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Die Badr-Organisation Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Comments The Badr Organization WP Iran’s Most Important Instrument in Iraq Guido Steinberg S Since 2014, the Shiite Badr Organization, led by its Secretary General Hadi al-Amiri, has become one of the main actors in Iraqi politics. This development was largely possible due to the successes of its paramilitary units in the fight against the Islamic State (IS). The Badr Organization, which relies strongly on support from Tehran, has thus become the most important instrument of Iranian politics in its neighbouring country. Tehran’s aim is to exert as much influence as possible on the central government in Baghdad and, at the same time, build a strong militia that depends on it. Since Badr established control over the province of Diyala and the Interior Ministry of Baghdad, the organi- zation has grown appreciably and is now playing a role similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon. Badr is also part of a growing “Shiite International” which supports the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria and aggravates religious conflicts between Sunnites and Shiites through its violent acts. The combination of these factors makes the orga- nization an increasingly important obstacle to the future stabilization of Iraq. The Badr Organization’s militia is playing themselves to operating west of Mosul and an important role in fighting around the fighting IS in the city of Tal Afar. Iraqi city of Mosul. As the dominant part of the People’s Mobilization Forces (PMF), it has taken on the task of cutting the lines From Badr Corps to connecting Islamic State (IS) in Iraq with its Badr Organization bases in Syria. Originally, it had wanted to The Badr Organization is the oldest Shiite participate in the attack on Mosul, but the militia in Iraq and has maintained the US government made its military support closest ties to Iran. The unit was founded as to Iraq dependent on Shiite militias being the Badr Corps in 1983/84, the armed wing banned from the city. Although Baghdad of the Supreme Council for the Islamic has followed this wish, it is not yet guaran- Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). It was an organi- teed that PMF units will remain under their zation made up of Iraqi exiles who fled to control now that Mosul has been liberated. Iran when the regime of Saddam Hussein Until July 2017, however, they limited intensified its persecution of Shiites in Dr. Guido Steinberg is a Senior Associate in SWP’s Middle East and Africa Division SWP Comments 26 July 2017 1 1979. The leader of the Corps was the cleric Guards and its religious-political allegiance Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim (1939–2003) to the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei also whose family still dominates the Supreme suggest that a break never occurred. Council today. The founding of Kata’ib Hezbollah was From the very start, the Badr Corps was a instead part of a dual strategy that Iran subunit of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard pursues in Iraq to this day. Firstly, Tehran Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami supported its Iraqi allies, the Supreme or Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Council and Badr, politically and helped Revolution), Iran’s political army. This army, them to obtain and maintain durable which exists in parallel with conventional positions of power, also by cooperating forces, is responsible for protecting and with the US. Secondly, it promoted the spreading the Islamic Revolution. The Iraqis establishment of new militias which fought are assigned to the Quds (= Jerusalem) Bri- against US troops in order to force them gades of the Revolutionary Guards who are to withdraw. A major change took place in responsible for political, military and intel- May 2007, when the Supreme Council for ligence relations with Iran’s Muslim neigh- the Islamic Revolution in Iraq was renamed bours in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI) The Quds Brigades maintain contact with whilst, at the same time, distancing itself all the pro-Iranian militant groups operat- from Iran. This development gave the Badr ing in these countries, such as the Lebanese Organization the opportunity to establish Hezbollah and Badr. itself as Iran’s most important ally in Iraq. The Badr Corps continued to exist after In 2009, it officially parted from the Su- the Iran-Iraq War and remained part of the preme Council and joined the (rival) State Revolutionary Guards. In the wake of the of Law Coalition formed by the then Prime American invasion of 2003, Badr troops also Minister, Nuri al-Maliki. Badr leader Hadi marched into Iraq. The Badr Corps, which al-Amiri was rewarded with the post of from then on called itself the Badr Organi- Minister of Transport