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LearningLearning OutcomesOutcomes

• The need for PlantPlant TaxonomyTaxonomy andand classification • Hierarchy of ranks ScientificScientific NamesNames of classification • Rarity Lecture 8 • Endemism • Speciation • California Native Plant Society

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TheThe NeedNeed forfor PlantPlant ClassificationClassification PlantPlant TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Some are edible • Linnaeus • Some plants are – Systema Naturae 1735 inedible • Grouped plants (and • Some plants are animals) based upon deadly similar structures • Neolithic cultures • Ordered groups in to a (pre-agriculture) hierarchy dependent upon identifying wild plants • Used Latin • To communicate with • Universal language of others they needed science names

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MajorMajor PlantPlant GroupsGroups KidsKids andand CarsCars

• Kingdom – Plantae • Kids = Kingdom • Disagreement how best to divide • Dodging = Division Divisions and Classes • Cars = Class • Divisions - Bryophyta – – Non-Vascular Plants • On = Order • Mosses, liverworts • Freeways = Family • Vascular Plants • Tracheophyta • Get = Genus – Spore producing Ferns • Splatted = Species • Seed plants – Gymnosperms, ‘naked seeds’ include conifers • Angiosperms

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OrderOrder AA FamilyFamily AffairAffair

• Level above Family • All members of a • Several families family share common grouped in same order ancestry • Suffix – ALES • Recognized by similar • structures – Moraceae – Fig Family • Flowers, fruit leaves – – Rose family – Rhamnaceae – • Family ending aceae Buckthorn family • E.g. Ericaceae • Cucurbitales - • All have bell shaped Squashes flowers Enkianthus campanulatus

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AllAll inin thethe FamilyFamily GenusGenus

• Reproductive structures • Always capitalized • Flower anatomy • Contains one to many • Basis for different species classification • Generally descriptive • Rosaceae • Eucalyptus = true – Silverweed capsule describing woody fruit – Cotoneaster – Blackberry • 700 different species

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• Always lower case SpecificSpecific NameName UsingUsing LatinLatin binomialsbinomials – specific • Descriptive or honorary or fanciful • Typing • Each species has a – Italicize unique Latin binomial • Writing • Eucalyptus sideroxylon – Underline • E. globulus • Abbreviating the • Genus name can be Genus shortened once the – Risk of confusion Genus name has been – Several genera given in FULL start with same letter

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HierarchicalHierarchical NatureNature ofof Using Common Names • Each level of Classification Using Common Names classification ClassificationClassification fits into the • Only reliable if context is next larger understood by all parties unit of • Examples – Buckeye classification • Many plant species may have same common name • Several different common names for one plant species • Regional names – California Bay a.k.a. Oregon Myrtle • Different common name for each language

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• Names must follow protocol NamingNaming NewNew PlantPlant SpeciesSpecies – International Code of HerbariaHerbaria Botanical Nomenclature • Formal description in • New never before Latin seen plants still found • Type specimen first in CA specimen collected – held in Herbarium • Tiburon Mariposa Lily Collection 1973 – Reference available to • Calochortus researchers • California Academy of tiburonensis Sciences • Shasta Snow Wreath • Jepson Herbarium UC cliftonii Berkeley • 1992

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ClassificationClassification ActiveActive AreaArea ofof IdentifyingIdentifying PlantsPlants ResearchResearch • Field Guides • Classifying new species – Regional • Understanding – By group e.g. Ferns evolutionary relationships • Flora among plant groups • Every species in • New techniques state/country – DNA analysis • Reclassification • Dichotomous Keys • Families merged or split • Series of questions with • Scrophulariaceae “Yes” or “No” answers chopped up

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ConvergentConvergent FormsForms

• Classification based upon anatomy • However, different groups of plants share similar adaptations to similar environments

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