DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study of TD-SCDMA in China 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study of TD-SCDMA in China 1 From Self-Innovation to International Standardization: A Case Study of TD-SCDMA in China 1 Yan Hui * Time Division Synchronous Address (TD-SCDMA) is one of three 3G standards in China, the two others being Wideband Code Division Synchronous Address (WCDMA) from Europe and Code Division Synchronous Address (CDMA2000) from the US. TD-SCDMA is a Chinese-developed standard currently applied only in the Chinese market. From the very beginning, TD-SCDMA has caught tremendous attention. As a government-led standardization, it demands continu- ous technical progress, industry accumulation, and national confi- dence. At the time of its inception, China was not yet the second largest economy in the world; furthermore, as a developing country and technology latecomer, it faced many difficulties and challenges. Thus, it is interesting to note how the Chinese government reached the decision to apply standardization and prepare the relevant con- ditions to fully commercialize TD-SCDMA in China. After five years of TD-SCDMA application, more information has become available to help answer the questions above. Thus, in the current paper, we introduce the evolution of TD-SCDMA, from its very early stage technology to a standard approved by the International Telecom- munication Union (ITU), until its first launch during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The paper provides arguments and evidence to show that TD-SCDMA is a successful case because it has been selected by the ITU as one of the 3G standards for commercial application, even though it is a standard used only domestically in a country, which is considered a technology latecomer with low technological capabilities. Keywords: Innovation, Standardization, China, Telecom industry JEL Classification: O3, O32 *Lecturer, School of Management, Shanghai University, No. 99, ShangDa Road, Shanghai, PRC, (Tel) +86-21-66134148, (Fax) +86-21-66130396, (E-mail) hui.yan@ shu.edu.cn. [Seoul Journal of Economics 2013, Vol. 26, No. 1] 114 SEOUL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS I. Introduction TD-SCDMA is one of the three 3G standards in China, the two others being WCDMA from Europe and CDMA2000 from the US. TD-SCDMA is a Chinese-developed 3G standard currently applied only in the Chinese market. From the very beginning, TD-SCDMA has caught tremendous attention. As a government-led standardization, it demands continuous technical progress, industry accumulation, and national confidence. At the time of its inception, China was not yet the second largest economy in the world. Furthermore, China faced many difficulties and challenges as a developing country and technology latecomer at that time. Thus, it is interesting to note how the Chinese government reached the decision to apply the standardization as well as prepare the relevant conditions to fully commercialize TD-SCDMA in China. After five years of TD-SCDMA application, more information has become available to help answer the questions above. Thus, in the current paper, we introduce the evolution of TD-SCDMA, from its very early stage technology to a standard ap- proved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), until its first launch during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The paper provides arguments and evidence to show that TD-SCDMA is a successful case because it has been selected by ITU as one of the 3G standards for commercial application, even though it is a standard used only domes- tically in a country, which is considered a technology latecomer with low technological capabilities. A brief description of the theories on standardization is presented in Chapter 2, after which the case of Korea’s WiBro as a success story of an international standard developed by a newly emerging economy is discussed. In Chapter 3, we will focus on introducing the TD-SCDMA technology, from its origin, standard application, and industry chain building, to its transformation into a commercial product. In this process, we particularly emphasize the role of the government as the key decision maker and coordinator. Chapter 3 presents an analysis of the industry opportunity offered by the technology life cycle in the telecom industry and the technology accumulation in China. Several companies that de- veloped during the process of the standard setting are then introduced. Finally, we draw conclusions based on the discussions. FROM SELF-INNOVATION TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 115 II. Theories A. Importance of Standards in the Telecommunication Industry a) Network Economy The telecommunications industry is a typical “network economy,” in which consumers of computer and software programs, cellular phones, faxes, and Internet services all have more valuable