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Riparian Vegetation Distribution Along the Ume River

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Riparian Vegetation Distribution Along the Ume River Riparian Vegetation Distribution along the Ume River Predicted responses of riparian plants to environmental flow modifications in run-of-river impoundments Louise Berglund Degree Thesis in Ecology 30 ECTS Master’s Level Report passed: 04 June 2014 Supervisor: Roland Jansson Riparian Vegetation Distribution along the Ume River Predicted responses of riparian plants to environmental flow modifications in run-of-river impoundments. Louise Berglund Abstract River environments are complex and dynamic ecosystems, and provide valuable ecosystem services such as clean water. The species rich riparian vegetation performs many important ecosystem functions such as reducing erosion and filter inputs from upland areas. Regulated flow regimes have decreased riparian plant species richness, cover and plant performance. To restore the integrity of riparian ecosystems, mitigation measures such as re-regulation of water-level regimes toward more natural seasonal fluctuations may be needed. The aim of this study was to assess potential responses of riparian plants to changes in water-level regulation in run-of-river impoundments to better match natural flow regimes. The elevational extent of plant species on riverbanks of two run-of-river impoundments in the Ume River were surveyed and their probability of occurrence along the gradient of inundation duration was modelled and compared to their distribution in the free-flowing Vindel River. Most species showed similar tolerance to flooding in the Ume and Vindel Rivers. Changes in elevational extent in response to three simulated environmental flow regimes were predicted by using the relationship between plant occurrence and inundation duration. A simulated spring flood and low water levels during the latter part of the growing season is predicted to result in the largest increase in elevational extent, with increases of 70- 80% for several riparian species. However, only 47% of the riverbanks along run-of-river impoundments in the Ume River is deemed to be suitable for plant establishment, since many riverbanks are steep and devoid of fine-grained substrate as a result of erosion. Keywords: riparian plant species, environmental flows, water level regulation, flood duration, run-of-river impoundments Sammanfattning Älvmiljöer utgör komplexa och dynamiska ekosystem som tillhandahåller värdefulla ekosystemtjänster så som rent vatten. Den artrika strandvegetation bidrar till många viktiga ekosystemsfunktioner som närings- och giftupptag och till minskad erosion. Vattenregleringen med förändrade flödesregimer har minskat artrikedom, täckningsgrad och tillväxt av strandväxter. För restaurering av strandekosystemen kan omreglering till mer naturliga säsongsvariationer i vattenståndet vara nödvändigt. Den här studien syftade till att förutsäga hur utbredningen av strandväxter längs stränder i vattenkraftsmagasin potentiellt skulle förändras vid användande av miljöanpassade flöden för att mer likna naturliga flödesregimer i outbyggda älvar. Jag undersökte växternas utbredning i höjdled på stranden längs två magasin i Umeälven och beräknade sannolikheten för varje arts förekomst längs strandens översvämningsgradient. Av de arter som förekom i både Umeälven och den närliggande, outbyggda Vindelälven jämfördes växternas utbredningsgränser i respektive älv. De flesta arterna uppvisade liknande översvämningstolerans i Umeälven och Vindelälven. För att förutsäga förändringar i utbredning som respons på tre olika simulerade miljöanpassade vattenståndsregimer, jämfördes arternas översvämningstolerans vid nuvarade vattenstånd med simulerade vattenståndsregimer. En simulerad vårflod och lågt vattenstånd under sensommaren förväntas ge de största responserna i artutbredning med ökningar på 70-80% för ett flertal strandväxter. Endast 47% av älvstränderna i magasinen i Umeälven bedöms vara lämpliga för växtetablering eftersom stora delar av strandsträckorna är branta och saknar finkornigt substrat till följd av erosion. Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Riparian ecosystems ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Hydropower regulation and conservation management goals............................. 3 1.3 Environmental flows ............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Aim ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 Materials and methods.......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Study areas ............................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Survey .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Water-level data .................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Environmental flow modifications ....................................................................... 9 2.5 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 10 3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Vegetation cover and species richness ................................................................. 12 3.2 Species distribution along the elevational gradient ............................................ 14 3.3 Comparison of inundation tolerance between the Ume and the Vindel Rivers . 14 3.4 Predicted changes in extent of riparian plant species as a result of changes in water-level regime ......................................................................................................16 4 Discussion............................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Comparison of species distribution in riparian zones between run-of-river impoundments and a free-flowing river. .................................................................. 20 4.2 Predicted plant responses to simulated water-level regimes .............................. 21 4.3 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. 25 References ................................................................................................................. 26 Appendix I Species list for Bjurfors nedre and Harrsele II Number of days inundated per growing season and elevational limits III A comparison of inundation tolerance in the Ume River and the Vindel River 1 Introduction 1.1 Riparian ecosystems Riparian ecosystems constitute the transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic systems and are among the most species rich and dynamic environments existing (Naiman et al. 1993; Naiman and Décamps 1997; Nilsson and Svedmark 2002; Ward et al. 2002). According to Naiman and Décamps (1997), the riparian zone consists of the area “between the low and high water marks and that portion of the terrestrial landscape from the high water mark toward the uplands where vegetation may be influenced by elevated water tables or flooding and by the ability of the soils to hold water”. Riparian ecosystems sustain organisms with several life-history strategies and disturbance adaptations, and are sites of biogeochemical processes important at the landscape level (Naiman and Décamps 1997). They often host a diverse shrub and tree vegetation, which serves as habitat for mammals and birds, and woody debris that provides suitable conditions for both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates (Naiman and Décamps 1997). Rivers and streams are linear corridors of similar habitat across landscapes, transporting organic and inorganic material and enabling plant dispersal among riparian vegetation communities along watercourses (Nilsson and Svedmark 2002). Vegetation in riparian zones performs many ecosystem functions. Riparian vegetation stabilizes soil and reduces erosion. It is a source of organic matter and wood that serves as food and structure for aquatic organisms. The riparian vegetation is also a filter against input from upland areas, and can take up excessive nutrients and toxic compounds from surface and ground water before entering streams (Naiman et al. 1995; Naiman and Décamps 1997; Postel and Richter 2003). River ecosystems provide ecosystem services such as clean water and constitute important environments for e.g. recreation and tourism (Naiman et al. 1995; Postel and Carpenter 1997; Naiman et al. 2002; Postel and Richter 2003). The species diversity in riparian ecosystems is influenced by flow regimes, the geographical morphology of the channel, climate and impacts from surrounding areas (Naiman and Décamps 1997). Riparian vegetation along watercourses is to a great extent controlled by the hydrology of the adjacent stream or river (Naiman and Décamps 1997; Nilsson and Svedmark 2002; Ström et al. 2011 A). Flood duration and frequency of regulated flow regimes often cause a reduced plant survival and growth (Johansson and Nilsson 2002). Species richness and the abundance of vascular plants have been found to decrease in rivers regulated for hydropower production,
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