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Varying Constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
Varying constants, Gravitation and Cosmology Jean-Philippe Uzan Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR-7095 du CNRS, Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris (France) and Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Cape Town University, Rondebosch 7701 (South Africa) and National Institute for Theoretical Physics (NITheP), Stellenbosch 7600 (South Africa). email: [email protected] http//www2.iap.fr/users/uzan/ September 29, 2010 Abstract Fundamental constants are a cornerstone of our physical laws. Any constant varying in space and/or time would reflect the existence of an almost massless field that couples to mat- ter. This will induce a violation of the universality of free fall. It is thus of utmost importance for our understanding of gravity and of the domain of validity of general relativity to test for their constancy. We thus detail the relations between the constants, the tests of the local posi- tion invariance and of the universality of free fall. We then review the main experimental and observational constraints that have been obtained from atomic clocks, the Oklo phenomenon, Solar system observations, meteorites dating, quasar absorption spectra, stellar physics, pul- sar timing, the cosmic microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis. At each step we arXiv:1009.5514v1 [astro-ph.CO] 28 Sep 2010 describe the basics of each system, its dependence with respect to the constants, the known systematic effects and the most recent constraints that have been obtained. We then describe the main theoretical frameworks in which the low-energy constants may actually be varying and we focus on the unification mechanisms and the relations between the variation of differ- ent constants. -
A History of the National Bureau of Standards
APPENDIX A FERDINAND RUDOLPH HASSLER First Superintendent of the Coast Survey and of Weights and Measures When Professor Stratton arrived at the Office of Weights and Measures on B Street in Washington in the spring of 1898 to survey its equipment and operations, he found there in the person of Louis A. Fischer, the adjuster, a link with Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, the first Superintendent of Weights and Measures in the Federal Government. It was in the atmosphere of the office over which Hassler had presided, Stratton said, with its sacred traditions concerning standards, its unsurpassed instrument shop, its world-known experts in the construction and comparison of standards, and especially in the most precise measurement of length and mass, that the boy Fischer, scarcely over 16, found himself when he entered the employ of Govern- ment in a minor capacity [about the year 18801. * * Scarcely 40 years had passed since the end of Hassler's services and the beginning of Fischer's. His first instructors were the direct disciples of Hassler and he knew and talked with those who had come in personal contact with the first superintendent.1 Fischer's reminiscences concerning the early historyof the Weights and Measures office, gathered from his association with the successors of Hassler, were never recorded, to Stratton's regret, and the only biography of Hassler, by Florian Cajori, professor of mathematics at the University of California, centers on his career in the Coast Survey gathered from his association with the successors of Hassler, were never recorded, to in the history of science in the Federal Government, is the principal source of the present sketch.2 1 Stratton, "Address Memorializing Louis Albert Fischer, 1864.—1921," 15th Annual Con. -
Volume Vih Washington City, Dc, June 16
VOLUME VIH WASHINGTON CITY, D. C., JUNE 16, 1878. NUMBER 16. ALEX. H. STEPHENS, the big little thing on 1's, at- —We find tho following personal in the New York iog, instead of inadvertent"ybecomIngro?ponslble for THE CAPITAL, THE INVESTIGATION. tracts more attention from the galleries than any mem- Herald ot Wednesday : " John: Your family aro a preliminary report without a formal hearing; with- PUBLISHED "WEEKLY BY This highly intellectual body has about arrived, ¿s- ber. His strange, emaciated figure, boyish faoe topped about crazy; for God's sake let them hear from you out notice to those who hold legal title to a portion of far as the prosecution goes, at the end of Its rope. by a tall hat, seated in his push-cart before the in some way at once." This must refer to our finan- the lands In controversy; without receiving one Pretty much all of the witnesses for tho prosecution, THE CAPITAL PUBLISHING COMPANY Speaker's stand, the nervous twitching of his hands, cial Cheap John of the Treasury. > syllable of testimony or hearing one word of argument. aforesaid have been done and gone for. The defense 927 D street, Washington, D. C. his legs crossed, and as thin and flat as straps of —The appointment of a Greek christian as first, We regret that men of high character, suoh as com- will next be tho pointed paragraphs on the standi leather, makes a peculiar picture among the body of and a Prussian as second, plenipotentiary, is some- pose that oommlttee, should have suffered themselves Two special characteristics, and of most worthy note, Congress. -
