DOCSLIB.ORG

Implementation of a Mesh Movement Scheme in a Multiply Nested Ocean Model and Its Application to Air±Sea Interaction Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Implementation of a Mesh Movement Scheme in a Multiply Nested Ocean Model and Its Application to Air±Sea Interaction Studies AUGUST 1999 ROWLEY AND GINIS 1879 Implementation of a Mesh Movement Scheme in a Multiply Nested Ocean Model and Its Application to Air±Sea Interaction Studies C. ROWLEY AND I. GINIS Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island (Manuscript received 30 January 1998, in ®nal form 1 September 1998) ABSTRACT A mesh movement scheme is implemented in a multiply nested primitive equation ocean model. Mesh move- ment can be speci®ed or determined in the course of the model run so as to follow an evolving oceanic feature, such as a wave front or propagating eddy, or atmospheric forcing, such as a tropical cyclone. Mass, heat, and momentum are conserved during the movement. The mesh movement scheme is tested in idealized and realistic con®gurations of the model. The idealized tests include simulations in which the moving meshes follow a propagating equatorial Kelvin wave, a dipole, or move across an existing mesoscale eddy. The tests demonstrate that the solutions in the ®ne-mesh region of the nested meshes reproduce well the equivalent solutions from uniform ®ne-mesh models. The model is applied for simulations of the ocean response to tropical cyclones, in which the moving meshes maintain high resolution near the cyclone center. The solution in the inner meshes reproduces very well the uniform ®ne-mesh simulation, in particular the sea surface temperature. It demonstrates that the moving meshes do not degrade the solution, even with the application of strong winds and the generation of energetic surface currents and near-inertial gravity waves. The mesh movement scheme is also successfully applied for a real-case simulation of the ocean response to Typhoon Roy (1988) in the western North Paci®c. For this experiment, the model is initialized using the ®elds from a general circulation model (GCM) multiyear spinup integration of the large-scale circulation in the tropical Paci®c Ocean. The nested-mesh solution shows no dif®culty simulating the interaction of the storm-induced currents with the existing background circulation. 1. Introduction with permanently ®xed ®ne-grid meshes may not be adequate. Moving tropical cyclones are one example of Nested-mesh numerical models have in recent years this type of phenomenon. Meteorologists have for some become useful research and operational tools for sim- time recognized that simulations of tropical cyclone dy- ulating mesoscale meteorological and oceanic phenom- namics require very high resolution to better resolve the ena in the large-scale environment. The important ad- storm inner-core structure. Because tropical cyclones vantage of a multiply nested mesh arrangement is that usually travel thousands of kilometers, it is not com- it allows improved horizontal resolution in a limited putationally ef®cient to use ®ne-grid resolution over the region without requiring a ®ne grid resolution through- entire area of the storm track. Instead, movable multiply out the entire model domain. Therefore the model do- nested mesh con®gurations are used for hurricane pre- main to be resolved with higher resolution is kept to a dictions. Atmospheric models with this capability have minimum, greatly reducing computer memory and been in use for the last few decades (e.g., Harrison 1973; speed requirements, and allowing better resolution than Ley and Elsberry 1976; Jones 1977). For example, the would otherwise be possible. of®cial operational hurricane prediction model for the For many geophysical applications, however, our in- National Weather Service developed at the National terest is not so much in a limited region as it is in a Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) particular process. Moving weather systems, propagat- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL; Ku- ing waves, and oceanic mesoscale eddies represent clas- rihara et al. 1998) is based on the movable nested-mesh ses of phenomena for which a nested mesh con®guration framework. It provides the means to translate the ®nest- scale meshes with the moving hurricane, thus placing the ®ne resolution exactly where it is needed, in the vicinity of the storm center. Corresponding author address: Dr. Clark Rowley, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI Proper simulation of tropical cyclones calls for the 02882. use of fully coupled atmosphere±ocean models. Recent E-mail: [email protected] numerical studies using coupled hurricane±ocean mod- q 1999 American Meteorological Society 1880 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 127 els (e.g., Khain and Ginis 1991; Bender et al. 1993a; 3) the formulation of the mesh nesting algorithm allows Schade and