1 40 30 4.5.2(11): Number of food security private enterprises (for profit), Women's groups 16 35 20 producers organizations, water users associations, women's groups, trade and Water User Association 0 25 13 business associations, and community- based organizations (CBOs) receiving Trade and Business 2 5 1 USG assistance (RIA) (WOG) assoc. CBOs 0 90 86 Disaggregates not 0 0 3 available

4.5.2(5): Number of farmers and Total 1937 10,988 3,063 others who have applied new Male 1280 7,252 2,339 technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance (RIA) (WOG) Female 657 3,736 724

Total 1 2 2

Inputs 0 0 0 4.5.1(24): Numbers of Outputs 0 0 0 Policies/Regulations/Administrative Procedures in each of the following Research/Extension 0 0 0 stages of development as a result of USG assistance in each case: (Stage 1/2/3/4/5) Food 0 1 1 (S) security/vulnerability Macroeconomic 1 0 0

Climate Change 0 1 1

NRM & CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS (IR2)

4.5.2(2): Number of hectares under improved technologies or management Total 580,097 1,009,380 3,757,875 practices as a result of USG assistance projects (RIA) (WOG) Water Management 20,188

Climate mitigation 3,757,875 578,837 962,949 or adaptation

Total w/one or more improved 580,097 3,757,875 technology 1,009,380

Post-harvest 1,260 handling and storage New 580,097 1,009,380 3,757,875

Continuing 0 733,222

4.5.2(34): Number of stakeholders Total 1525 16,820 3,851 implementing risk-reducing practices/actions to improve resilience to 1234 10,092 2,860 Male climate change as a result of USG assistance (S) 291 6,728 991 Female 4.8.2-26 Number of stakeholders with Total 20,000 19,169 increased capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate variability and change 10,406 11,762 as a result of USG assistance New

9,594 7,407 Continuing 4.8.1-29 Number of person hours of Total 55,000 70,202 training in natural resources management and/or biodiversity Men 38,500 53,286 conservation supported by USG assistance Women 16,500 18,492

ECONOMIC INDICATORS (IR1 & IR3)

Value of incremental sales (collected at farm-level) 5,249,577 attributed to FTF implementation (RIA)

Total Baseline sales This 178,485,905 This indicator is indicator is Total Reporting year sales gathered 180,235,482.00 gathered annually annually Total Volume of sales (mt) through a 12,550 through a 4.5.2(23): Value of incremental sales Total Number of direct survey survey (collected at farm-level) attributed to 30,000 beneficiaries FTF implementation (RIA) Camel (live) 1,267,680

Baseline sales 42,255,984

Reporting year sales 43,523,664

Volume of sales (mt) 3,150 Number of direct 10,000 beneficiaries Cattle (live) 3,280,063

Baseline sales 109,335,449

Reporting year sales 112,615,512

Volume of sales (mt) 8,000 Number of direct 10,000 beneficiaries Sheep (lamb/mutton) 701,834

Baseline sales 23,394,472

Reporting year sales 24,096,306

Volume of sales (mt) 1,400 Number of direct 10,000 beneficiaries 4.7.1-12: Total number of clients Total 16,880 167 (households and/or microenterprises) Borrowers 7,596 23 benefiting from financial services provided through USG-assisted financial Savers 7,596 144 intermediaries, including non-financial institutions or actors Insurance 1688 0

4.5(2): Number of jobs attributed to FTF New 1,022 68 implementation (RIA) Obtained (custom) 307 0 4.5.2(38): Value of new private sector investment in the agriculture sector or Total (USD) 8,570,130 10,000,000 0 food chain leveraged by FTF implementation (RIA) NUTRITION INDICATORS (IR5)

3.1.9(1): Number of people trained in Total 150 3,000 1,624 child health and nutrition through USG- Male 100 960 575 supported programs (S) Female 50 2,040 1,049 Total 300 20,000 45,620 3.1.9(15): Number of children under five reached by USG-supported nutrition Male 150 10,200 15,402 programs (S) Female 150 9,800 30,218

111. CORRELATION TO THE MONITORING PLAN

During the quarter under review, PRIME continued to use excel based systems derived from the output tracking sheets to collate output data for core FTF/PPR indicators. While the area offices and cluster management monitored the daily actions of the teams, the regional learning and knowledge management teams continued to monitor the magnitudes and quality of the implementation

10 activities, planed achievement of results against plans and relaying these results to the head office for collation and eventual dissemination.

Meanwhile, Kimetrica successfully tested their Beta version of the Ki-projects online tracking software with the PRIME leadership team in Addis Ababa. Rollout to the clusters is expected to be completed in May. It is expected that the system will be operationalized by the next quarter and will be used for project management (including reporting and storing documents related to activities) and for data collection respectively to ease the handling of the high volume of data that needs to be analyzed. Meanwhile, the natural resources management team continued to hold meetings with elders councils and GIS data mapping to support verification of numbers reported for relevant indicators in the report.

1V. RESULT BY RESULT ANALYSIS

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 1.0: IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS:

During the Quarter, the IR1 PRIME team continued development and implementation of activities in all three operational clusters, focusing mostly on increasing productivity in key livestock markets and improving market linkages in the target areas.

Key result 1.1: Productivity in key livestock market systems increased

Community Animal Health Workers Refresher Training in Borena and Guji Zones

Poor delivery of animal health services in most remote areas of the pastoralist regions is largely result of lack of qualified animal health service providers. The Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) provide valuable service to the pastoralist communities, providing basic veterinary care delivery and assistance to pastoralists in places where formal private and/or governmental veterinarian service is non-existent due to multiple reasons such as: poor infrastructure, scarcity of resources, poor market feasibility for establishment of private veterinarian service providers and mobility of the producers.

Provision of refresher trainings to the active CAHWs in order to keep up their certification and license to provide service is crucial. It enables them to offer quality basic animal health services to pastoralists and ensure that they have basic financial viability as private service providers. The CAHWs refresher training conducted this quarter was developed and implemented in coordination with responsible Woreda government offices and Private Veterinarian Pharmacies (PVPs) operating in the region. The involvement of PVPs in the TOT for CAHWs Trainers and subsequently in the CAHWs Refresher Training and Manual development was highly appreciated by the participants as a good start to be continued as it helps to create commercial and technical

11 linkage between CAHWs and PVPs which will ensure long term sustainability of supply of veterinarian products and services to the benefiting communities. Providing training to CAHWs by certified PVP trainers with minimal outside support is an innovative approach towards this type of capacity enhancement of the CAHWs. In six out of the ten Woredas in which the refresher training was organised, it was conducted by PVP owners who are also certified trainers. In the process of conducting this training, the training manual explicitly developed for this purpose was translated to local language and used and distributed to all trainees. This largely improved the quality of the refresher training. The objectives of this activity were: (1) Strengthen knowledge and skills of CAHWs; (2) Provide an opportunity for CAHWs to give feedback to the formal animal health services; (3) Facilitate commercial linkage between PVP owners and CAHWs.

To facilitate smooth implementation of the training, Woreda pastoralist development office heads and concerned animal health department heads/experts were communicated. The trainings were conducted in ten districts independently for five consecutive days. The overall training process consisted of interactive classroom learning process and group discussion and presentation at the end of each session. A total of 183 of which 154 male and 29 female CAHWs and governmental animal health workers from Dire, Miyo, Moyale Oromia, Moyale Somali, Dhas, Arero, Wadera, Yabello, Dilo and Teltele participated in the refresher training and 29 CAHWs have established permanent linkage with five PVPs.

Community Animal Health Workers Refresher Training in Afar

The objectives of this activity implemented during the 6th Quarter were to: (i) strengthen knowledge and skills of CAHWs; (ii) Provide an opportunity for CAHWs to give feedback to the formal animal health services and; (iii) Facilitate commercial linkage between PVPs owners and CAHWs.

The training was implemented in Amibera, Awash Fentale, and Dulesa woredas of Afar and 56 (53 male and 3 female) CAHWs received the training provided by certified governmental trainers. The initial objective of providing refresher training to 190 registered CAHWs was not achieved due to several reasons, including reluctance of less active CAHWs to participate in the training if not provided with per diem, involvement of some CAHWs in other business and training activities conducted at the same time and the fact that some CAHWs have stopped providing the CAHW service permanently. During the implementation of this sub-activity the trainers certified by FAO provided ToT and the PRIME team understood the occurrence of diseases and a high demand of animal health inputs on the market. It was also learned that the woreda offices and some NGOs operating in the region distributed free drugs for the communities that disrupted the CAHWs activities and sustainable development as for-fee animal health service providers which lead to number of CAHWs discontinuing their services in the region.

The results and feedback from this activity provided direction for several potential next steps of PRIME in the effort to improve sustainability of animal health products and services market systems in Afar. Those include: (1) Implementing ToT training as soon as possible for the next refresher training that will include PVPs as certified trainers; (2) Implementing a capacity enhancement competitive grants for PVP business expansion in the region; (3) Strengthening the linkage between PVPs and CAHWs; (4) Working closely with other NGOs and the regional government to avoid free drug and animal health services distribution due to their negative effect in the development of sustainable market systems.

Community Animal Health Workers Refresher Training in Fafan, Jarar & Sitti Zones

This activity was designed to be implemented over a couple of quarters following the Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) Trainers‟ Training that was implemented by PRIME in Quarter 5. A total of 27 (7 female) CAHWs received refresher training on pre-identified topics from two districts of Fafan zone during the Quarter. Two volunteer PVPs were involved as training providers. All trained CAHWs were linked with PVPs in the respective districts, through functional business partnership created between them. In all 5 training days, drugs or equipment were displayed in the training venue by the trainers and PVPs as training component for demonstration and practices. This activity will continue over Quarter 7 and 8.

Training of Women Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralist in selection of High Quality Vet Drugs, their Utilization, Handling and Proper Storage in the Eastern Cluster

The objectives of this educational campaign that is being developed by PRIME Partmers Mercy Corpd and HAVOYOCO are to: (1) Improve the knowledge of women on quality veterinary drugs, their storage and utilization; (2) Build the knowledge of women pastoralists on how to distinguish good quality drugs from poor quality drugs in the local market.

The expected results of this activity are: (1) 258 individual from targeted group will be trained on quality vet drugs, their utilization, handling and proper storage; (2) 1, 290 pastoralist or agro pastoralist women will receive educational message from the trainees and HAVOYOCO implemented educational shows on quality drugs for their animals and the risks and dangers associated with improper drugs utilization and utilization of poor quality, cheap and illegal smuggled drugs. This activity is currently in implementation with trainers and scriptwriter recruited, script in Somali language developed and HAVOYOCO circus team practicing the Script. The implementation of the activity will continue in PRIME Quarter 7.

Identification and Profiling of Private Actors in the Animal Feed Production and Trade in the Eastern Cluster

During the Quarter, PRIME conduced a more thorough assessment and mapping of private enterprises (actors) in the animal feed/foder production and trade in the Eastern Cluster and specifically in the Jarar, Fafan and Siti zones. It was anticipated that the identification, mapping and profiling will result in identifying over 20 commercial feed/fodder producers and traders in these areas.

Given that in the pastoralist areas of Ethiopia, the recurrent droughts, conflict and rangeland degradation represent major hazards to livestock producers it is important to support the development of feed and fodder market system as a transformative way of increasing the resilience of the pastoral and agro pastoral communities. At present and in PRIME operational areas the feed/fodder production and utilization practices are low

and majority of the producers do not benefit from the advantages for the productivity of their flocks and herds that could be gained from using fodder such as sudan grass, alfalfa, panicum etc. In some woredas such as Dagahbur, Mombas and Erar, the district agriculture offices established demonstration plots for awareness building. In Jijiga and Dire Dawa two large feed/fodder production projects are planned. Both of them are in fact projects that are to be implemented by larger livestock producers (fattening and dairy) but are designed to also produce feed/fodder for the market. Most of the small scale fodder producers only produce the fodder as a byproduct of seed production contracted by local NGOs. This small scale feed producers are ready to expand their feed/ fodder production to a larger commercial scale. Most of them have a similar history and constraints including: (1) Challenges in providing appropriate irrigation for feed/fodder production; (2) Shortage of financial resources; (3) Shortage of farm machinery; (4) Shortage of knowledge/skills for commercially dedicated feed/fodder production.

The assessment and profiling revealed that there are good opportunities for expansion of feed/fodder production and trade activities in the researched areas. The demand for animal feed/fodder is increasing and some areas have the comparative advantage for production given targeted investment. The assessment team recommends developing and implementing a call for proposal for cost shared competitive grants for animal feed/fodder production given the interest of the small and larger feed/fodder producers to invest resources for such expansion. The identified commercial feed/fodder producers are presented in the table 2 below:

Table 2: Commercial Feed/Fodder Producers Enterprise Type Location, Fodder type Current Irrigation production T/Year Kuman Coop Elbahay Sudan G. hay 1.5 Yes Hanano feed producers Coop Xodhley Local G. hay 240 No Siyoum Individual Jijijiga Mixed feed 5 No Hodo feed producers Coop Hurale Alfaalfa, Sudan G. hey 14.5 Yes Muruqmal feed producers Coop Dhagaxle Sudan G, Alfalfa, panicum hay 15 Yes Kobocdon Coop Gota Sudan G, Alfalfa, panicum hay - Yes Horowabley Coop Dagheabur Alfaalfa, Sudan G. hey No PRIMO dairy Individual Dire Dawa

Training in Livestock Feed production & Feed Conservation in the Southern Cluster

The activity was designed to equip target beneficiaries, pastoralists and representatives from pastoralist communities and cooperatives with basic information and practical knowledge on improved feed production and feed conservation techniques. The objective was to improve the capacity of the benefiting groups to produce and conserve animal feed in quality and quantity needed for both improved productivity and increased resilience to feed/fodder shortage incidents. Both pastoralist and representatives from the local government agencies from Yabello, Liben and Gorodolla woredas of Borena and Guji zones participated in this three days activity organized by PRIME in collaboration with the Yabello Dry Land Research Center. The training focused on several main thematic areas: (1) Overview of challenges and opportunities of pastoralist communities with regard to livestock feed production and utilization; (2) Traditional forage management, establishment of production and improvement; (3) Feed conservation and storage technics appropriate for pastoral areas; (4) Practical sessions including field visit, fodder piling and hay bale making. To optimize the learning process, the training was designed to include both theoretical and practical sessions. The practical sessions of the training were mainly focused on: (1)

Familiarization of the trainees with various natural grass varieties important for animal nutrition; (2) Visiting different enclosed grazing areas to examine traditional practices that contribute to easy spoilage and damage of hay stored resulting in poor animal feed quality and (3) Site visits followed by practical demonstration of good hay making, storage, conservation, and management practices. The practical sessions came to an end by demonstrating the way trainee could prepare hay bales using locally existing materials for easy storage and for sale when demanded.

The final discussions held at the end of the three days training, identified the following issues as major problems and areas to be improved for enhanced production, conservation and management and for the creation of fodder market linkage in the coming seasons: 1. Timely harvesting; 2. Improvement of feed storage & feed conservation practices 3. Improved management of the resource to reduce or eliminate invasive species and bush encroachment The training was provided in three woredas (Yabello, Liben & G/Dolla) of Guji and Borena zones. 73 Pastoralists and agro-pastoralists and 8 Government Officers / Development Agents attended the training.

Competitive Cost Shared Business Expansion Grants to Private Veterinary Pharmacies in the Somali Region

This sub activity has two objectives: (1) To increase pastoralists and agro-pastoralists access to quality and affordable veterinary drugs through a more effective and efficient supply chain linkages and (2) Improve livestock productivity by improving the access of rural livestock keepers to affordable and quality veterinary inputs and services. Following identification of 12 finalists for competitive cost shared grants for the expansion of private veterinary pharmacies, orientation on Fixed Obligation Grants (FOG) and negotiation of milestones with selected applicants was conducted during the Quarter. It is anticipated that the implementation of the small scale cost shared of FOGs will start in Quarter 7.

Competitive Cost Shared Business Expansion Grants to Private Veterinary Pharmacies in the Southern Cluster

During the Quarter and after initiation of the activity the call for applications, selection criteria and process were advertised appropriately and further promoted through individual meetings with PVPs in the Southern Cluster intervention areas. The Mercy Corps field offices in Negele and Moyale and the SOS Sahel office in Yabelo , Moyale and Yabelo ) of Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel respectively provided the potential applicants with the application materials. Simultaneously review committees Were trained and established. The proposal review committees are comprised of: Pastoralist Development Offices (PDO) and Livestock Crops and Rural Development Offices representatives in Liben, Guji and Borena zones, Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel representatives and respective PRIME finance officers to ensure financial compliance.

It is expected that the finalizing of the Cost Sharing FOGs will be done in the next quarter and that the implementation grants will also start in April and May 2014.

Competitive Cost Shared Grants for Cooperative Milk Collection Centers Upgrading in the Eastern Cluster

The objectives of this sub activity are: (1) to increase the efficiency of quality checking in the collection centers in the EC; (2) to improve the market linkage by improving the quality and hygiene, (3) to increase the income of the involving actors (producers, collectors and traders). The expected results are that 6 milk collection centers owned and managed by local cooperatives in the EC will be upgraded; the volume of milk collected and further traded will increase by 15-25% and 306 cooperative members affiliated to these centers will increase income.

During the quarter eight applications from eligible cooperatives were received. Six applications have been selected by the review committee for further development and negotiation with the applying cooperatives. It is expected that the Fixed Obligation Grants for implementation of the activities will be signed in the next Quarter.

Competitive grants for establishment of feed lot in the Eastern Cluster

The overall objective of the sub activity is to introduce standard feedlot operation and practices in to the pastoralist and agro pastoralists through competitive cost shared grants of business. During this Quarter and following the call for proposals containing eligibility and selection criteria and process, eight applications were received from interested livestock traders in the Eastern Cluster to receive PRIME support for the establishment of feedlots. The deadline for application is April 20, 2014. It is expected that the activity will be completed over Quarters 7 and 8.

Workshop to Establish Linkage between Actors in Animal Health Inputs Suppliers in Guji and Borena Zone During the Quarter PRIME partners SOS Sahel and Mercy Corps conducted a workshop with an objective to establish new and stronger business linkage between animal health input suppliers and retailer/users in the Guji and Borena Zones. 14 PVPs and one wholesaler participated in the workshop. The workshop was conducted in the Yabelo SOS Sahel Resource Centre Meeting Hall on March 29, 2014.

To achieve the objectives of the activity the workshop was structured to produce conducive environment for introduction of the participants, their business and products and services they sell and are interested in carrying. Hence, the following workshop structure was designed and conducted: (1) Introduction of participants; (2) Presentation on the animal health services and market facts in Southern Cluster; (3) Presentation of financial services offered by the Brena Zone MFI specific for animal health inputs; (4) Presentation of the range of products and services offered by the invited Wholesaler; (5) Identification of interest and supply priorities by the PVPs; (6) Products exhibition, information and clarifications.

Presentation on the animal health services and market facts in Southern Cluster and „The PROCLAMATION No. 728/2011‟ to Provide Veterinary Drugs and Feed Administration and Control were presented to participants by Dr. Ayano Gutema, Mercy Corps Livestock Health input EMD officer. In this presentation, the necessary figures and facts that are believed to motivate the respective actors to invest in the sector were presented. In the session, the PRIME objective in facilitating systemic change of the market to strengthen animal health service delivery and the role of main actors in the value chain were clearly presented and discussed by participants. In continuation of the workshop, Dr. Brahanu and Dr. Habtamu of Hashish Life Since PLC a veterinarian input wholesaler based in Addis Ababa presented the range of product and services currently provided by the company. Number of points for clarification was raised by the participating PVPs, focusing on the pricing, competitiveness, quality and range of the products offered, promotional and marketing plans and concrete questions on cooperation models in distribution and sales the company envisions. The final part of the workshop was to review the products display and technical clarifications an soliciting suggestions for further activities that PRIME could develop in order to foster and build effective partnerships between the participants.

