OFFICIAL RECORD of PROCEEDINGS Thursday, 25
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Reviewing and Evaluating the Direct Elections to the Legislative Council and the Transformation of Political Parties in Hong Kong, 1991-2016
Journal of US-China Public Administration, August 2016, Vol. 13, No. 8, 499-517 doi: 10.17265/1548-6591/2016.08.001 D DAVID PUBLISHING Reviewing and Evaluating the Direct Elections to the Legislative Council and the Transformation of Political Parties in Hong Kong, 1991-2016 Chung Fun Steven Hung The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong After direct elections were instituted in Hong Kong, politicization inevitably followed democratization. This paper intends to evaluate how political parties’ politics happened in Hong Kong’s recent history. The research was conducted through historical comparative analysis, with the context of Hong Kong during the sovereignty transition and the interim period of democratization being crucial. For the implementation of “one country, two systems”, political democratization was hindered and distinct political scenarios of Hong Kong’s transformation were made. The democratic forces had no alternative but to seek more radicalized politics, which caused a decisive fragmentation of the local political parties where the establishment camp was inevitable and the democratic blocs were split into many more small groups individually. It is harmful. It is not conducive to unity and for the common interests of the publics. This paper explores and evaluates the political history of Hong Kong and the ways in which the limited democratization hinders the progress of Hong Kong’s transformation. Keywords: election politics, historical comparative, ruling, democratization The democratizing element of the Hong Kong political system was bounded within the Legislative Council under the principle of the separation of powers of the three governing branches, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. Popular elections for the Hong Kong legislature were introduced and implemented for 25 years (1991-2016) and there were eight terms of general elections for the Legislative Council. -
Community Engagement Report, Which Had Been Uploaded Speakers Onto the Study Website for Easy Reference
ff Contents ʳ Page Section 1 INTRODUCTION ʳ Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 On 7 September 2006, the Security Bureau announced its proposal to 1.2 Stage 2 Community Engagement Activities: Draft Development Plan 1 release some 2,000 ha of land from the original Frontier Closed Area (FCA) in phases. On 11 January 2008, the Security Bureau further 1.3 Community Engagement Activities 2 announced that an additional 400 ha of land would be released, thus 1.4 Purpose of this Report 3 totalling about 2,400 ha of land to be released from the original FCA. These areas are rural in character, comprising mainly hilly terrain, Section 2 OVERVIEW OF KEY COMMENTS 4 wetlands, agricultural land and a number of village settlements, some of 2.1 Introduction and Structure 4 which contain features of cultural heritage value. ʳ 2.2 Draft Development Plan 4 1.1.2 The Study on “Land Use Planning for the Closed Area” was commissioned by the Planning Department (PlanD) to examine the future use of the 2.3 Western Portion – Mai Po to Lo Wu 10 areas to be released from the FCA. The findings of this Study will provide 2.4 Middle Portion – Lo Wu to Heung Yuen Wai 14 a reference for the statutory town plans to be prepared for the Study Area before the new FCA boundary comes into effect.ʳ 2.5 Eastern Portion – Heung Yuen Wai to Sha Tau Kok 18 1.1.3 The 2-stage comprehensive community engagement programme for the 2.6 Other Issues 21 Study aims to allow active public participation in the planning process and 2.7 Other Suggestions 29 seek consensus on the land use proposals: ʳ Section 3 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT REVIEW 31 Stage 1 Community Engagement: Draft Concept Plan (DCP); and Section 4 WAY FORWARD 32 Stage 2 Community Engagement: Draft Development Plan (DDP). -
