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An Introduction to Kidawida: the Language of the Taita in Southeast Kenya

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An Introduction to Kidawida: the Language of the Taita in Southeast Kenya An Introduction to Kidawida Vol.Ⅱ［SAKAMOTO Kunihiko］ An Introduction to Kidawida: The Language of the Taita in Southeast Kenya VolumeⅡ：Pronouns SAKAMOTO, Kunihiko Abstract This paper aims to analyze Kidawida which is the main indigeneous language among the Taita. Almost all the major linguistic groups of Kenya are present in this district, but those spoken by significant numbers of people are Bantu, Nilotic and less importantly Eastern Cushitic. The language of the Taita belongs to Northeast Coastal Bantu group. The first person to try and put the language of the Taita in writing was Wray, J.A. who was sent to Kenya by the Church Missionary Society in London. In 1894, he published An Elementary Introduction to the Taita Language. This book was written on the gram- mar of Kisaghala, because his first mission was established in the Teri valley of the Saghala Hills. Kisaghala is one of dialects of the Taita language. In volumeⅠ, I analyzed nouns, adjectives and numerals of Kidawida which is spoken mainly in the Taita Hills, southeast Kenya. In this volume, I'll analyze grammatical fea- tures of Kidawida in pronouns making reference to the Wray's work on Kisaghala. I'll discuss six features of pronouns: personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pro- nouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, and interrogatives. Pronouns in Ki- dawida are similar to the Swahili language in their structure. In the following volume, I'll continue to analyze verbs, adverbs, and others. 要 約 ダヴィダ語は、南東ケニアの丘陵地帯に暮らす山地農耕民のタイタ人の言語である。総 合政策研究紀要第6号（2003年9月）において、ダヴィダ語の名詞、形容詞、数詞につい て分析した。本稿は、それにつぐものとして代名詞を取り上げる。タイタ人は、タイタ、 カシガウ、サガラの三つの丘陵地帯、および、その麓のヴォイを中心とするウッドラン ド・サバンナ帯に暮らしているが、ダヴィダ語は、これらの地域の中で一番人口稠密なタ イタ・ヒルズで使用されている言語である。ダヴィダ語は、ニジェル・コルドファン Niger-Kordofanian語族のなかのバントゥBantu系に分類される。タイタ人の言語としては、 ダヴィダ語のほかにカシガウKikasigau語、サガラKisaghala語がある。カシガウ語は、ダ ヴィダ語の一方言としてとらえられているが、サガラ語は、ミジケンダMijikenda・グル ープのなかでとくにギリアマGiriama語との関係が深いとされ、そこでは、語彙の借用に とどまらず、音調の類似性が多くみられる。そうした点から、サガラ語は、タンザニア北 部のパレPare語と同じグループに属し、ミジケンダ、スワヒリSwahiliを含むサバキSabaki グループを構成するものとして捉えられ、そこに、ダヴィダ語との相違点を見ることがで きる。その一方で、これらの言語は、接頭辞が発達していること、名詞がいくつかのクラ スに分類されることなどの特徴を共有している。これは、代名詞の構成に直接影響を与え 1 尚美学園大学総合政策研究紀要第10号／2005年９月 るものであり、特に、前稿Vol.Ⅰで述べた名詞クラスの 8つの分類法は、代名詞を考える 前提となる。アルフレッド・レイAlfred Wrayは、ダヴィダ語の隣接言語であるサガラ語 の名詞クラスを9つに分類しているが、本稿では、前稿で分析した8クラスを基本として 議論を進める。一方、代名詞の種類に関しては、レイのサガラ語の分析を参照して、人称 代名詞、所有代名詞、再帰代名詞、指示代名詞、関係代名詞、および、疑問詞を取り上げ る。Vol.Ⅲ以下では、動詞、副詞、その他を取り上げる。 Key words Taita／Kidawida／Swahili／Bantu language／East Africa Contents (Mohammed, M.A. 2001: 108). The full forms of Volume Ⅰ: the personal pronoun are as follows: １．Introduction ini I isi we (1) Pronunciation oho you inyo, inyu you (2) Stress uo he or she awo they (3) Word Order Personal independent pronouns can stand on ２．Nouns their own. All the six pronouns can serve as “ac- (1) Classifications tors” or “agents13” of their sentences (ibid.:108). I (2) Location or they, when referring to inanimate objects, are ３．