products. As the use of a product increases, the total social value of that product also increases as it is shared with more consumers. Standardization is one of the cru- cial factors in a network economy. According to Farrell and Saloner (1986) “standardization” is a coordination process resulting in the production of goods that are interchangeable or compatible. Standards in telecom- munications systems play a central role in maintaining service quality; such standards do not involve tradeoffs between service quality and var- iety, but rather integrate advanced telecom networks into a seamless web of interoperable technologies and services (David and Steinmueller 1996). Thus, the highest priority of standard setting is interoperability. However, they also stated that there are varied reasons as to why a con- struction is difficult to achieve. Technical compatibility standards do not flow “naturally” from the best engineering practice, but rather reflect the full range of strategic behaviors. b) Dominant Design A dominant design is often not the technologically superior one; it is typically the result of a complex interplay between technological factors and user demands as well as that among political, social, and economic factors. Different technological designs backed by different sponsors com- pete for the position of dominant design in a process wherein economic, technological, and socio-political factors are intertwined. Technology does not work in isolation, and coordination and compatibility with other prod- ucts or systems are required. Generally, the more complex the product, the more actors are aligned to a technological design and the more com- plicated is the sponsoring role (Tushman and Rosenkopf 1992). What this means is that a complex system must focus on interfaces and ne- gotiations with different users and producers of complementary products, through which it evolves from simple technological artifacts to more com- plex ones. 116 SEOUL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS c) Network Effects Network effects indicate that the utility derived by a consumer is af- fected by the total number of consumers subscribed to the same net- work. In other words, the demand or utility curve shifts upward with the increase in total users in the network. The adoption of a certain sys- tem is partially dependent on the number of other consumers purchas- ing similar systems. Network effects can be divided into direct and in- direct effects. Direct effects are present when a new customer joins a network, and a new network connection is created for all members in the network. Direct effects depend on compatibility between system elem- ents. For example, the utility of one user of an email system increases along with the increasing number of total users. Meanwhile, indirect network effects arise because of increased demand for complementary products or service, such as specialized training, after-sale support, and compatible software. Indirect network effects represent positive depend- encies that evolve between the spread of a standard and the increasing demand for complementary goods. For example, the spread of an oper- ating system plays an important part in determining the supply of com- patible application software. Katz and Shapiro (1985) find that firms with good reputation or large existing networks tend to ignore compati- bility, whereas those with small networks or weak reputation tend to favor compatibility. This is because large firms have market power to ignore compatibility when introducing new systems. d) Technological Life Cycles in Mobile Communications Numerous experiments are involved during the beginning of a product life cycle, particularly in terms of different designs and technologies, re- sulting in numerous innovations (Utterback 1994). In the early develop- ment stage, accelerated market dynamics and persistent uncertainties are also observed. As the technology evolves, the focus shifts slowly from product performance maximization to cost minimization (with the inte- gration of market dynamics, standardization, incremental products, and process innovations) and to the prominent role of complementary assets. In the mature phase, innovation rate fades as the products become stand- ardized and the market is manipulated by oligopolies. In the decline stage, the market contracts and technology exits. The concept of technological life cycles can be applied to the evolution of mobile communication technologies. The transformation from first gen- eration (1G) Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) technology to second gen- eration GSM constitutes a shift in technological life cycles. The coexist- FROM SELF-INNOVATION TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 117 Source: Dalum et al. (2002). FIGURE 1 S-CURVE TECHNOLOGY AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLES ence and shifts of different technological life cycles is not an S-curve, which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hong Kong SAR
