Science in Vol. 24(2), November 1998.

A GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF STICK- AND LEAF- (INSECTA: PHASMIDA) OF NEW GUINEA AND THE SURROUNDING ISLANDS. H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN Venneweg 29, 5051 BN Goirle, The Netherlands.

ABSTRACT 190 of stick- and leaf- insects in 58 genera are known to occur in New Guinea and the surrounding islands. This paper, based on a literature study, provides keys to identify species up to their following the current accepted classification. For each genus a summarised description and where available a schematic reproduction of an existing illustration of a representative is given, as well as a list of species ocurring in the subregion. For each species the reference of the original description including page number, sex of the type material, illustrations, and the location of the type material are given. When applicable, references to first description of opposite sex and synonyms followed by the reference containing the nomenclatural act are included. For each species a general geographic distribution is given. In addition, a gazetteer has been compiled including all known localities of type and non-type specimens reported in the literature from the New Guinea subregion. Technical terms used are described in the glossary.

Keywords: Insecta, Phasmida, New Guinea, identification, .

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INTRODUCTION been collected for study and preserved in a number of European museums. The stick- and leaf- insects Initially, only few species were collected (Phasmida) include some of the most from the coastal areas and adjoining impressive insects in terms of size and mountain ranges in New Guinea. The body shape. The New Guinea fauna is first species reported from the island especially interesting as it includes a were earlier described from other areas number of large species with spectacular by Linnaeus (1758), De Haan (1842), wings, spines etc. To date 190 species Boisduval (1835) and Gray (1835). and 17 subspecies of phasmids in 58 These were followed by descriptions of different genera are recognised to occur endemic species by Westwood (1859), on New Guinea and the surrounding Bates (1865), Kaup (1871) and Kirby islands. This equals about 6.3 % of the (1896, 1904b). total 3037 species described worldwide Up to the turn of the century a (Bragg, 1998). Taking into account that limited number of phasmids had been Bragg’s database is not corrected for collected and classified, and only in synonyms and names that have been 1906 did the first coherent paper dealing lowered to subspecies level this with a collection of phasmids gathered percentage in reality may be much by the "Dutch New Guinea Expedition higher. in 1903" (Brunner von Wattenwyl, th In the 19 century some of these 1906) appear. Brunner von Wattenwyl beautiful and remarkable creatures had and Redtenbacher however, first 55 H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN published the descriptions of these this guide is almost fully based on a species in the comprehensive literature study it is not the purpose to Monograph of Phasmids in 1906-1908, further refine or give comments on the which also included many other species taxonomic arrangement, nor to settle from New Guinea. Unfortunately few outstanding taxonomic problems. Few specific locations were given in this taxa have undergone a thorough work (see Brock, 1998, for the details taxonomic revision and as a result there recorded on the data labels). In the early appear to be large gaps in the years of the 20th century several knowledge of phasmids. It may be zoological expeditions were equipped to obvious that more research is required explore predominantly the northern part and that taxonomic revision might of the island. Some of these penetrated change the status of some taxa included deep into the interior. This resulted in in this paper. With few amendments, the the establishment of several larger classification according to Günther collections that were described in detail (1953) or Bradley & Galil (1977), by Günther (1929, 1930, 1936, and which is a slight update of the former, is followed in this guide. 1937). The largest of these is the collection of the "Deutschen Kaiserin This work consists of three parts Augusta-Fluss-Expedition 1912/13" to identify the genera: keys, descriptions from the basin and the slopes of of the main characteristics and the adjoining mountain ranges with 70 schematic sketches of representatives of species in 32 genera (Günther, 1929). the genera. When used in combination The last comprehensive paper dealing these components will enable the reader with New Guinea phasmids is from the to easily identify species up to genus same author, published in 1937, and level. deals with a group of phasmids collected The keys to tribe level are based from the Torricelli Range by Dr. on the ones given by Bradley and Galil Schlaginhaufen in 1909 which counts 32 (1977), modified in a few cases. The species from 17 genera. Despite these keys to the genera have been compiled efforts, the of New Guinea using the keys from the monograph of remain poorly studied. Most research Brunner von Wattenwyl and has been almost exclusively focused on Redtenbacher, modified to incorporate the northern part of the island and the taxonomic changes. It must be noted surrounding islands (Figure 1). here that the keys provided, although Very few species have been sufficient to identify the known genera reported in the literature from the associated with New Guinea, have southern part or from the higher altitudes limited use in relation to other of the central mountain ranges. Günther geographic areas. It is recommended (1929) noted a vertical segregation on that keys be used in conjunction with the basis of his data, but it remains the generic descriptions given in the difficult to draw more definite ‘main characteristics’ sections. In these conclusions about the distribution of this characterisations the differences group. between related genera have been taken into account, not only for genera HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE represented in the subregion, but often

The aim of this guide is to also for other genera. In this context it provide scientists and those interested in should be noted that new material from phasmids with a tool for identification an island with so many large unexplored of the genera associated with New areas may include undescribed taxa. The Guinea and the surrounding islands drawings in the Figures are schematic (hereafter also referred to as the reproductions of illustrations in the subregion). In addition, an overview of literature. For each illustration the the species and junior synonyms reference of the source is given. Where reported in the literature is given. Since possible illustrations are derived from the type species of the genera, otherwise

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea priority was given to a representative in Collections or Museums then the the subregion, or alternatively to a locations of the types that have been species from elsewhere. The reference reported lost or missing have been to the original description of each genus ommited. The type localities are not and its type species is included as well included in this guide but can be as junior synonyms for the genera retrieved from the original descriptions where applicable for New Guinea or from a number of catalogues recently species. For each genus the global published on this subject (Bragg, 1996; distribution and a chronological list of Brock, 1995, 1997 and 1998; species and subspecies from the Hennemann & Conle, 1996; Vickery, subregion are included. Junior 1982). The distribution of the species synonyms and misidentified specimens listed includes the mainland of New are listed. References and page numbers Guinea unless otherwise specified in the for the original description including the heading or attached to the reference. For sex of the specimens and illustrations geographical reference most of the type are given for all records. When and non-type localities reported in the applicable, references to descriptions of literature are listed in the gazetteer. (see opposite sex are given. References for also Figure 1). the synonymies are restricted to the first author to adopt this name and are The locality 'New Guinea' has been followed by the reference containing the reported to be in error for several nomenclatural act between round species. These species which are brackets. The location of the type omitted from this guide include: specimens are given between square haematacanthus Redtenbacher, 1906b, brackets following each citation. junior synonym of Hoploclonia An attempt has been made to draconia (Westwood), 1848 update the current locations of the type (Pachymorpha draconia) withdrawn by specimens. For a number of species the Günther (1937); Paranecroscia present type location is unknown, while operculata Redtenbacher, 1908, which others have been reported lost [HNHM] material was lost in fire, stated as likely or missing. In case the type location is misidentified by Brock (1995); unknown the reference has been marked Haaniella errintoniae novaeguineae with a question mark. however, when Günther, 1930, data label stated as other type specimens of the same type probably incorrect by Brock (1995); and series have been reported from other hosei papuanus Günther, 1930, withdrawn by Günther, (1932b).

