INDIGENOUS EFFLORESCENCE BEYOND REVITALISATION IN SAPMI AND AINU MOSIR INDIGENOUS EFFLORESCENCE BEYOND REVITALISATION IN SAPMI AND AINU MOSIR EDITED BY GERALD ROCHE, HIROSHI MARUYAMA AND ÅSA VIRDI KROIK MONOGRAPHS IN ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES This book is dedicated to our students. Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760462628 ISBN (online): 9781760462635 WorldCat (print): 1078701250 WorldCat (online): 1078701578 DOI: 10.22459/IE.2018 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover illustration by Jenny Kroik. This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents List of Illustrations . xi Acknowledgements . xiii Notes on Language: Locations in Sapmi – Land of the Sami . xv Glossaries of Non-English Terms . xvii Contributors . xxi Summary of Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalisation in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir . 1 Summarised in South Sami by David Kroik Introduction: Indigenous Efflorescence . 5 Gerald Roche with Åsa Virdi Kroik and Hiroshi Maruyama Part One: Contexts of Efflorescence Introduction: Contexts of Efflorescence . 23 Gerald Roche 1 . Narratives of Truth: An Exploration of Narrative Theory as a Tool in Decolonising Research . 29 Markus Nyström 2 . Cikornay National Trust: Emancipation of Our Ainu land from Colonial Land Use and for the Enjoyment of Ainu Culture . 53 Kouichi Kaizawa (translated by Masumi Tanaka) 3 . ‘He Might Come Back’: Views on Sámi Cultural and Linguistic Revitalisation from Finland . 59 Tero Mustonen 4 . Documenting Sami Cultural Landscapes . 65 Ewa Ljungdahl 5 . Revival of Salmon Resources and Restoration of a Traditional Ritual of the Ainu, the Indigenous People of Japan . 69 Yōsuke Kosaka 6 . The Racing of Ainu Hearts: Our Wish for One Salmon River . 79 Shizue Ukaji (translated by Miku Maeda) 7 . Viessuoje Mujttuo: Saving an Indigenous Language through New Technology . .. 85 Oscar Sedholm 8 . In Search of Virtual Learning Spaces for Sámi Languages . 89 Hanna Outakoski 9 . Tjutju . 95 Coppélie Cocq 10 . Establishment of the Ainu Indigenous People’s Film Society . 99 Chisato Abe 11 . The Sápmi Awards . 103 Mattias Berglund 12 . South Saami Children’s Choir: A Successful Project, Despite the Obstacles . 109 Åsa Virdi Kroik 13 . Towards a Respectful Repatriation of Stolen Ainu Ancestral Remains . 115 Yuji Shimizu (translated by Jeff Gayman) Part Two: Practices of Efflorescence Introduction: Practices of Efflorescence . 123 Gerald Roche 14 . The Yoke and the Candy Bowl: Beliefs and Emotions in South Sami Revitalisation . 129 Leena Huss and Sigrid Stångberg 15 . Ainu Women in the Past and Now . 151 Ryoko Tahara (translated by Hiroshi Maruyama) 16 . Heading towards the Restoration and Transmission of Ainu Culture . 157 Nobuko Tsuda (translated by Hiroshi Maruyama) 17 . Living a Modern Life in Hokkaidō as a Young Ainu Dancer . 163 Mana Shinoda (translated by Hiroshi Maruyama) 18 . A Quest for What We Ainu Are . 169 Shizue Ukaji (translated by Hiroshi Maruyama) 19 . A Trip to the Mountaintop . 175 Jenny Virdi Kroik 20 . Everyday Acts of Resurgence and Diasporic Indigeneity among the Ainu of Tokyo . 179 Kanako Uzawa 21 . Saami Coffee Culture . 205 Chris Kolbu and Anne Wuolab 22 . Cultural Revitalisation: ‘Feeding on the Tools of the Conquerors’—A Sami-American Perspective . 209 Chris Pesklo 23 . Sydisdans: A New Traditional Dance in Sapmi . 219 Nils-Jonas Persson Conclusion: Indigenous Efflorescence . 225 Gerald Roche List of Illustrations Map Map 1. Former Ainu villages and rivers in Sapporo ..............73 Figures Figure 1. Kouichi Kaizawa at his home, Nibutani, Hokkaidō .......54 Figure 2. Cikornay National Trust’s activity – planting local tree species in Nibutani. 55 Figure 3. Undertaking survey work. Ewa Ljungdahl is standing to the left. Sitting beside her is the archaeologist Bernth Ove Viklund. To the right of them are reindeer herders Lasse Kuhmunen and Magnus Kristoffersson ...................67 Figure 4. Salmon at the headwaters of the Chitose River ..........72 Figure 5. Asircepnomi (the ritual to receive the first salmon of the season) on the riverbanks of the Toyohira River, Sapporo. The leader of the prayer is Tatsujirō Kuzuno ................76 Figure 6. Multilingual signage at the Sápmi Awards .............105 Figure 7. Letter of congratulations in North Sámi. It could also be sent in Lule Sámi .................................106 Figure 8. Maria Rustad (left) and Jenny Virdi Kroik wearing traditional South Saami clothes. Tin embroidery is used for decoration on the belt. They are playing outside after the concert. .113 Figure 9. Yuji Shimizu and other members of the Kotan Association in a demonstration demanding the return of ancestral remains .................................116 xi INDIGENOUS EFFLORESCENCE Figure 10. Yuji Shimizu at a press conference in the Sapporo Bar Association Hall. .120 Figure 11. This ruunpe (a traditional Ainu dress) was modelled on a work exhibited in the Hokkaidō Museum. Artist Nobuko Tsuda. .159 Figure 12. Mana Shinoda in a traditional Ainu dress, ruunpe, playing the mukkuri (Jews’ harp) .......................164 Figure 13. Shizue Ukaji, Ainu embroidery expert ...............170 Figure 14. Jenny Virdi Kroik (right) and Ristin Kristoffersson during a trip to the mountaintop .......................176 Figure 15. A guksie, a traditional Saami cup used for drinking coffee, carved from wood by Erik Schepers. 