Emanuel 1999; Falkovich et al. 1995) have ¯exibility in deciding the number of meshes and the demonstrated that interaction with the ocean has an im- ratios of grid resolutions between adjacent meshes. If portant impact on storm intensity. This is because trop- the grid ratio is made to be unity, the model simply ical cyclones moving over the ocean produce signi®cant reduces to a single mesh con®guration and can be used changes in the sea surface temperature (SST). Obser- as a large-scale general circulation model (GCM). vational and numerical studies have shown that the SST In the next sections of this paper, the formulation of may decrease up to 68C underneath a tropical cyclone the movement scheme is presented, as well as various as a result of the strong wind forcing (e.g., see the review simulations designed to test the method and to dem- article of Ginis 1995). This amount of cooling can sig- onstrate its utility for certain types of geophysical prob- ni®cantly reduce the heat and moisture ¯uxes at the sea lems. A brief outline of the model physics and a de- surface, which play an important role in storm evolution. scription of the mesh nesting technique are presented In developing a coupled tropical cyclone±ocean mod- in section 2, and a detailed discussion of the mesh move- el, the same issue of computational ef®ciency applies ment method in section 3. In section 4 results from to the ocean component of the coupled system: high idealized cases used to test the mesh movement tech- horizontal resolution is needed only in the region within nique are described. Section 5 presents realistic simu- several radii of the maximum wind. Therefore, a mov- lations that demonstrate the application of the movable able nested-mesh con®guration is also highly desirable nested-mesh method to simulations of the ocean re- for ef®cient modeling of the ocean response to tropical sponse to tropical cyclone forcing. We conclude with a cyclone forcing. This capability is especially important summary discussion in section 6. for coupled tropical cyclone±ocean simulations in the eastern and western Paci®c, because it is not compu- 2. Nested mesh ocean model tationally practical to use a single very high resolution mesh over the entire Paci®c Ocean. However, all of the A brief outline of the model physics and numerics is few recently developed nested-mesh ocean models uti- included here for clarity, with a review of the key prin- lize mesh con®gurations that are ®xed in time and space ciples of the mesh nesting technique. For a full descrip- (e.g., Spall and Holland 1991; Oey and Chen 1992; Fox tion of the model the reader is referred to Ginis et al. and Maskell 1995; Ginis et al. 1998) and, therefore, are (1998). not very suitable for simulations of the ocean response to a moving storm. a. Model physics and numerics The purpose of this paper is to present the imple- mentation of a mesh movement scheme in a nested-mesh The model is based on a primitive equation multi- primitive equation ocean model, and the results of its layered formulation in spherical coordinates. The mixed rigorous testing in idealized and realistic ocean settings. layer is treated as a turbulent boundary layer that ex- The model is designed to allow the inner meshes of changes momentum and heat with the atmosphere at its ®ner resolution to follow moving oceanic or atmospher- surface, and with the thermocline by entrainment at its ic features. It employs a mesh movement technique orig- base. It is well mixed due to turbulent mixing and is inally proposed by Kurihara et al. (1979) and success- vertically homogeneous in density. The strati®ed ther- fully applied for many years in the GFDL hurricane mocline below is divided into an arbitrary number of prediction model (Kurihara et al. 1998). Although the numerical layers, according to a sigma coordinate sys- movement scheme has been implemented in the model tem originally proposed by Gent and Cane (1989). The with the coupled tropical cyclone±ocean application in essence of the sigma coordinate is to keep the ratio of mind, we envision its use in a variety of studies that the layer depths below the mixed layer equal to a pre- focus on moving mesoscale ocean and coupled air±sea scribed value. With this vertical coordinate, the layer variability. depths are rearranged at each time step in the course of The mesh movement scheme is implemented here in the model integration. As a result, mass ¯uxes are in- the nested-mesh ocean circulation model recently de- troduced across the layer interfaces. The mass ¯uxes veloped by Ginis et al. (1998). A distinguishing char- are calculated diagnostically, along with their accom- acteristic of their model is the method by which regions panying ¯uxes of momentum, heat, and salt. of ®ne resolution are embedded into a more coarsely The effects of horizontal diffusion of momentum, resolved domain. The model employs a two-way inter- heat, and salt are estimated by the Smagorinsky non- active nesting technique and includes the following fea- linear viscosity scheme (Smagorinsky 1963). The ver- tures: 1) the interface where the two integration domains tical diffusion processes include three major mecha- dynamically interact with each other is separated from nisms of vertical turbulent mixing in the upper ocean, the change in resolution at the mesh interface; 2) the that is, wind stirring, shear instability, and convective interaction at the dynamical interface is expressed in the overturning.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Size in the Western North Pacific Using an Alternative Metric Thomas B