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KEY TO THE FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES TRIBES AND GENERA OF PHASMIDA

Italic figures in parenthesis are page numbers of continuing keys or generic accounts.

Key to the families of Phasmatodea 1. Middle and hind tibiae with ventro-apical sunken areola. (suborder AREOLATAE) 3 Middle and hind tibiae without ventro-apical sunken areola. (suborder ANAREOLATAE) 2

2. Antennae filiform and indistinctly segmented, especially beyond middle, longer than fore femora and often longer than body length; if shorter than fore femora and distinctly joined, then ventral surface of all femora smooth; ventral carinae of middle and hind femora not evenly serrated, usually only with few distal teeth or unarmed. (p.59) Antennae powerful and distinctly segmented, usually shorter than fore femora, and then femora of females are distinctly serrated dorsobasally, or longer than fore femora, but never as long as body, and then ventral carinae of middle and hind femora distinctly and evenly serrated. (p.61)

3. Median segment as long as or longer than metanotum and fused with it. 4 Median segment shorter than metanotum and not fused with it; apterous. (p.64)

4. Antennae long in both sexes; metanotum longer than wide, not leaf-like; margins of abdomen without lateral outgrowths. PSEUDOPHASMATIDAE (p.102) Antennae of females barely as long as head, those of males longer and bristly; metanotum not longer than wide; leaf-like; margins of abdomen strongly foliaceously dilated; leaf-like dilations also on femora and sometimes tibiae; elytra of females often covering almost entire abdomen, those of males scarcely longer than thorax. PHYLLIIDAE (p.64)

Key to the subfamilies of Heteronemiidae 1. Antennae distinctly segmented, usually shorter than fore femora, never as long as body; ventral surface of hind femora unarmed. (P.60) Antennae filiform and indistinctly segmented, especially beyond middle, longer than fore femora, often longer than body length; ventral carinae of four hind femora not evenly serrated, usually only with few distal teeth or completely unarmed; mostly wingless, thin, stick-like . 2

2. Winged or with wing rudiments; if wingless than the median segment is longer than metanotum or at least anal segment of males are not split and bilobed and females without oviscapt. (P.60) Wingless; median segment usually shorter than metanotum; anal segment of males split and bilobed, or at least with 2 finger-shaped, curved medioventral processes. (P.61)

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Key to the tribes and genera of Pachymorphinae 1. Anal segment of males truncate or slightly emarginate, those of females variable; antennae shorter than fore femora; second abdominal segment 2 times longer than wide (except Parapachymorpha); cerci sometimes elongate but never with dilated lobes; middle and hind femora unarmed or rarely spinulose. GRATIDIINI (Parapachymorpha)(p.65) Antennae shorter than fore femora and operculum acuminate. HEMIPACHYMORPHINI – 2

2. Hind margin of anal segment in males extended into 2 very slender nearly straight lobes which are finely serrate at the inside. Oreophasma (p.65) Anal segment of males without lobes, straight or slightly round at hind margin. Pseudopromachus) (p.65)

Key to the genera of Necrosciinae 1. Fore femora at base distinctly curved and carinate. 2 Fore femora at base straight or nearly straight, cylindrical in cross-section or indistinctly carinate. 13

2. Elytra, at least in females, not present or minimal, lobular; apterous, brachypterous or micropterous. 3 Elytra distinct, rarely spine-shaped; wings more or less explicit; ovipositor not developed. 6

3. Front metatarsus crested. 4 Front metatarsus simple. 5

4. Operculum deep-seated navicular, crested, median distinctly and sharply carinate. Leprocaulinus (p.65) Operculum plane, not carinate. Phenacocephalus (p.69)

5. Operculum blunt. Parasipyloidea (p.69) Operculum narrow, totally corneous, tube-like, together with ovipositor elongate. Orxines (p.69)

6. Operculum excised or emarginate at the hind margin. 7 Operculum acuminate or round at the hind margin, not tubular. 9

7. Operculum plain, apex never tubular. 8 Operculum narrow at the hind margin, convoluted, almost tubular and emarginate, usually smooth, shiny, almost corneous; ocelli present. Aruanoidea (p.69)

8. Head depressed. (p.70) Head globular. Neoclides (p.70)

9. Back of head globular elevated. 10 Head elongate, depressed. 11

10. Elytra with small hump-like elevation; brachypterous. Micadina (p.70) Elytra sometimes with distinct hump. (p.70)

11. Females apterous or micropterous; four hind femora with 1-2 ventro-apical teeth. (p.70) Wings in females long; four hind legs ventrally unarmed. 12

12. Eyes positioned at front of head. (p.73) Eyes positioned in middle of head. Platysosibia (p.73)

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13. Elytra and wings absent. Meionecroscia (p.73) Elytra and wings long. Nescicroa (p.74)

Key to the tribes and genera of Lonchodinae 1. Anal segment of males split and extended into 2 lobes and with 2 finger-form processes on hind margin; operculum of females simple. LONCHODINI - 2 Anal segment of males not truly split but with two weak finger-form processes on the hind margin; supra-anal plate of females often attached to anal segment without suture, anal segment and supra-anal plate plus elongated operculum form oviscapt. NEOPROMACHINI - 8

2. Middle femora longer than metanotum plus median segment. 3 Middle femora as long as or shorter than metanotum plus median segment. 7

3. Second abdominal segment in females transverse or quadrate, in males not more than 1½ times longer than wide. 4 Second abdominal segment in females 1½ to 2 times longer than wide, in males 2 to 3 times longer than wide. 5