Minutes Have Been Seen by the Administration)
立法會 Legislative Council Ref : CB4/PL/HA LC Paper No. CB(4)625/20-21 (These minutes have been seen by the Administration) Panel on Home Affairs Minutes of policy briefing-cum-meeting held on Monday, 11 January 2021, at 4:30 pm in Conference Room 1 of the Legislative Council Complex Members : Hon LEUNG Che-cheung, SBS, MH, JP (Chairman) present Hon Michael TIEN Puk-sun, BBS, JP Hon MA Fung-kwok, GBS, JP Hon Jimmy NG Wing-ka, BBS, JP Dr Hon Junius HO Kwan-yiu, JP Hon Holden CHOW Ho-ding Hon SHIU Ka-fai, JP Hon Wilson OR Chong-shing, MH Dr Hon Pierre CHAN Hon LUK Chung-hung, JP Hon LAU Kwok-fan, MH Hon Kenneth LAU Ip-keung, BBS, MH, JP Hon Vincent CHENG Wing-shun, MH, JP Member : Hon Mrs Regina IP LAU Suk-yee, GBS, JP attending Members : Hon WONG Kwok-kin, SBS, JP (Deputy Chairman) absent Hon KWOK Wai-keung, JP Hon YUNG Hoi-yan, JP Public : Item III Officers attending Mr Caspar TSUI Ying-wai, JP Secretary for Home Affairs Mrs Cherry TSE LING Kit-ching, JP Permanent Secretary for Home Affairs - 2 - Mr Patrick LI Pak-chuen, JP Deputy Secretary for Home Affairs (1) Ms Kinnie WONG Kit-yee Deputy Secretary for Home Affairs (2) Mr YEUNG Tak-keung, JP Commissioner for Sports Home Affairs Bureau Miss Janice TSE Siu-wa, JP Director of Home Affairs Mr Vincent LIU Ming-kwong, JP Director of Leisure & Cultural Services Item IV The Administration Mr Caspar TSUI Ying-wai, JP Secretary for Home Affairs Mr Patrick LI Pak-chuen, JP Deputy Secretary for Home Affairs (1) Mr Sammy LEUNG Ka-lok Principal Assistant Secretary for Home Affairs (Civic Affairs) 1 -
Minutes of the 27Th Meeting Held in Conference Room 1 of the Legislative Council Complex at 2:30 Pm on Friday, 25 June 2021
立法會 Legislative Council LC Paper No. CB(2)1238/20-21 Ref : CB2/H/5/20 House Committee of the Legislative Council Minutes of the 27th meeting held in Conference Room 1 of the Legislative Council Complex at 2:30 pm on Friday, 25 June 2021 Members present : Hon Starry LEE Wai-king, SBS, JP (Chairman) Hon MA Fung-kwok, GBS, JP (Deputy Chairman) Hon Abraham SHEK Lai-him, GBS, JP Hon Tommy CHEUNG Yu-yan, GBS, JP Hon WONG Ting-kwong, GBS, JP Hon CHAN Hak-kan, BBS, JP Hon CHAN Kin-por, GBS, JP Hon WONG Kwok-kin, SBS, JP Hon Mrs Regina IP LAU Suk-yee, GBS, JP Hon Paul TSE Wai-chun, JP Hon Michael TIEN Puk-sun, BBS, JP Hon Steven HO Chun-yin, BBS Hon Frankie YICK Chi-ming, SBS, JP Hon YIU Si-wing, BBS Hon CHAN Han-pan, BBS, JP Hon LEUNG Che-cheung, SBS, MH, JP Hon Alice MAK Mei-kuen, BBS, JP Hon KWOK Wai-keung, JP Hon Christopher CHEUNG Wah-fung, SBS, JP Hon Elizabeth QUAT, BBS, JP Hon Martin LIAO Cheung-kong, GBS, JP Hon POON Siu-ping, BBS, MH Dr Hon CHIANG Lai-wan, SBS, JP Ir Dr Hon LO Wai-kwok, SBS, MH, JP Hon CHUNG Kwok-pan Hon Jimmy NG Wing-ka, BBS, JP Dr Hon Junius HO Kwan-yiu, JP Hon Holden CHOW Ho-ding Hon SHIU Ka-fai, JP Hon Wilson OR Chong-shing, MH Hon YUNG Hoi-yan, JP -2 - Dr Hon Pierre CHAN Hon CHAN Chun-ying, JP Hon CHEUNG Kwok-kwan, JP Hon LUK Chung-hung, JP Hon LAU Kwok-fan, MH Hon Kenneth LAU Ip-keung, BBS, MH, JP Dr Hon CHENG Chung-tai Hon Vincent CHENG Wing-shun, MH, JP Hon Tony TSE Wai-chuen, BBS, JP Members absent : Hon Jeffrey LAM Kin-fung, GBS, JP Dr Hon Priscilla LEUNG Mei-fun, SBS, JP Clerk in attendance : Miss Flora TAI -