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 A Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Size in the Western North Pacific Using an Alternative Metric Thomas B. (Thomas Brian) McKenzie III Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES A CLIMATOLOGY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE SIZE IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC USING AN ALTERNATIVE METRIC By THOMAS B. MCKENZIE III A Thesis submitted to the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2017 Copyright © 2017 Thomas B. McKenzie III. All Rights Reserved. Thomas B. McKenzie III defended this thesis on March 23, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Robert E. Hart Professor Directing Thesis Vasubandhu Misra Committee Member Jeffrey M. Chagnon Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To Mom and Dad, for all that you’ve done for me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my sincere appreciation to Dr. Robert E. Hart for his mentorship and guidance as my graduate advisor, as well as for initially enlisting me as his graduate student. It was a true honor working under his supervision. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Vasubandhu Misra and Dr. Jeffrey L. Chagnon, for their collaboration and as representatives of the thesis process. Additionally, I thank the Civilian Institution Programs at the Air Force Institute of Technology for the opportunity to earn my Master of Science degree at Florida State University, and to the USAF’s 17th Operational Weather Squadron at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI for sponsoring my graduate program and providing helpful feedback on the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact Assessment of Coastal Hazards Due to Typhoons in the Marshall Islands
    Impact assessment of coastal hazards due to typhoons in the Marshall Islands Kees Nederhoff1, Alessio Giardino1 1 Deltares, Unit Marine and Coastal Systems, The Netherlands Keywords: 1. Abstract Climate change and sea level rise are a global threat to coastal areas and, in particular, to small island states. Future projections indicate that sea levels are expected to rise in the next century at different rates in multiple regions around the world. On top of that, the intensity and frequency of extreme events such as typhoons may vary. In this study, the impacts in terms of flooding of different typhoon conditions are assessed in the present day conditions as well as accounting for climate change effects. In particular, the assessment is carried out for the island of Ebeye, located on Kwajalein Atoll (Republic of Marshall Islands). The results presented herein show that coastal engineering experiences at traditional coasts cannot be applied one-on-one to small islands states in the Pacific, because the relevant hydrodynamic processes offshore and on the reef are fundamentally different. These processes can be examined using a modeling approach combining parametric wind models, as well as process-based models such as Delft3D and XBeach. The model results suggest that offshore extreme wave and storm surge levels may increase by up to 6-8% as a result of higher typhoon winds. Nevertheless, the projected sea level rise is by far the dominant process in relation to increase in flooding levels, accounting for about 80% of the total increase in flooding impacts. 2. Introduction Typhoons are among some of the nature's most powerful and destructive phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • FEMA Disaster Cost-Shares: Evolution and Analysis