    China Data Supplement November 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 47 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 50 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 54 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 61 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 65 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 November 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement March 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 31 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 38 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 54 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 56 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR ................................................................................................................ 58 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR ....................................................................................................................... 65 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 69 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 March 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
    [Show full text]
  • LE 19Ème CONGRÈS DU PARTI COMMUNISTE CHINOIS
    PROGRAMME ASIE LE 19ème CONGRÈS DU PARTI COMMUNISTE CHINOIS : CLÔTURE SUR L’ANCIEN RÉGIME ET OUVERTURE DE LA CHINE DE XI JINPING Par Alex PAYETTE STAGIAIRE POSTDOCTORAL POUR LE CONSEIL CANADIEN DE RECHERCHES EN SCIENCES HUMAINES CHERCHEUR À L’IRIS JUIN 2017 ASIA FOCUS #46 l’IRIS ASIA FOCUS #46 - PROGRAMME ASIE / Octobre 2017 e 19e Congrès qui s’ouvrira en octobre prochain, soit quelques semaines avant la visite de Donald Trump en Chine, promet de consolider la position de Xi Jinping dans l’arène politique. Travaillant d’arrache-pied depuis 2013 à se débarrasser L principalement des alliés de Jiang Zemin, l’alliance Xi-Wang a enfin réussi à purger le Parti-État afin de positionner ses alliés. Ce faisant, la transition qui aura vraiment lieu cet automne n’est pas la transition Hu Jintao- Xi Jinping, celle-ci date déjà de 2012. La transition de 2017 est celle de la Chine des années 1990 à la Chine des années 2010, soitde la Chine de Jiang Zemin à celle de Xi Jinping. Ce sera également le début de l’ère des enfants de la révolution culturelle, des « zhiqing » [知青] (jeunesses envoyées en campagne), qui formeront une majorité au sein du Politburo et qui remanieront la Chine à leur manière. Avec les départs annoncés, Xi pourra enfin former son « bandi » [班底] – garde rapprochée – au sein du Politburo et effectivement mettre en place un agenda de politiques et non pas simplement des mesures visant à faire le ménage au cœur du Parti-État. Des 24 individus restants, entre 12 et 16 devront partir; 121 sièges (si l’on compte le siège rendu vacant de Sun Zhengcai) et 16 si Xi Jinping décide d’appliquer plus « sévèrement » la limite d’âge maintenant à 68 ans.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring China's Audience Costs: an Institutionalist Perspective
    Exploring China's Audience Costs: An Institutionalist Perspective ∗ Hans H. Tung y This Version: October, 2011 Abstract The recent burgeoning literature of the political economy of dictatorships (Wintrobe, 1998; Bueno de Mesquita et al., 2003; Acemoglu and Robinson, 2006; Gandhi, 2008 ) have made inroads into cracking open the black box of economic policymaking in autocracies, and bringing more insights to the study of non-democratic regimes that used to be dominated by the old totalitarianism paradigm. (Arendt, 1951; Friedrich and Brzezinski, 1965) In the field of international political economy, researchers also start debunking the age-old myth that autocratic leaders are not held accountable domestically. (Weeks, 2008) Along this line of thought, this paper tries to flesh out the argument of autocratic audience costs in the context of a dictatorship, China, that is not only large in size, but also plays a dominant role in all aspects of international political economy. The paper offers an analysis of the political dynamics within the Central Committee of China's Communist Party. It identifies, on the one hand, the key mechanism for the Chinese leadership to be held accountable to its constituent within the Party, and that for it to solicit policy coordination among political elite on the other. Specifying these parameters and their relationship in the model allows us to understand the audience costs the Chinese leadership has to face in the context inter- national policy cooperation. More critically, as far as global governance is concerned, this analysis also makes it possible to assess how credible China's promises to the international community are.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Development and Reform of the Telecommunications Sector in China”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