4. Operculum plane not carinate, hind margin broadly emarginate. Pericentropsis (p.75) Operculum navicular, acuminate. Menexenus (p.74)

5. Thorax and abdomen heavily armed. Echinothorax (p.74) Thorax and abdomen smooth. 6

6. Median segment in both sexes at least half as long as the metanotum. Chondrostethus (p.75) Median segment in both sexes at most one third as long as the metanotum. Lonchodes (p.75)

7. Mesosternum with median carina; middle femora of females ventrally smooth. (p.75) Mesosternum not carinate, usually densely granulate; middle femora in females dorsally lobed. Lonchodes (p.75)

8. Meso- and metapleurae spined. Neopromachus (p.78) Meso- and metapleurae not spined. 9

9. Body opaque and tectiform depressed; second abdominal segment hardly longer than wide. Eupromachus (p.81) Body shiny, cylindrical and smooth or minutely granulated; second abdominal segment much longer than wide. 10

10. Thorax smooth or sparsely granulate. Hyrtacus (p.81) Thorax densely and minutely granulate. Brachyrtacus (p.82)

Key to the subfamilies of Phasmatidae 1. Fore femora rarely triangular in cross-section, but if they are, then neither serrate nor dentate at base; fore femora usually with four distal carinae, and if so, not serrate at base nor on dorsal carinae. 2 Fore femora approximately triangular in cross-section, serrate at least dorsobasally. (P.62)

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2. Operculum and supra-anal plate of females form an oviscapt (except Thaumatobactron); hind femora of males often thickened and armed. EURYCANTHINAE (P.63) Operculum and supra-anal plate of females do not form an oviscapt; hind femora of males never thickened and armed. 3

3. Ventro-lateral carinae of middle and hind femora finely serrate or smooth; fore femora not compressed at base. 4 Femora with blunt teeth or lobes on carinae; fore femora distinctly compressed. XERODERINAE (P.63)

4. Cheeks not wider than eyes; wings usually well developed, elytra elongate oval, weakly umbonate. TROPIDODERINAE (P.63) Cheeks wider than eye; elytra and often wings short or not present. (P.63)

Key to the tribes and genera of Phasmatinae 1. Both sexes, or at least females, apterous. 4 Both sexes alate or with wing rudiments. 2

2. Cerci of females short and slender; males without ocelli; elytra and wings of females often strongly reduced. 3 Cerci of females strongly flattened and widened or elongate and lanceolate; ocelli in males distinct. PHASMATINI - 5

3. Operculum of females not exceptionally long; head swollen; middle and hind femora with tooth-like serrate ventral carinae. STEPHANACRIDINI (Stephanacridini) (P.87) Operculum of females extended widely over apex of abdomen; body slender, elongate, unarmed. () (P.88)

4. Both sexes completely lacking organs of flight; median segment distinctly shorter than metanotum, usually much shorter. BACULINI (Baculum) (p.88) Males alate; median segment of females at most as long as metanotum. PHARNACIINI (Hermarchus) (P.88)

5. Hind tibiae ventrally with three series of spines, ventro-posterior carinae without large spines. 6 Hind tibiae heavily spined or pointed on the ventro-posterior carinae, ventro-anterior carinae unarmed. (p.82)

6. Metatarsus longer than other tarsal joints together; wings in females short. Ctenomorpha (p.82) Metatarsus shorter than other tarsal joints together; wings of females elongate. 7

7. Hind tibiae ventrally with a single apical spine. 8 Hind tibiae ventrally with two, or an aggregate of apical spines. (p.86)

8. Mesonotum granulate or bluntly tuberculated, rarely bispined. 9 Mesonotum strongly spined; head unarmed. 10

9. Back of the head with cone-shaped elevation and irregularly bituberculated. Peloriana (p.86) Back of the head without cone-shaped elevation. (p.86)

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10. Fore femora with distinct dentation and ventrally strongly serrate-toothed. (p.87) Fore femora with weak dentation. Vetilia (p.87)

Key to the genera of Eurycanthinae 1. Operculum and supra-anal plate of females elongate, forming a oviscapt; body surface more or less rough; femora and tibiae sharply carinate. 2 Anal segment and operculum of females not extended; body smooth, shiny, femora and tibiae nearly cylindrical in cross-section. Thaumatobactron (p.88)

2. Front margin of the mesonotum narrow or as wide as the hind margin; femora dorsally and ventrally spined. 3 Front margin of the mesonotum wider than the hind margin; femora ventrally dentate. Trapezaspis (p.90)

3. Large body; mesonotum in females longer than wide, in males at least 1½ times longer than wide; tibiae carinate and spined. (p.90) Small body; mesonotum in females quadrate, in males less than 1½ times as long as wide; tibiae slender, almost cylindrical in cross-section and unarmed. Symetriophasma (p.92)

Key to the genera of Xeroderinae 1. Antennae extended far beyond fore femora. 2 Antennae as long as or shorter than fore femora. Dimorphodes (p.92)

2. Fore femora with lobe-dilated ventro-posterior carinae. Leosthenes (p.93) Fore femora ventrally with sharp spine-like or leaf-like dentations. Xeroderus(p.93)

Key to the tribes and genera of Tropidoderinae 1. Back of the head with spined cone-like elevation; femora and tibiae leaf-like and irregularly dentated. EXTATOSOMATINI (Extatosoma) (p.93) Back of the head not conically elevated; femora and tibiae without large leaf-like teeth. TROPIDODERINI - 2

2. Fore femora distinctly longer than hind femora. (p.96) Fore femora as long as hind femora. (p.96)

Key to the genera of Platycraninae 1. Back of the head distinctly globularly-swollen. Platycrana (p.96) Back of the head not globularly-swollen. 2

2. Apex of the ventro-median carina of the four hind tibiae unarmed or with a short spine. 3 Apex of the ventro-median carina of the four hind tibiae distinctly spined. Ophicrania (p.98)

3. Big body; hind metatarsi short, hardly longer than second joint. (p.98) Small body; hind metatarsi long, slightly shorter than the other joints together. 4

4. Four hind femora dorsally distinctly carinate. Graeffea (p.98) Four hind femora dorsally oval (male) or vaguely carinate (female). Erastus (p.100)