    FEMA Disaster Cost-Shares: Evolution and Analysis Francis X. McCarthy Analyst in Emergency Management Policy March 9, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41101 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress FEMA Disaster Cost-Shares: Evolution and Analysis Summary The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (The Stafford Act, P.L. 93- 288) contains discretion for the President to adjust cost-shares for the Public Assistance (PA) program, Sections 406 and 407 of the act, that provides assistance to states, local governments and non-profit organizations for debris removal and rebuilding of the public and non-profit infrastructure. The language of the Stafford Act defining cost-shares for the repair, restoration, and replacement of damaged facilities provides that the federal share “shall be not less than 75 percent.” These provisions have been in effect for over 20 years. While the authority to adjust the cost-share is long standing, the history of FEMA’s administrative adjustments and Congress’ legislative actions in this area, are of a more recent vintage. In all, there have been 222 cost-share adjustments of varying sizes and lengths of time. In 1998 FEMA promulgated, in regulation, a more consistent and open approach to cost-share adjustments. The overwhelming majority of these actions have been based on that regulatory authority and carried out by the executive branch through administrative actions. However, since 1997, and particularly in the wake of the difficult issues caused by the Gulf Coast storms of 2005, Congress has begun to exercise its authority to adjust cost-shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Is the USAF Flying Force Large Enough? Assessing Capacity Demands in Four Alternative Futures
    C O R P O R A T I O N Is the USAF Flying Force Large Enough? Assessing Capacity Demands in Four Alternative Futures Alan J. Vick, Paul Dreyer, John Speed Meyers For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2500 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0072-7 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The 1997 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) directed the Department of Defense to conduct a systematic review of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery Plan for Serianthes Nelsonii
    - K As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use ofour landand water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providingfor the enjoyment of lifethrough outdoor recreation. The Department assesses ourenergy and mineral resourcesand worksto assure that theirdevelopment is in the best interests ofall our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island Territories under US. administration. A RECOVERY PLAN FOR SERIANTHES NELSONII Region 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon Approved: Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Date: THIS IS THE COMPLETED RECOVERY PLAN FOR SERIANTHES NELSONTI (FABACEAE). IT DELINEATES REASONABLE ACTIONS THAT ARE BELIEVED TO BE REQUIRED TO RECOVER AND/OR PROTECT THE SPECIES. OBJECTIVES WILL BE ATTAINED AND ANY NECESSARY FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE SUBJECT TO BUDGETARY AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING THE PARTIES INVOLVED, AS WELL AS THE NEED TO ADDRESS OTHER PRIORITIES. THIS RECOVERY PLAN DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL POSITIONS OF OR APPROVALS OF THE COOPERATING AGENCIES, AND IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF ALL INDIVIDUALS WHO PLAYED A ROLE IN PREPARING THE PLAN. IT IS SUBJECT TO MODIFICATION AS DICTATED BY NEW FINDINGS, CHANGES IN SPECIES STATUS, AND COMPLETION OF TASKS DESCRIBED IN THE PLAN. Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993 Recovery Plan for Serianthes nelsonii. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific ENSO Update Quarter 4, 2015
    Pacific ENSO Update Page 1 Quarter 4, 2015 Vol. 21, No. 4 ISSUED: November 13, 2015 Providing Information on Climate Variability in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands for the Past 20 Years. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/peac CURRENT CONDITIONS The 2015 El Niño event has become strong, rivaling the strong El Niño events of 1982-83 and 1997-98. During the first half of 2015, many of the atmospheric effects of the current El Niño event were already exhibiting substantial deviations from average conditions. These included noteworthy extremes of rainfall and an abundance of early-season tropical cyclones. Early oceanic responses portending strong El Niño included a rapid oceanic surface and sub-surface warming and a dramatic lowering of the sea level across much of Micronesia. Oceanic indices used to diagnose El Niño, such as the SST anomaly in the Nino 3.4 region, reach their peak long after the atmosphere begins to exhibit wild weather patterns typical of El Niño onset. Whereas wild weather patterns (e.g., extreme rains and early season typhoons) arrive in the first half of the El Niño year, the oceanic response to El Niño peaks late in the El Niño year (around December). Through mid-October, the whole North Pacific Basin has seen a very high number of tropical cyclones (see the tropical cyclone discussion), with Hawaii and most of the islands of Micronesia experiencing multiple threats and various effects from the passages of these cyclones. During the 3rd Quarter, the island of Saipan in the CNMI was impacted by two tropical cyclones: (1) very intense Typhoon Soudelor in early August; and (2) a lesser storm (Tropical Storm Champi) in mid-October (see the Saipan LVS for more details).