Training to Pastoralist Women in Veterinary Drugs Quality and Handling in the Southern Cluster

This activity was developed and initiated during the quarter with an objective to increase the knowledge and capacity of women pastoralist in Dubulk, Haro Backe, Borbor, Halona , Boku and Moyale in vet drug quality, handling and appropriate sourcing. To facilitate the implementation of this activity PRIME will collaborate with local PVPs as main product suppliers in order to assure sustainability of educational interactions. It I expected that no less than 300 women pastoralists, seven CAHWs and seven PVPs will participate in this activity the bulk of which will be implemented in the next Quarter.

Basic Training on Business Development and Business management for PVPs in Borena and Guji Zone

Creating mutual business to business relationship along the ladder of value chain and across other businesses like financial institutes needs sufficient knowledge on business development and business management. Nevertheless, most PVP business owners in the Southern Cluster lack advanced business development and management skills to further grow and expand their businesses. Hence, beside their professional veterinarian skills, improving their competency in business development and management is important for their further development as entrepreneurs.

Therefore, a 3-day business management and business development training was organized and delivered in Yabello, for 14 (13 male, 1 female) PVP owners and key employees in coordination with Haramaya University. The objectives of the training were to improve the capacity of PVP owners in Southern Cluster, Borena and Guji zones, and two woredas of Liben Zone, in advanced business development and management. The raining mainly focused on improving financial, organizational, marketing and management skills, business planning and enhancement of business performance. Improving market and business relations with CAHWs was also a topic that was extensively covered during the training. This training helps in improving business owners‟ snooping in identifying the existing opportunity and making advantage of it. It will also help people to interact more with actors along the ladder and with financial institutions to improve their business. Hence strong businesses serve the community well and support CAHWs besides their business relationship which impacted positively veterinary services access and utilization in the pastoralist area.

Key result 1.2: Market linkages improved

Regional Agriculture Trade Fair in the Ethiopian Somali Regional State

The first Regional Agricultural Trade Fair in the Ethiopian Somali Regional State was conducted in Jijiga on January 12, 2014. This event met and exceeded its objectives due to the unexpected large attendance of the general public and private sector. Not only pastoralists and livestock input suppliers, but also other private sectors companies such as agriculture cooperatives, renewable energy wholesalers and nutrition traders attended the fair. Over 900 pastoralists visited the fair, 27 private companies: livestock and animal health input supplies, agriculture input suppliers and produces, renewable energy traders and diversified nutritional food retailers attended the fair as both exhibitors and visitors. In addition 39 livestock producers/pastoralists participated in the Livestock Exhibition and Competition that was organized as part of the Trade Fair Event.

The event was organized by the Ethiopian Somali Region Chamber of Commerce & Sectorial Association with ample support from PRIME and the Somali Regional and Woreda Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Bureau and Office. Teamwork through voluntarily responsibility sharing and collaboration among the partners, program and operation staff contributed a lot for the successful achievement of the expected results of the fair.

The fair began with private sectors exhibitors and livestock producers participating in the livestock exhibition and competition arranging their stands. Opening speeches were made by the Bureau heads of Ethiopian Somali Regional State Livestock, Crop and Rural Development, Trade, Transport and Industry as well as Chamber of Commerce & Sectorial Association. During the opening, Director of ESR Chamber of Commerce & Sectorial Association Mr. Abudlkadir Abdullahi welcomed the guests and the director said the objective of this fair is to introduce livestock producers with livestock traders, veterinary and agricultural input suppliers. Next, the ESR Trade, Transport and Industry Bureau head said that Somali Region planes to create better trade channels in the region. To this end, this trade fair is a great event to introduce livestock producers with livestock traders and other agricultural input providers. The ESR Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Bureau head, in his speech said that the ESR Chamber of Commerce & Sectorial Association and Mercy Corps PRIME project funded by USAID organized this trade fair adding that, this agriculture trade fair is special because it is the first trade fair bringing livestock and other agricultural inputs together in the Somali region.

The main success of this activity is bringing a range of actors together to display agricultural and livestock product/ services and technologies in a way that the different stakeholders exchange information and ideas for future partnership and create business and market linkage. Arrays of private actors have displayed their product and services. The fair was also a good opportunity to link agricultural producers with urban consumer especially regional producers of coffee, banana, mango, orange, papaya and other agricultural products which currently do not have good market outlet. For example one coffee producer who recently started producing coffee in the Fafan zone managed to establish functional linkage with urban consumers who used to bring coffee from other areas of the country.

The other technology displayed by private sector which has attracted the attention of the exhibitors was solar energy technology. This was displayed by a private wholesaler Green Light from Addis Ababa. While the fair exhibitors hotly discussed with the Green Light representative we learnt that a similar technology was introduced by aid organization some years back which created demand in the region. We have observed many visitors requesting the technology and the company started dealing with three distribution agents in the region for future business linkage.

The Livestock Exhibition and Competition was an integral part of the fair. Exhibited livestock included camel, cattle, sheep and goats. Committee of judges comprised from Haramaya University, ESR Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Office, Livestock trader and Babile Livestock Agency used set criteria to judge and select best livestock in all categories. As a result The Committee of Judges awarded 21 best livestock owners with prizes that were presented to the winners. Certificates of participation were awarded to all participants for their participation in the Regional Agricultural Fair. Medals were awarded to the 1st ranked in all categories and financial prizes of 1,500, 1,000 and 500 ETB were awarded to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranked respectively in each livestock category.

PRIME Partner HAVAYOCO circus group presented circus and drama show to the wide fair audience. The drama show was about the importance of taking nutritional food for proper mental and physical growth. Specifically the content of the drama message was a young man who wanted to join exercise at a training center but the trainer realized that he is physically weak. The trainer advised him to stop the training and build his physical fitness through having balanced diet comprised from all nutrients needed for the physical development. The young trainee implemented the advice given

19 to him. Some months later, the young man came back to the training center. The trainer checked and confirmed he is now physically fit and the young man was able to begin his training.

The other achievement on the Regional Agricultural Fair was organization of panel discussion on livestock trade with special focus on the challenges, opportunities of livestock trade in ESR, the role of ESR Chamber of Commerce in access to finance and impact of climate change on the livestock industry. Thirteen people comprised from ESR Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Bureau/Office, Livestock traders and producers as well as Mercy Corps participated in the panel discussion. During the discussion lack of market, poor infrastructure, feed shortage, poor financial capacity and poor linkage among livestock actors were identified as major challenges for the livestock trade. Informal business relation through brokers was also identified as key challenge affecting the performance of the business relationships among the livestock trade actors. Regarding the role of ESR Chamber of Commerce & Sectorial Association, the livestock traders reported that the association has not yet started actively working in the livestock sector. On the panel discussion, the issue of access to finance was raised and the livestock traders reported challenges to access finance. For instance, Mr. Ahmed Nur from Barwaqo Dairy Farm said the farm got 120,000 ETB Murahaba loan from the Somali Micro Finance Institution (SMFI), returned the loan on time, but their interest to take further loans is low due to the complex procedure, time needed to the oan and high markup applied to the loan. The impact of climate change on livestock trade was also discussed. During the discussion the participants identified the impact of drought, diseases, high feed price and low feed availability that affect the livestock body condition. The livestock traders said these in turn negatively affect the livestock demand and price.

Based on the experience and lessons drawn from the Regional Agricultural Fair sub activity implementation, the sub activity will be replicated to the other PRIME operational clusters. The process on the fair was documented using audio video cassette and this document will be shared to South and Afar Clusters to improve the organization of this events in those regions.

The ESRS Chamber of commerce and Sectorial Association is expected to scale up this sub activity to the other zones of the ESRS in a sustainable way and with less financial and technical support from PRIME Mercy Corps PRIME project.

Basic Business skills Training for Livestock Traders in Somali Region

The activity was designed with several objectives including: (1) Improving the skills, expertise and success in livestock marketing in different markets to 115 individual traders and cooperatives in the traders in Fafan, Jarar and Siti zones; (2) Equip targeted livestock traders with basic business skills; (3) Strengthen business linkage between the traders and further introduce opportunities for trade collaboration with national livestock traders and abattoirs. As a result of the activity 130 traders (74 male and 56 female) were trained in an activity that was implemented jointly by Mercy Corps, ACPA and the Somali Region Bureau of Agriculture. The training was provided using a pilot training methodology using a prescribed trailing curriculum, video showcasing good management and

20 marketing practices, followed by analysis and discussion. The basic training module included the following topics: (1) Entrepreneurship Concept, (2) Essential Qualities of Entrepreneur; (3) Opportunity Identification; (4) Risk taking; (5) Demand for Efficiency and Quality; (6) Time Management; (7) Contractual Commitment; (8) Customer Service; (9) Information Seeking; (10) Goal Setting; (11) Costing; (12) Price Setting and Profit Calculation; (13) Business Planning; (14) Persuasion and Networking; (15) Self Confidence; (16) Record Keeping

As one of the objectives of this activity was to further introduce the possibilities for trade and collaboration with national livestock traders and abattoirs, the discussions were steered towards reexamining the opportunities for such collaboration. The next stet following this activity will be to re develop business linkages between the SRS livestock traders and national abattoirs.

Training on Entrepreneurship and Business Management Skills to Milk Traders and Milk Collectors in SRS

A 5-day training in entrepreneurship and business management skills was provide this quarter to 131 milk collectors and traders ( 3 male and 128 female) from Ararso, Degahbur, Gursum Somali,Shinile and Dembal this quarter. The training was developed and conducted in collaboration with the local woreda and kebele authorities, the Cooperative Promotion Office and Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Office of SRS and conducted by qualified trainers, trained through the earlier USAID funded RAIN project. Training participation was especially high among memebers of four milk marketing cooperatives in Gursum Somali, Ararso, Dembal and Shinile districts and representatives of five income generating groups in Degahbur district.

During the training it was realized that although there is a development push to establish milk marketing cooperatives, the capacity of small scale collectors ad traders to serve the milk marketing needs of the producer (pastoral and agro pastoral households)is low. This is specifically evident in the Shinile, Degahbur and Dembal districts. Following this training it is anticipated that some of the milk marketing groups (cooperatives and individual traders) will apply for and be able to benefit from the competitive cost sharing grant facility that the PRIME project makes available as a support to improving the milk trade in the target area.

Exposure visit to Gulf-food 2014

The Gulfood Trade Fair is one of the most important food and beverages and food industry trade shows globally. This year‟s Gulfood 2014 was a record breaking edition in the event‟s history, welcoming tens of thousands of exhibitors, regional and global traders and visitors from around the world. This year, the exhibition was conducted at the Dubai World Trade Centre on record 113,398 m² exhibition space and 4,500 companies from 120 countries participating. The event is a strategic platform for buyers and sellers to see the latest trends and products in many categories of the food

21 and beverage industry as well as to establish direct business and trade links and negotiate transactions.

PRIME facilitated and cost shared the participation of several Ethiopian livestock exporters and senior government representative drawn from pastoral areas of Ethiopia where the project operates at GulfFood Fair held in Dubai, UAE from February, 23-27, 2014. In preparation for the exposure visit, promotional materials were produced for livestock exporters to introduce their companies and popularizing the Ethiopian livestock and meat products at the fair. Representatives of livestock exporting companies: Rez Agrovet, Ahmed Mustafa Abdella Exporter, Musa Sh. Abdi export & import, MHH livestock export, Abdu Mohamed Live Animal Exporter Plc, and Jigjiga Export Slaughterhouse (JESH) PLC were also given the opportunity to participate at the fair as exhibitors by being affiliated to the Ethiopian national stand at Gulffood which was managed by the Ethiopian Ministry of Trade.

The exporters participating in the event were impressed by the vastness of this opportunity to create new international trade links and realized the potential positive impact on their business in terms of approaches and ways of dealing with the livestock trade business. Initially the exporters “I created contacts with 30 potential were applying a very old traditional way of customers interested to import Ethiopian business dealing, but currently they have sheep, goat, and cattle and used the experienced in modern techniques of trade opportunity to travel to Oman during this promotion and advertisement by displaying trip to talk to additional potential buyers. I their products to a potential buyers /importers. have continued the negotiations with six of the potential buyers after returning back Rez Agro-Vet Trading Company was one of home. Of the six, three will come to Ethiopia the livestock export companies that was to visit and hopefully will start importation supported by PRIME to participate on Dubai of live animals”. Ato, Ahmed Mustefa owner Gulfood Expo. Rez Agro-Vet Trading and manager of Livestock Exporter Company managed to sign a deal with Egypt based company Ard Enaam Company for initial export of 330 camels. In addition Rez Agro-Vet Trading Company met with 10 livestock importers and the deals are expected to be signed shortly.

Based on the experiences from exhibiting Ethiopian products and observing other countries‟ products, stalls and pavilions at the GULFOOD Fair, the following opportunities, lessons and recommendation have been learnt by the participants as discussed in the follow up debriefing:

 There is a need for Ethiopia to have a strong and well organized agricultural commodities export promoting Public - Private Agency to take lead in organizing participation in events such as the GULFOOD Fair;  Maintaining regular participation at GULFOOD FAIR will pay benefits in attracting buyers and

capturing substantial market share;  Well designed, focused, large and single commodity promotional posters attract visitors to pay attention and have discussions with exporters;  Ethiopian exporters are not aggressive marketers. There is a need to develop marketing skills and/or identify agents who will aggressively identify opportunities;  In the future, Ethiopian companies should organize private stalls within the Ethiopian national pavilion to promote their own brands;  Private sector should recognize trade fairs as excellent centers for market development and promotion. Hence, companies and sectorial associations should minimize dependencies on development partners and budget for such activities;  Select potential livestock exporters from all PRIME operational areas to participate in the next year Gulfood Expo including senior government representatives.

Key result 1.3: Enabling environment improved

In-kind Cost sharing Grant to Ministry of Trade for Developing the National Livestock Markets Information System

Over the past two Quarters, PRIME was involved in the development of an activity to support the further development of the National Livestock Market Information system (NLMIS), a platform for collection and dissemination of up-to-date information on livestock prices in main market in Ethiopia. The main objective of the activity that is to be implemented by the Ministry of Trade and supported by PRIME, The USAID funded Livestock Markets Development Project (LMD) and FAO, is to assist the Ministry of Trade to develop and execute its strategy to improve and expand of the NLMIS to reach out and make available the information collected to all interested users (institutional and individual) in all regions within Ethiopia as both a key market information access instrument, and act as a provider of critical information and analyses for Horn of Africa‟s various early warning systems (EWS).

While all committed implementation parties have provided continuous interest in initiating the actions, the activity has taken longer period of time to get started due to the need of the partners to comply with individual processes regarding the commitments and signing an MoU with the Ministry of Trade. In addition the USAID Mission legal office is required to review the MoU and after extensive revisions the partners will be ready to finalize their commitment. PRIME, The Ministry of Trade and LMD are currently working to organize a launching workshop to officially sign the NLMIS Development MoU in the next quarter.

Key result 1.4: Effective emergency response to protect pastoralists’ assets

Insurance Education Index Based Livestock Insurance Sales Channel Strengthening in Borena

During the quarter, PRIME, Oromia Insurance Company (OIC), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Community Initiatives Facilitation Assistance (CIFA)continued to strengthen activities in the Insurance Education Index Based Livestock Insurance Sales Channel in order to increase the uptake of Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) by pastoralists and agro pastoralists in several Woredas in the Southern Cluster. This cost shared activity designed to last 12 months has the following interrelated objectives:

a) Increase pastoralist awareness and knowledge of insurance products; b) Create and strengthen efficient and reliable insurance distribution channels; c) Increase insurance uptake among pastoralists.

This activity is continuation of the work started in 2012 and supported by several development agencies including USAID to introduce and expand insurance product appropriate for the conditions and needs of the pastoralist producers in protecting their main asset, the livestock they own against drought risks. The main actions to be undertaken during the activity and over the calendar 2014 are: (1) Revision of IBLI Training and Education Manual; (2) Preparation of Stakeholder Workshop in Yabello; (3) Preparation of Promotional Materials; (4) Preparation of Radio Education; (5) Conducting Extension training; (6) Broadcasting Radio Education; (7) Improving sales channels and (8) Announce index tracking.

While OIC as the only IBLI insurance carrier in Ethiopia remains committed over the long run to seeing the product take root in the market, the financial and human resources it must incur are considerable when the context of the Borana zone is considered. Being remote, sparsely populated and deficient in key facilitating infrastructure and institutions, there is compelling logic for complementary funding from the public sphere as the fixed costs of accessing and educating the target population is enormous, and the imperative of supporting pastoralist communities against the substantial risks they face is a shared responsibility. Moreover, getting viable sales channels in this remote region has been challenging. Education and publicity is one the main mechanisms through which the product and its benefits will be explained to pastoralists.

Over the first three sales windows in 2012 and 2013 OIC sold 271 (August/September 2012), 356 (January/February 2013) and116 (August/September 2013) contracts respectively. The promotion and sales of the IBLI product in the first three sales rounds were based on local government structures and Woreda based Development agents as part of the governmental extension system.

The 4th round of IBLI sales conducted during the Quarter (January/February 2014) and with support of PRIME was completed and resulted in largest IBLI sales in terms of insurance policies sold. During this window sales period Oromia Insurance Company (OIC) recorded 405 number of policy sold to HHs, premium covered 234,810 ETB and Sum Insured 2,391,200 ETB. Table 3 illustrates the uptake and level of insurance over the four sales windows.

Table 3: Uptake and level of insurance over the four sales windows

August/September January/February August/September January/February 2012 2013 2013 2014 Insurance Policies 271 356 116 405 Sold / HHs Covered Premium ETB 231,618 236,327 106,758 234,810 Sum Insured ETB 2,628,000 2,545,000 1,197,300 2,391,200

The sales channels used and sales performed during the last sales period increased by 41% compared to the average of the first three sales windows partially in a result of increased awareness of the pastoralists of the existence of the IBLI product and partially due to the utilization of alternative sales channels as represented by local cooperatives that served as commissioned sales agents and supported by Village Insurance Promoters (VIPs) that operated under financial incentive.

The next steps in the implementation of the activity as agreed by the implementing parties will be: a) Increase awareness of the pastoral communities as well improve financial literacy among pastoralists in order to increase their interest in this insurance product; b) Further explore new distribution methods and diversify sales channels by potentially offer sales agents contracts to other established private operators working with and having direct contact with pastoralist producers such as the Private Veterinarian Pharmacies and Community Animal Health Workers as insurance promoters; c) Explore possibilities to improve the IBLI product in terms of its palatability for the end consumers by potentially providing discount on the premium for the returning customers.

Support for an Emergency Vaccination Campaign in Awash Fentale - Afar Cluster

Following the request submitted by the Awash Fentale woreda authorities an emergency vaccination campaign ws supported by PRIME in five kebeles of the woreda. The vaccination campaign was launched on Monday March 17, 2014 and completed on Sunday March 23, 2014. The vaccination campaign was conducted by 17 veterinarian professionals supported by 23 CAHWs. 30,808 shoats (12,630 sheep and 18,178 goats) owned by 1,502 pastoral and agro-pastoral households) 1,125 male headed and 377 female headed) were vaccinated against PPR and sheep pox. For the implementation of this emergency vaccination campaign the Awash Fentale Woreda Pastoral and Agricultural Development Office provided the necessary vaccination materials, partial vaccination teams transportation costs, while PRIME partners AISDA and CARE covered the professional fees and partial transportation cost.