Legislative Council
立法會 Legislative Council LC Paper No. CB(1)1154/20-21 (These minutes have been seen by the Administration) Ref : CB1/SS/13/20/1 Subcommittee on Two Proposed Resolutions under Section 3(1) of the Loans Ordinance Minutes of first meeting held on Monday, 21 June 2021, at 10:45 am in Conference Room 2B of the Legislative Council Complex Members present : Hon Holden CHOW Ho-ding (Chairman) Hon Starry LEE Wai-king, SBS, JP Hon CHAN Hak-kan, BBS, JP Hon Christopher CHEUNG Wah-fung, SBS, JP Member absent : Dr Hon Priscilla LEUNG Mei-fun, SBS, JP Public officers : Mr CHAN Ho Lim, Joseph, JP attending Under Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury Ms CHEUNG Yi, Eureka Principal Assistant Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury (Financial Services)5 Ms LAU Li Yan, Candy Principal Assistant Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury (Financial Services)3 Mrs MA CHOW Pui Fun, Dorothy Assistant Director (Cross-Boundary & International) Environmental Protection Department - 2 - Mr CHAN Ngai Him, Henry Senior Assistant Law Draftsman Department of Justice Mr LAU Ying Pan, Edmond, JP Deputy Chief Executive Hong Kong Monetary Authority Mr YUEN Chi Choi, Samson Head (Currency & Settlement) Hong Kong Monetary Authority Mr HUI Wai Chi, Kenneth Head (Market Development) Hong Kong Monetary Authority Clerk in attendance : Ms Connie SZETO Chief Council Secretary (1)4 Staff in attendance : Ms Clara WONG Assistant Legal Adviser 4 Miss Sharon LO Senior Council Secretary (1)9 Ms Sharon CHAN Legislative Assistant (1)4 Ms Vivian CHAN Clerical Assistant (1)4 Action I Election of Chairman Election of Chairman Ms Starry LEE, the member with the highest precedence among those who were present at the meeting, presided over the election of the Chairman of the Subcommittee and invited nominations for the chairmanship of the Subcommittee. -
Legco Members Meet with Members of Kwai Tsing and Wong Tai Sin District Councils (With Photos)
LegCo Members meet with members of Kwai Tsing and Wong Tai Sin District Councils (with photos) The following is issued on behalf of the Legislative Council Secretariat: Members of the Legislative Council (LegCo) held separate meetings today (March 22) with members of the Kwai Tsing District Council (DC) and the Wong Tai Sin DC respectively at the LegCo Complex to discuss and exchange views on matters of mutual interest. During the meeting with the Kwai Tsing DC, LegCo Members discussed and exchanged views with DC members on the requests for constructing lift and footbridge facilities in Kwai Tsing District; the proposal for the Housing Department to install dog latrines in all housing estates in Hong Kong; the concerns about the use of Besser blocks for surfacing pavements; tackling the problem of shortage of parking spaces; and the enhancement of the follow-up work by the Department of Health with regard to the Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme. The meeting was convened by Dr Junius Ho and attended by Mr Abraham Shek, Ms Starry Lee, Mr Chan Han-pan, Ms Alice Mak, Dr Lo Wai- kwok, Mr Andrew Wan, Mr Chu Hoi-dick, Mr Holden Chow, Mr Shiu Ka-chun, Dr Pierre Chan, Mr Lau Kwok-fan, Dr Cheng Chung-tai and Mr Tony Tse. As for the meeting with the Wong Tai Sin DC, LegCo Members discussed and exchanged views with DC members on the request for the Government to engage independent third parties to review the workmanship of the canopy structures of buildings in Chuk Yuen (North) Estate; the retrofitting of barrier-free access facilities in Chuk Yuen (North) Estate; the retrofitting of lifts at the footbridge connecting Choi Fai Estate and Choi Wan (II) Estate; the redevelopment of Choi Hung Road Market to provide other community facilities; the provision of a dental clinic with general public sessions in Wong Tai Sin District; and the redevelopment of the Ngau Chi Wan Village Squatter Area. -