in December 2010 zation, retained its paramilitary units, but and Badr won 22 out of 328 seats in the also claimed a place in Baghdad politics 2014 elections. However, the organization and cooperated pragmatically with occu- only made its breakthrough in Iraqi politics pation forces. At the same time, it retained in 2014 when Shiite militias, led by Badr, close ties to Iran. Initially, the Badr Organi- took up the fight against IS. Badr and zation stood in the shadow of its (political) Kata’ib Hezbollah were now working hand parent organization. The Supreme Council in hand and assumed leadership of the PMF, was Iran’s most important partner in Bagh- founded in the same year. dad politics for several years and Badr poli- ticians generally represented the Supreme Council. Although it moved into politics, The Badr Organization there are indications that the Badr Organi- zation, at least indirectly, fought against Ideology and objectives US troops. In 2007, the (former) Badr com- The Badr Organization is a Shiite Islamist mander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis founded group, that adheres to the ideology of Aya- the Kata’ib Hezbollah (Hezbollah battalions) tollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989) and, which opposed the Americans militarily therefore, to the state ideology of the Islamic with Iranian support. Muhandis claimed Republic of Iran. The objective of this doc- he left Badr in 2003, but there has been no trine, also known as the ‘rule of the reli- evidence of disagreement or even conflict. gious jurist’ (Arabic: wilayat al-faqih), is Rather, Kata’ib Hezbollah maintains closer to establish an Islamic state which, in the ties with Badr than any other militia. Its absence of the twelfth Imam al-Mahdi, is strong connection to the Revolutionary ruled by a religious scholar. After the Islamic SWP Comments 26 July 2017 2 Revolution in 1979, Khomeini himself ini- ernment. Since Badr has become Iran’s tially held the position of what Iranians closest ally in Iraq, it is also the most im- named “Supreme Leader”, followed by Ali portant exponent of the Iranian project to Khamenei in 1989. establish an (Islamic) state within a state, For the Badr Organization and its mem- modelled on Hezbollah in Lebanon. It is bers, the Iranian Supreme Leader is the predestined for such a function since it con- highest religious and political authority, trols parts of Diyala and Salah al-Din prov- as Hadi al-Amiri has repeatedly confirmed. inces. It also plays a role in Tehran’s efforts Indeed, Amiri presents himself as a Shiite of exercising as much political influence as internationalist for whom the cohesion possible in Baghdad. Due to its role in the of the Shiite Muslim community under fight against IS, the organization and its Iranian leadership is more important than leader currently enjoy a great degree of popu- the integrity of the Iraqi national state. In larity and, as a direct consequence, wield the event of a conflict, therefore, it can be influence in the Iraqi government. In addi- assumed that Amiri and the Badr Organiza- tion to Badr, the Iranian leadership has tion would follow Khamenei’s instructions built other alliances with Baghdad, in par- rather than those of the Iraqi Prime Minister. ticular with the Supreme Council. The close alliance of the Badr Organiza- Badr’s objectives are no longer limited tion with Khamenei and the Revolutionary exclusively to Iraq. It sent militias to Syria Guards has never been without its prob- because, together with the Revolutionary lems. Many Iraqis, including Shias, are Guards, the organization is keen to see the critical of these ties to the Iranian leader- Assad regime, an ally of the Islamic Repub- ship. As a result of this criticism, the Iraqi lic and an important supporter of the Leba- Islamic Supreme Council has, at least pub- nese Hezbollah, remain in power in Syria. licly, played down its relationship with Iran, a step that Badr never took. Badr has, however, tried to emphasize its Iraqi char- Leadership and power base acter. Indeed, it named its military wing The Badr Organization is led by Hadi after the scholar and intellectual Muham- al-Amiri who serves as Secretary General. mad Baqir al-Sadr (1935–1980). In the late Amiri, born in 1954, took part in the war 1950s, Sadr was one of the founders and against Iraq on the Iranian side and was leaders of the Daawa Party, currently the appointed military commander of the Badr oldest and most important Shiite political Corps in the 1990s. Between 2003 and 2010, organization in Iraq. Sadr himself never he became a well-known figure in Iraqi adopted Khomeini’s teachings of the ‘rule politics and assumed political leadership of of the religious jurist’. Therefore, the fact the group after it was renamed Badr Organi- that the Iran-supporting Badr Organization zation (also in 2003).
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