While the vaccination campaign was successful, the activity clearly showed the need for more comprehensive approach towards protection of livestock through vaccination. The need of the woreda and regional Animal Health authorities to develop and consistently implement regular vaccination programs and in parallel develop their capacity to implement such programs as sole providers of this service is evident. PRIME will continue working on the development of the capacity of regional and woreda government Animal Health Authorities to implement comprehensive and sound vaccination programs in order to avoid the necessity for emergency vaccination interventions that offer no assurance of success. In addition PRIME will explore opportunities to increase the awareness and education of pastoralists of the prophylactic need for vaccination of the livestock, since in many instances a reluctance to submit the animals to vaccination was observed.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 2.0: NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION:

Key result 2.1: Improved Science and Information for Decision-making

Activity 1: Building the capacity of the National Meteorological Station in enhancing climate-risk management through support to downscaled forecasts

In this quarter, CARE supported the Ethiopian National Meteorology Agency (NMA) to scientifically validate their seasonal forecasts. The validation exercised consisted of comparing forecasts with observations since 1961. The objective of the exercise was to determine the NMA's ability to provide seasonal climate predictions that could serve as a basis for economic and resource- related decision-making, as well as disaster preparedness in pastoral areas. The areas of validation

25 focused on forecasts that encompassed PRIME operational areas, including Borena and Guji zones in Oromiya, Zone 3 in Afar and Fafen, Siti and Degahabur zones in Somali Region. As the legal entity mandated to provide meteorological services including localized "weather forecasts and early warnings on the adverse effects of weather and climate in Ethiopia,” PRIME through CARE has established a close partnership with the NMA to improve the agencies capacities in delivering climate information that is understandable, useful, timely and reliable. Despite demand for the NMA's services, the impact of global climate change and limited experience in climate modeling at the localized spatial scale is undermining the performance of climate models to capture the state of climatic extremes with reasonable lead-time. A lack of advance climate and weather information was identified by communities as one of the main factors contributing to their vulnerability in the CVCA.

The validation exercise was finalized in this quarter and findings from the validation were presented to the leadership of the NMA, including the Director General. The NMA has agreed to enter into a formal MoU with PRIME to both put forward resource‟s, and receive technical support, for updating its forecast methodology, building the capacity of the local met stations, regional NMA institutions and existing information flow systems with a view to facilitating climate-risk management through the production and dissemination of downscaled local forecasts.

Activity 2: Reserach for user-based assessment of climate information, to support capacity of National Meteorological Station (HU-Addis Ababa)

As part of its support to the NMA to provide localized forecasts in pastoral areas, PRIME will work with the agency on tailoring the information products to local needs. This includes tailoring of both data and its dissemination mechanisms. While the various community dialogues have helped identify some of the broad parameters that can support tailoring the NMA's information products to pastoralist needs, a statistically significant and broad-scale analysis is needed that adequately captures the needs of diverse households and users in the PRIME operational areas. To this end, CARE has supported Haramaya University in designing and implementing a user-based survey that examines individual and household perceptions of existing meteorological services, and identifies their desired products and services related to forecasting. The results will be fed back to the NMA, and inform the agencies workplan on downscaling forecasts to pastoral areas, as well as guide PRIME's support to the agency. Accordingly, CARE is working with the NMA not only to increase the accuracy and skill scores of NMA's climate forecasts, but also to ensure that information products and services meet user needs. Haramaya Universities research design was developed and approved in this quarter, and the field assessment has begun. Areas from which data will be gathered include Moyale, Liben, Dirre and Teltele in the Southern Cluster, Afdem, Harshin,, Mulu and Kebri Beyah in the Eastern Cluster, and Awash Fentale, Amibara and Gewane in Afar.

Activity 3: Bridging Community and Scientific Forecasting Systems through joint review of Early warning Indicators, monitoring and dissemination mechanisms among traditional forecastsers and the meteorological agencies

As part of its effort to increase access to weather and climate information on a local and seasonal basis, CARE developed a dialogue methodology on bringing together traditional and scientific forecasters. CARE supported all PRIME implementing partners to roll out the methodology across the various clusters. The objectives of the workshop was to enhance understanding around local information systems and needs, connect communities to their meteorological agency counterparts,

26 identify strengths and challenges of both traditional and scientific systems in accuracy, uptake and relevance, and initiate momentum for conducting Participatory Scenario Planning in the areas (see page x), among the respective communities.

A total of 16 dialogues bridging information and knowledge gaps between traditional and scientifc forecasters were conducted, including 4 dialogues in Afar; 5 dialogues in Somali Region and 7 dialogues in the Southern Cluster. Participants included traditional weather forecasters, clan leaders, youth and women representative, meteorologists from zones and the Regional Meteorological Bureaus, and government DRR/EW stakeholders from woredas, zones and regions. Both 'traditional' and 'scientific' weather forecast and early warning information and pasture tracking and monitoring systems were thoroughly presented and debated by participants with a view to identifying most appropriate strategies to strengthen community access to forecasts and therefore early warning information.

In all clusters, the meeting of meteorologists and communities marked the first event of its kind. As the majority of meteorological data is presented on television and websites, the information had previously been removed from communities.

Borena/Guji: The southern cluster facilitated eight early warning dialogues that identified key indicators communities and traditional weather forecasters use to forecast weather and track pasture conditions, their dissemination mechanisms as well as the legitimacy and acceptance of such information by the respective communities in Borena and Guji zones. Participants of the dialogues were the Uchu and Hayantu (traditional weather forecasters), members of NRM councils, local meteorology institutions and government partners (zonal and district DPPC and PDO). A total of 147, including 23 women, attended the dialogue sessions.

Key discussion points and learning from the workshop included:  traditional forecasts are not widely disseminated to households and communities due to socio-religious factors  pastoral households do not access existing NMA forecasts  traditional forecasts tend to be more contextualized, localized and tied to than those presented by meteorologists

Table 4: Traditional and Scientific Indicators

Traditional Indicators Scientific Indicators  Direction and movement of stars and moon  meteorological parameters  Wind direction  Analysis of atmospheric conditions and oceanic  Behavior of animal and plants movements

Afar Cluster: In the Afar cluster, the dialogues on traditional and scientific forecasting were conducted in Awash Fentale town for the communities in Amibara, Gewane and Gelealo, and in Gacheni for Argoba agro-pastoralists. A total of 64 individuals from the aforementioned stakeholder groups attended the dialogues.

Through the dialogue process in Afar, communities began to differential acceptable groups of scientific forecasters, and those that were associated with witchcraft and therefore were shunned by religion. Traditional institutions named Hutuk Beya, who use indicators of star-alignment and star- moon alignment to predic weather, and Baro Edo Mera, scouts who track and monitor pasture and

27 water conditions were deemed appropriate sources of early warning information by communities. The Enayeta, Ginili & Kelwali, who were akin to witches, Remri, pebble throwers, and traditional "seers" were deemed inappropriate as a source of information, primarily due to socio-religious pressures. Afaris also found their information dissemination systems more effective and ecentralized, including the traditional information exchange system - Dague) - family and sub-clan meetings, larger clan/herders gatherings, cultural ceremonies, clan leaders meetings and through an emergency alert system called „Dero‟. The dialogues highlighted these local systems the most accessible and contextualized source of early warning information for preparedness and response actions. At the same time, they acknowledge that fluctuation in climate, and the inability of all households to access traditional systems in an equitable way, the need for improved, localized scientific forecasts was emphasized. The following overall action plan for moving forward in Afar was identified:  Making available downscaled, contextualized meteorological forecasts which address community information needs  Building the capacity of local meteorological institutions  Linking existing early warning efforts led by DPFSCO to community structures, including the accepted traditional forecasters  improving information gathering, analysis and dissemination capacity of both systems  Addressing socio-behavioral and religious constraints to use of forecast information

East Cluster: In the reporting quarter, the eastern cluster facilitated five early warning dialogues in Meiso, Afdem, Babile Oromiya, Harshin and Gashamo woredas, during with a total of 100 participants engaged.

Somali traditional early warning systems were seen to be sophisticated and highly contextualized, focused both on the arrival and performance of rains against their "normal" patterns established by historical trends. Nonetheless, as in the other clusters, there was a clear barrier to accessing and using the information primarily due to socio-religious factors, and the taboo of "forecasting" in Islamic teaching. Nonetheless, the felt need for this information meant that it was still quitely disseminated through public gathering, traditionally information exchange systems called „‟Isweraysi, ‟‟ market centers and increasingly cell phone communication. Key action point agreed upon was to strengthen the acceptance of legitimate forecasting, and increase access to traditional forecasters in the interim, as the meteorological stations increased their capacity to provide more localized and contextual information.

Traditional Indicators among communities in Somali Region . ... morphology and color of plant species . ... the behavior of domestic animals . ... the appearance of specific animal flocks (birds, insects) . ... migration of birds and direction of migration . ... wind direction . ... star alignment . ... nature of clouds

All workshpops supported creation of increased undersranding on how forecasts can be used for planning and decision-making on a seasonal basis around asset management, mobility, and disaster preparedness.

Activity 4: Participatory Dialogues on Livelihood Adaptation and DRM

CARE has continued to support implementing partners in community conversation on livelihood adaptation towards disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. The primary objectives of the dialogues are to build on and deepen learning that emreged among communities and government as a result of the CVCA process, and to identify strategies under both natural resource mangement and makret development that can build resilience to climate change. The dialogues further focus on deepening understanding on community informatoin needs that can support climate risk management and climate change adaptation.

Women's-Only Dialogues

Afar and Eastern Clusters: Women-focused dialogue on disaster risk management and livelihood adaptation were conducted among Afari pastoral women in Awash Fentale town (AISDA and CARE), and in Gashamo, Harshin, Babile, Afdam and Mieyso districts for Somali women (Mercy Corps). Participants represented women and youth forums, VSLAs, dairy producer cooperatives, government sector offices, and non-affiliated producers attended the meeting. Thirty-six women attended in Afar, and a total of 69 women were part of the dialogues in Somali Region. Participants in all forums focused on how women are affected by climate risks, identified adaptive and mal adaptive practices among women, or those that reflect adaptive capacity as opposed to those that increase vulnerability. During the dialogue, women also discussed information needs to support climate risk management and identified strategies for action.

Traditional management of water points and diversion of flood water, traditional conflict management, destocking and restocking of livestock, social support systems and sale of livestock were discussed as adaptive strategies that need to be strengthened. The most common maladaptive practices discussed included weakening traditional resource governance, settlement in low-lying areas prone to flood risks, expansion of settlement in grazing areas, indiscriminate cutting of trees for firewood and construction and subscribed burning of the rangeland particularly grass by children. Participants also identified constraints to climate adaptive practices including poor saving culture and aid dependency.

Picture 1: Women engaged in PRIME-supported awareness-raising and capacity-building sessions on Disaster Risk Management.

Some key strategies identified by the women to strengthen climate risk management and support livelihood adaptation include:  Identifying areas that are affected by flood and constructing flood preventive structures  Constructing irrigation structures, water diversions and establishing/ water harvesting structures Encouraging and supporting forage & pasture production (individual, cooperatives, or any other)  Facilitating land ownership of women on Prosopis cleared lands and supporting implementation of agricultural practices  Establishing and supporting cooperatives that produce and conserve forage (reserved grazing lands) for market purposes  Supporting gender appropriate business development among women, including animal fattening, baking, dairy production, etc - enhance access to trade in relevant areas.  Creating access to finance  Enhance access to information focused on market data and rainfall.

Barriers and Constraints Dialogue in Livelihood Adaptation Strategies

As a follow-up to the discussions on livelihood adaptation and disaster risk management that took place last quarter and early in this quarter, the CARE and AISDA teams working in Afar supported community conversation on barriers and constraints to identified livelihood adaptation and disaster preparedness measures. The discussions were conducted in Amibara, Gewane, Awash Fentale and Gelealo woreda, with participation of 80 stakeholders representing clan leaders, women, youth, food security, NRM and water offices.

The objectives of the dialogues was to better understand what was driving maladaptive behavior, and what were the key barriers and opportunities for increasing uptake of existing and new adaptive practices.

Table 4: Adaptive versus Maladaptive Behavior Adaptive Behavior Maladaptive Behavior Community social support system Charcoal making Customary Natural Resource Management Private enclosures Traditional Water Resource Management Land annexation by individuals within the community outside of resource agreements Traditional conflict resolution Forage production practices (hay making) Destocking and culling during time of drought Traditional information and exchange Dairy processing and marketing Livestock diversification Non-pastoral income diversification activities

Dialogue participants focused on three key areas that create barriers to livelihood adaptation: i) institutional, and ii) socio-cultural. Among institutional factors, communities identified the focus of government on emergency response measures vs. early preparedness, lack of access to financial institutions that can serve pastoral needs, and lack of adequate access to livestock management inputs. On a socio-cultural level, participants identified religious beliefs and pressure from religious leaders as a barrier to systematically adopting and making decisions based on forecasting information. This was coupled with an institutional issue of inability to access the information from external, reliable sources. A "culture" of poor saving and innovation was also discussed, as well as

30 a broader lack of "skills" that could support adaptation. This last factor was seen as both an institutional problem as well as socio-cultural due to lack of initiative to innovate and diversify among many of the communities.

Through the process, CARE has more clearly identified that while many of the institutional factors are being addressed through PRIME, there is currently a gap in addressing the socio-cultural factors that lead to increase vulnerability. Accordingly, CARE will introduce a social action methodology that helps to tackle some of the maladaptive behavior contributing to climate change vulnerability. A training on this methodology is planned for next quarter.

Activity 5: Support to climate vulnerability and risk assessment of irrrigation sector - Golba Genale

In the reporting quarter, a climate vulnerability and capacity assessment of Golba Genale irrigation area in the lowland areas of Guji Zone was conducted to clarify climate risks and opportunities associated with irrigated horticulture in this area. The analysis was designed to support decision- making under IR 3, in terms of how and where to invest in the sector without contributing to maladaptation. A total of 52 stakeholders agro-pastoral representing households, community based institutions and private producers attended the sectoral CVCA discussions.

Picture 2: Irrigated horticultural areas in Golba Genale

The assessment indicated that flood, pests, and land insecurity are the greatest threats facing farmers, that contribute to climate-change vulnerability. Farming households rely on chemical pesticides and herbicides which pollute water sources and are expensive inputs. Land insecurity has resulted in mistrust and tension between pastoralists and farmers, as both producer groups were competing for access to critical water resources. The most critical issue was systematic access to water resources for cattle, pasture regeneration, household consumption and irrigation and negotiating and maintaining this access to support the multiple interest groups. To address the issue, CARE is developing a methodology to support negotiation of internal interests within rangeland units. Since rangeland units encompass multiple land uses, their land use plans and management appropriately reconcile these diverse interests, maximizing land productivity and financial rewards to producers.

CARE will guide implementing partners in applying this methodology, to ensure farmers, pastoralists and other land users can negotiate their resource access and management within the structure of the rangeland unit and its governing council.

Activity 6: Digitizaion and updating of community rangeland system maps, to support land use planning and rangeland management

Community rangeland system maps produced through the CARE-led participatory rangeland management process across the three clusters have been digitized by the project's GIS specialist and presented back to the community and local government stakeholders for validation in this quarter. Following validation (see key result 2.2, activity 2), the maps were updated to reflect communities comments and feedback on land uses, locations of key areas, and geographic boundaries of the rangeland unit. Eight community drawn maps have been digitized and validated (see below), encompassing 4,184,847 hectares of land. Maps of an additional 4 grazing systems are expected to digitized and validated in the coming quarter.

The objectives of map validation exercises include: . increase understanding among stakeholders - including local and higher-level government, non-governmental agencies and pastoralists and agro-pastoralists themselves on pastoral rangeland management systems and rangeland ecological units . provide information that can inform policy around pastoral rangeland management, including tenure security in pastoral areas . provide information products that support and capture community-based land-use planning . Improve decision-making at a local-level on land use to maximize both rangeland productivity and secure economic interests of diverse livelihood groups in pastoral areas.

Table 5: Digitized and updated maps based on community feedback in Q6 Grazing System Administrative Areas - Zone Estimated Estimated Area (ha) woreda Population OROMIYA Dheda Dida Liban and Gorodola Guji 65340 340,188 ha

Golba Dawa Liban Guji 71280 162,722 ha

Golba Genale Gorodolla Guji 89100 138,993 ha Woyama Arero, Dhas and Moyale Borena 110200 515,457 ha Dirre Arero, Dhas , Dire+Miyo Borena 162000 728,762 ha Malbe Yabello, Teltelle & Dillo Borena 17550 1,603,417 ha Gomole Yabello And Arero Borena 14950 695,308 ha

Activity 7: USFS collaboration for scientific, ecological site analysis to support community-basedl and use planning

In order to support community-based land use planning and provide support to participatory rangeland management plans, PRIME is partnering with USFS to develop a scientific methodology for ecological site mapping that will be implemented in four pilot rangeland units, including in Guji, Borena, Somali Region (Harshin) and Afar Zone 3.

In this quarter, the USFS team came to Ethiopia and conducted a rapid assessment of scientific and research institutions to evaluate their capacity in working with PRIME on ecological site mapping in rangeland units. As part of the visit, USFS began drafting an competitive call for proposals to conduct the scientific analysis that will provide additional data and scientific rigor to communtiy land use plans, and ultimately allow their legalization.

The USFS team met with Jijiga University, SoPARI, Semara University, Semara Research Institute, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Addis Ababa University to introduce the ecological site mapping project to theam, and get a sense of their ability to deliver on the ToR. The final version of the call for proposals from USFS is still awaited.

Activity 8: USFS supported remote sensing analysis of selected rangeland units.

In this quarter, the Afar cluster IR2 team completed its GPS data collection for the USFS supported land use/land cover remote sensing trend analysis of the Gewane-Gellalo grazing system. The data was gathered from Gelealo woreda which was flooded during the July-August USFS mission during which the other data points had already been collected. The data collection involved 12 woreda experts and community members from the 4 kebeles which remained to be analyzed. Issues related to use of GPS units and methods/approaches for data collection were addressed during a one day orientation session before the collection task started. Two hundred eighty two (282) GPS coordinates/waypoints were registered or collected from different land use/cover types in Gelalo woreda and sent to the USFS team to incorporate it in their land use/land cover analysis. CARE expects that USFS will finalize the remote sensing trend analysis by May, and schedule a mission to present to the team and other stakeholders here.

Key result 2.2: Increase Capacity for Effective Governance for Climate Resilience

Activity 1: Establishing partnership and plans for improving land rights and resource productivity in pastoral areas (LAND, Addis Ababa)

LAND and PRIME have finalized a joint workplan for supporting land rights in pastoral areas, building off of PRIME's mapping and community land use planning around rangeland units, and LAND's tenure expertise and established relationships with higher officials and land administration offices. Key LAND-led activities in which PRIME has paticipated and fed into the process have included:

 Formation of Regional Oromiya Pastoral Advisory Committee: LAND in sthe secretariat of a Regional Oromiya Pastoral Advisory Committee on Land Administration and Natural Resource Management, which is chaired by Oromiya's Land Administration Bureau. Key stakeholder include the Oromiya Pastoral Commission, USAID, PRIME and LAND. The purpose of the committee is develop and move forward a process for securing land rights in pastoral areas. LAND has initiated for the Regional OPAC to meet twice this quarter, with PRIME attending and feeding into the meetings. As part of the meetings, PRIME has been charged with supoprting the replicaton of the committee at the zonal level in Borena and Guji.

 Support to Knowledge Managagment Platform on Pastoral Land Tenure through Haramaya University: PRIME accompanied LAND to Haramaya University to develop an agreement around how Haramaya could develop a knowledge management unit that documents how pastoralist administrate their lands in various areas of the country. It was agreed that PRIME would lead the process of documentation and feeding into the knowledge management platform in Borena and Guji via its existing partnership with Haramaya. LAND will support

Haramaya to build the infrastructe of the platform, and to gather information on land administration systems of other pastoral areas of Ethiopia, including Karayu, Itu and Bale.

In terms of PRIME-led activities that contribute to the shared workplan, CARE has moved forward with map digitization of 9 rangeland units, validation of these units and making adjustments with communities (described in other sections of the report), and the development and presentation of a ToR for the Zone-level Oromiya Pastoral Advisory Committee on Land Administration and Natural Resource Management. Comments on the ToR have been incorporated, and the field team has begun making preperations for a Regional OPAC visit in the next quarter.

