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The Multifaceted Commodification Processes and Transformations of Pastoralists in Lowland Ethiopia

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The Multifaceted Commodification Processes and Transformations of Pastoralists in Lowland Ethiopia The Multifaceted Commodification Processes and Transformations of Pastoralists in Lowland Ethiopia by Olivia Pearson A Cumulative Dissertation in Geography Faculty of Applied Computer Sciences University of Augsburg Germany June 2017 First Referee (Supervisor): Prof. Dr. Matthias Schmidt Second Referee: apl. Prof. Dr. Karin Thieme Date of oral examination: 05/10/2017 i The Multifaceted Commodification Processes and Transformations of Pastoralists in Lowland Ethiopia Vorgelegt von Olivia Pearson Kumulative Dissertation Fachgebiet: Geographie Fakultät für Angewandte Informatik der Universität Augsburg Deutschland Juni, 2017 Erstgutachter (Betreuer): Prof. Dr. Matthias Schmidt Zweitgutachterin: apl. Prof. Dr. Karin Thieme Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 05.10.2017 Page | ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. i List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms and Glossary ........................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ vii Deutsche Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Pastoralism ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Changing Conditions ...................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Institutional and Governance Transitions ....................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Livestock and Livelihoods ................................................................................................ 4 1.2.3 Natural Resource Management and Access ................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Gender ............................................................................................................................ 6 2 Research Aims and Questions .................................................................................... 7 2.1 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Significance of Research ................................................................................................ 7 3 State of the Art .......................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Pastoralism in Ethiopia’s Lowlands - The Afar Region ..................................................... 8 3.2 Pastoralism in Ethiopia’s Lowlands – The Somali Region ............................................... 10 4 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 12 5 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 14 5.1 Research Design .......................................................................................................... 14 5.2 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................. 14 5.1 Limitations and Problems Encountered ........................................................................ 18 5.1 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 19 6 Focus Areas ............................................................................................................. 21 6.1 Afar ............................................................................................................................ 21 6.2 Somali Region ............................................................................................................. 23 7 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 25 7.1 The Transformations and Commodification of Clan Structures ...................................... 25 7.2 Transformations and Commodification of Gender ........................................................ 27 7.3 Transformations and Commodification of Natural Resources and Natural Resource Management ......................................................................................................................... 28 8 Future Research .................................................................................................... 29 9 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 30 10 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 32 11 Papers .................................................................................................................. 46 Page | i 11.1 Pastoral livelihoods under pressure: Ecological, political and socioeconomic transitions in Afar (Ethiopia) ........................................................................................................................ 46 11.2 Repercussions of Governance Institutional Changes on Communication Practices in Afar, Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................. 66 11.3 Commodity Individuation of Milk in the Somali Region, Ethiopia .................................. 84 12 Attachments ........................................................................................................ 96 12.1 Attachment one: Afar Region ...................................................................................... 96 12.2 Attachment two: Somali Region ................................................................................ 100 Page | ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Afar Region ............................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2. Somali Region ......................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3. Research Framework .............................................................................................................. 13 Figure 4. Risk Assessment Map ............................................................................................................. 16 Figure 5. Interviewee Occupations ........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 6. Interviewee Genders .............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 7. Interviewee Ages .................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 8. Afar Region Focus Area ........................................................................................................... 22 Figure 9. Kebri Beyah Focus Area .......................................................................................................... 24 Figure 10. Gode Region Focus Area ....................................................................................................... 24 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Research Timeline .................................................................................................................... 14 Table 2. Qualitative Research Methods ................................................................................................. 15 Table 3. Interviewee Data...................................................................................................................... 20 Page | iii ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY Asaimara Afar nobles/red Asdoimara Afar commoners/white Bah Somali uterine lineage Booda Uncovered Afar well in flooding plains BoPAD Bureau of Pastoral and Agricultural Development, Afar Buyyi A shallow temporary Afar well Caanaha Somali word for milk Daagu Afar knowledge exchange Coox dacayri Traditional Afar protection of trees and rangelands Dardar Afar Sultan Derg Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army Dija/mag Somali blood compensation group EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front Faage Afar territory GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Society for International Cooperation) Habäsa Highland Ethiopians Hass Somali family nuclear Haud A large grazing area found in Dire Dawa, along and to the corner of the border between Ethiopia and Somaliland Isso Afar oral lease Jifi A small group of Somalis who receive compensation for the death/injury of a family member Kebele Smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia Khat Catha edulis, popular drug Lataliye Somali advisor working for the government Ma’ada Afar customary law Mablo
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