Adjectives expressed by special prefixes. The objective case (1) Regular Adjectives of the personal pronoun is the same as the subjec- (2) Ways of Forming Adjectives tive case. (3) Comparison of Adjectives The possessive case is expressed as described (4) Arabic Adjectives below. ４．Numerals ①By use of possessive pronouns, as in: (1) Cardinal Numbers iwanu japo my arrow (2) Ordinal Numbers ng’ombe rake his cattle (3) Adverbial Numbers kidu chawo their mortar Volume Ⅱ: ②By the case of the preposition -a, of, as in: ５．Pronouns mburi ra wandu the people’s goats (1) Personal Pronouns The possessive pronoun is formed by prefixing (2) Possessive Pronouns the preposition -a to a special form of the person- (3) Reflexive Pronouns al pronoun, as in: (4) Demonstrative Pronouns -apo mine e-du ours (5) Relative Pronouns -ako yours e-nyu yours (6) Interrogatives and other pronouns -ke his, her, or its a-wo theirs It often happens that one needs to say ‘with me’ or ‘and you’ etc. In Kiswahili the word re- Pronouns quired here for ‘and’ and ‘with’, is ‘na’, but in- stead of saying ‘na mimi’ (Wilson, P.M. 1985:50), Like adjectives, Kidawida pronouns are of vari- they use ‘nami’. In Kidawida, they use similar ous types. They are described below. contractions as in Kiswahili. naini and me, with me （1）Personal Pronouns nesi and us, with us (pl.) There are personal independent pronouns of naoho and you, with you which are six in all. Each refers to animate beings nainyu, nainyo and you, with you (pl.) 2 An Introduction to Kidawida Vol.Ⅱ［SAKAMOTO Kunihiko］ nauo and him, with him The objective forms of the personal pronoun nawo and them, with them (pl.) denoting animate beings are as follows: The prefixes used in conjugating the verb to ni me di us mark the subjective case of the personal pronoun ku you mu you are as follows: m him, her wi them na, ni, ne I di we The following prefixes are used in connection kwa you mwa you with words expressing inanimate things to denote wa he, she we, wi, wa they the personal pronoun: These denote animate beings only. Table 8: Subjective and Objective Prefixes of Personal Pronouns. Subjective Case Objective Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Class 1 na,ni,ne,kwa,wa di,mwa,we,wi,wa ni,ku,m di,mu,wi Class 2 ghwa i ghu i chi, cha vi, va chi vi Class 3 cha ve ki vi Class 4 lwa ra lu ri Class 5 ja gha ji ghi Class 6 i, ya, ye re, ma i ri Class 7 ghwa ghu Class 8 ku ku 3 尚美学園大学総合政策研究紀要第10号／2005年９月 The subjective and objective cases of Class 7 take The following table shows the use of the objec- the same form for their singular as those of Class tive prefixes: 2 singular. Table 9: Concord of the Objective Prefixes. Waniwonagha. He sees me. Wanikunde / Wanikundagha. He loves me. Wakuwonagha. He sees you. Wakukunde / Wakukundagha. He loves you. Wambonagha. He sees him. Wamkunde / Wamkundagha. He loves him. Class 1 Wadiwonagha. He sees us. Wadikunde. He loves us. Wamuwonagha. He sees you. Wamukunde. He loves you. Wawawiwona / Wawiwonagha. He sees them. Wawikunde. He loves them. Waghuwona. He sees it. (mghunda, a garden) Waghukunde. He loves it. Class 2 Waiwonagha. He sees them. (mighunda, gardens) Waikunde. He loves them. Wachiwonagha. He sees it. (kidu, a mortar) Wachikunde / Champoiagha. He loves it. Waviwonagha. He sees them. (vidu, mortars) Class 3 Wavikunde / Vamupoiagha. He loves them. Wakiwonagha. He sees it. (kanyumba, a