Activity 2: Inter and intra-community map validation and institutional strengthening (South Cluster; include a paragraph about Gomole dialogue)

In an effort to strengthen the governance of rangeland units identified as part of participatory resource mapping and CVCA processes, PRIME has supported a map validation exercise of digitized maps with target communities in Borena and Guji, combined with institutional strengthening. The total amount of area that benefited from governance strengthening and land delineation as a result of this and previous exercises is 2,581, 430 hectares, encompassing most of lowland Guji and Borena zones.

In Guji, Mercy Corps and SoS Sahel, with technical guidance from CARE, facilitated one inter- community validation workshop among three rangeland systems that included Dheda-Dida, Golba- Dawa and Golba-Ganale. Bringing diverse stakeholders into a joint map validation was possible, due to the fact that the three dhedas had been revitalized in previous programming, and where brought together for learning and experience sharing previously under PRIME. The three elders councils representing the three rangeland unit peacefully discussed the ecological boundaries of the rangeland units, and identified which kebeles fell into which system. Adjustments to digitized maps were made live on-site, based on community feedback. 72 people attended the discussion representing the 3 dhedas, including 5 participants from zone and woreda sector offices. Chairmen of nearly all kebeles encompassed within the rangeland system also took part in this dialogue representing the local government structures at kebele level.

In Borena four intra-community resource maps validation workshops were conducted by SoS Sahel and Mercy Corps, including for Gomole, Malbe, Dire, and Wayama rangeland units. the need for separate discussions related to the need to conduct institutional strengthening of rnageland management councils at rangeland system level, as part of the validation exercises. In Borena, the process of revitalizing customary institutions at systems level started more recently under PRIME in the last two quarter. The total numbers of participants of these internal validation dialogues conducted were 147, including 46 representatives from local government partners, and the rest representing elders councils, women and youth.

Key outcomes of the map validation and governance strengthening workshops that support the process of land rights and improved management of rangelands include:

 Reassessment of governing institutions and articulation of land governance structure: As part of the workshop, resource management institutions both at rangeland sytem and sub- rangeland units were reviewed and reformed and responsible bodies for rangeland management has been nominated at all levels in a more inclusive and representative ways. This included

election of women and youth into the governing bodies and an articulation of the relationships between institutions at system level, and those operating at sub-rangeland and kebele levels.

Figure 1: sample resource management institutional structure from Borena

 Resource location and land classification reviewed and updated on digitized map: Participants reviewed and confirmed location of key natural resources and land use patterns on the digitized maps, and maps were updated on-site to incorporate communities' feedback. This included dry and wet season grazing area, communal enclosures, permanent and temporary water points (traditional wells, ponds, and others), migration routes, settlement areas and farms. In addition, contested areas where resource sharing arrangements and land classification were not well negotiated were also identified.

Picture 3: Digitized map of Dida Rangeland Unit following community review and incorporation of feedback

Defining ecological and management boundaries of the rangeland systems (dheedas), sub- rangeland units (Reeras) and Kebeles (ardas).

The ecological boundaries of the rangeland system (dheeda) and sub-management units (reera & arda) has been clearly defined and delineated in four rangeland systems namely Gomole, Malbe, Dire and Wayama in Borana zone. Inter-boundary clarification was conducted in the joint workshop in Guji. Outlining these boundaries and specifically identifying which kebeles were part of which rangeland system helped the community to revise their existing resource management. A key feature of this exercise was the improved understanding that while rangeland units did not follow woreda administrative boundaries; they did fall around boundaries of kebeles. Kebeles had historically been established in Borena around traditional sub-management units.

Activity 3: Setting Rehabilitation Priorities in Gomole Rangeland System

Follow-up discussions towards identifying rehabilitation priorities were conducted in Gomole rangeland management unit by SoS Sahel. The discussions took place in Harbor town of the rangeland unit and engaged 34 people drawn from community representatives and local government partners, including the Pastoral Development, Land administration & Environmental Protection, and Water, Mineral, and Energy offices have participated.

Five ponds that provide service throughout the year were identified and prioritized for rehabilitation. These are Haro-bake, Buya, Urbate, Hara Bule and Cabalka ponds. Among these Haro-bake pond is the top priority as it is highly important water source for both dwellers and adjacent communities as well as to Haro-bake market users on market days. The pond is increasingly filling up with silt.

In addition, four bush encroached communal enclosure areas were priorities for selective bush thinning, including Danbala-diqa, Harboro, Gada and Danbalaa-sadeen with a total estimated area of about 750 hectares. The areas serve as critical reserves for weak animals, calves and milking cows that cannot travel distant during dry season and are estimated to serve 2,250 HHs during the dry period.

The rehabilitation activities are expected to move forward in the following quarter, following more detailed technical assessments and completion of environmental screening.

Activity 4: Participatory Analysis and Strengthening of Customary Institutions in East and Afar

Afar Five dialogues aimed at better understanding and revitalizing customary institutions for rangeland system management were conducted at Gewane-Gelealo, Amibara, Dulessa and Argoba grazing systems by CARE, and Awash Fentale rangeland system by AISDA in this quarter. A total of 144 male and 36 female community members and woreda government experts attended the discussions. Community members include elders, youth, and female representatives, while government was represented by natural resource, rangeland management and land administration experts. The workshop focused on a key outcome from previous dialogues, in which importance of strengthening customary NRM institution noted as a top priority. Communities had disseminated messages from these discussions to their wider communities, and received buy-in on the wider communities' willingness to strengthen and support traditional systems to sustainably use and protect rangelands.

Rangeland management council members were elected directly by meeting participants. Two to three women were selected as members of each council, as the need to represent women‟s issues in resource access and decision making was acknowledged. Participants also highlighted that the process of strengthening the customary institutions needs regular follow-up discussions with members of the councils and the wider community, and elected council members agreed to take this forward.

Eastern Cluster - Harshin HAVOYOCO has conducted five follow-up NRM dialogues in Harshin Rangeland system, with the aim of strengthening traditional resource management.

First, on March 15-16, 2014, HAVOYOCO supported a clan leader‟s discussion to monitor how clan leaders and women representatives were doing in disseminating the PRM approach to local villages, and to support institutional strengthening within the rangeland system. Thirty-five people, including 22 men & 13 women, were present at this meeting and reported that community level awareness raising on strengthening traditional resource management at landscape level has been made in all kebele centers of Harshin rangeland system and the approach was welcomed by the wider community. 130 community participants (80 men & 50 women) attended the awareness raising meetings according to clan leaders and women delegates.

In addition, meeting participants further analyzed Harshin rangeland system and identified eight sub-rangeland units within it based on their ecological variations and geographical settings. For each sub-rangeland unit, leadership councils responsible for resource governance and management were reformed to include women and youth representatives. 16 key community leaders - two from each sub-rangeland unit -were elected as the rangeland management council of the rangeland system. This included 10 men and 6 women. Key responsibilities identified for members of the council included coordinating the management of resources at their respective sub-rangeland unit level, and reinstating regular coordination and review meetings among themselves at a rangeland system level on a monthly basis.

Following the March 15th-16th meeting, four consecutive sub-rangeland unit based community consultations were facilitated to identify resource rehabilitation priorities at sub-rangeland level, including in Hussein Samane, Dacawaley, Abokar Ahmed and Galol Fadhi. 187 community members, including 93 women and 94 men participated on the meetings, and clearly stated the need to focus on the rehabilitation of existing water points instead of establishing new ones. Concerns were raised that establishing new water points in the rangeland system may encourage new settlements and place pressure on pasture resources. A technical assessment of prioritized water points, including environmental screening, is planned for the beginning of quarter 7.

Activity 4: Strengthening women's engagement in traditional institutions; addressing access/control

Forty-two women participated in a women's only dialogue on resource access and control, organized in Awash Town from January 01-02, 2014. Participants of the dialogue were drawn from community members from around the area, and Woreda Women, Children and Youths Affair Office. The discussions provided, and how this affected the resilience of the household. The objectives of these meetings were to create a safe a safe space for women to discuss their issues around resource access and control, to build awareness and capacity of women that can enhance

37 their participation in resource management council, and to identify strategies for women's empowerment in areas of resource access and control

In the dialogue, women articulated how limited access to pasture, water, livestock, farmland and market restricted their ability to impact household resilience. The factors contributing to this restricted access had to do with women's inability, or lack of permission, to travel distances away from the homestead and conflict. In the area of farmland, women were outright denied ability to win land through their husbands and traditional beliefs. Women also articulated that beyond restricted access, they exercise limited decision-making authority compared to men. Decisions around livestock mobility, rangeland management and allocation and farmlands were until that point made by clan leaders and elders, and men household heads. Women‟s "power" was limited to decisions around small ruminants and consultation regarding sell of livestock.

As a strategic action, participants agreed to consult with other women in the community, and prepare propositions to make to the elders council on permitting greater participation of women and their engagement in rangeland management. Steps were taking forward as women from this dialogue were included in discussions on institutional strengthening, and influential women were elected into the elders' council.

CARE is also developing leadership training for women who have been elected in resource governance structures at either the sub-unit or rangeland system level, to help develop their communication and representation skills and better articulate and protect women's interests and needs.

Activity 5: Supporting analysis and intervention in PRIME's 19th grazing system - Babile, Somali

ACPA facilitated participatory resource mapping and analysis of traditional rangeland management and governance systems in Dakhata area of Babile woreda in Somali region from March 24-28, 2014. Dakhata rangeland system is defined and mapped as the 19th rangeland system where PRIME started implementing the participatory rangeland management approach, under the technical guidance of CARE. A total of 30 key community representatives (20 men and 10 women) both from local community and government partners participated in the event.

As with other PRM processes, the major objectives of the dialogue were to understand and define the Dakhata rangeland system, its key natural resources and land uses, and examine the customary governance system for management of rangelands. The processes also examined relationship with neighboring communities, the livestock mobility patterns, and levels of access to and decision- making about key natural resources.

The rangeland system has been defined both at a landscape or system level as well as broken down into four sub-rangeland units, based on ecological, geographical and governance factors. Clan leaders responsible for leading and coordinating the resource use and governance have been identified at the systems level, as well as the sub-rangeland unit, and have agreed to take facilitate community consultations and discussions in their respective sub-range land unit on the PRM approach and the proposed governance system before the next meeting to be held early in the upcoming quarter. Dialogue participants explained that resource management issues were of higher importance to them compared to physical resource rehabilitation and enhancements. Thus,

38 institutional strengthening and revitalizing the weakened resource use and management systems has been identified as their top priority.

Activity 6: Support to federal rangeland management platform for coordination and harmonization of approaches

In this quarter, CARE has finalized arrangements with the Pastoral Areas Livestock Resource Development Directorate, under the State Ministry of the Livestock Sector, as well as the Pastoral and Rangelands Forum - Ethiopia, a sub-group under the Ethiopian Society for Animal Production, in supporting a coordination, harmonization and policy influence platform titled the Rangelands Management Platform. PRIME has agreed to support the Platform as a development practioners group under the Ministry, that can discuss both technical and institutional issues related to various themes of rangeland management, create a coordinated approach for moving forward, and present guidelines and policy statements to the Ministry for consideration. An MoU has been drafted and is under going final review with the Ministry. A sub-grant is being provided to PaRFE to support the process. The first meeting of the Rangelands Management Platform is planned for April 16th, and the theme will be on Addressing Prosopis Juliflora in Ethiopa's Rangelands.

Key result 2.3: Implementation of Climate Solutions

Activity 1: Participatory Scenario Planning Processes conducted to support instituitons and systems for consolidating forecasts and dissemination of advisories for the upcoming season

The Participatory Scenario Plannig (PSP) process is a methodology by which climatologists and meteorological expert join communities and their traditional forecasting bodies in a discussion on seasonal forecasts, identifying probable risks, and planning for how to mitigate that risks by working through variuos scenarios. A key output of the process ia a production of advisories to the wider communities on both the forecasts and recommended actions at household and community- level. Ulimtately, PSP supportes community and household-driven cliamte risk management, by enahncing access to practical, seasonal cliamte informatoin, and building decision-making capacity around the information. Activities related to PSP are identified below:

Training in Addis Ababa

A 3-day training on PSP was organized by CARE with the objectives of building skills among the team and key partners to implement the methodology, adapt the approach to the Ethiopian context, and plan for rolling it out across the cluster prior to the onset of the short rainy season. A total of 38 participants participated in the training, including IR2 project staff from all partners, and government Meteorological Agency representatives. Through the process, trainees were able to understand the importance of the PSP process in supporting community climate change adaptation. Furthermore, meteorological agency participants were able to understand the importance of meteorological services in community-based CCA, the need for appropriately packaging this information for layman's understanding and the importance of connecting directly with users to increase impact. Key geographical groupings for implementing the PSP process were identified based on climatic and livelihood factors and a general action plan for moving forward was prepared.

Afar Participatory Scenario Planning

In the reporting period, 2 PSP workshops were conducted in Afar with participants from Amibara, Gewane and Gele‟alu woredas in Awash, and participants from Argoba in Gacheni. A total of 104 stakeholders drawn from regional meteorology and DPFSCO bureaus, woreda administration and sector offices, traditional weather forecasters, clan leaders, community data collectors (CDCs), and women and youth representatives attended the workshops. In both locations, traditional forecasters predicted relatively good rains for sugum season (short rainy season from March-April) which they expect to be more or less similar with the previous year. Likewise, the meteorological forecast showed normal to above normal rains with odds of above normal rainfall expected over south, south-western, & western borders of the region. In addition, there were warnings of possible, unexpected high rainfall that could cause flash floods and disease outbreak in some low-lying areas. Accordingly, community members developed scenarios for the sugum season of 2014 for the following three possibilities, considering major potential hazards and risks, associated impacts and opportunities:

Near Normal RF (45% Near Normal RF (45% Below Normal RF (25% probability of occurrence) probability of occurrence) probability of occurrence).

For normal and above normal rainfall, with a combined probability of 75% of occurrence communities considered the risk of flooding, diseases, landslides and crop pests and diseases. At the same time, this seasonal forecast was favorable for pasture growth and water harvesting. Given the uncertainties linked to forecasts, the participants also identified risks and possible impacts and strategies for the 25% chance that rainfall will be below normal. In this case, heat stress, water and pasture shortages and diseases were identified as major risks.

Having identified the possible hazards, impacts and opportunities, participants identified and developed alternative plans and advisories to address each of the 3 scenarios. As an illustration, the following were taken from the group discussions and presentations.

Picture 4: Development of seasonal actions based on probabilistic forecast, developed by community members as part of Participatory Scenario Planning.

Picture 5: Development of advisories based on identified seasonal actions, discussed during Participatory Scenario Planning.

Specific plans for dissemination of advisories and monitoring of implementation progress were also developed by workshop participants.

Participants of the planning workshops were encouraged by the process, and the possibility of it supporting better preparedness for seasonal weather conditions and fluctuations. As a follow-up to PSP, CARE will be conducting consultative meetings with local authorities and community leaders early in the next quarter, to provide ongoing monitoring and implementation support for developed advisories.

Importantly, the PSP work and related decision-making at a local level will be supported significantly by increased capacity of the National Meteorological Agency in downscaling forecasts (Key Result 2.1, Activity 1). The objective of the NMA partnership is to support the agency to produce localized, timely and reliable forecasts for local decision-making

Eastern Cluster Participatory Scenario Planning

In the reporting period, eastern cluster facilitated 2 PSP workshops in Afdem and Daror districts. A total of 100 participants drawn from Afdam, Mullu, Gashamo, Harshin and Daror woredas attended the planning workshops. During the workshops, traditional forecasters and meteorologists presented their forecast for the short rainy season (March-April), and proposing three sets of rainfall scenarios

41 to support scenario planning and development of advisories for communities and households. Major hazards, impacts and opportunities associated with each scenario were developed and debated up on by participants. Major hazards identified for normal and above normal scenarios included damage to properties, livestock disease outbreak, malaria outbreak, overflow and damage of water points, soil erosion, gully formation, and death of weak and young livestock. Opportunities identified for the near normal to above normal scenario included water availability and good pasture growth. For below normal rainfall scenario, major risks identified included heat stress, diseases, livestock emaciation and accelerated environmental degradation. Advisories included preparation of water harvesting and flood diversion practices, hay making, and pond rehabilitation. Participants also identified dissemination mechanisms including use of influential community elders to disseminate advisories orally, reaching out to people during gatherings and at market places, and through extension workers.

Activity 2: Piloting DRMFSS-led contingency planning in Mieso, Somali Region

In this quarter, Mercy Corps technically supported and funded a component of the federal government's Woreda Disaster Risk Profiling Program, by implementing a contingency planning workshop in Mieso woreda. A total of 25 stakeholders drawn from regional and zonal disaster prevention and preparedness offices, Mieso woreda administration and sector offices and the community participated in the six days planning workshop. The workshop concluded with the development of a draft woreda dissaster risk mitigation and contingency plan which will be used as a refrence for emergency preparedness, response and early recovery purposes. PRIME is also proposing to use the document as a reference in the PSP. As the woreda cotingency planning process are multi-seasonal and broad, PSP will look into the document and pull out relevant scenarios for further discussions and implementation based on seasonal forecats.

WDRP, funded by WFP, ACCRA, and other donors, is expected to form the basis a full cycle Disaster Risk Management (DRM) system in the Ethiopia. The program is being given top priority by the government and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). As part of this program - disaster risk profiles, DRR plans, context-specific early warning systems and contingency plans will be prepared for every woreda in the country. The contingency plans serves a basis for response in the event of a disaster at a woreda-level, while providing the opportunity to draw upon regional and national actors.

PRIME is selectively supporting the initiative, where it believes it has the opportunity to influence the process, deepen the impact, and harvest learning.

Activity 3: Support to Regional Early Warning Systems in Somali and Afar Regions

Afar support CARE in Afar held a consultative planning meeting with the regional Disaster Prevention, and Food Security Program Coordination Office (DPFSCO) head and Regional Early Warning experts in Semera town. The consultative meeting focused on how PRIME can appropriately support the Regional EWS to address learning from last quarter's review and reflection meeting, and to target strategic aspects of the system not supported by other agencies working in the area. Core components of action agreed upon with DPFSCO included:  provide greater support to DPFSCO in including seasonal predictions and corresponding planning in its EWS

 Pilot PSP as part of the EWS system at the regional level, capture learning and support DPFSCO to roll it out in other areas  Ensure EWS is responsive to community information needs, and that data gathering systems for regional purposes are understandable and user-friendly.

Following the meeting, the regional DPFSCO bureau sent a detailed plan for shared engagement, which was discussed with the PRIME CoP and DCoP during a visit to Semara in February. As per comments, DPFSCO subsequently resent their plan to include timeframes and budget. An MoU has been drafted accordingly and reviewed by both DPFSCO and CARE, and is expected to be signed early in the upcoming quarter. DPFSCO also assigned a regional focal person for PRIME to engage with, to ensure on-going coordination and shared implementation of activities related to DRM.

Somali support

A $690,000 sub-grant agreement was signed with the Regional Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Bureau of Somali Region. This agreement includes $600,000 of operational and programmatic support, and $90,000 for two vehicles to support seasonal assessments and Bureau operations in EW.

Until the end of the quarter, the Bureau had hired 9 key staff identified within the grant agreement, and had conducted two emergency assessments on a locust plague that emerged in Dembel, Kebribayah and Awbare districts of Fafan Zone. A training on understanding the HEA baseline and approaches to decision-making is planned for early in the upcoming quarter.