Metric System and Its History
Metric System and its History Following is an explanation of the Metric System and its history. This is part of a set of pages on the metric system and metric system conversion; to see the main page (and other related pages), click on Metric System Conversion Table / Chart and Converter for Metric Conversions. The metric system is an internationally agreed set of units for measurement. Since 1960, the metric system is correctly known as the SI system, which is short for Systeme International d'Unites (International System of Units). However, it is still commonly (although somewhat incorrectly) continues to be referred to as the metric system. It has only seven basic measures (known as units), listed in the following table, of which the first four are in common use and the other three are mainly for technical and scientific purposes. Type of measure Standard Unit Symbol length meter m mass (weight) kilogram kg temperature degree Kelvin K (see discussion below) time second s electric current ampere A amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd Although the kilogram is commonly used as a measure of weight, it is actually defined as a measure of mass. Weight is a measure of how heavy something is, whereas mass is a measure of the amount of matter. To illustrate, a 120 pound woman would weigh only 20 pounds on the moon (due to the moon having lower gravity than the earth), whereas a 50kg woman is 50kg on both the earth and the moon. In other words, her weight (how heavy she is) is less on the moon but her mass (how much matter she has) is unchanged. -
The International System of Units (SI)
The International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 330 2008 Edition Barry N. Taylor and Ambler Thompson, Editors NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION 330 2008 EDITION THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) Editors: Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory Ambler Thompson Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d’ Unités (SI) (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 330, 2001 Edition) Issued March 2008 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, James Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 330, 2008 Edition Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 330, 2008 Ed., 96 pages (March 2008) CODEN: NSPUE2 WASHINGTON 2008 Foreword The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant system used in science, the SI is rapidly becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. In recognition of this fact and the increasing global nature of the marketplace, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, which changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. industry increase its competitiveness, designates “the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce.” The definitive international reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) and often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. -
Let's Use the Metric System: a Supplement to Mathematics K-6
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 086 551 SE 017 223 AUTHOR Negus, LeRoy TITLE Let's Use the Metric System: A Supplement to Mathematics K-6. INSTITUTION New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Elementary Curriculum Development. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 15p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Curriculum; *Elementary School Mathematics; Guides; Instruction; Instructional Materials; Learning Activities; *Measurement; *Metric System; Objectives; *Teaching Techniques ABSTRACT This bulletin proiides elementary school teachers with some information about the metric system and some suggestions for teaching it. A history of the development of the system is given followed by a grade by grade guide to objectives and activities to be used with lessons on measurement with the metric system. The activities stress the decimal character of the metric system and provide opportunities for the students to gain an intuitive feeling for the comparative size of the various units of measure. (JP) FILMED FROM BESTAVAILABLE COPY II LET'S USE THE METRIC SYSTEM asupplement to Mathematics K-6 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN III ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY 9E .!,. ."/:. ...,,.7.-1.7,'"....f. 0.'. ,, ....7....,..., ...,,......, .....11, .... 14.......... .......,...,' ....,...,...,..... ...r..,..../............3t .... 0 .."-....-_.. ........!,,--Ir..",.., ....%..., The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Bureau of Elementary Curriculum Development Albany, New York 12224 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University (with years when terms expire) 1984 Joseph W. -
Brief History and Use of the ENGLISH and METRIC SYSTEMS of MEASUREMENT with a CHART of the MODERNIZED METRIC SYSTEM