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Key to the tribes and genera of Bacillidae, Heteropteryginae 1. Apical area of tibiae without spines; supra-anal plate not distinct; basal antennal segments without teeth. - 2 Apex of tibiae armed with spine (except Heterocopus); supra-anal plate of females obvious and clearly separated from 10th abdominal segment. OBRIMINI (Heterocopus) (p.100)

2. Metanotum with paired spines in the middle. (p.100) Metanotum with transverse row of spines. Woodlarkia (p.100)

Key to the genera of Phyllidae 1. Front part of the mesonotum (in front of elytra) quadrate. Large. Phyllium (p.102) Front part of the mesonotum short, transverse. Small. 2

2. Prosternum tuberculated. Four fore femora dorsally weakly dilated, ventrally strongly dilated at apex. Chitoniscus (p.103) Prosternum unarmed. Four fore femora of males strongly lobed in middle at both sides. Minimal in size. Nanophyllium (p.103)

In the following systematic account NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland. valid genera and species are in bold type. NHMN Nottingham Natural History Museum, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Synonym s follow in light type. NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria. The institutional abbreviations NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmusset, Stockholm, (Arnett. at al.) are as follows. Sweden. NZSI Zooligical Survey of India, Calcutta, India. AMSA Australian Museum, Sydney, . OXUM University Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, RMNH Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, USA. The Netherlands. BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United MRSN Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Kingdom. Italy. BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, SMNG Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Görlitz, Hawaii, USA. Germany. CUMZ University Museum, Cambridge, United SMNS Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Kingdom. Germany. DEIC Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde SMTD Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany. Germany. ETHZ Entomologisches Institut, Iedgenossische TPNG Central Reference Collection, Technische Hochschule-Zentrum, Zurich, Department of Agriculture and Livestock , Port Switzerland. Moresby, . FICB Forest Research Centre, Lae, Papua New Guinea. UPNG University of Papua New Guinea, Port HLDH Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Darmstadt, Germany. UZIU Universitets Zoologiska Institut, Uppsala, HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Sweden. Budapest, Hungary. WEIC Wau Ecology Institute, Wau, Papua New ISNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Guinea. Belgique, Brussels, Belgium. ZMAN Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The MAMU Macleay Museum, Sydney, Australia. Netherlands. MBBJ Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, ZMAS Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, St. Republic of Indonesia. Petersburg, Russia. MCSN Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt Dioria", Genoa, Italy. Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. MHNG Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, ZMPA Museum and Institute of , Polish Switzerland. Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland. MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, ZMUH Zoologisches Institut und Zoologische France. Museum, Universität von Hamburg, Hamburg, MNMS Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Germany. Madrid, Spain. MVMA Museum of Victoria, Abbotsville, Melbourne, ZSMC Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, Australia. Germany.

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SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT PSEUDOPROMACHUS Günther (Figure 2: 3) PARAPACHYMORPHA Brunner von Pseudopromachus, Günther 1929, p. Wattenwyl 745. (Figure 2 : 1ab) Type species. - Pseudopromachus Parapachymorpha Brunner von perspinosus (Brunner von Wattenwyl) Wattenwyl, 1893, p. 95. [Promachus perspinosus], by original Type species. - Parapachymorpha designation. nigra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, p. Main characteristics. - This genus 96, designated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 342. shows great similarities to Main characteristics. - Body and four Neopromachus (see p. 78) and hind legs compact, rough and often Oreophasma. It differs from the former armed; head almost globular or head by the very short antennae and from the elevate at the hind margin; antennae latter by the straight or slightly rounded scarcely extended beyond the middle of hind margin of the anal segment in fore femora; second abdominal segment males. in females transverse, in males at most Distribution. - New Guinea. 1½ times longer than wide. Represented in New Guinea by: Distribution. - Indo-China, the P. perspinosus (Brunner von Philippines and New Guinea (?). Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 299 % (?) Represented in New Guinea by: (Promachus) [NHMW]. P. centurio Brunner von Wattenwyl, Promachus perspinosus Brunner von 1907, p. 217 &, pl. 9 fig. 3f [MCSN]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 14. (nomen [possibly similar to Dimorphodes nudum). mancus centurio (Redtenbacher), Pseudopromachus perspinosus 1908, p. 366 & (Dimorphodes (Brunner von Wattenwyl) Günther, centurio)]. 1929, p. 745.

OREOPHASMA Günther LEPROCAULINUS Uvarov (Figure 2: 2) (Plate 3: 1ab) Oreophasma Günther, 1929, p. 659. Leprocaulinus Uvarov, 1940a, p. 176, Type species. - Oreophasma (replacement name for preoccupied polycanthum Günther, by original Leprocaulus Redtenbacher, 1908, p. designation. 473). Main characteristics. - Body surface No type species selected. rough, all segments abundantly and Main characteristics. – Similar to prominently spined; hind margin of anal Chondrostethus Kirby (see p. 75). Body segment in males extended into two elongate; head between the eyes very slim nearly straight lobes; legs equipped with two elevate transverse very slender and elongate, femora and scales (&) or spines (%); mesosternum tibiae furnished with large paired leaf- with distinct median carina; elytra of like lobes or spines; fore tibiae females often only rudimentary present, distinctly longer than fore femora. This females wingless, males winged; genus resembles Neopromachus (see p. operculum round at apex, median carina 78) from which it easily can be strongly crested or globular elevated; distinguished by its very short antennae. fore legs elongate; fore tibiae dorsally Distribution. - New Guinea. compressed-lamellated; metatarsi Represented in New Guinea by: similarly equipped with large crest. O. exilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl), Distribution. - The Indo-Malayan 1907, p. 298 &% (Promachus) Archipelago from Java and [MCSN, NHMW]. through the Moluccas and the Talaud Oreophasma exile (Brunner von Islands to New Guinea, the Key- and Wattenwyl) Günther, 1929, p. 743. Aru Islands and the Solomon Islands. O. polyacanthum Günther, 1929, p. 659 Represented in New Guinea by: % [ZMBH].

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Figure 2. Pachymorphinae: 1 Parapachymorpha nigra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1a & dorsal view, 1b & apex abdomen lateral view (enlarged), (type species, exotic, after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, pl. 4 fig. 35); 2. Oreophasma exilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl), % dorsal view (after paralectotype [NHMW]); 3 Pseudopromachus perspinosus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), & dorsal view, (after type [NHMW]).