Activity 4: Supporting pond rehabilitation in Southern Cluster and Afar

Kurkuru Pond Rehabilitation in Guji

Kurkuru pond located in Harda-Burur sub rangeland unit of Dida rangeland system in Guji Zone was selected and prioritized for rehabilitation through regular meetings among the rangeland management council. As a result of rehabilitation work around the pond completed in this quarter, the pond has the capacity of holding 4000 cubic meters of water and provides service to about 2000 HHs, including residents of Harda-Burur and neighbouring areas

About 80% of the proposed rehabilitation works has been completed in this quarter, including silt removal, maintenance of the breached section of the embankment, excess flood protection works (development of dykes), and fixing of spillway. PRIME's front loader machine was mobilized for the rehabilitation work and the machine has removed about 2646m3silt deposit from the pond reservoir area. 20% of the work was not completed due to heavy rain in the project area saturated silt encountered following removal of the aforementioned amount. The level of rehabilitation, nonetheless, adequately serves the community.

Community contribution for pond rehabilitation included voluntary labor for compaction and guarding the machine. A total of 79 individuals (68 men and 11 women) participated in the work. The community also covered the cost of meals for those people who were participating in the compaction process during the whole period of the rehabilitation. Community work remaining includes fencing of the pond.

Picture 6: Loader supporting the rehabilitation of Kurkuru Pond in Harda-Burur sub-rangeland unit of Dida Rangeland Management Unit

Activity 5: Supporting the rehabilitation of Bursano Sako pond in the Golb Genale grazing system, in Sokora Kebele of Gorodola woreda

PRIME supported the rehabilitation of Bursano Sako pond in the Golb Genale grazing system, in Sokora Kebele of Gorodola Woreda. The pond is a critical water point for the sub-grazing unit of Golba Genale supporting over 5 kebeles. In quarter 756m3 of soil was excavated from the pond to enhance the capacity of the water point using PRIME's front loaders, but the activities could not proceed further due to the early onset of rains. Filling out of the embankment was also initiated, but fell short of completion by one meter, also due to rains. Community members were mobilized for voluntary participation in the rehabilitation activities through their recently strengthened customary institutions under PRIME, while the project provided the elders council hand tools for distribution to use in this and other rehabilitation activities. Completion of excavation, embankment and spillway construction remain to be completed in the upcoming quarter depending on weather conditions.

Fatuma Delayitu in Afar

Fatuma Delayitu pond in Afar is located in the plain land infront of Ayelu mountain near Gewane town, and it serves the communities of Bunketo-Mollale sub-rangeland unit in the Gewane-Gellealo rangeland system during both dry and wet seasons. The pond was selected and prioritized by the community for rehabilitation through the regular dialogues of the elders council of the Gewane- Gelalo rangeland system. This pond was selected as one of the most important water source during long dry periods which needs rehabilitation as it can serve for 3-4 months after the rainy seasons, and it is close to one of their main rangeland areas that serves many communities in and outside of the unit to the Northeast

The community agreed to contribute stone for the construction of the spill way and any other labor- related activitis, including compaction of the embakments. The frontloaer was mobilized for removing the acumulated silt. In this quarter, the disltation work is completed and the community

44 are doing the preparartion activities such as collecting stone and clearing prosopis in the pond embankment for the construction work. The remaining activities are expected to be finalized in May, 2014.

Activity 5: Piloting new prosopis removal technologies in Afar

PRIME has tested the front loader for the removal of prosopis in Bunketo-Mollale pasutre area of the Gewane-Gelalo rangeland unit on 2 hectares of land, and 50 will be cleared as a pilot in the upcoming quarter, following the sugum rains. The testing of the loader for removal has proven successful in loosening the prospis, but requires community work "behind" the loader to fully remove and compile. Bunketo-Molalle was prioritized by communiteis for rehabilitation during CVCA and resource mapping, as it serves several thousand households over 6-7 months of the year, particulalry in the dry season. However, it's productivity is diminishing as it is being severely degraded by prosopis.

Communities have agreed to volunteer their time for the clearing exercise, but requested support for hand tools and refreshment/food costs on site for people participating in the clearing.

PRIME and local government experts will be providing onsite technical support as the clearing work requires close follow-up to make sure communities do not cut indigeneous trees species during the clearing, and also to make sure the front loader machine is operated in an environmentally friendly manner without excavation of the sub-soil while clearing the prosopis thickets. Orientation was conducted for community members on these issues in March, in anticipation of the clearing in the next quarter.

Activity 6: Competitive grant for prosopis removal

PRIME released an advertisement calling for proposals from qualified research institutions to support identification and conducting trial application of alternative technologies for removal of the invasive Prosopis juliflora species. The advertisement was posted on February 21st on the Horn of Africa Regional Environmental and Climate Network (HOAREC) and in local newspapers. The deadline for submission of calls is April 11th, and awards are expected to be given out by end of May.

Kurkuru Pond

Through environmental screening, Kurkuru pond was identifies as negative determination with conditions, and an EMMP was prepared. Before starting the work, the local community has been informed to take care of the machine while it is operating and focal persons were assigned to monitor the situation and prevent children and others from approaching the machine. The machine was well equipped with first aid kits in case of any accident. The silt removal process was conducted without blocking access to key resources. To fill the breached section of the embankment, selected materials were identified and brought to the pond area with due care not to demolish any of the vegetation around. As part of the mitigation measures, the whole catchment draining to the pond area is identified for conservation, and will be implemented through community participation.

Fatuma Delaiytu Pond:

During environmetnal screening, the following issues were identified: extraction of concentrated surface water spread of malaria and water born disease in the reservoir area of the pond, machine utilization for silt removal that can cause damage to the landscape or to humans. Mitigation measures in addressing the potential impacts identified were awareness creation sessions so that community boils water for drinking or uses water guards, using mosquito nets, and strengthening water management. Operator of the machine has received training on first aid and the machine is well equipped with first aid kits. During the operation time, community members working alongside of the machine will be given awareness creation not to get close to the machine and this will be monitored. To control the speed and safe discharge of excess flood water directed to the pond site, an appropriate spillway with protective walls are designed. This will prevent flooding of the downstream area. Watershed management is planned for the whole catchment area that drains to the water point. The finding is negative determination without conditions. The aforementioned measures will be put in place based on the screening.

Prosopis Clearing:

An environmental screening was conducted. The process found negative determine with conditions, and the following actions are being put in place: In areas where the prosopis is thick and dense, the clearing process is designed to prevent mass removal of the top soil. During the removal of the trunk from the root, the land will finally get leveled to avoid depression areas and susceptibility of the soil to erosion. Burning of the cleared prosopis will be made in a controlled manner to prevent propagation of fire to unwanted direction.

After removal of the prosopis, the land reclamation measures considered will be implemented by joint action with the community.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 3,0: STRENGTHENED ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS FOR HOUSEHOLDS TRANSITIONING OUT OF PASTORALISM:

Key Result 3.1: TOPs employability increased through life skills, financial literacy and entrepreneurship training

Basic Business Skills for micro and small enterprises (SMEs) run by people with disability (PWD)

During the quarter, PRIME trained 31 (24 female and 7 male) SME members with disability on basic business management in Yabello Woreda. The objective of the training was to improve the business skills of persons with disabilities to run micro and small business. PRIME also conducted a 2-day training to personnel of government and private banks as well as micro finance institution) and teachers and administrators of TVET in Afar Cluster (Amibara, Gewane, and Awash) and Eastern Cluster (Jigjiga). The overall objective of the training was to raise the general awareness towards disability inclusion in the services of these institutions.

Jobs created for Youth after being trained in irrigation-pump maintenance

During the quarter, a preliminary assessment on the status of irrigated horticulture revealed that approximately 350 horticulture producers have no access to irrigation motor pump maintenance

46 services in the southern cluster. Consequently, PRIME carried out trainings on pump maintenance to 11 semi-skilled youth and 2 government members of staff. The trainings were facilitated and conducted by technicians of Liben woreda Irrigation Department. After the training, PRIME provided the maintenance toolkit for the 11 trainees on a cost sharing basis enabling them to start offering a fee-based maintenance service which has enabled them to recover their startup costs and earn decent incomes.

TOT training on Private Service Provider (PSP) and Field Agent (FA) models of Village Saving and Lending Associations (VSLA)

In order to improve the financial literacy of pastoralists, PRIME is pursuing the private service provider model to form and expand VSLAs in the project operational areas. Twelve PRIME financial service technical staffs were trained as ToTs on Field Agent and Private Service Provider models for five days. The trained Tots are then meant to rollout the training for new PSPs that PRIME is planning to support in all PRIME clusters.

VSLA formation through the Provider Service Provider model

In order to increase financial literacy and access to finance, PRIME is pursuing the formation and expansion of VSLAs through PSP model which is a more cost effective and sustainable method to expand outreach of training and certifying PSPs, who live in target communities and provide the service. PSPs train VSLAs, for a fee - paid by the VSLAs, thus eliminating the need for long-term external technical support. The main advantage of this approach is that new VSLAs continue to be created (and supported) even after a project has ended.

During the quarter, activities related to area mapping and selection of PSPs in all clusters were completed PRIME will provide transitional technical and financial support for a one year pilot phase and during the certification process of the PSPs. It is envisaged that trained 40 PSPs will start forming VSLAs and providing training to members fee-paid by VSLAs by the next quarter culminating in their training 120 new VSLAs and revitalize 35 existing VSLAs in all clusters by the end of the financial year.

Entrepreneurship, MIS and basic business skill training to One-Stop Centers and MSEs agency staffs in the Eastern cluster

Basic Entrepreneurship, MIS and basic skills trainings were carried out for eight one-stop centers in the Eastern cluster to build their capacity and enable them to provide skill development training and disseminate market information for TOPs. One-stop centers act as resource points where TOPs go to get information on the labor market, employment and skills development. It is expected that in the next quarter, PRIME and One Stop Center will sign a Fixed Obligation Grant agreement and hire appropriate consultant to establish MIS and providing the CEFE training benefiting 5,000 TOPs.

Cost sharing grant for Hello-jobs (Amasis-Belcash)

PRIME received a proposal from Amasis and Belecash to implement Hellojobs/„(Hellosira)‟ service aimed at registering job seekers through the phone and online and provide free access to the data for employers. By signing FOG agreement with PRIME, starting from May 2014, the phone and online service will start registering job seekers. A minimum of six call center agents in Somali, Afar and

Oromia regions will be established in the first year and the number will be adjusted versus the needs in the subsequent two years. The expected impact of this activity is to register 30,000 profiles of job seekers in year 1 and eventually another 100,000 the two following years).

Localized youth-led mini labor market assessment in Easter Cluster

PRIME carried out a localized youth mini labour market assessment in 17 in the Eastern cluster. The objectives of the assessment was to engage youth to conduct an employment and business opportunity survey in order to improve their understanding of dynamics and functions of local labor market systems and to stimulate their desire to take available employment opportunities in the locality. The assessment was conducted by 10 unemployed youth supported by Mercy Corps and ACPA. A total of 134 businesses, skill training centers, youth associations and local government institutions were interviewed. The below table depicts list of businesses, skill training centers and associations that are contacted during the survey.

Table 6: Business and institutions interviewed for the survey Type No of private or public District/towns institutions 1 Small Business 66 In major districts in eastern cluster 2 Large business/factories 12 DD, Jig, A/barre/ D/bur Melka jabtu 3 Cooperatives 24 Major districts/towns 4 Employment agencies 6 Jigjig and Dire Dawa cities 4 Youth association 12 Most of the districts 5 Skill training centers 8 Jig, DD/ D/bur 6 Government institutions 12 Most of the districts Total 134

The key findings of the assessment was the identification of several bridge and railway construction companies that may be potential employers of TOPS as shown in the table below;

Table 7 Potential employers identified in eastern clusters through the assessment Business Location # of workers Permanent Temporary Total 1 Chine Civil engineering and Dire Dawa 180 770 950 construction corporation 2 National Cement factory Dire Dawa 54 660 714 3 Ture Cement factory Dire Dawa 80 11 91 4 Aqua Dire bottling company Dire Dawa 12 91 103 5 Fafan water bottling Fafan/Gursum 12 42 44 6 Jigjig foam factory Jigjiga 20 15 35 7 Hodan flour milling Jigjiga 8 13 21 8 Dur Dur flour and bakery Lafaisse/Awbarre 10 16 26 Total 376 1618 1984

The assessment also identified the skillsets that major employers require TOPS to have in order for them to be eligible for employment which led PRIME to design life skill and technical skill development interventions in partnership with public and private TVETs in the area. It is expected that more than 400 TOPs will have access to specific labor market information and skills that will give them a much higher chance to get regular employment.

Literature review: understanding TOPs and in their context in all PRIME operational areas

During the quarter, Haramaya University completed a literature review on TOPS and Youth which was meant to create a better understanding among implementing partners on the knowledge of TOPs in their context. Primary data were collected using informal and formal Key Informant Interviews and field observations in selected three project areas. The data was collected through primary sources were analyzed using content analysis approach and summarized in the form of diagrams and tables. This review disclosed that the numbers of people who are transitioning out pastoralism are s increasing because recurrent droughts, conflicts, range degradation, declining productivity and accelerating population growth. In spite of the increasing employment opportunities created by private and government projects in the pastoralist areas of Ethiopia, TOPS are not getting into formal employment due to cultural barriers and lack of technical skills.

VSLA and RuSACCO Inventory carried out in the Eastern Cluster

Mercy Corps and ACAP completed the inventory of VSLAs and RuSACCOs in the Eastern cluster. The inventory revealed that the 98 Ru/SACCOs identified lack the required capacities to manage group financial services leading to low saving and lending volumes. PRIME is working with woreda cooperative promotion agency to revitalize RuSACCOs in all clusters to increase access to finance for pastoralists and TOPs.

Scholarship Program for TOPS for Short-term Skills Training

The main objective of PRIME scholarship program for TOPs is to improve their life readiness through short-term skill training that will assist them secure stable employment or create self- employment after requisite training. PRIME partners in all clusters are working on identification of short-term trainings that can create job/business opportunities and selection of TVET‟s and partners for the training and apprenticeship is ongoing. Approximately 200 TOPS will be awarded scholarships to attend various short-term skill trainings in different TVET‟s in the next quarter.

Capacity Building Training for Regional Bureau Heads in Eastern cluster

The objective of the training was to build the capacity of the regional government to understand the market system approach that PRIME is currently implementing. Eight bureau heads and senior delegates attended a one day training that mainly focused on fundamental economic and market development approach of PRIME for sustainable development and minimum economic recovery standards of development. In the next quarter, PRIME will organize similar training for senior officers of Afar and Oromia regional governments.

Key Result 3.2: Increased income opportunities for TOPs

Islamic/sharia compliant loan facilitation to livestock traders in Easter cluster

PRIME provided technical and financial assistance to Somali MFI to rollout a Sharia compliant loan product for livestock traders, the first of its kind in the region. A total of USD 300 was advanced to SMFI to cover its operational overheads and then to on-lend 10,000 USD loan for each livestock trader. SMFI has to-date disbursed 4,600,000 ETB approximately 230,000 USD to 23 large and medium sized livestock traders in the region. The injection of this loan will enable traders to buy and export between 15,400-18,400 livestock from around 7000 household over a period of one year. SMFI is planning to rollout loan to additional 25 traders that are interested in the product. Plans are

49 underway to sign an MOU with Oromia MFI to roll out the same product to businesses and livestock traders in Borena and Guji zones of Southern Cluster in the next quarter.

Technical and financial support for establishment of Afar MFI (AMFI)

During the period, PRIME supported the establishment modalities of Afar MFI. One of key requirement for the MFI to get license from National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is to hire competent general manager and revise its business plan. In response to a request from AEMFI and AMFI, PRIME has accepted to cost share the salary of the general manager. The MFI has revised its business plan and has begun recruitment formalities for a Manager. The NBE is expected to award the license to start operations by the next quarter.

Micro-franchise business for women to create income streams

The objective of this activity is to create self-employment opportunity for 300 women through the sale of fast moving consumable foods through micro franchising model.(WHAT does this mean?) In this quarter, the identification of wholesalers and distributors was completed in Fafan and Jarar zone, and eight wholesalers and retailers were identified for the activity. The selection of beneficiaries and subsequent business startup activities are expected to be completed in the next quarter.

Training and technical assistance to poultry producers on feed formulation and preparation

During the quarter, PRIME partner ACPA facilitated three days training for 78 (56 F & 22 M) poultry producers from Jijiga, Gursum, Babile, Afdem and Maeso on poultry feed formulation and preparation. The objectives of this training were to introduce the poultry producers‟ to feed preparation skills that would lead to increased poultry productivity.

Cost sharing grant for poultry input supplier expansion in Jijiga

The objective of the cost-sharing grant is to expand poultry input like day old/three month old chicken and feed supply in the agro-pastoralist communities and for people transitioning out of pastoralism in the region. Friends Poultry farm from Jijiga has submitted its proposal for funding to PRIME) and the proposal reviewed and awaiting approval for grant. Next month, grant milestones, due diligence and signing FOG agreement are going to be completed and the poultry farm will start expansion of the farm. (Not clear at all)

Identification of private employment agencies in Eastern cluster

The identification of employment agencies in Southern and Afar cluster was completed during the period and a total of 12 employment agencies working in Dire Dawa, City Zone and Jijiga zone of Somali regional have been identified to act as potential agents of facilitating linkages between employees and employers. PRIME is focusing its interventions on improving the quality of services

50 provided by the employment agencies, scaling up their scope of service in target geographic areas, and supporting them to work more closely with TOPs in pastoral communities. (What is PRIME doing?)

Creation of a Forum for formal and informal financial service providers to better understand and respond to the financial service‟s needs of TOPs and pastoralists in southern cluster

To improve financial services for TOPs and pastoralists, PRIME facilitated the creation of a forum to create linkages between micro financial institutions and rural saving and credit cooperatives in Yabello, Dire, Miyo, Teltele, Moyale and Arero woredas of Borena Zone. 181 (69 M and 112 F) members and leadership of MFI and SACCOs participated in the forum and discussed the financial service needs of pastoralists in the Zone. A total of 144 (30 M and 114 F) members of six SACCOs opened saving account and saved 250,300 ETB (13,000 USD) at Oromia MFI. The remaining 5,721 SACCO members in that Zone are expected to open to open saving by the next quarter

Table 8: forum participants and number of members of SACCOs targeted to link with MFI # participants Actual # of SACCO members # SACCO (Committees)attended the S.No Woreda attended forum the forum M F Total M F Total 1. Miyo 8 10 15 25 112 427 539 2. Yabello 9 13 3 16 189 205 394 3. Dire 12 18 39 57 311 502 813 4. Moyale 34 7 27 34 467 2,432 2,899 5. Teltele 15 9 20 29 66 862 928 6. Arero 7 12 8 20 128 164 292 Total 85 69 112 181 1,273 4,592 5,865

Post-harvest technology promotion and food-grain post-harvest management training in Afar cluster

The objective of the promotion and piloting of pit storage grain bag (PSGB) is to popularize the technology and train agro-pastoralists on post-harvest food-grain management practices to reduce post-harvest loss in Afar cluster. PRIME collaborated with a private manufacturer of PSG bags and trained 165 HHs (34 Female, 161 Male) on proper use of the grain storage technology. 50 households were selected for the pilot and were given plastic bags for the activity. A successful PRIME led review of the results after a 2 month period demonstrated the efficacy of the technology to the participating households. This activity is expected to be replicated by more households in the next quarter

Key Result 3.3: Market Access Expanded to Increase Employment Opportunities

SMFI- Belcash mobile and agent banking project in Eastern cluster

In the quarter, NBE has enforced the new directive to allow mobile and agent banking in Ethiopia and the new directive required Somali MFI and Belcash to revise their business plan and amend their agreement to the terms of revenue sharing model. SMFI and Belcash signed the amended

51 agreement and submitted it to NBE and the 2 institutions are waiting for a positive outcome. Belcash has started providing training to SMFI officers at the main and branch offices and agent training will be undertaken in the next quarter.

Zonal Agricultural trade fair in southern cluster

During the quarter, PRIME had intended to organize a zonal agricultural trade fair agricultural to create and strengthen business linkages and access to different inputs and technologies to pastoralists and agro pastoralist in Negelle Zone, Southern cluster. This activity was however postponed due recent ethnicity related conflict in the Borena and Guji .