LC Paper No. CB(1)842/19-20(01)
。LC Paper No. CB(1)842/19-20(01) 商務及經濟發展局 COMMUNICATIONS AND CREATIVE lNDUSTRIES BRANCH 通訊及創意產業科 COMMERCE AND ECONOMIC 香港添馬添美道二號 DEVELOPMENT BUREAU 政府總部西翼二十一摟 21/F, West Wing Central Government Offices 2 Tim Mei Avenue Tamar, Hong Kong 本函檔號 OUR REF 來函檔號 YOUR REF 電語 TEL. NO. 2810 2708 傅真 FAXLINE· 2511 1458 電子郵件 E - mail Address: [email protected] By Email 3 July 2020 Clerk, Legislative Council Panel on Information Technology and Broadcasting Legislative Council Complex 1 Legislative Council Road Central, Hong Kong (Attn.: Mr Daniel SIN) Dear Mr SIN, Panel on Information Technology and Broadcasting Follow-up to Meeting on 8 June 2020 At the meeting of the Legislative Council Panel on Information Technology and Broadcasting on 8 June 2020, Members requested the Government to provide the following supplementary information on the Subsidy Scheme to Extend Fibre-based Networks to Villages in Remote Areas (Subsidy Scheme): Regarding the rolling out of fibre-based lead-in connections to a total of 235 villages as required under the Subsidy Scheme, selected fixed network operators (FNOs) have made additional service commitments for some of the villages, e.g. providing villagers with broadband services at a speed of 1 000 Mbps or above, installing Wi-Fi hotspots within the common area of villages for provision of free Wi-Fi services and/or providing broadband services to villagers at the prevailing market prices during the first three years upon project completion (see Annex A for details). The two selected FNOs are now undertaking various works /Cont'd .... - 2 - pla画ng and 唧lying for relevant statutory permits and approvals. -
List of Recognized Villages Under the New Territories Small House Policy
LIST OF RECOGNIZED VILLAGES UNDER THE NEW TERRITORIES SMALL HOUSE POLICY Islands North Sai Kung Sha Tin Tuen Mun Tai Po Tsuen Wan Kwai Tsing Yuen Long Village Improvement Section Lands Department September 2009 Edition 1 RECOGNIZED VILLAGES IN ISLANDS DISTRICT Village Name District 1 KO LONG LAMMA NORTH 2 LO TIK WAN LAMMA NORTH 3 PAK KOK KAU TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 4 PAK KOK SAN TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 5 SHA PO LAMMA NORTH 6 TAI PENG LAMMA NORTH 7 TAI WAN KAU TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 8 TAI WAN SAN TSUEN LAMMA NORTH 9 TAI YUEN LAMMA NORTH 10 WANG LONG LAMMA NORTH 11 YUNG SHUE LONG LAMMA NORTH 12 YUNG SHUE WAN LAMMA NORTH 13 LO SO SHING LAMMA SOUTH 14 LUK CHAU LAMMA SOUTH 15 MO TAT LAMMA SOUTH 16 MO TAT WAN LAMMA SOUTH 17 PO TOI LAMMA SOUTH 18 SOK KWU WAN LAMMA SOUTH 19 TUNG O LAMMA SOUTH 20 YUNG SHUE HA LAMMA SOUTH 21 CHUNG HAU MUI WO 2 22 LUK TEI TONG MUI WO 23 MAN KOK TSUI MUI WO 24 MANG TONG MUI WO 25 MUI WO KAU TSUEN MUI WO 26 NGAU KWU LONG MUI WO 27 PAK MONG MUI WO 28 PAK NGAN HEUNG MUI WO 29 TAI HO MUI WO 30 TAI TEI TONG MUI WO 31 TUNG WAN TAU MUI WO 32 WONG FUNG TIN MUI WO 33 CHEUNG SHA LOWER VILLAGE SOUTH LANTAU 34 CHEUNG SHA UPPER VILLAGE SOUTH LANTAU 35 HAM TIN SOUTH LANTAU 36 LO UK SOUTH LANTAU 37 MONG TUNG WAN SOUTH LANTAU 38 PUI O KAU TSUEN (LO WAI) SOUTH LANTAU 39 PUI O SAN TSUEN (SAN WAI) SOUTH LANTAU 40 SHAN SHEK WAN SOUTH LANTAU 41 SHAP LONG SOUTH LANTAU 42 SHUI HAU SOUTH LANTAU 43 SIU A CHAU SOUTH LANTAU 44 TAI A CHAU SOUTH LANTAU 3 45 TAI LONG SOUTH LANTAU 46 TONG FUK SOUTH LANTAU 47 FAN LAU TAI O 48 KEUNG SHAN, LOWER TAI O 49 KEUNG SHAN, -