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Figure 3. Necrosciinae: 1 Leprocaulinus vipera (Kaup), 1a & apex abdomen lateral view, 1b % dorsal view; 2 Phenacocephalus coronatus Werner, & dorsal view, (type species, after Günther, 1936, fig. 15); 3 Orxines xiphias (Westwood), 3a & dorsal view, 3b % dorsal view, 3c & apex abdomen dorsal view (enlarged), 3d % apex abdomen lateral view, (enlarged), (after Westwood, 1859, pl. 4 fig. 4 & 5); 4 Aruanoidea aruana (Westwood), 4a & dorsal view, 4b & apex abdomen lateral view (enlarged), (type species, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 39 fig. 4ab); 5 Parasipyloidea aenea Redtenbacher, 5a & dorsal view, 5b % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 24 fig. 4ab).

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L. vipera vipera (Kaup), 1871, p. 39 % Diardia vicinissima Redtenbacher, () [HLDH]. 1908, p. 485 %. [ANSP, MNMS, Sosibia vipera (Kaup) Kirby, 1904a, p. NHMW] (synonymised by Günther, 369. 1935a p. 82). Diardia vipera (Kaup) Redtenbacher, L. vipera bituber (Sharp), 1898, p. 82 & 1908, p. 485 %. (Myronides bituber) [CUMZ] New Leprocaulus vipera (Kaup) Günther, Guinea and New Britain. (lowered to 1935a, p. 82. subspecies level by Günther, 1935a Carausius reductus Brunner von p. 83). Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 269 & Leprocaulus bituber (Sharp) Günther, [NHMW]. (synonymised by 1933, p 160. Günther, 1935a, p. 82). Carausius mammatus Rehn, 1904, p. 44 Carausius raffrayi Brunner von & [ANSP]. (synonymised by Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 272 & Günther, 1935a, p. 83). [MNHN?]. (synonymised by Leprocaulus rudis Redtenbacher, 1908, Günther, 1935a, p. 82). p. 473 & [NHMW]. (synonymised Carausius huonicus Brunner von by Günther, 1935a, p. 83). Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 272 & [HNHM L. obiensis (Rehn), 1904, p. 46 & lost in fire]. (synonymised by (Carausius) [ANSP]. Günther, 1935a, p. 82). Leprocaulinus obiensis (Rehn) Günther, Carausius huonicus Brunner von 1935a, p. 83. Wattenwyl Giglio-Tos, 1912b, p. 93 Carausius bilobulatus Brunner von description of % [?]. Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 273 & [NMNS Leprocaulus rigidus Redtenbacher, or Lisbon]. (synonymised by 1908, p. 473 & [NHMW]. Günther, 1935a, p. 83). (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. Carausius stultus Brunner von 82). Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 273 & [NMNS Diardia papuana Redtenbacher, 1908, or Lisbon]. (synonymised by p. 485 % [NHMW]. (synonymised Günther, 1935a, p. 84). by Günther, 1935a, p. 82). Diardia modesta Redtenbacher, 1908, p. Diardia tibialis, Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 485 % [MNHN ? and NMNS or 485 % [HNHM lost in fire]. Lisbon]. (synonymised by Günther, (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. 1935a, p. 84). 82). L. vipera bilineatus (Brunner von L. insularis insularis (Kirby), 1896, p. Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 270 & 460 & (Dixippus) [BMNH]. (Carausius bilineatus) [ZMAN not Phasgania insularis (Kirby) Kirby, traced]. 1904a, p. 323. Carausius bilineatus Brunner von Carausius insularis (Kirby) Brunner Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen von Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 269. nudum). Leprocaulinus insularis (Kirby) Leprocaulus vipera bilineatus (Brunner Günther, 1935a, p. 82. von Wattenwyl) Günther, 1935a, p. Carausius excelsus (Brunner von 83). Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 296 & L. vipera praestantior (Brunner von [NHMW]. (synonymised by Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 271 & Günther, 1935a, p. 82). (Carausius praestantior) [SMTD, Leprocaulinus altecornutus ZMUH] New Guinea and Key (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 473 & Islands. (Leprocaulus alte-cornutus) Carausius praestantior Brunner von [NHMW]. (synonymised by Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen Günther, 1935a, p. 82). nudum). Diardia brevitarsis Redtenbacher, 1908, Leprocaulus vipera praestantior p. 485 % [NHMW]. (synonymised (Brunner von Wattenwyl) Günther, by Günther, 1935a, p. 82). 1935a, p. 83).

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Diardia divergens Redtenbacher, 1908, Type species. - Orxines xiphias p. 485 % [NHMW, ZMHB]. (Westwood) [Anophelepis xiphias] (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. designated by Rehn, 1904, 71. 83). Main characteristics. - Head unarmed L. insularis verrucifer (Günther), and elongate as in preceding genus but 1935a, p. 82 (Leprocaulus). not flattened nor narrow; elytra absent (replacement name for or poorly developed and scale-like; Leprocaulinus rigidus rudis Günther, micropterous, wings scale-like in males, 1930 p. 745 &% [ZMUH], (not and spatulate or oval in females; Redtenbacher, 1908 p. 473)). operculum in females extended far beyond abdomen, corneous, tubular, PHENACOCEPHALUS Werner hind margin split or emarginate, with (Plate 3: 2) long free ovipositor; legs slender and Phenacocephalus Werner, 1930, p. 179. unarmed, but distinctly carinate. Type species. - Phenacocephalus Distribution. - Sumatra, Java, the coronatus Werner, by monotypy. Moluccas and New Guinea. Main characteristics. - Related to Represented in New Guinea by: Leprocaulinus and like this taxon O. xiphias (Westwood), 1859, p. 71 characterised by the elevated leaf-like &%, pl. 4 figs. 4 & 5 (Anophelepis) lobe between the eyes; the distinct [OXUM]. median carina on the mesosternum; and Orxines xiphias (Westwood) Stål, the compressed-lamellated tibiae. 1875b, p. 87. Differing from the former genus by the Acacus buruensis Brunner von operculum which is plain and totally Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 252 [ZMAS]. lacks any kind of crest or spherical (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. shape. 79). Distribution. - New Guinea. Represented in New Guinea by: ARUANOIDEA Brunner von P. coronatus Werner, 1930, p. 179 & Wattenwyl [ISNB]. (Plate 3: 4ab) Aruanoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, PARASIPYLOIDEA Redtenbacher 1893, p. 84. (Plate 3:5ab) Type species. - Aruanoidea aruana Parasipyloidea Redtenbacher, 1908, p. (Westwood) [Necroscia aruana] 479. designated by Rehn, 1904, p. 78. Type species. - Parasipyloidea aenea Main characteristics. - Head elongate Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 480, designated and depressed; ocelli distinctly present; by Vickery, 1983, p. 93. mesothorax totally granulate; elytra and Main characteristics. - Head unarmed, wings long; fore femora sharply elongate, narrow and depressed; elytra carinate; anal segment in both sexes, but and wings absent or poorly developed; especially in males, profoundly operculum lanceolate, acuminate or emarginate; in females operculum blunt; legs unarmed. narrow, corneous, emarginate, and Distribution. - North India, Sri Lanka, extended beyond abdomen. Peninsular Malaysia, Java, New Guinea, Distribution. - Indo-China, Sumatra, and Australia. Borneo, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, Represented in New Guinea by: New Britain, and Australia. P. novaeguineae Redtenbacher, 1908, Represented in New Guinea by: p. 480 % [NHMW]. A. aruana (Westwood), 1859, p. 134 &%, pl. 39 fig. 4 (Necroscia) ORXINES Stål [OXUM] New Guinea, New Britain (Plate 3: 3abcd) and Aru Islands. Orxines Stål, 1875, p. 43 & 87. Aruanoidea aruana (Westwood) Rehn, 1904, p. 78.