    [Show full text]
  • Responses Analysis.Frm
    CIM D0008414.A3/1Rev May 2005 For the Record: All U.S. Forces’ Responses to Situations, 1970-2000 (with additions covering 2000-2003) W. Eugene Cobble H. H. Gaffney Dmitry Gorenburg The Center for Strate ic Studies is a division of The CNA Corporation (CNAC). The Center combines, in one organizationa entity, analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategic Yand force assessment work. Such a center allows CNAC to join the global community of centers for strategic studies and share perspectives on major security issues that affect nations. The Center for Strategic Studies is dedicated to providing expertise in work that considers a full range of plausible possibilities, anticipates a range of outcomes, and does not simply depend on straight- line predictions. Its work strives to go beyond conventional wisdom. Another important goal of the Center is to stay ahead of today’s headlines by looking at “the problems after next,” and not simply focusing on analyses of current events. The objective is to provide analyses that are actionable, not merely commentary. Although the Center’s charter does not exclude any area of the world, Center analysts have clusters of proven expertise in the following areas: The full range of Asian security issues, especially those that relate to China 0 Russian security issues, based on ten years of strategic dialogue with Russian institutes Maritime strategy Future national security environment and forces Strategic issues related to European littoral regions Missile defense Latin America Operations in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf 0 Relations with the world‘s important navies Force protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Cyclones in 1988
    ROYAL OBSERVATORY HONG KONG TROPICAL CYCLONES IN 1988 CROWN COPYRIGHT RESERVED Published September 1989 Prepared by Royal Observatory 134A Nathan Road Kowloon Hong Kong Permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be obtained through the Royal Observatory This publication is prepared and disseminated in the interest of promoting the exchange of information. The Government of Hong Kong (including its officers and employees) makes no warranty or representation, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility (including liability for negligence) for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein or for any loss, damage, or injury (including death) which may result, whether directly or indirectly, from the supply or use of such information. This publication is available from: Government Publications Centre General Post Office Building Ground Floor Connaught Place Hong Kong 551.515.2:551.506.1(512.317) 3 CONTENTS Page FRONTISPIECE: Tracks of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 1988 FIGURES 4 TABLES 5 1. INTRODUCTION 7 2. TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARIES FOR 1988 10 3. REPORTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONES AFFECTING HONG KONG IN 1988 16 (a) Typhoon Susan (8802): 30 May-3 June 16 (b) Tropical Storm Vanessa (8805): 27-29 June 20 (c) Typhoon Warren (8806): 14-20 July 23 (d) Typhoon Kit (8821): 19-22 September 35 (e) Typhoon Pat (8827): 18-23 October 39 (f) Typhoon Ruby (8828): 21-29 October 43 4. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES 48 5. TROPICAL CYCLONE POSITION AND INTENSITY DATA, 1988 60 4 FIGURES Page 1. Locations of anemometer and tide gauge stations in Hong Kong 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 0522 1140 2018 Experiences in Pacific Islands with Understanding
    Experiences in Pacific Islands with Understanding and Managing the Health Risks of Climate Change GUAM Climate on Guam • Warm and humid throughout the year • Temperature range is from low 70s to middle 80s • Coolest and least humid months are December - February • Warmest months are March – August • Two seasons o Dry – December to June o Rainy – June to December What Climate Change Means for Guam • Coral Loss o 2013 analysis of coral in Guam waters – about 53% of staghorn corals had died (habitat for baby fish) o Key concern is how reef damage could affect tourism which is 60% of Guam’s revenue • Tropical Storms – Guam lies within the typhoon belt o Since 1962, 9 major disaster declarations were due to typhoons ! Super Typhoon Karen – 1962 ! Typhoon Pamela – 1976 ! Typhoon Roy – 1988 ! Typhoon Russ – 1990 ! Typhoon Yuri – 1991 ! Super Typhoon Omar – 1992 ! Super Typhoon Paka – 1997 ! Typhoon Chata’an – 2002 ! Super Typhoon Pongsongwa - 2002 Cont’d – What Climate Change Means for Guam • Rising Sea Level and Coastal Flooding o Homes, businesses, roads, and the Port of Guam are vulnerable to the impacts of storms and sea level rise • Rainfall and Water Supplies – impact of warmer temperatures that tend to make both rainstorms and droughts more intense o Potential for more inland flooding o Droughts could make fresh water less available – 80% of Guam’s water supply comes from ground water • Inland Plants and Animals – many tropical plants and animals could be threatened by warmer temperatures • Human Health Leading Causes of Death 2017 2016
