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Home , Epimysium, Muscle tissue, Perimysium

} Three types of muscle tissues: Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac. } Some basic functions and fundamental characteristics of skeletal muscles. } Function and Structure of } The nerve tissue and IE 665Applied Industrial Ergonomics } Microscopic of a skeletal How a muscle tissue contracts Suggested external links: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes3.htm Length tension characteristics of a muscle tissue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_ihc26yxN4&NR=1 } Force regulation in skeletal muscles } How energy is metabolized for and } Fatigue in static and dynamic muscular work

• Skeletal muscle attaches to , holds the against gravitational forces & moves skeleton to produce motion

• Smooth muscles are present in the walls of vessels, intestine & other 'hollow' organs. Its rhythmic contraction moves body fluids.

• are present in the wall of the . Its rhythmic contraction moves blood.

FOCUS OF THIS COURSE IS THE SKELETAL MUSCLES

Striations

• It is under voluntary control. The muscle can be contracted and • Involuntary muscle, ie., relaxed at will. not under voluntary • It has a striated appearance under control microscope, which is due to the orderly arrangement of the • Not striated under contractile proteins within the microscope tissue. • Not multinucleated • The cells are cylindrical and

multinucleated. Nuclei • Involuntary, ie., not under voluntary control • Produces motion – fundamental • Striated appearance under characteristics of all living things microscope • Produces force (tension) • Auto-rhythmic, ie. contracts • Maintains posture – works against rhythmically without any nervous impulse (nerve impulse modifies gravitational forces the rhythm) • Provides joint stability • Not multinucleated • Produces heat as a bi-product of • Rectangular in shape contraction

} Each skeletal muscle spans over one or more skeletal joints and the • Excitability - responds to stimuli (e.g., muscle contraction produces a force that tends to turn a nervous and other impulses) about its joint axis. } Skeletal muscles vary in size, • Contractility - able to shorten in length shape, and arrangement of fibers. They range from extremely • Extensibility - stretches when pulled tiny strands such as the stapedium muscle of the middle ear to large • Elasticity - tends to return to original masses such as the muscles of the thigh. shape & length after contraction or } A gross muscle contains skeletal muscle tissues, connective tissues, extension nerve tissues, and vascular (blood circulation) tissues. Out of these, only the muscle tissue has the contractile property.

Each muscle is surrounded by a } Skeletal muscle cells (fibers), sheath called the like other body cells, are soft . , connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and and fragile. The connective separates the muscles. Portions of the tissue covering furnish epimysium project inward to divide the support and protection for the muscle into compartments. Each delicate cells and allow them compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers. Each bundle is called a to withstand the forces of fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer contraction. of connective tissue called the } Through these tough tissues . Within the fasciculus, each individual , called a muscle contractile force of the muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue cells are transmitted to the called the . All these bone. connective tissue fuse together at the two end and forms , which } The coverings also provide connects muscles to bones pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves . The connective tissues, the } Skeletal muscles have an epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy abundant supply of blood part of the muscle to form a thick vessels, approximately 2 ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet- per muscle cell. like . Capillaries supply the The tendon form attachments from essential and muscles to the bones and aponeurosis forms connection to the connective nutrients to each muscle tissue of other muscles. fiber. Typically a muscle spans a joint } Since the capillaries spreads and is attached to bones by evenly in the muscle body at both ends. One of the bones remains relatively fixed or the smaller muscles cells stable while the other end moves as a have more capillaries. result of muscle contraction. Ligaments forms joint capsules are fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone.

} The nervous system is } It is the major controlling, regulatory, and composed of central communicating system in the body. If muscles are power house, then the nerves are the control nervous system (brain mechanism. and spinal chord) and } It is the center of all mental activity including thought, peripheral nervous learning, and memory. system (containing nerve } Together with the (producing cells external to the brain ), the nervous system is responsible for or spinal cord). regulating and maintaining homeostasis (regulates internal environment so as to maintain a stable, } These, in turn, consist of constant condition). various tissues, including } Through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us nerve, blood, and in touch with our environment, both external and connective tissue. internal.

} Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which } Axon terminals of one motor occur inside and outside the body. They monitor such things as neuron innervate a number of temperature, light, and sound from the external environment. Inside muscle cells that are dispersed the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations in randomly in the overall muscle pressure, pH, concentration, and the levels of mass. The muscle cells and various electrolytes. All of this gathered information is called the single motor neuron that sensory input (afferent nervous system). innervates them make one motor unit. } Sensory input is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain. There the signals are brought together to create sensations, to produce thoughts, or to } When the neuron of a motor unit sends a nerve impulse which add to memory; Decisions are made each moment based on the exceeds a threshold value, all the muscle cells (fibers) of the motor sensory input. This is integration. unit contract together. All or none principle } Based on the sensory input and integration, the nervous system } Number of muscle cells controlled by a motor neuron varies. responds by sending signals to muscles, causing them to contract, Muscles which require fine controls may have innervations of a few or to glands, causing them to produce secretions. muscle cells per motor neuron, where as, when gross force production is the primary objective, motor units innvervates large } The nerve cells that send impulse to muscle cells are called (efferent nervous system). (over hundred) number of muscles cells. Microscopic Structure of a Muscle Cell Neucleus Sarcolema

Mitochondria

Contractile proteins

Sarcolemma: Bi-layer lipid membrane, semi-permeable, has specialized molecules that selectively control inflow and outflow of ions } When the nerve impulse (electrical) reaches axon end, the from the extra-cellular space. permeability of the synaptic vesicle membranes at its axon Motochondria: Organelle, where ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) is ends releases chemical (). synthesized by oxidative process. ATP is only form of energy that } This chemical binds with the muscle cell membrane muscle cells can utilize to produce mechanical energy. molecules at the synaptic cleft (known as motor end plate), and stimulates the muscle cell. Contractile proteins: Responsible for muscle contraction.

T-tubules and Arrangement of Protein filaments

Muscles cells are packed with . Myofibrils are composed of two main types of myo -filaments: thick and thin. They are arranged in a very regular, precise pattern. – thick filaments – thin filaments Sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments causes to contract. Sarcommere: The smallest contractile unit.

Models of Protein filaments Review – U-tube video

} http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdHzKYD xrKc&feature=player_embedded Single Action Potential: Initiation of muscle contraction Resting potential of } Nerve impulse (electrical) reaches the axon end of the nerve cell. The Impulse releases a neurotransmitter } In a resting muscle, there is a higher concentration of chemical (acetylcholine) that binds with specific molecules at the motor end plate Na+ ions in the extra-cellular space and a higher } Due to this chemical reaction, some molecules at the concentration of K+ ions in the intracellular space motor end-plate change their shapes opening gates (pores) for Na+ ions. (inside the muscle cell membrane). } Na+ ions start to diffuse in the muscle cell. The influx of } In resting state the muscle cell membrane remains Na+ ions locally depolarizes the cell membrane. } After the depolarization reaches a threshold level, a local electrically polarized (i.e. outside has higher electric current sets up between the depolarized region at positive ion concentration than inside). This is due motor end plate and the neighboring polarized (resting) to the fact that K+ ions are small and can freely defuse regions of the cell membrane. } This electric current opens more voltage sensitive Na- across the cell membrane but larger Na+ ions cannot, gates on the cell membrane and causes Na+ ions influx in which makes the cell membrane polarized. the neighboring region of the cell membrane. } This newly depolarized region, in turn, depolarizes their neighboring region and the depolarization wave propagates in the outward direction from the motor end plate, and travels the entire length of the muscle cell. This phenomena is called Action Potential.

Action potential: Continued Conversion of chemical to mechanical energy

} Action potential reaches deep in the muscle through the T- tubules, which causes release of Ca+2 ions. } Ca+2 ions binds with protien, and shifts the troponinmolecules to open the binding site of actin and myosin. } Myosin molecule attaches to actinmolecule and change its } The wave also reaches the deep inside of the cell body trough the t- tubules. shape, and sliding the actinmolecule. } } This whole phenomena starts with a single nerve stimulus that With the presence of energy molecule (ATP), myosin exceeds a threshold level. Once a single nerve stimulus level combines with ATP, and the mysin-actin bond is broken. exceeds a threshold value, the action potential starts with the same } As long as ATP and Ca+2 ions are present, this process intensity (all or none principal). Larger discharge of continues. neurotransmitter would not produce stronger Action potential. } If no new nerve impulse is there, then Ca+2 ions are actively } Right after the depolarization, acetylcholine is broken down by pushed back in to SR, and binding sites of actin-myosin are enzymes and Na+ ions are actively (using energy molecules) closed and the sliding stops. transported back to the outside of cell membrane and the cell membrane returns to its normal polarized (resting) state.

Conversion of chemical to mechanical energy (continued)

WATCH HOW MUSCLE CELLS CONTRACT } http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =gJ309LfHQ3M&feature =player_embedded#! } http://www.mmi.mcgill.ca/mmimediasampler/