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Aruanoidea bipunctata Redtenbacher, Distribution. - Sumatra, Borneo and 1908, p. 524 & [NHMW]. New Guinea. (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. Represented in New Guinea by: 85). N. epombrus (Günther), 1929, p. 696 % A. flavoguttulata Redtenbacher, 1908, (Neocles) [ZMHB]. p. 524 % [ZMUH]. MICADINA Redtenbacher ASCELES Redtenbacher (Figure 4: 1ab) (Figure 4: 2) Micadina Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 533. Asceles Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 493. No type species selected. Type species. - Asceles malaccae Main characteristics. - Head smooth, (Saussure) [Necroscia malaccae], 1868, elongate and weakly swollen; wings in p. 69, designated by Brock, 1995, p. 87. females short, in males slightly but Main characteristics. - Head depressed distinctly extended beyond hind femora; and elongate, usually unarmed; ocelli operculum of females lanceolate, rarely distinct; thorax more or less acuminate, never extended beyond granulate; mesonotum laterally abdomen; legs short and unarmed. unarmed; elytra bluntly humped or Distribution. - China, Japan, Taiwan spiniform; wings long; hind margin of and New Guinea. anal segment and operculum in both Represented in New Guinea by: sexes emarginate or excised; operculum M. bicolor Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 533 of females plain and lanceolate. % [HNHM lost in fire]. Distribution. - Sri Lanka, Indo-China, the Indo-Malayan Archipelago up to the SOSIBIA Stål Moluccas, the Philippines, and New (Figure 4: 3ab) Guinea. Sosibia Stål, 1875, p. 42 & 87. Represented in New Guinea by: Type species. - Sosibia nigrispina Stål, A. mancinus (Westwood), 1859, p. 144 1875, p. 87, designated by Rehn, 1904, %, pl. 14 fig. 3, (Necroscia) p. 71. [BMNH]. Main characteristics. - Head short, Asceles mancinus (Westwood) globular or weakly depressed; ocelli not Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 500. present; wings long; anal segment of A. rulanda Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 497 males transverse; operculum lanceolate, &% [NHMW, MNHN, ZMHB]. plain, hind margin round, rarely A. glaber Günther, 1938, p. 135 &% acuminate; legs, especially the front [NZSI, SMTD]. (Location “New ones, short. Guinea” probably in error, Brock, Distribution. - The Indian Subcontinent, 1995, p 87). Sri Lanka, Indo-China, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, the Key and NEOCLIDES Uvarov Aru Islands and Australia. (Figure 4: 4) Represented on the Aru & Key Islands: Neoclides Uvarov, 1940b, p. 113, S. dubia Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 537 (replacement name for preoccupied &% [NHMW, MCSN, ZMHB]. Neocles Stål, 1875, p. 59). Type species. - Neoclides simyra LOPAPHUS Westwood (Westwood) [Creoxylus simyra] 1859, (Figure 5: 1) p. 105, by indication (Kirby, 1904a, p. Lopaphus Westwood, 1859, p. 99. 404). Type species. - Lopaphus brachypterus Main characteristics. - Head globular at (Haan) [Phasma brachypterum] 1842, the back and, together with the thorax, p. 125, designated by Kirby, 1904a, more or less spined or roughly p.360. granulate; ocelli not present; legs short; Main characteristics. - Head elongate fore femora strongly compressed, dilate, and depressed; elytra explicit, wings in ventrally lobulate or with blunt teeth; females short and not extended beyond wings long or slightly abbreviated. the third abdominal segment (in New

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 4. Necrosciinae (Continued): 1 Micadina phluctaenoides (Rehn), 1a & dorsal view, 1b % lateral view, (exotic, after Redtenbacher 1908, pl. 27 fig. 4ab); 2 Asceles malaccae (Saussure), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Saussure, 1869, pl. 3 fig. 13); 3 Sosibia pholidotus (Westwood), 3a & dorsal view, 3b & apex abdomen lateral view (enlarged), (exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 17 fig. 4); 4 Neoclides simyra (Westwood), % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood 1859, pl. 32 fig. 3).

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 5. Necrosciinae (Continued): 1 Lopaphus brachypterum (Haan), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Haan, 1842, pl. 15 fig. 2); 2 Sipyloidea sipylus (Westwood), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 18 fig 4); 3 Platysosibia soluta Redtenbacher, & dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 26 fig. 4); 4 Meionecroscia biroi Redtenbacher, & dorsal view, (type species, after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 27 fig. 9); 5 Nescicroa terminalis (Redtenbacher), 5a & dorsal view, 5b % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher 1908, pl. 27 fig 6).