little house) Wakikunde / Kamupoiagha. He loves it. Waluwonagha. He sees it. (lumbo, a song) Walukunde / Walukundagha. He loves it. Class 4 Wariwonagha. He sees them. (chumbo, songs) Warikunde / Ramupoiagha. He loves them. Wajiwonagha. He sees it. (ighembe, hoes) Wajikunde / Jampoiagha. He loves it. Class 5 Waghiwonagha. He sees them. (maghembe, hoes) Waghikunde / Gampoiagha. He loves them. Waiwonagha. He sees it. (nyumba, a house) Waikunde / Yamupoiaga. He loves it. Class 6 Wariwonagha. He sees them. (nyumba, houses) Warikunde / Ramupoiagha. He loves them. Waghuwona. He sees it. (wulimi, cultivation) Class 7 Waghukunde. He loves it. Wakuwonagha. He sees it. (kubora, a singing) Class 8 Wakukunde / Kwamupoiagha. He loves it. In all cases the first syllable is the subject of proper subjective and objective prefixes, as fol- the verb. The syllable representing the object al- lows: ways immediately precedes the verb, as: Namuzera. I have told him. Waniwonagha. [Wa-, he; ni-, me; wonagha, sees.] Niachipoisa. I will repair it. He sees me. The objective prefix is used where in English the Daghughuagha. [Da-, we; ghu, it; ghua, buy.] definite article is used, for example: We buy it. (mughunda, a garden) Nadema mudi. I have cut the tree. When emphasis is required, the full form of the Nirilisha ng’ombe. I will tend the cattle. personal pronoun may be used together with the Naghidaya machi. I have drawn the water. 4 An Introduction to Kidawida Vol.Ⅱ［SAKAMOTO Kunihiko］ The indefinite article is denoted by the omission mughenyi wapo my friend of the objective prefix, as follows: kidu chenyu your mortar Nalasa nyamandu. I have shot an animal. The unvarying parts of the possessive pronoun are Dighua mburi. We will buy a goat. as follows: Nawona mundu. I have seen a man. apo my edu, odu our ako your enyu,onyu your （2）Possessive Pronouns ake his, her, or its awo their The roots of possessive pronouns are similar to The above forms may be used as enclitics with those of possessive adjectives. There is , however, such words as: a difference between these two categories of mwanwapo (mwana wapo) my child grammatical items. Possessive adjectives are ac- wakedu / wanidu our brothers / our sisters companied by nouns while possessive pronouns mkwako / mkako your wife stand alone (op.cit.:110). The initial letters of the possessive pronoun prop- The possessive pronoun always follows imme- er to each class and number of nouns are as fol- diately after the thing possessed, it varies accord- lows: ing to the number and class. Table 10: Initial Letters of the Possessive Pronouns. Singular Plural Class 1 w- w- Class 2 ghw- y- ch- v- Class 3 k- v- t- v- Class 4 lw- r- Class 5 j- gh- Class 6 y- r- Class 7 ghw- Class 8 kw- 5 尚美学園大学総合政策研究紀要第10号／2005年９月 When a noun is put into the locative case, its chongonyi kwake in his head pronoun requires a special form, such as: The following table shows how the various kidundunyi kwapo in my store forms of the possessive pronouns are used: ngolonyi kwapo in my heart Table 11: The Various Forms of the Possessive Pronouns. mundu wapo, wako, wake, odu, onyu, wawo Class 1 wandu wapo, wako, wake, wedu, wenyu, wawo mudi ghwapo, ghwako, ghwake, ghodu, ghonyu, ghwawo Class 2 midi yapo, yako, yake, yedu,
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