K. Wah Group Spring Cocktail Reception 2019 “A New Year of Success and Achievements”
Press Release For immediate release K. Wah Group Spring Cocktail Reception 2019 “A New Year of Success and Achievements” * * * K. Wah Group’s entertainment & leisure, properties, hospitality and construction materials operations all achieved outstanding results Entertainment & Leisure: A year of harvest for Galaxy Entertainment Group (“GEG”), capped by substantial growth in revenue for the year Properties: K. Wah International Holdings Limited’s (“KWIH”) property sales in Hong Kong and Mainland China again recorded satisfactory performance Hospitality: InterContinental Grand Stanford Hong Kong completed room renovation recently and, for the third consecutive year, received the top honour of “World’s Leading Luxury Business Hotel” at the World Travel Awards 2018 Construction Materials: K. Wah Construction Materials Limited (“KWCM”) completed resurfacing the south runway of the Hong Kong International Airport last year, and supplied premium ready-mixed concrete, asphalt, and concrete pipes for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which began operation recently; while it is also the ready-mixed concrete supplier for the third runway construction project, continuing to contribute to the development of the city (Hong Kong, 5 March 2019) – K. Wah Group (the “Group”) hosted a spring cocktail reception at the JW Marriott Hotel Hong Kong today to celebrate the advent of the Chinese New Year, as well as the Group’s accomplishments of the past year. The reception was graced by the presence of guests and friends from different sectors, top government -
Discerning the Truth
MANNA ISSUE 70 Discerning the Truth The Truth That We Have Received • Care More, Pray More, Serve More • I Grieve with You in Pain The goal of Manna is to inspire MANNA believers“ to live an active faith through ISSUE 70 Vol 37 No. 2 mutual encouragement and the study of Publication date: October 2013 biblical truths.” Discerning the Truth The Prophetic Word Confirmed by Peter Shee EDITORIAL “And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which placing Pauline writings on the same level of inspiration you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, as “the rest of the Scriptures” (2 Pet 3:15–16). Paul’s until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your teachings were not new inventions, but truth received hearts.” (2 Pet 1:19) from the Lord (1 Cor 11:23). Speaking of the truth that we have received, a theme The line between truth and error seems to obscure with writer emphasizes the inseparability between God and His time, but only because human understanding changes word—because God Himself is the truth—leading to the over time. Post-modernism seeks to demolish the very logical conclusion that truth is eternal and unchanging. foundation of knowledge—the recognition that absolute The progressive nature of revelation (Heb 1:1–2) cannot truth exists—and is thus incompatible with theistic belief be seen as change in truth as we transition from the and the self-revelation of God. Old to the New Testament, for God and His word are immutable (Heb 6:13–18). -
OFFICIAL RECORD of PROCEEDINGS Thursday, 18