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Guinea species even shorter than S. dolorosa Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 547 metanotum), in males long; operculum &%. [NHMW, ISNB] Key Islands in females navicular, sharply carinate and Misool Island. and hind margin acuminate; four hind S. foenosa Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 547 femora ventrally with 1-2 subapical & [NHMW]. teeth. S. abnormis Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 548 Distribution. - Indo-China, Sumatra, &% [NHMW]. Java, the Philippines and New Guinea. S. excellens Günther, 1929, p. 693 &, Represented in New Guinea by: pl. 1 fig. 4 [ZMHB]. L. buegersi Günther, 1929, p. 697 & S. reticulata Günther, 1930, p. 735 &, [ZMHB]. fig. 3 [ZMHB]. S. robusta Günther, 1936, p. 343 &, fig. SIPYLOIDEA Brunner von Wattenwyl 17 [SMTD]. (Figure 5:2) S. sp. Gunther, 1936, p. 343 & [SMTD Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, ?]. 1893, p. 86. Type species. - Sipyloidea sipylus PLATYSOSIBIA Redtenbacher (Westwood) [Necroscia sipylus] 1859, (Figure 5: 3) p. 138, by original designation. Platysosibia Redtenbacher, 1908, p. Main characteristics. - Head elongate 552. and depressed; eyes typically positioned No type species selected. at the front of the head; elytra and wings Main characteristics. - This genus has long, former depressed and usually similarities with Sipyloidea and Sosibia; bluntly humped; operculum acuminate it differs from the former by the eyes or hind margin round; legs elongate and which are positioned in the middle of femora usually unarmed. the head, and from the latter by: the Distribution. - Widely spread from the elongated head, the depressed body Indian Subcontinent up to China, and to shape, and the elongated fore femora. New Guinea and Australia Distribution. - The Moluccas and New Represented in New Guinea by. Guinea. S. poeciloptera Rehn, 1904, p. 77 &% Represented in New Guinea by: [ANSP] New Guinea, New Ireland, P. soluta Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 552 &, Aru Islands and Key Islands. pl. 26 fig. 4 [MCSN]. Necroscia poeciloptera (Rehn) Kirby, 1904a, p. 375. MEIONECROSCIA Redtenbacher Sipyloidea normalis Redtenbacher, (Figure 5: 4) 1908, p. 547 &% [NHMW, ZMUH]. Meionecroscia Redtenbacher, 1908, p. (synonymised by Günther, 1933, p. 572. 161). Type species. - Meionecroscia biroi S. roseonotata Redtenbacher, 1908, p. Redtenbacher, by monotypy. 544 % [NHMW, ZMUH]. Main characteristics. - Head depressed; S. supervacanea Redtenbacher, 1908, p. elytra and wings not present; femora 545 % [ZMHB] Key Islands. short and cylindrical in cross-section, S. pseudosipylus pseudosipylus fore femora totally straight. Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 546 & Distribution. - New Guinea. [NHMW, and probably ZMHB]. Represented in New Guinea by: Sipyloidea pseudosipylus Brunner von M. biroi Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 572 %, Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 14. (nomen pl. 27 fig. 9 [HNHM lost in fire]. nudum). (The taxonomic position of this Sipyloidea pseudosipylus Redtenbacher species is doubtful, a specimen Günther, 1929, p. 693. (description quoted in Günther, 1937, p. 95 of %). probably is a male of Periphetes S. pseudosipylus laevis Günther, 1936, rammei Günther, 1929, p. 661). p. 341 &% [SMTD].

73

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

NESCICROA Karny outwards; operculum widely (Figure 5:5ab) emarginate, flat, not extending beyond Nescicroa Karny, 1923, p. 242 (= the end of the ninth abdominal segment. Necroscia Redtenbacher 1908, p. 557). Distribution. - New Guinea. Type species. - Nescicroa terminalis Represented in New Guinea by. (Redtenbacher) [Necroscia terminalis] P. aculeata Günther, 1936, p. 336 &, 1908, p. 561, by original designation. fig. 13 [SMTD]. Main characteristics. - Head short, globular or almost depressed; ocelli MENEXENUS Stål absent; mesonotum elongate; elytra (Figure 6: 3abc) short and oval; wings long and narrow; Menexenus Stål, 1875, p. 18 & 73. operculum flat, lanceolate, hind margin Type species. - Menexenus lacertinus acuminate, emarginate or round; fore (Westwood) [Phasma () femora near the base straight or weakly lacertinum] 1848, p. 80, by monotypy. curved, and together with other femora Main characteristics. - Similar to and tibiae oval in cross-section. Parapachymorpha, differing from it by, Distribution. - The Indian Subcontinent, the long antennae which extend beyond the Indo-Malayan Archipelago up to the the fore femora. It can be distinguished Moluccas, the Philippines and New from the genera in this group by: the Guinea. median segment which is half as long as Represented in from New Guinea by: the metanotum, not shorter; and the N. smaragdula (Bates), 1865, p. 357 % lobe-toothed middle femora. pl. 45 fig. 7 (Necroscia) [OXUM] Distribution. - The Indian Subcontinent, New Guinea and New Ireland. Indo-China, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the N. papuana (Brancsik), 1897, p. 65 &, Moluccas and New Guinea. pl. 2 fig. 11 (Necroscia) [ZMAS ?]. Represented in New Guinea by. papuana (Brancsik) M. horridus Brunner von Wattenwyl, Kirby, 1904a, p. 371. 1907, p. 244 & [ZMAS ?]. Necroscia papuana (Brancsik) Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 563. ECHINOTHORAX Günther N. distincta (Brancsik) 1897, p. 66 % (Figure 6: 1) [ZMAS ?]. Echinothorax Günther, 1932a, p. 757. N. tumescens (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. Type species. - Echinothorax gazellae 560 &% (Necroscia) [NHMW]. (Brunner von Wattenwyl) [Menexenus N. sanguinata (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. gazellae] 1907, p. 246, by original 560 % (Necroscia) [SMTD]. designation. N. resignata (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. Main characteristics. - Similar to 560 % (Necroscia) [NHMW]. Menexenus, differing from it by: the N. tereticollis (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. elongate and rather narrow body shape 561 &% (Necroscia) [NHMW]. of the females; the extensive spination; N. obliterata (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. the distinct median carinae on the upper 561&% (Necroscia) [NHMW]. surface of the body and especially on the meso- and metasternum; and the PERICENTROPSIS Günther second abdominal segment which is (Figure 6: 2) twice as long as wide. Pericentropsis Günther, 1936, p. 336. Distribution. - The Bismarck Type species. - Pericentropsis aculeata Archipelago. Günther, by original designation. Represented in New Britain and New Main characteristics. - Body shape of Hannover by: this strongly armed genus robust; E. gazellae (Brunner von Wattenwyl), mesonotum elongate and narrow in the 1907, p. 246 &, pl. 11 fig. 4 middle; pro- and metanotum wide; (Menexenus) [ZMHB] New Britain elytra rudimentary present but wings and New Hannover. absent; first five abdominal segments Echinothorax gazellae (Brunner von transverse, hind edges pointing Wattenwyl) Günther, 1932a. p. 758.