Competitive cost sharing grant for business expansion to regional agricultural input suppliers

In last quarter, a request for proposals for a cost sharing grant for business expansion to regional agricultural input suppliers was announced in all clusters. The status for each cluster is as below; Eastern Cluster: 7 applications received, five applicants have been pre-selected, field verifications and due diligence are undergoing. Signing of FOG agreement with four grantees and grant disbursement will be completed in the next quarter Sothern Cluster: Eight proposals reviewed and two applicants selected from Negelle and Yabello woreda. Disbursement activities will to be completed in the next quarter. Afar cluster: THE RFP did not attract business in afar because of limited agricultural input businesses in the region. The RFP has been re-advertised after changing the terms and in the following quarter, enough applicants are expected to submit their proposal.

Competitive cost sharing grant for regional micro-solar distributors

The objective of this activity is to support businesses in a competitive basis to expand their micro- solar distribution business in the pastoralist areas of Somali, Southern Oromia and Afar regions and improve access to renewable energy to beneficiaries who are living off the main grid. A call for RFP was made during the quarter. Five and three applications were received from the Eastern Cluster and Southern clusters respectively. Awardees will receive the grant after the field verification, negotiation on the milestone and cost sharing completed in the next quarter.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 4.0: ENHANCED INNOVATION, LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Key result 4.1: Project Performance Enhanced through Effective Monitoring

Develop and deploy PRIMEinformation management tools (Design and rollout of Ki-projects and Ki-metrics online reporting systems)

During the period under review, the beta version of Ki-projects was successfully released to users through several live simulation tests with PRIME‟s leadership in Addis. This web based knowledge management tool enables PRIME to interface with partners in real time from activity initiation through reporting and close-out. It also allows PRIME to collaboratively track and manage progress and risks while at the same time building partner capacity in activity design and reporting process. Ki-projects also provide space for document archiving. Ki-projects has been extensively customized in order to breakdown some elements of complexity and increase agility within the project

52 environment. The system is undergoing final adjustments following which it will be rolled-out to PRIME users in the next quarter. Training for field based teams is scheduled during the last week of May.

Screen-shot: Concept Notes creation template Ki-metrics™ The objective of Ki-metrics is to enhance the quality of program data and increase reporting efficiency. Ki-metrics complements Ki-projects by providing a platform to automatically generate indicator values based on data entered through the former. Ki-metrics generates indicator values by applying algorithms to raw data collected at field level using a representative sample at quarterly intervals. Algorithms and data collection forms have been drafted based on constraints defined in Indicator Reference Sheets. Ki-metrics is functional and will be ready to use in the next quarter after algorithms and data entry forms have been approved by PRIME.

Development of Assessment Methodologies

PRIME‟s performance management tools include Spot Checks, Rapid Impact Evaluations and mini Annual Surveys. These tools provide progress information at output and outcome levels with the objective of capturing how change is occurring at household, community and enterprise levels and within the consortium. They do not replace larger and more structured evaluation methods including the mid and end term evaluations but fill the data gap until such processes occur. The Spot Check methodology has been approved by PRIME pending field testing prior to final adoption. The Rapid Impact Evaluation and mini Annual Survey methodologies will be finalized during the next quarter.

Key result 4.2: Project decision making and adaptions based on strong evidence

Prime Baseline Survey

The baseline survey was conducted in the project zones of influence and baseline values were collected on the key performance and risk indicators, with a focus on the PMP indicators as defined by PRIME, in the later part of the first year of the project and not at the beginning of the project. Data collection and analysis was completed in October 2013 and a first draft of the report submitted in early November 2013. The final baseline report is under completion based on comments received from PRIME. In addition to providing a more focused overall analysis of baseline indicators, the

53 final report will also include an urban and rural dimension, a perspective of wealth which captures realities of Populations Transitioning out and into of Pastoralism (TOPs & TIPs) and a more information on rural communities in Oromiya. To align the report more closely with PRIME objectives, the following tasks were accomplished during the quarter under review:  Re-analysis of key assumptions  Expansion of certain indices  Additional cross-referencing of existing PRIME assessment reports  Revision of data analysis methods for select indicators  Additional data quality control  Methodology section enhanced with more description The final report will be submitted during the next quarter and will emphasize quantitative results

Key result 4.3: Policy Information Base Strengthened

During the quarter, Haramaya University completed a literature review on TOPS and Youth meant to create a better understanding among implementing partners on the knowledge of TOPs in their context. Primary data were collected using informal and formal Key Informant Interviews and field observations in selected three project areas. The data was collected through primary sources were analyzed using content analysis approach and summarized in the form of diagrams and tables. The key findings results of this review are; (i) the number of people who are transitioning out pastoralism is increasing because of the increasing livelihood difficulties resulting from recurrent droughts, conflicts, range degradation, declining productivity and accelerating population growth, (ii) there is also a gradual increment in the number of people who partially or partly drop pastoral production systems and diversify to non-livestock livelihood options at the vicinity of the pastoral areas such as milking cows service for return in kind (milk cows and get milk for the service), selling charcoal, looking after cows for cash or non- cash services, (iii) The rural to rural mobility is significantly higher than the rural to urban mobility in Ethiopian pastoralists systems and (iv) TOPS are not the candidates of employment market out rightly either because of skill gap or tradition. Among the study recommendations is the need for PRIME‟S to focus on enhancing the employability skills and development of livelihood options at the vicinity of the pastoralists while creating attitude change and positive mind-sets. The final report has been shared among partners and advisers, and was also presented in various leadership and clusters coordination meetings. A complete portfolio of completed and ongoing studies in conjunction with Haramaya University is listed in Table 9 below;

Table 9: Haramaya University Research Portfolio Study Title Starting date Expected end month 1 Literature Review - TOPs & Youth January Completed 2 Policy Identification and Gap Analysis January April 3 Milk quality research along the milk value chain in pastoral and agro- February May pastoral part of Ethiopia) 4 Assessment of communities‟ climate hazards and vulnerability, and February May EW information needs for meteorological forecast validation and locally tailored service provision Documenting Process and Best Practices of Participatory Rangeland February May Management (PRM) Approach Supported by PRIME in Pastoral Areas of Oromia, Somali and Afar Regions 5 Market research on existing insurance products and study of Best March June Practices/Lessons Learned 6 Evaluation of Carbon Stock in Participatory Rangeland Management March August

(PRM) Areas of PRIME Project 7 Production and Dissemination of Animal Health Education Materials March June in Pastoral and Agro-pastoral part of Ethiopia 8 Market research on existing insurance products and study of Best March June Practices/Lessons Learned

Key result 4.4: Information Dissemination and Coordination Improved

Two-way communication channels strengthened

PRIME website

The PRIME website is under construction and when completed will increase PRIME‟s interface with the public. PRIME‟s website is it‟s gateway to the world. The development phase was launched this quarter and will be completed in the next reporting period in compliance with USAID branding and marking requirements. The portal will have multiple interfaces thereby ensuring knowledge resources specifically target needs of different audiences and facilitates exchanges with the public. The following deliverables are in progress:  Component design using Joomla CMS a. Users in role based scheme b. Notification & email c. Calendar & Event d. Document uploading and downloading e. Home page news (rolling text ) f. Others based on user requests  Graphics and Images design per USAID branding and marking policy  Architecture and content tailored to PRIME requirements  Ongoing quality reviews and testing with PRIME

The communications specialist started work with PRIME during the quarter, a move which has resulted in significant uptake of activities planned under this sub-activity. Key amongst the activities accomplished includes;  PRIME communication strategy that outlines the detailed plan of PRIME‟s internal and external communication with beneficiaries, stakeholders, and partners. The communication strategy has been drawn up with a view to providing a link between project objectives and communications planning and delivery; helping explain to partners and staff how communications will support departmental objectives, and which strategic choices have been taken and building common understanding of audiences and priorities across all communication activities.  Finalization of nine fact sheets that provide information about PRIME and its components in English. The materials have been translated into local languages (Amharic, Afan Oromo, Afar and Somali), and they will be printed and shared with beneficiaries, stakeholders and partners in the next quarter.  Support to the Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods Program (DRSLP) project at the Ministry of Agriculture to print brochures, logos and a banner for to provide visibility in IGAD and other bilateral meetings.

USAID Forward:

As part of the USAID Forward objective, to build the capacity of local partner organizations to receive USAID fund in the future, PRIME continued to support consortium partners in assessing their organizational capacities in order to improve and strengthen their organizational capabilities in self-identified areas. Organizational capacity assessments (OCA) were conducted for Aged and Children Pastoralist Association (ACPA) in Jijiga and for the Afar Integrated and Sustainable Development Association (AISDA) in Afar using the Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool (OCAT) developed by CARE Ethiopia. The main objective was to assess six key organizational capacities of of partner organizations through a participatory and self-assessment process with leadership, program and financial staff. The assessment process was participatory and self- assessment that helped organizations to critically look in to their current status regarding the key capacity areas i.e. i) Governance and strategic vision, ii) Project design and implementation, iii) human resources, iv) Administration, v) Financial management, and vii External relations and strategic partnerships. Consequently, the partners rated their capacity levels under each area and developed action plans with list of capacity building activities for implementation.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 5.0: USE OF NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS:

Key result 5.1: Knowledge, Awareness and Practices around Household Nutrition

Improved Counseling & Community Support

The PRIME Nutrition team introduced Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA), as part of improving counseling and communities support. ENA has seven doable actions that can easily integrate with health services and community level counseling and support. PRIME followed the three key program components as recommended by government (Health facility level, Community-level and Behavioral Change) to introduce ENA for PRIME operational areas. At the beginning of the quarter, PRIME nutrition team conducted a rapid assessment to explore the existing counseling service at health facility and community level. The assessment found out generally, health workers are not providing proper counseling on maternal/child nutrition. In addition, health facilities lack ENA BCC materials such as poster with key messages, critical contact point care and the quick reference for health workers and community volunteers to be used for nutrition counseling. Even, where other non-nutrition health messages were available, they are not contextualized in terms of local language and photos. As a result, ENA training was organized to equip skills and knowledge for frontline health workers to improve counseling services at health facility level and community level. The steps followed to introduce ENA to health facility and community was first through organizing training of the trainers (TOT) trainings, then the trained health workers cascaded the training to the community level. Moreover, to improve counseling and community support at the community level participants were organized into women-to-women peer groups.

TOT Training provided for health workers on Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA)

A 3-day TOT trainings were organized and facilitated in all the three clusters. The trainings were facilitated by trained facilitators from regional health offices. Participants were health workers from woreda health office, health centers and health extension workers selected from the PRIME

56 operational areas. Overall, two rounds of training are planned for the TOT trainings in all the 3 clusters in this quarter, the first round was successfully conducted for a total of 474 health workers. The second round training will be conducted in a similar way during the next quarter. Training was facilitated using the ENA national standard training modules. The training deployed participatory methodology, as a result, there was high level of participation especially in the areas of sharing current practices and challenges faced by the health workers.

None of the 474 health workers, had ENA training before, though they were except to conduct activities on ENA, hence the training was clearly needed and the health workers appreciated the training as building their capacity. The trainees further committed to work with PRIME team on cascading the training to community level and strengthen health facility level counseling through the ENA message at the different critical contact points such as antenatal, delivery, postnatal Immunizations, well child and sick child visit. As it was noted from general reflection and the post- test, the training objectives were well met. At the end, of the training participants developed action plan on how ENA training will be cascaded to community level and ENA will be integrated with health facility routine service

PRIME would continue support in terms of trainings and refreshers, contextualizing counseling materials to health facility and engaging the regional health bureaus on the importance of nutrition counseling at facility level in the coming quarters, to ensure nutrition counseling is integral part of services provided at health facility.

Cascading ENA training to community level

Following the ENA TOT trainings, the trainings were further cascaded to kebele level through trained health workers. A total of 980 participants were reached in the three clusters. The main purpose of the training was to provide orientation on key ENA messages for community level target group to improve counseling through community support group. This would help the messages further penetrate in the community and improve demand for services by the primary beneficiaries of PRIME nutrition, such as pregnant, lactating women and children under 5 years. The trainings sessions, were fully facilitated by those health workers who had TOT training on ENA with PRIME. In order, to ensure the quality of the training, PRIME staff and woreda level health supervisors monitored all training at kebele level. Facilitators were provided with all necessary materials required for cascading the trainings during the TOT training.

Additionally, ENA booklet, translated to Somali, Afan Oromo and Afar local languages were provided to the trainers beforehand. The day community training covered all the kabeles of Afdem, Awash, Gewane, Moyale Somali and Moyale Oromia. In each kebele, total of 20-25 individuals were trained.

The Individuals or community group members targeted for community training include: community level health volunteers (such as Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs), malaria women agents), influential women, members from health committee, women development army group leaders, pregnant and lactating women.

Rapid Assessment on Parents‟ aspirations for their children

The rapid assessments on parents‟ aspiration for their children were conducted in all the 3 clusters through qualitative focus group discussions (FGD) with men and women group from selected woredas. The main purpose of this assessment was to enrich those assessments conducted by PRIME during the last two quarter and determine motivational factors for the parents‟ on future of their children. These motivational factors are important in developing compelling and attractive messages that‟s along the aspiration of parents. Total of 10 FGDs were conducted. Some of the key findings are:

 Overall, in all the 3 clusters parents‟ have the similar kind of aspirations for future of their children, they want them grow properly, very strong, healthy, properly dressed, good looking and happy. But above all, and more importantly for them, they want to see their children well in educated, graduate from university to support themselves, the family and the nation.  All the parents wished their children grow up in a better house different from the house they are currently living. “I want my children live in and grow up in apartment” a man in Liben zone, said.  The assessment found while some parents mentioned wanting their children healthy, the majority parents‟ priority and inspiration was seeing their children educated and economically better off. To ensure PRIME nutrition messages are compelling and attractive to the PRIME audience, PRIME would use the inspirational factors and make a connection between improved nutrition, education and economic betterment, in developing nutritional BCC messages, as opposed to the traditional health focused messages.

Health facility assessment for IEC/BCC material auditing

During quarter, heath facility IEC/BCC audit was conducted in all the three clusters. The main purpose of the assessment was to understand the availability and access of nutrition related BCC materials but also take an audit of trained health workers on nutrition counseling. Total of 36 health facilities (24 health center and 12 health posts) were assessed in all the 3 clusters. The assessment was conducted through observations and interviewing key staff working in mother and children health (MCH) department and the head of health center or health post. Some of the key observation/findings include.  Majority of the health facilities don‟t have BCC/IEC materials for nutrition counseling including posters and counseling guides such as the ENA.  Where available BCC materials like posters were not contextualized and most BCC materials that are available at health posts and health centers are those prepared at national level in Amharic or in English language. In addition, pictures on the posters do not reflect the local culture.  There is no standard counseling procedures, there are significant difference among the health workers interviewed.  None of the health workers interviewed were trained on nutrition counseling or ENA  The „1000 days‟ concept is very new concept, majority have never heard about it.

Based on the findings of the assessment PRIME nutrition is undertaking the following activities to improve skills and knowledge of health workers and improve the availability and access of BCC:

 Providing support for regional health bureau, on the development of context based IEC/BCC materials  Supporting training for health workers and community on ENA, IYCF and nutrition counseling.

Training in Food Utilization

Assessing Indigenous nutrition food

During the quarter, both East and Afar cluster conducted rapid assessment on available indigenous nutrition food. The Eastern Cluster household assessment was led by HAVOYOCO. The assessment covered two districts in Fafen, Siti zones. From each district, 10 households were selected (5 from urban setting and 5 rural setting), for focus group discussion (FGD). A total of 50 households were interviewed. Additionally, 15 traders from each district was interviewed to get market information. Similarly, the Afar field team conducted the assessment in 3 districts (Amibar, Gewane and Afar) of zone 3. In Afar the assessment used FGDs with men and women groups. Total 6 FGDs conducted and total of 78 people interviewed through this process. Both clusters finalized data collection and currently working on analysis. The results of the assessment would be ready and shared the next quarter.

Barrier Analysis on dietary diversity

The analysis of the barrier analysis (BA) assessment on dietary diversity conducted during the last quarter was finalized this quarter. The main objective of this assessment is to understand the existing behaviors/practices and barriers on preparation and serving of diversified diet/different groups of foods at household level. Households were identified as Doers and Non-Doers based on the household dietary diversity score. For this assessment, a household that served four and above food groups was considered as Doers while those that served less than four food groups were considered as Non-Doers. Some the key finding and recommendations from the preliminary report summarized below.  Better off households reported access to market as main barrier for serving different food groups for their households.  Most households, of both Doers and Non-Doers reported economic problem as the main barrier for serving different groups of food for their households.  Most Non-Doers reported, I don‟t remember to buy different groups of food when buying food ratio from the market.  Some of the challenges in consuming diverse diet included cultural norms and perceptions. For example, women in Afar reported “it is not good to take additional food if one had drunk camel milk.  Skills in preparing different kinds of food were also reported as barriers to serving different food groups.  It was also observed that the community outreach programs and the health education sessions do not include dietary diversity.

Following the findings, PRIME is developing strategies to enhance promotion of dietary diversity and ensure dietary diversity information is integral part of routine health education through existing institutional partners such as health extension workers and developments agents. PRIME would also organize cooking demonstrations including hygienic preparation

of child food through the IYCF trainings. IR5 would also work with IR3 to ensure economic activities under IR3 benefit women

Promotional event on Post-harvest Storage technology

Promotion and piloting of postharvest food grain storage locally called Pit Storage Grain Bag (PSGB) was conducted in partnership with experienced private sector/businessman in Bonta Kebele of Amibara woreda. The activity was a combined initiative of 1R3&5. The aim is to increase food security and improve nutrition status through food appropriate food storage. On the promotional event, 160 agro pastoralists (including 6 disabled individuals) and three woreda extension experts attended training on postharvest food grain management practices in general and proper use and installation of PSGB technology, in particular. Of the 160 agro pastoralists attended the training and promotion event, 50 model and interested households were selected for piloting the use of PSGB technology. These households stored their food grain using the technology as per the training provided. Therefore, on average 300 individual family members of model agro pastoralists (6 members /HH) were expected to benefit from the piloted PSGB technology as it maintain the quality and safety of the stored food grain. Practical field based demonstration on proper pit preparation, storage bag installation and pit covering was also demonstrated with the private businessman to the participants. Post event feedback from agro- pastoralists and woreda extension experts indicated that the implementation of the activity was crucial and timely as agro-pastoralist lack postharvest knowledge/skill and has no access to storage technologies before. Furthermore, they expressed their interest for future collaboration in scaling up the activity to other kebeles.

On the other hand, implementation of the sub activity has also created an opportunity for the private businessman to understand the existing demand for storage technology and enabled him to create linkage with the community and other interested individuals/agents for future business expansion.

This activity is a good example of Ag-nutrition linkages, where PRIME economic development team, the government development agents, the private sector and the nutrition team, which led the exercise worked together to improve nutrition and food security in the community. Likewise, the USAID-funded SPRING project visited Afar to document the activities, while the final report on the feedback on the visit is not yet out, a debrief by SPRING, talked highly of this activity.

Behavior Change Communication (BCC)

Development of soap opera for social change

During the quarter, PRIME production team finalized all initial phases for the production of Soap opera for social change. This includes contracting a production team led by a highly qualified edutainment drama writer. The production of story synopsis and plot lines, for all the three clusters, which is based on a rapid assessment that was conducted to understanding the culture and the context, the assessments observed the unique qualities of the community. As a result, PRIME would develop three distinct drama stories that best qualify the different settings, which are realistic and compelling. The Soap Opera would use SIBIDO methodology, which is audience based character development and plot lines, which would help the audience with a range of characters they can engage and associate themselves with, some good, some not so good. A creative brief and scheduling for the soap opera for change has also been developed.