    Please cite this paper as: OECD (2003-03-13), “Review of the Development and Reform of the Telecommunications Sector in China”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 69, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/233204728762 OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 69 Review of the Development and Reform of the Telecommunications Sector in China OECD Unclassified DSTI/ICCP(2002)6/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 13-Mar-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English text only DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP(2002)6/FINAL REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN CHINA text only English JT00140818 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP(2002)6/FINAL FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of telecommunications development in China and to examine telecommunication policy developments and reform. The initial draft was examined by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy in March 2002. The report benefited from discussions with officials of the Chinese Ministry of Information Industry and several telecommunication service providers. The report was prepared by the Korea Information Society Development Institute (KISDI) under the direction of Dr. Inuk Chung. Mr. Dimitri Ypsilanti from the OECD Secretariat participated in the project. The report benefited from funding provided mainly by the Swedish government. KISDI also helped in the financing of the report. The report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia Focus #3
    PROGRAMME ASIE QUELLE COMPOSITION DU POLITBURO ET DU COMITÉ CENTRAL CHINOIS APRÈS 2017 ? Par Alex PAYETTE STAGIAIRE POSTDOCTORAL CRSH UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTREAL OCTOBRE 2016 Septembre 2016 ASIA FOCUS #3 l’IRIS ASIA FOCUS #3 - PROGRAMME ASIE / Octobre 2016 lors que 2016 se termine et que la campagne anticorruption agressivement menée par la tristement célèbre « jiwei » [纪委] a pris fin, il ne reste que A quelques mois pour finaliser la sélection interne des cadres qui seront appelés à être élus en novembre au Politburo ainsi qu’au Comité central. Cela dit, depuis la fin de 2015, nous avons pu remarquer un certain durcissement, voire même un « repli » de la part de Xi, tant dans son attitude face au pouvoir (p. ex. retour aux idiomes/symboles maoïstes, méfiance ouverte de l’Occident, attitude de plus en plus inflexible en matière de structures internationales, etc.), que dans son attitude envers certains patriarches du Parti, notamment Jiang Zemin (président de la République populaire entre 1993 et 2003) et Hu Jintao (président de 2003 à 2013), ainsi qu’envers les autres forces en présence sur la scène politique chinoise (par exemple la Ligue des jeunesses communistes [共青团]1, la « faction du pétrole » [石油帮]2, la bande Shanghai [ 上海帮], la bande du Jiangxi [江派], etc.). Ce dernier a également resserré son emprise non seulement sur Beijing – par le biais de son proche collaborateur Wang Xiaohong [王 小洪]3-, mais bien aussi sur le pays en entier. Tandis que le temps d’« abattre les tigres » [打虎] et que les déraillements de la jiwei sont encore perceptibles, en particulier dans la province du Hebei4, fort est de constater que l’impact n’est pas celui escompté, sauf dans les cas de Su Shulin [苏树林]5 et Jiang Jiemin [蒋洁敏]6, et qu’il ne sera pas vraiment possible d’évaluer les dégâts de cette campagne avant la formation du Comité central de 2022.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipv6 Broadband Access and Applications in China
    ___________________________________________________________________________ 2009/TEL40/DSG/WKSP/009 IPv6 Broadband Access and Applications in China Submitted by: China Workshop on IPv6: Facing the Future of Internet Cancun, Mexico 24 September 2009 IPv6 BB access and applications in China YU Zhicheng CATR • Current Status of Internet in China • IPv6 network deployment • Trial applications Internet User Number Ranking the First in the World •In 2008, the Internet users of China surpassed that of the US and ranked the first in the world; In June 2009, the number reached 338 million; The year-on- year growth rate was 34%. •Up to June 2009, the penetration rate of Internet was 25.5% in China, exceeding the average level of the world (23.8%). However, it is still much lower than those in the developed economies. 4 60.00% 56% 3.38 3.5 53% 2.98 50.00% 3 2.53 42% 40.00% 2.5 2.1 32% 34% 2 1.62 30.00% 1.37 1.5 1.11 1.23 23% 1.0318% 18% 19% 20.00% 1 10.00% 0.5 0 0.00% 2005. 6 2005. 12 2006. 6 2006. 12 2007. 6 2007. 12 2008，6 2008，12 2009，6 User number用户数 同比增长率 Growth rate Source: CNNIC Broadband Users Having Become the Mainstream Internet Users •In 2008, the number of broadband users of China ranked the first in the world for the first time; in June 2009, the number reached 319 million; The year-on- year growth rate of broadband users reached 49%, higher than that of the Internet users.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Companies in the 21St Century