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ─ 18 November 2010 2357 OFFICIAL RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Thursday, 18 November 2010 The Council continued to meet at Nine o'clock MEMBERS PRESENT: THE PRESIDENT THE HONOURABLE JASPER TSANG YOK-SING, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ALBERT HO CHUN-YAN IR DR THE HONOURABLE RAYMOND HO CHUNG-TAI, S.B.S., S.B.ST.J., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LEE CHEUK-YAN THE HONOURABLE FRED LI WAH-MING, S.B.S., J.P. DR THE HONOURABLE MARGARET NG THE HONOURABLE JAMES TO KUN-SUN THE HONOURABLE CHEUNG MAN-KWONG THE HONOURABLE CHAN KAM-LAM, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MRS SOPHIE LEUNG LAU YAU-FUN, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LEUNG YIU-CHUNG DR THE HONOURABLE PHILIP WONG YU-HONG, G.B.S. THE HONOURABLE LAU KONG-WAH, J.P. THE HONOURABLE MIRIAM LAU KIN-YEE, G.B.S., J.P. 2358 LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ─ 18 November 2010 THE HONOURABLE ANDREW CHENG KAR-FOO THE HONOURABLE TIMOTHY FOK TSUN-TING, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE TAM YIU-CHUNG, G.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ABRAHAM SHEK LAI-HIM, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LI FUNG-YING, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE TOMMY CHEUNG YU-YAN, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE FREDERICK FUNG KIN-KEE, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE AUDREY EU YUET-MEE, S.C., J.P. THE HONOURABLE VINCENT FANG KANG, S.B.S., J.P. THE HONOURABLE WONG KWOK-HING, M.H. THE HONOURABLE LEE WING-TAT DR THE HONOURABLE JOSEPH LEE KOK-LONG, S.B.S., J.P. -
Minutes Have Been Seen by the Administration) Ref : CB4/PL/ED
立法會 Legislative Council LC Paper No. CB(4)962/12-13 (The minutes have been seen by the Administration) Ref : CB4/PL/ED Panel on Education Minutes of meeting held on Monday, 10 June 2013, at 4:30 pm in Conference Room 1 of the Legislative Council Complex Members : Dr Hon LAM Tai-fai, SBS, JP (Chairman) present Hon IP Kin-yuen (Deputy Chairman) Hon Albert HO Chun-yan Hon LEUNG Yiu-chung Hon TAM Yiu-chung, GBS, JP Hon Abraham SHEK Lai-him, SBS, JP Hon Tommy CHEUNG Yu-yan, SBS, JP Hon Cyd HO Sau-lan Hon Starry LEE Wai-king, JP Dr Hon Priscilla LEUNG Mei-fun, JP Hon CHEUNG Kwok-che Hon IP Kwok-him, GBS, JP Hon Mrs Regina IP LAU Suk-yee, GBS, JP Hon LEUNG Kwok-hung Hon WONG Yuk-man Hon Claudia MO Hon MA Fung-kwok, SBS, JP Hon Charles Peter MOK Dr Hon Kenneth CHAN Ka-lok Dr Hon Fernando CHEUNG Chiu-hung Dr Hon Helena WONG Pik-wan Hon Christopher CHUNG Shu-kun, BBS, MH, JP Member : Hon KWOK Wai-keung attending Members : Hon Paul TSE Wai-chun, JP absent - 2 - Public Officers : Agenda item IV attending Mr Kevin YEUNG Under Secretary for Education Mrs Betty IP, JP Deputy Secretary for Education (3) Miss Hera CHUM Principal Assistant Secretary (Special Education and Kindergarten Education) Education Bureau Agenda item V Mr Kevin YEUNG Under Secretary for Education Ms Pecvin YONG Pui-wan Principal Assistant Secretary (Further Education) Education Bureau Agenda item VI Mr Kevin YEUNG Under Secretary for Education Mr Wallace LAU Principal Assistant Secretary (Higher Education) Education Bureau Mr Thomas CHAN Chung-ching, JP Deputy Secretary for Development (Planning & Lands)1 Development Bureau Miss Janice TSE Siu-wa, JP Deputy Secretary for Food & Health (Health)1 Food and Health Bureau - 3 - Agenda item VII Mr Eddie NG, SBS, JP Secretary for Education Mrs Michelle WONG Deputy Secretary for Education (4) Clerk in : Miss Polly YEUNG attendance Chief Council Secretary (4)4 Staff in : Mr KWONG Kam-fai attendance Senior Council Secretary (4)4 Ms Sandy HAU Legislative Assistant (4)3 Action I.