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Farming with Nature : the Science and Practice of Ecoagriculture / Sara J

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Farming with Nature : the Science and Practice of Ecoagriculture / Sara J 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page i 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page ii About Island Press Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose principal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural resource man- agement. We provide solutions-oriented information to professionals, public officials, business and community leaders, and concerned citizens who are shaping responses to environmental problems. Since 1984, Island Press has been the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a multidisciplinary approach to critical environmental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commitment to bringing the best of an expanding body of lit- erature to the environmental community throughout North America and the world. Support for Island Press is provided by the Agua Fund, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Joyce Foundation, Kendeda Sustainability Fund of the Tides Foundation, The Forrest & Frances Lattner Foundation, The Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Marisla Foun- dation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Wallace Global Fund, The Winslow Foun- dation, and other generous donors. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessar- ily reflect the views of these foundations. About Ecoagriculture Partners Ecoagriculture Partners is an international non-profit organization dedicated to sup- porting rural communities to produce food and enhance their livelihoods while pro- tecting the biological diversity of plant and animal life, and to educate policymakers, institutions, and innovators about ecoagriculture management approaches. Ecoagriculture Partners was formally established at the World Summit for Sustain- able Development in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. It operated through 2004 as a joint initiative of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Forest Trends, and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), and was incorporated as a non-profit organiza- tion in January 2005. The vision of Ecoagriculture Partners is a world with widespread agricultural land- scapes that support rural livelihoods and sustainable production of crops, livestock, fish, and forests, while also conserving biodiversity, watersheds, and ecosystem services on a globally significant scale. Ecoagriculture Partners seeks to strengthen collaboration and knowledge exchange among ecoagriculture innovators working in different locations, farming systems, and sectors, and to mobilize the scaling up of successful ecoagricul- ture approaches by catalyzing strategic connections, dialogue, and joint action among key actors at local, national, and international levels. About the IUCN–World Conservation Union Founded in 1948, the World Conservation Union brings together states, government agencies, and a diverse range of nongovernmental organizations in a unique world part- nership of over 1000 members in all, spread across some 140 countries. As a union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage, and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, networks, and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard nat- ural resources at local, regional, and global levels. 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page iii FARMING WITH NATURE The Science and Practice of Ecoagriculture 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page iv 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page v FARMING WITH NATURE The Science and Practice of Ecoagriculture Sara J. Scherr Jeffrey A. McNeely Washington • Covelo • London 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page vi Copyright © 2007 Island Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conven- tions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009 ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scherr, Sara J. Farming with nature : the science and practice of ecoagriculture / Sara J. Scherr, Jeffrey A. McNeely. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-127-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-127-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-128-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-128-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sustainable agriculture. 