    CHINESE COMPANIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY A SURVEY BY WWF’S TRADE AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMME - - PENG LEI, - BAIJIN LONG AND DENNIS PAMLIN APRIL 2005 CHINESE COMPANIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY HELPING OR DESTROYING THE PLANET? CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BEYOND A SURVEY BY WWF’S TRADE AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMME - - PENG LEI, - BAIJIN LONG AND DENNIS PAMLIN APRIL 2005 CHINESE COMPANIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY 3 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 RESULTS 8 POSSIBLE STEPS FORWARD 9 INTRODUCTION 11 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA 17 THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE COMPANIES 18 THE MAJOR COMPANIES IN CHINA 19 AN OVERVIEW OF CSR ACTIVITIES IN CHINA 20 FROM MARGINAL IMPROVEMENTS TO NEW SOLUTIONS 21 THE WWF STUDY : CHINESE COMPANIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 23 THE PROCESS 24 THE RESULTS 25 WWF’S RESPONSE 31 APPENDIX AND FOOTNOTES 34 APPENDIX 1 - COMPANIES APPROACHED 36 APPENDIX 2 - LETTER, QUESTIONNAIRE AND REPLIES 38 FOOTNOTES 43 This report is the first of a series of studies by WWF’s Trade and Investment Pro- gramme. The project of which it is a part aims to identify and work with actors in key emerging economies (China, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa) to champion international sustainable trade and investment. The project examines the scope for these countries to become leading exporters of, and investors in, sustainable goods and services, whilst emerging as key actors in promoting a proactive inter- national sustainable development agenda. For more information see: www.panda.org/investment or email: trade@wwfint.org EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is based on a survey of 182 of the largest and most important Chinese companies.
    [Show full text]
  • China Unicom Deploys High-Speed Agile Optical Network 40G Today – 100G Ready!
    CASE STUDY MARKET: Telecom operator REGION: CHINA COMPANY: CHINA Unicom CHINA UNICOM DEPLOYS HIGH-SPEED AGILE OPTICAL NETWORK 40G TODAY – 100G READY! China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd (“China Unicom”) was established in 2009 as a result of the merger of former China Netcom and former China Unicom. At present, the Company is engaged in GSM and WCDMA cellular business in thirty-one provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, the provision of fixed-line voice, broadband and other Internet-related services, information and communications technology services, business and data communications services, and other related telecommunication value- added businesses. As of the end of December 2012, the total subscribers of the Company’s mobile, local telephone and broadband businesses reached 395 million. China Unicom is among the world’s Top 500 companies in terms of revenue, and ranked in the top of the world’s leading telecom operators in terms of its customer base and market capitalization of its listed company. It is the only Chinese Telecom operator listed on the stock exchanges in New York, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. CHALLENGES • Increase the number of homes with access to broadband services • Increase fiber-to-the-home network coverage • Propel China’s average broadband bandwidth capacity in urban regions to 20 Mbps by 2015 • Increase China Unicom’s mobile subscriber base, from 40 Million in 2011 to 76 Million in 2012 • Provide a backbone network infrastructure having the capacity and efficiencies in both fixed and mobile broadband services • Enable future scaling to meet growth in subscriber bandwidth consumption SolUtIonS • Alcatel-lucent’s 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) for five new Support for this growth — in both national backbone networks tHE CHALLEnGES fixed and mobile broadband sub- Bandwidth demand is driven by data and • Alcatel-lucent’s 40G coherent scribers, as well as with enterprise video traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Nation on Road to Be 'Super Aging Society'