AUG 13 1971 -^4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 161670 C. R. SMITH, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS / a. v. astin, Director Special Publication 304A. Issued 1968. lUj h Brief History and Use of THE ENGLISH AND METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT with a CHART OF THE MODERNIZED METRIC SYSTEM "Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessaries of life to every individual of human society. They enter into the eco- nomical arrangements and daily concerns of every family. They are necessary to every occupation of human industry; to the distribution and security of every species of property; to every transaction of trade and commerce ; to the labors of the husbandman ; to the in- genuity of the artificer; to the studies of the philosopher ; to the researches of the antiquarian, to the navigation of the mariner, and the marches of the soldier; to all the exchanges of peace, and all the operations of war." —JOHN QUINCY ADAMS When the American Colonies sepa- sembly of France on May 8, 1790, of the length of a great circle of the rated from the mother country to to enact a decree, sanctioned by Louis earth. This idea found favor with the assume among the nations of the XVI, which called upon the French French philosophers at the time of the earth a separate and individual sta- Academy of Sciences in concert with French Revolution, men who were tion, they retained, among other the Royal Society of London to "de- generally opposed to any vestige of things, the weights and measures duce an invariable standard for all of monarchical authority and preferred that had been used when they were the measures and all weights." Hav- a standard based on a constant of colonies, namely, the weights and ing already an adequate system of nature. -
A Brief History of Weights and Measures
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications 7-8-1957 A Brief History of Weights and Measures Lynn Swango Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b Recommended Citation Swango, Lynn, "A Brief History of Weights and Measures" (1957). Plan B Papers. 56. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/56 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A BRIEF HISTORY of WEIGHTS AND MEASURES This paper is presented to the Mathematics Department of Eastern Illinois State College in partial fulfiliment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Education. by Lynn Swango EASTERN ILLINOIS STATE COLLEGE 1957 Approved Date: PREFACE In the following pages it has been the aim to present in simple and non-technical langauge, so far as possible, a comprehensive view of the evolution of weights and measures. Realizing that in the history of mankind there have been many hundreds of systems of weights and measures, no attempt is made to discuss all of these. Since in every measurement system there are dozens of different units, the discussion in this paper is limited to the most common units of linear, capacity, and weight measurement. It has been the intention to consider briefly and systematically the general history of weights and measures, the scientific methods by which units and standards have been determined, and present aspect of modern systems of weightB and measures, together with the difficulties and advantages in them. -
Not Made to Measure
Made in Britain: Not made to measure. Ronnie Cohen © 2011 Ronnie Cohen. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents Foreword...............................................................................................................................................5 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6 Central Role of Measurement in Daily Life.........................................................................................7 Why Measurement Matters..................................................................................................................8 Quest for Honest Measurements since Ancient Times.........................................................................9 Measurement Facts: Did you know that....?.......................................................................................10 Description of the British Imperial System........................................................................................11 Introduction to the British Imperial System..............................................................................11 Units of Length..........................................................................................................................11 Units of Area.............................................................................................................................11 Units of Volume........................................................................................................................12 -
My Little War Experience