207 Figure 16. The Inga family c. 1896. The photograph was taken at Kanstadfjord on the Hinnøy part of Andøy. A lavvu tent is in the background, while a goahti is in the foreground .....210 Figure 17. A present-day 4-metre (12-foot) lavvu ...............212 Figure 18. The coat of arms of the Sami town of Kautokeino (Guovdageaidnu), Norway ............................217 Figure 19. Jenny Virdi Kroik and David Kroik dancing the sydisdans at a family gathering. The collage gives a sense of the movement of the dance .........................220 xii Acknowledgements The editors would like to express their gratitude, first and foremost, to the contributors to this volume for their hard work, and for their patience during the long process of bringing this book to fruition. Special thanks should also be given to the translators who helped make many of the case studies accessible to Anglophone audiences. We also wish to thank Boska, Kulturådet, and Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs fond för svensk kultur for their very generous funding towards the translation, copyediting and printing of this book. Thanks also to Matt Tomlinson for shepherding this publication through to completion, to Carolyn Brewer for her careful and patient editing work, and to everyone at ANU Press who helped make this volume a reality. This book first began life in the corridors of the Hugo Valentin Centre at Uppsala University, and we would like to thank our colleagues there for their support: Leena Huss, Satu Gröndahl and Imke Hansen. Gerald Roche: I would like to thank the Krampe family, Ilmari Käihkö, Jelena Spasenic and Jonathan Hall for their friendship and hospitality during my stay in Uppsala. Enormous thanks are also due to Elena and Arlo for their patience and support. I would also like to thank the countless people engaged in language revitalisation and other aspects of Indigenous efflorescence who have shared their knowledge and experiences with me over the years, and have thus helped to shape the ideas that went into this project. And finally, I would also like to express my gratitude to my coeditors for their dedication to this project through its many ups and downs. Åsa Virdi Kroik: I would like to thank my family: my brother David and my daughter Jenny for their contributions in this book, my husband Harvinder for his support and patience and my father Arne Jonasson for teaching me so much that I need to know as a Saami—knowledge that xiii INDIGENOUS EFFLORESCENCE I want to pass on to the next generation, and to the world. I also want to thank all the people that participated in the revitalisation projects I arranged while working in Røyrvik and my colleague Anne Bjørg Evensen Svestad for her enthusiasm and support for that work. Thanks to my coeditors for inviting me to be part of this project. A very special thanks to Ian Stuart in Aotearoa/New Zealand for comforting me when in trouble, helping me to understand the concept of efflorescence, and for many fruitful intellectual discussions and friendship. Hiroshi Maruyama: First of all, I am deeply grateful to all authors for having the patience to wait years for the publication of their papers. I would also like to thank volunteer translators Masumi Tanaka, Jeff Gayman and Miku Maeda for their efforts in carefully translating Ainu case studies into English. It is my great honour to have had the opportunity to be involved in this book project, including the documentation of Ainu case studies. I have learned a lot about Indigenous epistemology from contributions throughout the process of editing. Lastly, my special thanks go to my coeditors: Gerald Roche and Åsa Virdi Kroik. I contributed to the publication of this book much less than they did. xiv Notes on Language: Locations in Sapmi – Land of the Sami Sami authors are familiar with Sami language in various degrees from being fluent speakers to having some knowledge of the language. The most natural way for many authors is to name some places in Swedish/Norwegian/Finnish and others in Sami. The revitalisation of place names is currently ongoing and some place names, like the town of Staare (known as Östersund in Swedish), are increasingly heard. That said, many of our contributors feel more comfortable using Swedish, Norwegian or Finnish for certain place names. Despite the fact that this is a book in English we have encouraged our coauthors to use the place name they want as it is not for us as editors to decide the pace and extent of the Sami revitalisation process.