    CHINA DAILY Monday, October 30, 2017 TOP NEWS 3 Vacancies Wheels within wheels Giant plant would in civil boost rice harvests service By LI LEI in Beijing and abound FENG ZHIWEI in Changsha The scientist behind China’s By HOU LIQIANG “giant rice” has said he houliqiang@ believes the crop could boost The new breed is chinadaily.com.cn yields across Southeast Asia and other Belt and Road Inita- 100 percent free of China will recruit a tive countries, helping to ease record high of more than global concerns over food genetic modifica- 28,500 central govern- security. tion.” ment employees in 2018, Xia Xinjie, chief researcher and more than 80 percent at the Chinese Academy of Sci- Xia Xinjie, of the jobs will be at agen- ences, said his newly devel- chief researcher at the cies’ local branches below oped rice plant can better Chinese Academy of Sciences county level. adapt to conditions such as cli- Job seekers can sign up mate than the rice plant from Monday to Nov 8 for strains in use. the national civil servants The new plant grows to reaping machines would be exam, or guokao, sched- about 2 meters, almost twice needed. uled for Dec 10, according the height of standard varie- As for fears over the need for to the State Administra- ties, and has a longer growth more fertilizers, he said that tion of Civil Service. cycle. A test in Hunan prov- although the higher rice plant Many central govern- ince this month yielded 15,000 requires more nutrition, farm- ment civil servants are kilograms per hectare, just ers do not need to apply extra retiring, leading to the A collection of bicycles frames visitors viewing a bike-themed painting at an exhibition at the Shanghai Art Museum on Saturday.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming of Age Multinational Companies in China
    Monitor Group and In co-operation with Alcatel, Bates Asia, Bayer, Citigroup, DHL, KPMG An Economist Intelligence Unit white paper With additional support from Fuji Xerox, Hitachi Data Systems, Norton Rose, Primasia, Russell Reynolds Associates, Sheraton Hong Kong, Timken Coming of age Multinational companies in China June 2004 Coming o Multinational companies in China f age LONDON 15 Regent Street London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom Tel: (44.20) 7830 1000 Fax: (44.20) 7499 9767 E-mail: [email protected] NEW YORK 111 West 57th Street New York NY 10019 United States Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 E-mail: [email protected] HONG KONG 6001 Central Plaza 18 Harbour Road Wanchai Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2585 3888 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 E-mail: [email protected] Coming of age Multinational companies in China Contents 2 Acknowledgements 3 Preface 4 Executive summary 6 Introduction PART 1 10 A new environment 26 Addressing the market 42 Persistent headaches PART 2 54 Automobiles 66 Financial and professional services 80 Logistics 88 Pharmaceuticals 98 Retailing and consumer goods 110 Telecommunications 122 Appendix: Survey results © The Economist Intelligence Unit 1 Coming of age Multinational companies in China Acknowledgements Many hands and minds came together to create this © 2004 Economist Intelligence Unit. report. The Economist Intelligence Unit would like to All rights reserved. make special mention of the lead sponsors—Citigroup, All information in this report is verified to the best of the authors' and the publisher's DHL, KPMG and Monitor Group—and in particular those ability. However, the Economist who took time to give us valuable input: Tony May, Wu Xin Intelligence Unit does not accept and John Diener at Monitor Group; Paul Kennedy, Anson responsibility for any loss arising from Bailey and Andrew Weir at KPMG; Gary Clinton at Citi- reliance on it.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Railway to Link Lhasa, Nyingchi
    CHINA DAILY MONDAY, MARCH 10, 2014 7 2014 NPC & CPPCC SINGER AT SESSION Proposed PHOTO BY ZOU HONG / CHINA DAILY Song Zuying (cen- ter), Chinese singer railway to and a member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative link Lhasa, Conference National Committee, talks to other political advis- ers during a break at Nyingchi the fourth plenary meeting in Beijing on Tibet authorities prepare to seek Sunday. State approval of $4.9b project By WANG HUAZHONG behind. Many border roads wanghuazhong@ and transport facilities of chinadaily.com.cn neighboring India are edging closer to territory under our Construction is set to begin control.” this year on a railway linking Wangdoi, head of Nying- Lhasa and Nyingchi prefec- chi prefecture, said that the ture in the Tibet autonomous railway will help boost Tibet’s region with an estimated 30 goal of becoming a world billion yuan ($4.9 billion) tourism destination. investment, top Tibetan o& - “Two and a half million cials said on Wednesday in people visited Nyingchi pre- Beijing. fecture and spent 2.2 billion Lobsang Jamcan, chair- yuan last year,” he said. man of the Tibet autonomous “Moreover, we have 200,000 Samsung SDI plans 2 Shaanxi plants region, told Tibetan deputies people living in an area rich to the National People’s Con- in resources. Poor transport gress that the government is conditions are creating a bot- By SHAN JUAN operational in 2015, accord- ter of China, Shaanxi plays Asian countries during a visit “preparing to begin building tleneck for economic develop- and LU HONGYAN ing to Lou.
    [Show full text]