Class b-k04_ Book JEOiL Copyiight]^°_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. MY LITTLE War Experience* WITH Historical Sketches and Memorabiliat BY EDWARD W. SPANGLER, Private Company K, 1 30th Rcgfiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps, Army of the Potomac. Sl3 Two Copies Revived JUN 2 1904 A Copyrtefat Entry (iLASS/\ XXc'Na' COPYRIGHTED 1904 BY EDWARD W. SPANGLER. All Rights Reserved. Printed by the York Dally Publishing Company, York, Pa. INTRODUCTION. THE generous tribute ot praise bestowed upon the writer's brief and insignificant Army Ex- perience upon its appearance serially in the York Daily is his excuse for essaying its publication in book form. This tribute was doubtless evoked more by the appendant historical sketches than the commonplace narrative itself. A large majority of our present population has grown up since the termi- nation of the terrible internecine struggle for the maintenance of the Union, which logically ended in the abolition of slavery and the perpetuity of republican institutions. To them, especially, this book may be instructive and entertaining—notably the parts relat- ing to slavery—the primary cause of war, the bitter hatred engendered thereby, the graphic battle descrip- tions by the commanders on both sides of the great contest, and the portrayal of the cognate contempora- neous events. To the younger local population must be peculiarly gratifying the patriotism displayed by their ancestors in the enthusiastic war meetings held in York, published in full because they were typical of patriotic assemblages held during the war period throughout the entire North. The sires nobly supported the flag when the war clouds first emerged above the horizon, and were ever conspicuous in the stirring local events and scenes enacted during the greatest conflict in history. -
Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System
OUTLINES OF THE EVOLUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES AND THE METRIC SYSTEM OUTLINES OF THE EVOLUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND THE METRIC SYSTEM BY WILLIAM HALLOCK Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOS IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK AND HERBERT T. WADE EDITOR FOR PHYSICS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, ' THK NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN AND CO. LTD. 1906 ac 2b SEP 8 <i ;\ OFT 9239G3 GLASGOW I PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD. PREFACE. In the following pages it has been the aim of the authors to present in simple and non-technical language, so far as possible, a comprehensive view of the evolution of the science of metrology as it is now understood. Inasmuch as the introduction of the Metric System into the United States and Great Britain is a topic of more or less general interest at the present time, it has seemed that a work designed both for the student of science and for the general reader, in which this system is discussed in its relation to other systems of weights and measures past and present, would fill a certain need. While there are many works on metrology that treat at considerable length the historic and scientific sides of the subject, as well as the economic and archaeological questions involved, and a large number of books and pamphlets dealing with the teaching of the Metric System, besides those supplying tables and formulas for converting from one system to the other, yet there is apparently a distinct lack of works, which in small compass discuss the subject comprehensively from its many points of view. -
History of the Eighty-Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Prepared from Official Records, Diaries, and Other Authentic So
yOA^i-^ /e^ 'ytj^cA^M. , G«tiy»burg toi-r'j^ Inttitute Civil War G€tty»lmT§, Gettysburg College Library GETTYSBURG, PA. Presenled By Ivlp, and Mrs, 1]. - . G-raraley Friend of the Library Accession Cjoi^'Bi ShelfdvIL WAR YSST. • S 6"\vw P HISTORY OF THE ElGHn-SElfENTH REGIMENT, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS, PREPARED FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS, DIARIES, AND OTHER AUTHENTIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION. BY GEORGE R. PROWELL, MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OP PENNSYLVANIA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE REGIMENTAL ASSOCIATION. ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS AND PORTRAITS. YORK, PA.: Press of the York Daily. 1903. 1— ^ <"" " rrii— , mrvn f — Getty$buro College Lj.ijiw*;' COLLEGE i Civil War Institute $nETTYS3URG Gettybur§, Pennaybfonim LGgtiys^jjrg, Pa. I - LIBRARY - I USit WAR INST. 5 PREFACE. THE plan of this work is to tell the story of the Eighty- seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, from the time it entered the service, in 1861, to the end of the great con- flict for the preservation of the Union. The first chapters de- scribe how the regiment was recruited and organized, and how the soldiers went to war. Then follows a mental picture of the daily life and acts of the men, portraying their sturdy courage and devotion to the country and the flag, their experience in camp, on the march, in battle, in the prison pen, and how the returning soldiers were welcomed home. To the comrades of the regiment, it is hoped the work will present a stereoscopic view, a panorama of their career in the army, which will take them back in memory to the time of their early manhood, cause their pulses to thrill, and help them to live over again those eventful years of the past For the non- military reader, the aim has been to make the history interest- ing, instructive and entertaining, and show how the soldier of the Civil War served and fought and endured to prevent the dismemberment of the Union.