As part of the partnership with Warner Brothers, three IR5 staff are planned to visit Warner Bros studio and the writers room in Los Angles that would be followed by similar visit by Warner Bros staff to Ethiopia. Warner Bros have committed some of their most talented and celebrated writers and social marketers to provided technical assistant in building the skills of PRIME social marketing staff and local creative talent in the use of creative writing & compelling marketing tools (tactics, creative stories and ideas) and entertainment to enhance the competiveness of healthful versus unhealthful behaviors. Among the superlative writers and social marketers that would visit Ethiopia include Christopher Mack, Vice President of the writers‟ workshop and Karen Miller, senior Vice President of creative services.

Finally, based on media consumption survey result, which identified the most popular radio stations, the production team has been communicating with the federal & regional radio stations to air the upcoming drama. Hence, there has been a series of negotiation with those stations which is leading to signing an agreement in the next quarter.

Information Consumption Survey

During the quarter, PRIME finalized the data entry and analysis for information Consumption Survey and come up with preliminary findings. The collected data were entered in SPSS software and then summarized in a summery sheet that calculated percentages separated by urban, rural, house hold decision making persons (HHDMPs) and house hold mothers (HHMs). The data were summarized separately for each cluster to allow for comparisons between the regions. Having cluster-specific data could also be helpful in the future if there is a need to develop region- specific messaging.

Below is a summary of major findings of the information consumption survey in Southern, Eastern and Afar Clusters:  In all three clusters, the main sources of information for household mothers living in urban and rural areas are almost similar. Health workers, neighbors, family members, friends and radio are the main source of information reported in both group.  The unique sources of information for household mothers in rural areas are development agents and community animal health workers while TV is mentioned only for urban women household.

 Generally, Ethiopia radio is most popular in terms of listenership in all three clusters of rural communities. Based on the findings of the information consumption survey, the 3 most important channels to reach communities in PRIME areas with BCC messages are through extension and community workers such as health workers, development agents, and women and religious leaders, radio and for the urban setting such as Jijiga, Yabello and Awash, TV and Radio combined.

Hence, PRIME is deploying an approach based on layering messages using the above venues through the Ag-nutrition sensitive, health workers & community trainings and the radio soap opera for change and the theatre groups, production of print educational materials and community conversation to reach as many beneficiaries as possible with a consistent messages coming from different direction for high impact.

Appropriate BCC printing materials identified

During the quarter, PRIME Nutrition team identifies appropriate BCC products for five behavioral themes. BCC products categorized and identified based on each five behavioral theme. This categorization simplifies the planning and monitoring related to BCC production, distribution and utilization of the products for desired objectives. The BCC product guide ensures the PRIME nutrition team focuses on the 5 behavioral themes identified through assessment at the beginning of the project and ensures those behavioral themes are transmitted consistently through the various methods of dissemination.

Table 10: The BCC products guide by different themes. S/ Type of MAIYCNv (BF, Micronutrient Food Animal health Food Agriculture/food No communi complementary intervention Fortification including diversification/ security cation feeding, etc.) (vitamin, fodder feeding including post- materials Iron, Zinc, practices /good harvest Iodine etc.) tradition on feeding 1 Poster Pictures and Developing Developing messages on and posting Poster 1000 days – posters that promotes posted in HF and promotes importance Schools. consumption fodder and of animal health micronutrients. seeking behaviors that will be posted at private clinic and rural drug venders 2 Charts Key messages on Developing MAIYCN for H. charts that show workers to be Steps on how to referred when locally prepare providing meals that counseling for contains diet mothers. diversity. 3 Bill Board Pictures and Developing Developing poster messages on and posting promoting poster- 1000 days in bill boards harvest storage in market places that promotes selected areas

S/ Type of MAIYCNv (BF, Micronutrient Food Animal health Food Agriculture/food No communi complementary intervention Fortification including diversification/ security cation feeding, etc.) (vitamin, fodder feeding including post- materials Iron, Zinc, practices /good harvest Iodine etc.) tradition on feeding and main roads consumption of micronutrients in market places and main roads 4 Video via Showing videos Promoting Video shows on Cordless of proper breast success stories HH level food projector feeding about the preparations that attachments and benefits of contain diet recorded live animal health diversity show dramas of seeking MAIYCF to behaviors and target audiences fodder in the remote provision via PRIME cordless intervention projectors areas. 5 Circus/ Live drama Drama story line Drama shows by on diet diversity regional and will be used entertainment for promotional groups on IYCF event during food preparations 6 Manuals Quick reference Development on IYCF used agent guide line for training and on diet diversity reference for and steps of health workers in keyhole garden. providing Training manual counseling and for DAs on training manuals nutrition add on on IYCF and training ENA 7 Spot TV and radio Promoting Promoting Promoting messages spots consumption of animal health seasonal messages messages fortified seeking trend related to Ag. and products via radio spots food security through TV and radio spots 8 Magazine Developing messages on demands of fodder use and animal health services

The „1000 days‟

Circus show

During the quarter, HAVOYOCO circus team conducted 16 shows focusing on IYCF, dietary diversity and equitable decision making for improved household nutrition. These events benefited 16,000 community members in which 75% were household mothers. The events were organized and conducted in 10 rural kebeles of Wajale, Shaydheer, Lafa Ciise, Lanqayrta Qudhac Ramole, Gobyaray, Hadow, Saxartilay, Haroorays, Ceelaxmaar, and feedhacad and also in six Woreda towns/urban kebeles of Jigjiga, Harshin, Kabribayah, Gursum, Awbare and Tuli- Guled. During this quarter, the team managed to conduct more shows and attracted more audience. The main reasons for this was increased popularity of the circus following the popularity the circus received from the past shows. Additionally, the capacity building through experienced theater drama consultant improved the acting and performance of the circus.

Key result 5.2: Increased/Sustained Availability of and Access to Milk & livestock products

Promotion of fodder for milking livestock during the dry seasons.

Promotional event on Fodder usage

During the quarter with collaboration of Pastoral Development Office a big promotional event was organized and conducted in Goro dola woreda of Guji zone aimed at increasing demand for fodder for milking livestock. The events reached a total of 500 participants, of these, 300 participants were women. Increasing demand for fodder for milking livestock during dry season is one of the desired behavioral changes. PRIME partnered with a local theater group in Guji zone to disseminate key messages through drama. The story line for a drama was developed PRIME BCC team ahead of time and the theater group did enough rehearsal before the actual event day. The drama show promoted key behavioral messages of the fodder production, preservation and purchased for better milking livestock. In addition, fodder supplier was invited to do promotion on fodder market. At the end of the show, event facilitator asked show attendants what learning they got from the event. Some volunteers were invited to the stage and shared the learning they got and the challenges they had faced during dry seasons. The event was concluded by woreda Pastoral Development Office whoappreciated opportunity created by this event where community, local supplier and Development Agents (DAs) come to the same place to learn from each other and share the future responsibilities. He also reinforced the role of DA providing all necessary technical support on fodder production, conservation among the communities.

Crop residue conservation training

Animal milk, one of the most nutritionally complete foods, plays a critical role in the diet of pastoralist children, and findings from the USAID Milk Matters project have demonstrated a direct link between fodder availability and access during the dry seasons, and child nutrition. In line with these findings, PRIME trained three agriculture extension workers and 32 model agro pastoralist community members (50 percent women) in crop residue conservation technique for agro pastoralists in Kebibayah and Erer Gota districts. The crop residue conservation technique is a process of preserving crop residues to use them as animal feed during pasture scare, especially for milking-livestock but households have also reported using for Trainees putting the residue in to a plastic bag and fattening their livestock. The technique compacting it. involves cutting, chopping and putting crop residues in a plastic bag, and burying them in a silo for three months. After three months, the residues, which otherwise wasted, are turned into nutritious animal feed.

The agro pastoralists in Erer Gota district already knew about the benefits of the technique but they lacked the expertise to conserve the residues. The training provided them with hands on experience to turn these crop residues into nutritious animal feed. From the monitoring visit conducted in both districts other community members have started to emulate the practice from the PRIME trainees. PRIME will further provide the necessary support not only to enable the trainees to continue conserving crop residues for feed but also to diffuse the technique to the rest of community members.

Feed production and conservation Training

During this quarter, HAVOYOCO trained 15 (6 Male and 9 Female) agro-pastoralists and 2 DAs of Fafan zone on feed production and conservation technique. The focus of this training was on how community can increases the availability and access of animal feed during the feed shortage. The training highlighted how communities can improve the productivity of the livestock particularly milk and dairy products. Which are crucial to the household nutrition and food security. As this quarter is non-rainy season session government DAs and HAVOYOCO team identified model agro- pastoralists who have land and access to irrigation area and volunteer to disseminate this technology for others. The training has both practical and theoretical part and participants were satisfied and happy with training of this new technology. So they promised to share the practical learning they got from this training with others such as their neighborhood. In addition, DAs attended the training in order to get practical skills on the technology and then teach others. DAs were also assigned to provide regular continuous technical support for the trained model agro-pastoralists.

Barrier Analysis on Animal Health Extension services

The analysis of the barrier analysis (BA) survey on Animal Health Extension Services was conducted during the last quarter was finalized this quarter. The main objective of BA on Animal Health Extension services was to understand the existing practice in animal health service seeking behavior and its barriers to access, availability and utilization of services. Head of households were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Households were categorized into Doers and Non-Doers depending on their practice on animal health seeking behavior. According to this BA, Doers defined as households that possessed livestock of any kind & whose livestock received any treatment or preventive medicine administered by household member or animal health care provider. Non- Doers defined as households that possessed livestock of any kind but whose animals did not received any treatment or preventive medicine administered by household or animal health care provider. Some of the key findings include;

 Community animal health workers (CAHWs) & private veterinary pharmacies (PVPS) were the most frequently used animal health services providers in all clusters.  Community animal health workers (CAHWs) ranked or prioritized first in terms of healing quality as well as cost.  Both Doers and Non-Doers believed that their animal could get diseases and reduced productivity if not getting health services.  Ninety nine percent of households responded that it was dangerous if their animals couldn't get health services when they were sick or not vaccinated  The occurrence of diseases & decreased productivity were more pronounced during dry season across all clusters.  There was no one who discouraged households from seeking animal health services for their animals.  The main barriers mentioned to seeking animal health services are unavailability & weak animal health services which includes inadequate drugs supply as well as lack of professionals in the health facilities.

Recommendations:  More demand Creation on CAHWs and PVPS services.  Through IR1 &3 Capacity building for CAHWs and PVPs in areas like availing quality veterinary drugs and educating the community at large on how to use and handle.  Increasing community awareness by promoting the use of high quality veterinary drugs, its utilization and storage, preventive livestock health husbandry like vaccination.

Improved equity in household decision-making for nutrition

Household decision making assessments

In this quarter PRIME consolidated the findings of HH decision making-making that undertaken during last quarter. However, some of the recommendation and conclusions include:

 Knowledge about basic prevention and treatment for childhood illnesses is limited, particularly in Afar. Based on this PRIME is developing a campaign (using the existing health care system and communication venues) with detailed information on childhood prevention and treatment is necessary for rural areas particularly in Afar.  Mothers have limited knowledge of supplementary food types and preparation. Currently they focus on food types that do not take time and fuel such as mashed potato. PRIME would develop strategies to teach mothers/caretakers of children to benefit more from recipes developed locally available food which can be prepared with ease. Based on the findings of the indigenous food assessments, PRIME would develop recipes for the local context. Gendered food demonstrations where men/women/girls/boys participate and get the opportunity to participate in these demonstrations will also serve well in creating awareness of what is possible and also erode the rigid gender norm (that women only should know/know about how to make food for children).  The assessment clearly showed that couples communication is key to resolving resource related challenges to maximize the utilization of available funds for nutrition. Most couples mentioned that differences in priority setting are dealt more tacitly but with frustration. Third party‟s intervention seems to have positive effect in ensuring equitable resource allocation, at least, as it relates to children‟s‟ nutrition. Equitable decision making on resources is a very important issue in order to address nutritional well-being of families. It is also an area where bigger gender related barriers are refuge. PRIME BCC tools would be used in a way to enhance appreciation for open dialogue. PRIME edutainment sessions such as radio dramas will consider carefully development of characters who can positively reflect on open communication between spouses.

 Mothers consider self-care (feeding, hygiene, rest) not as an integral part of motherhood but of selfishness. This is partly a social construct on self-image but also the time constraint they have. There seems to be an understanding that no woman will face major breastfeeding problem (having a breast means, there will be milk). Compared to breastfeeding messaging, there is limited or no information from health care sources on what to do when faced with biological challenge to breastfeed.

 In general, it is already established by researches that availability of milk in the household is a deciding factor for children‟s nutrition. By the same token, factors that affect the health and productivity of animals such as diseases and availability/utilization of feed have impact on nutrition of children. PRIME BCC will encourage investment in animal health is a sure way of securing better nutrition for children. At the same time, information about the nature of the animal disease and whether the disease can pass to humans or not; and what actions communities can take to prevent the transmission (such as boiling) is paramount. Communities (particularly in Dembel) do not give children milk for fear of the animal disease. There needs to be a communication strategy to inform communities of the type of animal disease in their areas and what the implication is on the utilization of milk. This communication needs to be a routine part of animal health workers and emergency intervention providers (such as I/NGOs).

 More women and men agree that income generated by women tends to be spent for household consumption. Women are engaged in small petty trading and sometimes at the risk of the already depleted natural resources such as firewood selling. Investments in trades that do not take women out of their homestead but have the potential to put more resource in

their hands are critical. These investments have dual benefit. While ensuring that households have enough resource to develop their wellness, these strategies do not take women away from nurturing their children. The changing gender norms are not at par with the challenges associated with the change. Poultry is an ideal business for women. However, in all the clusters the value chain is ridden by gaps such as non-availability of breads that can withstand the climate, feed, vaccines and cages which can withstand predators (we have observed that the rascal like predator can chew through wood). Developing the value chain

Key result 5.3: Strengthened Local Capatcity for Supporting Improved Nutrition

Workshop on Ag-nutrition sensitive Approach (Leveraging workshop)

A workshop on leveraging PRIME nutrition with government offices was conducted for two days in each of the three clusters. A total of 118 (71Male & 47 Female) government staffs from zone and woreda level offices participated. Sector offices were health, education, women affair and pastoral development office. The workshop objectives were to get their buy-in for nutrition sensitive interventions, explore areas of integration/ leveraging points, briefing about Agriculture to nutrition pathways, and developed initial action plan on better integration to enhance nutrition outcome.

The workshop was participatory, exploring the existing practice and challenges in implementing nutrition-sensitive interventions and finally the participants developed the solutions to overcome the existing problem. Overall, participants from the entire three clusters revealed that they assumed they perceived nutrition activities were mainly the responsibility of health workers and were not familiar with idea of Ag- nutrition sensitive approach. Some sector offices reported having focal person for nutrition but none had been actively implementing any nutrition-sensitive interventions. At the end of the workshop, participants reported having better understanding on nutrition sensitive interventions. The following points are some of the way forwards as agreed in the workshop.  Establish nutrition committee and plan for quarterly reflections and review at woreda level  Participants from different sector will continue to be primary contact person for nutrition interventions  PRIME team should extend the leveraging to sectors not represented in the workshop  Through woreda sector offices enhance community level extension agents on nutrition sensitive interventions.

6.0: INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION FUND

The US$5 million IIF supports activities across PRIME through targeted investments in the form of technical assistance, matching grants, and service contracts with private sector, government and non-government stakeholders.

Jijiga Export Slaughter House (JESH)

PRIME is supporting an activity to establish a new slaughterhouse in the village of Faafan in the Somali Regional State of Ethiopia that will process meat specifically for export. The Jijiga Export Slaughter House will provide improved market linkages for over 500,000 households and create up to 1000 jobs.

During the quarter under review, civil work on the power distribution room and staff changing room was completed. All the panels have arrived at the site, once the construction for storage room is completed to store the slaughter house equipment, the engineers will start fitting the panels then the slaughter house equipment. The last shipment is expected towards the end of June 2014.

The international consultant completed the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on the JESH site. The consultant met with the mission‟s environmental officer and PRIME‟s senior management team and presented the findings from the assessment. The overall conclusion from the assessment is that JESH‟s waste treatment plan is in compliance with both Federal Regulations (22 CFR 216) and the GoE Environmental Policy. Furthermore, if the slaughterhouse follow and implement the mitigations recommended, it will not have any severe impact on the site and the surrounding environment.

Somali Microfinance Institute (SMFI) - Belcash

PRIME‟s IIF signed an agreement with the Somali Microfinance Institution Share Company (SMFI) to co-finance the Financial Inclusion for the People of Somali Region in Ethiopia (FIPSRE) project. The FIPSRE project is a 3-year initiative to be implemented jointly by the SMFI and Belcash Technology Solutions PLC. The project will enable the SMFI to extend financial services to the unbanked population of the region via mobile phone banking and payment services. During this period, 50 percent of mobile phone users in Ethiopia‟s Somali Region are expected to have improved access to financial services, and 3,000 self-employed women and men are anticipated to increase their incomes by 25 percent using loans received from the SMFI‟s new service.

The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) released the revised mobile banking directive in February 2014. SMFI and Belcash have submitted a revised proposal to the bank incorporating the necessary adjustments. As part of the requirements from NBE, SMFI have also recruited a fulltime in-house IT Director. The National Bank of Ethiopia will invite SMFI to defend their proposal to senior management team of the NBE before end of April, 2014. As part of the pilot phase preparation, Belcash team completed giving training on Belcash‟s system to the selected branches of SMFI and agents.

RENEW Investment advisors Plc. - Private Equity Leveraging Services

PRIME is in the process of forming partnership with an investment advisory/private equity firm to encourage private equity investment in the targeted regions of Ethiopia. This activity is anticipated to create more than 2,000 direct jobs in the targeted regions and leverage around $6 million from the private sector. The goal of this activity is to leverage private sector equity financing for investment in promising Ethiopian livestock sector-related ventures facing capital constraints.

During the quarter, The Innovation and Investment Fund (IIF) committee evaluated and selected RENEW as the winner firm for the private equity leveraging service from the 3 shortlisted firms. RENEW‟s team will work closely with PRIME‟s IIF team initially to develop a list of investment criteria and screen opportunities in RENEW‟s current pipeline against PRIME‟s investment criteria. RENEW will also source new SMEs through network of bank loan officers, NGOs and business associations. RENEW will use their pre-screening process to interview SMEs that are appropriate for inclusion in the PRIME pipeline. RENEW will also connects investors in their network to investment opportunities through a number of outlets including; Econ-Tourism trips, meetings with

69 the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and U.S. government officials, site meetings, a “deal show”, where business owners pitch their investment opportunities to investors, and negotiation meetings. The contract with RENEW is expected to be signed before the end of April, 2014.

Annual Program Statement (APS) for value chain investments and a Request for Applicants (RFA) for small grants for “Research in to Use”

The IIF have released an Annual Program Statement that is open for eligible entities to apply in the period of 1st January 2014 – 31st December 2014. Through this APS, the IIF is mainly targeting value chain actors in order to catalyze sustainable improvements in industry capacity, expanded supply chains, increased sector competitiveness and a strengthened financial services industry.

In this quarter, 31 requests were received from interested organizations and individuals. The initial application screening team met on March 3rd to evaluate two applications and decided to invite one applicant, Addiskidan Milk, to the second stage of the application process. Addiskidan Milk processing factory is a new start up in Awash and is a medium-size modern milk processing facility with processing capacity of 10,000 liter of milk per day. The management of the factory will pitch their business plan to the IIF committee on April 15th. The second initial application review took place on March 12th, the team decided to invite one applicant (Mekele Farms) to the second stage of application. Mekele Farms is a poultry franchise business model in Ethiopia targeting the bottom of the pyramid. The company produces and markets day-old chicks, feed, medicines etc., and trains SMEs to enable them to own and manage their own business. Mekele Farms are expected to submit their full proposal and pitch their business plan to the committee before the end the next quarter.