    [Show full text]
  • Marianas Variety : Death of My Husband, Galen
    I l • l \ ar1anas J MICRONESIA'S LEADING NEWSPAPER SINCE 1972 r Saipan, MP I Vol. 16, No. 42 Friday, January 22, 1988 25¢ 'i·. Governor nixes Tinian casinos ·I Will need 213 majoritv of legislature to over-ride Governor Pedro P. Tenorio Tinian. stated that the issue of gambling has to be approved or vetoed a proposed local law "As a matterof principle, I have no alternative but to ~e disapproved by the people." By Nick Legaspi Thursday which would have guided by the wishes of the people and veto Senate Local Staff reporter He also cited the failure of the local initiative to allow allowed casino gambling in Bill No.5-6," Tenorio told Senate President Benjamin T. casino gambling in Tinian during the Nov.7 election. The Manglona and House Speaker Pedro R. Guerrero in a same proposal was passed by the upper house as Senate message accompanying the unsigned copy of the bill. Local Bill 5-6. The bill was passed by the Senate in December follow- Tenorio, in his message, also noted "numerous concerns regarding whether the manner in which the bill was passed com­ plied with the Consti­ I tution of ~e Northern Mariana Islands." He assured the leg­ ; islative leaders that ! j his decision to veto ,.,... ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,., .... ,.,.,., ...,.,.,,., .. ,,.,,,., ..... ,.,.,.,., .... .:.; ... ,,,,.,,., .. ,.. ... ............... ..... ... .. ............ .. .......... ... .... .... ....... the bill was not be- clearly demonstrated that casino gambling is a very cause of the legal issues "but because of the result of the sensitive issue and one which evokes strong ., recent election." Governor Tenorio feelings,"Tenorio said." On several occasionsJ have The governor's veto may be overriden by the Legisla- ·, Merchants band together to fight I I' port charge: Anti-trust charged Grand Jury '.\ ,,I ! i' By DAVID T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cold War and Beyond Chronology of the United States Air Force, 1947-1997
    The Cold War and Beyond Chronology of the United States Air Force, 1947-1997 Frederick J. Shaw Jr. Timothy Warnock Air Force History and Museums Program in association with Air University Press 1997 Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE 1997 - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Cold War and Beyond Chronology of the United States Air Force, 5b. GRANT NUMBER 1947-1997 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Air University Press,Maxwell AFB,Al,36112 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific ENSO Update 3Rd Quarter, 2015
    Pacific ENSO Update Page 1 3rd Quarter, 2015 Vol. 21, No. 3 ISSUED: July 30th, 2015 Providing Information on Climate Variability in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands for the Past 20 Years. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/peac CURRENT CONDITIONS During the first half of 2015, substantial warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface and sub-surface waters clearly and unambiguously signaled the arrival of El Niño. Wild weather patterns typical of El Niño onset were observed across the region. These included noteworthy extremes of rainfall and an abundance of early-season tropical cyclones. Strong oceanic responses included the aforementioned oceanic warming and dramatic lowering of the sea level across much of Micronesia. Strong westerly wind bursts accompanied by twin (northern hemisphere-southern hemisphere) tropical cyclone formation were noted at roughly 30-day intervals, with quiet periods in between. This is the hallmark signature of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) amplified by the background El Niño climate state. Through mid-July, twelve named topical cyclones were observed in the western North Pacific basin (see the tropical cyclone discussion). One of these -- Typhoon Halola -- entered from the central Pacific. All but one of the 12 (TS Kujira formed and stayed in the South China Sea) tracked within the bounds of Micronesia, where many islands took a beating. The most damaging of the early season typhoons was super typhoon Maysak, which (at the end of March 2015) left a trail of destruction from Chuuk State west- ward through Yap State. There was considerable damage and four deaths in Chuuk State, and Ulithi Atoll experienced a devastating direct strike by this super typhoon.
    [Show full text]