2. Biodiversity conservation. I. McNeely, Jeffrey A. II. Title. S494.5.S86S34 2007 630—dc22 2006100959 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page vii This book is dedicated to the myriad people around the world who have begun to work together, across borders and across sectoral divides, to create, protect, promote, and understand ecoagriculture landscapes. We believe that mobilizing a movement of diverse stakeholders inspired and committed to ecoagriculture and the improvement of rural livelihoods, together with preservation and restoration of eco- system services, will build synergies and achieve globally significant benefits for food security, human health and nutrition, poverty alle- viation, and environmental sustainability. From the “Nairobi Declaration on Ecoagriculture” Nairobi, Kenya, 1 October 2004 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page viii 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page ix Contents List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes xiii Acknowledgments xvii Preface xix Chapter 1. The Challenge for Ecoagriculture 1 Sara J. Scherr and Jeffrey A. McNeely Part I. Agricultural Production in Ecoagriculture Landscapes 17 Overview of Section Chapter 2. Scientific Assessment of Ecoagriculture Systems 20 Louise E. Buck, Thomas A. Gavin, Norman T. Uphoff, and David R. Lee Chapter 3. Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 46 Judith Thompson, Toby Hodgkin, Kwesi Atta-Krah, Devra Jarvis, Coosje Hoogendoorn, and Stefano Padulosi Chapter 4. Perennial Grains 61 Lee R. DeHaan, Thomas S. Cox, David L. Van Tassel, and Jerry D. Glover Chapter 5. Domesticating and Marketing Novel Crops 83 Roger R.B. Leakey ix 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page x x Contents Chapter 6. Tropical Agroforestry 103 Götz Schroth and Maria do Socorro Souza da Mota Chapter 7. Livestock Systems 121 Constance L. Neely and Richard Hatfield Part II. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management in Ecoagriculture Landscapes 143 Overview of Section Chapter 8. Designing Agricultural Landscapes for Biodiversity Conservation 146 Celia A. Harvey Chapter 9. Pollinators 166 Barbara Gemmill-Herren, Connal Eardley, John Mburu, Wanja Kinuthia, and Dino Martins Chapter 10. From Integrated Pest Management to Adaptive Ecosystem Management 178 Hans Herren, Johann Baumgärtner, and Gianni Gilioli Chapter 11. Watershed Management 191 Meine van Noordwijk, Fahmuddin Agus, Bruno Verbist, Kurniatun Hairiah, and Thomas P. Tomich Chapter 12. Exploiting Ecological Disturbance 213 Jan Sendzimir and Zsuzsanna Flachner Chapter 13. Irrigation 231 David Molden, Rebecca Tharme, Iskandar Abdullaev, and Ranjitha Puskur Chapter 14. Remote Sensing 250 Aaron Dushku, Sandra Brown, Tim Pearson, David Shoch, and Bill Howley Part III. Institutional Foundations for Ecoagriculture 265 Overview of Section Chapter 15. Community Stewardship of Biodiversity 268 Augusta Molnar, Sara J. Scherr, and Arvind Khare 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page xi Contents xi Chapter 16. Community Leadership in Ecoagriculture 286 Donato Bumacas, Delia C. Catacutan, Gladman Chibememe, and Claire Rhodes Chapter 17. Planning at a Landscape Scale 308 William J. Jackson, Stewart Maginnis, and Sandeep Sengupta Chapter 18. Research Partnerships 322 Thomas P. Tomich, Dagmar Timmer, Sandra J. Velarde, Cheryl A. Palm, Meine van Noordwijk, and Andrew N. Gillison Chapter 19. Multistakeholder Partnerships 344 Minu Hemmati Chapter 20. Restructuring the Supply Chain 358 Edward Millard Chapter 21. Paying Farmers for Stewardship 378 Sara J. Scherr, Jeffrey C. Milder, and Mira Inbar Chapter 22. Policy Implications and Knowledge Gaps 399 Jeffrey A. McNeely and Sara J. Scherr About the Authors 419 Index 425 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page xii 00FM:IP_Scherr 7/8/07 4:45 PM Page xiii List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes Figures Figure 1.1. Links between the goals of ecoagriculture and ecosystem services 8 Figure 2.1. Ecoagriculture envisioned as a three-legged stool 23 Figure 5.1. Biophysical and socioeconomic scenario for the developing tropics 84 Figure 5.2. The relationship between strategies for domestication, vegetative propagation, and clonal selection 89 Figure 5.3. Potential impacts on the sustainability of domesticating agroforestry trees 93 Figure 6.1. The extractive use and management of spontaneous tucumã palms 106 Figure 6.2. Enrichment of riparian forests through palm planting in the Tapajós region 107 Figure 6.3. Young cacao plants under old rubber trees, Brazilian Amazon 108 Figure 6.4. Relative position of different multistrata agroforestry practices 109 Figure 7.1. Using livestock to heal the land in Zimbabwe 125 Figure 8.1a–d. (a) Intact landscape, aerial view on Siberian Tiaaga; (b) varie- gated landscape,
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