The APS will continue to be advertised monthly till November 2014 on Fortune weekly newspaper. The Request for Applicants (RFA) for small grants was released in January 2014. So far PRIME has received 19 requests from interested organizations and individuals Through this RFA, the IIF is seeking to award a range of potential recipients, including NGOs, research institutes, consulting firms and others with the aim of bringing innovation and technology into use.

Barwako Milk Processing Factory (Jijiga)

PRIME provided technical support to Barwako Milk processing factory to develop feasibility study/business plan on a cost-share basis. The project entails establishment of a raw milk processing plant in Jijiga. The plant is designed to have an initial capacity of 10MT of raw camel and cow milk and produce pasteurized milk for both local and export consumption. The consultant is currently finalizing the proposal and the IIF committee is scheduled to review the proposal and presentation from Barwako on May 7th, 2014.

Continue working with NBE on the clarification and rollout of the leasing proclamation and providing support to microfinance institutions that seek to develop leasing products.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is discussing with the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) to introduce lease financing as an alternative source of finance in Ethiopia. IFC has submitted their draft cooperative agreement to NBE which articulates the various areas IFC is looking to support the bank including, providing technical support on drafting the leasing proclamation and rolling out the product in the bank and other financial institutes. IFC and PRIME

70 have continued discussing on ways to work together to roll out the product into PRIME‟s target regions.

Islamic banking services in pastoralist areas (Islamic banking window) – in collaboration with National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE), Oromiya International Bank (OIB) and Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE)

The PRIME team met with the Vice Governor of National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and the President of Oromia International Bank (OIB) to discuss the newly introduced Islamic window in Ethiopia. Results from the financial services EMMA indicate that access to appropriate finance is the major constraint in PRIME regions for businesses and households. PRIME is aiming to increase access to appropriate finance for the target regions by working with institutions like the NBE, OIB and MFIs.

In this quarter, PRIME and Oromia International Bank collaborated to organize an awareness creation workshop on Interest Free Banking (Islamic banking) in Yabelo and Moyale. OIB and PRIME are also looking to collaborate on giving the banks staff members capacity building training or exposure visit. IIF and IR3 team met with the Director of Interest Free Banking of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) to discuss on ways PRIME and CBE can work together to capacitate the bank in order to extend their newly launched interest free banking service to PRIME areas.

7.0 Gender:

Women's Leadership in Rangeland Councils Enhanced:

As part of the community map validation and institutional strengthening exercises that took in place in Borena and Guji, PRIME through CARE led a process to ensure that women could access and be part of the rangeland leadership structure. Based on separate women-facilitated discussions on natural resource management in previous quarters, PRIME partners ensured that women were able to articulate the issues around NRM and present them to their male counterparts. This process initiated a dialogue between women and traditional institutions that were typically inaccessible to them, and opened the door for female inclusion in the rangeland management councils. In Afar, two women were elected into the senior rangeland system council in all dhedas of operation, despite earlier resistance from them to even hold a separate dialogue as part of the same activity that men were involved with. In Borena, women are represented in each level of management from the village (olla) to the (rera) sub-rangeland unit, and some rangeland units have also women represented. With the support of its gender advisor, PRIME is tailoring leadership training for the elected women, to help them voice their issues and increase their representation authority among the rangeland management councils.

8.0 Disability

Disability awareness and disability inclusion training for financial institutions and TVETs staffs

During the quarter, the Ethiopian Centre for Development and Disability (ECDD) conducted Disability Awareness and Inclusion Training to personnel of transformative institutions (government and private banks as well as micro finance institution) and teachers and administrators of TVET in Afar Cluster (Amibara, Gewane, and Awash) and Eastern Cluster (Jigjiga). The objective of the

71 training was to raise the awareness of staff from financial institutions and vocational training centers on the disability and inclusion of people with disability in to the services that they provide. Accordingly, representatives from two TEVT and three public and private commercial banks were trained for two days, and after the training the participants developed an action plan of their commitment to mainstream disability awareness in their institutions. These action plans will be monitored by ECDD PRIME staff after six months. In addition, ECDD conducted disability awareness training to PRIME staff at Jigjiga field office to 14 participants.

V. CONSTRAINTS, CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED

CHALLENGES

1. The outbreak of conflict between the Borena and Guji, reportedly around political issues, has continued to escalate and displaced a number of people. The tensions in the area means that the majority of government officials are preoccupied with addressing the issues and community members are increasingly inaccessible. If conflict continues and communities remain displaced, all the initiatives that PRIME is supporting will be difficult to move forward as scheduled in the upcoming quarter. 2. The business environment as reflected by infrastructure and local government attitudes remains challenging. While the PRIME team recognizes the slow nature of infrastructural improvement development, the attitude of local government officials in terms of exerting “controlling” and less “enabling” attitude remains, as the focus on contributing demands and ideas for PRIME actions to predominantly work on increasing local government officials and agencies capacity and are less focus on facilitative economic development approaches. 3. The number of meso-level value chain actors in all value chains remains low. The number of registered and sound private small and medium enterprises in the target areas that represent actors in the value chains remains low and their development is constrained by unfriendly business environment for transparent creation and development of sustainable business entities on which the market systems development depends.

LESSONS LEARNED

1. The introduction of weather forecasts as part of household, community-level, and government planning - particularly at seasonal intervals - has proven to be a new and important mechanism for supporting early warning and disaster risk mitigation in PRIME's intervention areas. Typically, early warning data has included post-data linked to evidence of an on-coming disaster - i.e. monitoring of actual rainfall, pasture conditions and water points. While this data remains important for humanitarian actors to monitor the development of a disaster, it is already known to communities and therefore not an early determinant for household and community action. Accessibility to weather forecasts, on the other hand, provides local stakeholders with a tool for analyzing the probability of various imminent weather scenarios, allowing them to take the appropriate planning and preparedness measures that either take advantage of potential opportunities of the upcoming season, or mitigate/prevent the impact of unfavorable conditions. While climate tracking systems have been well-developed in other countries - those that face risk of hurricanes for example - forecasting has not been a common tool for early warning and climate change adaptation in Ethiopia until now. PRIME's recent interventions in this area, through Participatory Scenario Planning, have demonstrated that communities welcome forecast

information and have demonstrated strong analytical capacity to understand and make decisions based on the data. Improved access to more localized, timely forecast information is necessary to truly support communities' adaptive capacity and more broad scale awareness-raising around climate information through government and community representatives will increase both the reach and use of the information.

2. The focus on joint development and implementation of activities in partnership with local SMEs such as the private veterinarian pharmacies in the Southern Cluster has offered useful lessons;  There has been active participation by PVPs in the design and implementation of all training and awareness building activities with an objective of increasing the knowledge and skills of the pastoralist target beneficiaries in animal health preservation.  Working in partnership with the Oromia Insurance Company in exploring new venues of sale of the Index Based Livestock Insurance by extending and provide incentives to promoters and agents (cooperatives) to boost the sales of insurance has paid off. This improved business and sales attitude as opposed to a sales attitude based on working through governmental extension agents has increased the sales of the IBLI product in the January/February 2014 sales period to a level 47% higher than the average of the sales in the previous three biannual sales windows.

VI. PRIORITIES FOR THE NEXT QUARTER

a) Increase the capacity of all PRIME partners to implement the type of activities that hold a lot of promise in facilitative development of sound value chains in the target areas and has a potential to reach larger target beneficiary groups with services and products needed for increased productivity and marketing success. b) Finalize the of Memorandum of Understanding and workplan with the National Meteorological Agency based on forecast validation exercise completed in this quarter c) Finalize sub-grants to research institutes to support the piloting of an ecological mapping methodology in rangeland units that will link to community maps and corresponding land use plan d) Finalization of map digitization for Harshin and Babile; Completion of community validation exercises and institutional strengthening in the rangeland units, as well as Afdem and Mullu e) Conduct 6 Participatory Scenario Planning workshops, in anticipation of the long rainy season across the 3 clusters, and provision of support to dissemination of advisories and implementation of disaster prevention measures 9) Conduct PRIME labor market assessment 10) Initiate the Social Analysis and Action methodology, to address community-identified behavior related barriers to climate change adaptation Conduct PRIME labor market assessment 11) Launch of pilot project of Belcash-SMFI mobile and agent banking

VII. PERFORMANCE DATA TABLE The performance data table presented below summarizes the achievements of the program to fat. The table is based on PRIME approved Performance Monitoring Plan

Achie Achieved Achieve Year2 ved Cumulative Target d Q6 Cumul Indicator / Baselin Actual Target Q5 ( since the Year 1 Updated (Jan- ative Disaggregation e Value Year1 Year 2 Oct- beginning 2013 PPR March (Q5+Q Dec (Yr1 2014) 6) 2013) +Q5+Q6) Number of HH reached (custom) 17,640 75,000 8,090 9,251 17,341 34,981

3.1.9(1): Number of people trained in child health and nutrition through USG-supported programs (S) 0 2,000 150 150 3,000 0 1,624 1,624 1,774 Male 0 400 50 100 960 0 575 575 675 Female 0 1,600 100 50 2,040 0 1,049 1,049 1099 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available

3.1.9(15): Number of children under five reached by USG- supported nutrition 0 1,000 300 20,000 12,00 33,320 45,320 45,620 programs (S) 0 Male 0 500 150 10,200 6600 8,652 15,252 15,402 Female 0 500 150 9,800 5400 24,668 30,068 30,218 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available 4.5(2): Number of jobs 0 1,000 500 0 1022 65 3 68 68 attributed to FTF implementation (RIA) Location 0 1,000 500 0 1022 65 3 68 68 Urban 0 869 0 3 3 3 Rural 0 153 65 0 65 65 Disaggregates Not 0 1,000 500 0 0 0 Available New/Continuing 0 1,000 500 0 1022 65 3 68 68 New 0 1,000 500 0 1022 65 3 68 68 Continuing 0 0 65 65 65 Disaggregates Not 0 0 0 Available Sex of job-holder 0 1,000 500 0 1022 65 3 68 68 Male 0 700 350 0 613 37 2 39 39 Female 0 300 150 0 409 28 1 29 29 Disaggregates Not 0 0 0 Available

4.5.2(2): Number of 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 153,1 3,604,75 3,757,8 4,337,972 hectares under improved 7 1,009,380 25 0 75 technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance (RIA) (WOG) 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 1,009,380 3,757,8 4,337,972 Technology type 7 153,1 3,604,75 75 25 0 crop genetics 2,019 0 0 0 pest management 0 0 disease management 0 0 soil-related 10,713 20,188 0 0 0 irrigation 1,009 0 0 0 water management 10,713 20,188 0 0 0 0 137,013 578,83 962,949 3,757,8 4,336,712 climate mitigation or 7 153,1 3,604,75 75 adaptation 25 0 other 0 21,000 1,260 3,028 0 0 1,260 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 1,009,380 3,757,8 4,337,972 total w/one or more 7 153,1 3,604,75 75 improved technology 25 0 Disaggregates Not 5,000 0 0 0 0 Available 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 1,009,380 0 0 580,097 New/Continuing 7 137,013 580,09 1,009,380 3,604,75 3,757,8 4,337,972 New 7 153,1 0 75 25 0 0 580,097 580,0 733,222 580,097 733,222 Continuing 97 Disaggregates Not 5,000 0 0 0 Available 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 0 0 580,097 Sex 7 Male 0 0 0 Female 0 0 0 Association-applied 0 0 0 Disaggregates Not 0 5,000 137,013 580,09 0 0 580,097 Available 7 4.5.2(5): Number of 0 500 1,750 1,937 10,988 1,429 2,218 3,647 5,584 farmers and others who have applied new technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance (RIA) (WOG) New/Continuing 0 500 1,750 1,937 10,988 0 2,218 2,218 4,155 New 0 200 1,750 1,937 9,051 845 2,218 3,063 5,000 Continuing 0 300 0 1,937 1937 1,937 1,937 1,937 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available Sex 0 500 1,750 1,937 10,988 845 2,218 3,063 5,000

Male 0 375 875 1,280 7,252 584 1755 2,339 3,619 Female 0 125 875 657 3,736 261 463 724 1,381 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available 4.5.2(7): Number of 0 4,000 20,649 12,879 18,640 447 3,549 3,996 16,875 individuals who have received USG supported short-term agricultural sector productivity or food security training (RIA) (WOG) Type of individual 0 4,000 20,649 12,879 18,640 447 3,549 3,996 16,875 Producers 0 19,809 10,224 15,658 0 2,987 2,987 13,211 People in government 0 55 10 1864 19 402 421 431 People in private sector 0 735 189 932 313 160 473 662 firms People in civil society 0 50 2,456 186 115 115 2,571 Disaggregates Not 0 4,000 0 0 0 Available Sex 0 4,000 20,649 12,879 18,640 447 3,549 3,996 16,875 Male 0 2,400 12,389 8,269 13,048 111 2,373 2,484 10,753 Female 0 1,600 8,260 4,610 5,592 336 1,176 1,512 6,122 Disaggregates 0 0 Not Available 4.5.2(11): Number of 0 50 138 96 500 99 148 247 343 food security private enterprises (for profit), producers organizations, water users associations, women's groups, trade and business associations, and community-based organizations (CBOs) receiving USG assistance (RIA) (WOG) Type of organization 0 50 138 96 500 99 148 247 343 Private enterprises (for 0 71 77 305 72 22 94 171 profit) Producers organizations 0 38 1 40 2 28 30 31 Water users associations 0 0 25 0 13 13 13 Women's groups 0 25 16 35 20 20 36 Trade and business 0 4 2 5 1 1 3 associations Community-based 0 0 90 1 85 86 86 organizations (CBOs) Disaggregates Not 0 50 0 3 3 3 Available New/Continuing 0 50 138 96 500 99 99 195 New 0 25 138 96 500 89 148 237 333 Continuing 0 25 0 96 10 99 109 109 Disaggregates Not 0 0 0 0 Available

4.5.2(23): Value of - - 0 5,249,577 0 0 0 0 incremental sales 173,898,4 170,778,32 (collected at farm-level) 05 2 attributed to FTF implementation (RIA) 174,985 174,985,9 174,985,90 174,98 178,485,9 0 0 0 174,985,905 Total Baseline sales ,905 05 5 5,905 05 1,087,500 4,207,583 174,98 180,235,4 0 0 0 174,985,905 Total Reporting year sales 5,905 82 Total Volume of sales 6,600 2,475,049 0 12,550 0 0 0 0 (mt) Total Number of direct 0 30,000 0 0 0 0 beneficiaries - - 0 1,267,680 0 0 0 0 Camel (live) 41,655,98 41,414,467 4 42,255, 42,255,98 42,255,984 42,255 42,255,98 0 0 0 42,255,984 Baseline sales 984 4 ,984 4 600,000 841,517 42,255 43,523,66 0 0 0 42,255,984 Reporting year sales ,984 4 Volume of sales (mt) 600 495,010 0 3,150 0 0 0 0 Number of direct 0 10,000 0 beneficiaries - - 0 3,280,063 0 0 0 0 Cattle (live) 108,960,4 107,862,79 49 5 109,335 109,335,4 109,335,44 109,33 109,335,4 0 0 0 109,335,449 Baseline sales ,449 49 9 5,449 49 375,000 1,472,654 109,33 112,615,5 0 0 0 109,335,449 Reporting year sales 5,449 12 Volume of sales (mt) 1,500 866,267 0 8,000 0 0 0 0 Number of direct 0 10,000 0 0 0 0 beneficiaries Dairy 0 Baseline sales 0 Reporting year sales 0 Volume of sales (mt) 0 Number of direct 0 beneficiaries - - 0 701,834 0 0 Sheep (lamb/mutton) 23,281,97 21,501,060 2 23,394, 23,394,47 23,394,472 23,394 23,394,47 0 0 0 23,394,472 Baseline sales 472 2 ,472 2 112,500 1,893,412 23,394 24,096,30 0 0 0 23,394,472 Reporting year sales ,472 6 Volume of sales (mt) 4,500 1,113,772 0 1,400 0 0 0 0 Number of direct 0 10,000 0 0 0 0 beneficiaries 4.5.2(34): Number of 0 5,000 2,000 15,187 16,820 1,633 2,218 3,851 19,038 stakeholders implementing risk- reducing practices/actions to improve resilience to climate change as a result

77 of USG assistance (S)

Type of Risk reducing 0 5,000 2,000 15,187 16,820 1633 2,218 3,851 19,038 practice Agriculture 0 1,250 1,300 2,018 0 0 1,300 Water 0 0 Health 0 0 Disaster Risk 0 5,000 750 13,887 14,802 1633 2,218 3,851 17,738 Management Urban 0 0 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available Sex 0 5,000 2,000 15,187 16,820 1633 2218 3,851 19,038 Male 0 3,500 1,000 8,065 10,092 1105 1755 2,860 10,925 Female 0 1,500 1,000 7,122 6,728 528 463 991 8,113 Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available 4.5.2(38): Value of new 0 500,000 4,500,000 8,570, 10,000,00 0 0 0 0 private sector investment 130 0 in the agriculture sector or food chain leveraged by FTF implementation (RIA) 4.5.1(24): Numbers of 0 0 1 2 0 2 2 Policies/Regulations/Adm inistrative Procedures in each of the following stages of development as a result of USG assistance in each case: (Stage 1/2/3/4/5) (S) Sector 0 0 1 0 0 0 Inputs 0 0 0 Outputs 0 0 0 Macroeconomic 0 1 0 0 0 Agricultural sector-wide 0 0 0 Research, extension, 0 0 0 information, and other public service Food security/vulnerable 0 1 1 1 Climate change 0 1 1 1 adaptation or natural resource management (NRM) (ag-related) Disaggregates Not 0 0 Available Stages of development 0 0 1 2 0 0 Stage 1 of 5 0 0 2 2 2 Number of policies / regulations / administrative procedures analyzed

Stage 2 of 5 0 0 2 0 Number of policies / regulations / administrative procedures drafted and presented for public/stakeholder consultation Stage 3 of 5 0 0 0 Number of policies / regulations / administrative procedures presented for legislation/decree Stage 4 of 5 Number of 0 1 0 0 policies / regulations / administrative procedures prepared with USG assistance passed/approved Stage 5 of 5 0 0 0 Number of policies / regulations / administrative procedures passed for which implementation has begun Disaggregates Not 0 0 0 Available 4.7.1-12: Total number of 16,880 23 144 167 167 clients (households and/or microenterprises) benefiting from financial services provided through USG-assisted financial intermediaries, including non-financial institutions or actors. 23 0 23 23 Borrowers 16,880 0 0 0 Male 8,609 Female 8,271 0 0 0 0 144 144 144 Savers 16,880 0 30 30 30 Male 8,609 0 114 114 114 Female 8,271 4.8.1-29 Number of 18,730 55,000 32,25 37,952 70,202 88,932 person hours of training in 0 natural resources management and/or biodiversity conservation supported by USG assistance 38,500 22,61 30,672 53,286 66,397 4.8.1-29a Number of men 13,111 4 4.8.1-29b Number of 16,500 11,21 7,280 18,492 24,111

79 women 5,619 2 4.8.2-26 Number of 20,000 17,00 2,168 19,169 19,169 stakeholders with 1 increased capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate variability and change as a result of USG assistance New 10,406 9594 2,168 11,762 11,762 Continuing 9594 7407 17,001 24,408 24,408

VIII. FINANCIAL SUMMARY

IX. ANNEXES

Annex 1: PRIME‟s Approach of Linking Tradition and Technology to Enhance Results in Governance of Participatory Rangeland Management is informing decisions and processes for local Governments and NGOs Annex 2: PRIME Achieves Encouraging Results of Reducing Post-harvest Grain Loss Training in Crop Residue Preservation Helps Families Weather the Storm. Annex3: A Newly-introduced Livestock Murabah Loan Product Benefits More Than 6,000 Households in Somali Region Annex4: Expo Participation Creates Trade Links, Increasing Exports.