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

CHONDROSTETHUS Kirby C. sp. Gunther, 1932a, p. 768 & (Figure 7: 1abc) [ZMUH] New Britain. Chondrostethus Kirby, 1896, p. 455. C. sp. Gunther, 1933, p. 160 & [NHMB] Type species. - Chondrostethus New Ireland. woodfordi Kirby, by monotypy. C. sp. Klante, 1969, p. 7 % [SMNG] Main characteristics. - Mesosternum of New Britain. the females with sharp median carina; median segment in both sexes at least CARAUSIUS Stål half as long as the metanotum; second (Figure 7: 2ab) abdominal segment in females 1½ to 2, Carausius Stål, 1875, p. 8 & 64, (= and in males 2 to 3, times longer than Dixippus Stål, 1875, p. 66). wide; femora ventrally with 1-3 Type species. - Carausius strumosus subapical teeth. Males are easily Stål, 1875, p. 64, designated by Rehn, identified by the tiny wing rudiments on 1904, p. 42. the hind margin of the metanotum. Main characteristics. - Mesosternum Distribution. - New Guinea, the smooth and with a more or less sharp Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville median carina; median segment half as Island. long as the metanotum, hardly longer; Represented by: legs smooth or sparsely lobed; middle C. woodfordi Kirby, 1896, p.455 &%, femora hardly longer than metanotum. pl. 39 fig. 1 & 2. [BMNH] New Distribution. - From the Indian Guinea, New Britain and New Subcontinent through Indo-China up to Ireland. China, the Indo-Malayan Archipelago Myronoides woodfordi (Kirby) Brunner and the Philippines, and few species on von Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 255 &%. New Guinea, the Key Islands, the Myronides simplex Sharp, 1898, p. 82 Solomon Islands, the northern part of [CUMZ]. (synonymised by Brunner Australia and the Seychelles. von Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 255, Represented in New Guinea by: disputed by Günther, 1932a, p. 759). C. simplex Brunner von Wattenwyl, Myronides sordides Sharp, 1898, p. 83 1907, p. 272 & [MCSN, NHMW] & [CUMZ]. (doubtfully New Guinea and Witu Islands. synonymised by Günther, 1932a, p. C. huonicus Brunner von Wattenwyl 759). sensu Giglio-Tos, 1912b, p. 93 % [?] Carausius ribbei Brunner von (not & = Brunner von Wattenwyl, Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 272 & 1907, p. 272), species suggested by [NHMW]. (doubtfully synonymised Günther, 1929, p. 692. by Günther, 1932a, p. 759). Dixippus remanens Brunner von LONCHODES Gray Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 281 % (Figure 6: 4, Figure 7: 3ab) [NHMW]. (doubtfully synonymised Lonchodes Gray, 1835, p. 19, (= by Günther, 1932a, p. 759). Periphetes Stål, 1877, p. 40, = C. filum (Sharp), 1898, p. 81 %, pl. 7 Staelonchodes Kirby, 1904b, p. 372, = fig. 1 (Myronides) [CUMZ] New Brunner von Wattenwyl, Britain, Bougainville Island. 1908, p. 282, [not Gray, 1835, p. 15]). Chondrostethus filum (Sharp) Günther, Type species. - Lonchodes brevipes 1932a, p. 759. Gray, 1835, p. 19, designated by Kirby, C. binodis (Sharp), 1898, p. 82 &%, pl. 1904a, p. 321. 7 fig. 2 (Myronides) [CUMZ] New Main characteristics. - Back of the Britain, Bougainville Island. head plain, rarely spined; all femora Chondrostethus binodis (Sharp) short; middle femora often shorter than Günther, 1932a, p. 759. metanotum and median segment Myronides ramulus Sharp, 1898, p. 83 together; femora of both sexes with bold &, pl. 7 fig. 3 [CUMZ]. subapical spines and, at least in females, (synonymised by Brunner von lobed on the upper surface. Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 255).

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Distribution. - From the Indian Subcontinent and Sri Lanka, through

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 6. Lonchodini: 1 Echinothorax gazellae (Brunner von Wattenwyl), & dorsal view, (type species, after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 11 fig. 4); 2 Pericentropsis aculeata Günther, & dorsal view, (type species, after Günther, 1936, fig. 13); 3 Menexenus lacertinus (Westwood), 3a & dorsal view, 3b % dorsal view, 3c % apex abdomen lateral view, (type species, exotic, 3a after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 11 fig. 3, and 3bc after Westwood, 1848, pl. 39 fig. 6); 4 Lonchodes hosei papuanus Günther, & dorsal view, exotic).

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 7. Lonchodini (continued): 1 Chondrostethus woodfordi Kirby, 1a % dorsal view, 1b & dorsal view, 1c & head, lateral view, (type species, after Kirby, 1898, pl. 39 fig. 1 & 2); 2 Carausius strumosus Stål, 2a & dorsal view, 2b % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 12 fig. 5ab); 3 Lonchodes brevipes Gray, 3a % dorsal view, 3b % apex abdomen lateral view, (type species, exotic, after Lonchodes uniforme Westwood, 1848, pl. 39 fig. 3).

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Indo-China to China, the Indo Malayan Archipelago, the Philippines and few NEOPROMACHUS Giglio-Tos species on New Guinea, the Key (Figure 8: 1abc) Islands, and northern part of Australia. Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912, p. 94, Represented in New Guinea by: (replacement name for preoccupied L. foliopeda Olivier, 1792, p. 638 Promachus Stål, 1875, p. 17 & 73, = () [?] Key Islands. Giglotosea Aulman, 1918, p. 47). Hermagoras foliopeda (Olivier) Kirby, Type species. - Neopromachus wallacei 1904a, p. 322. (Westwood) [Acanthoderus wallacei], Phasma latipes Lichtenstein, 1796, p. indicated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 326, for 78 [?]. (indirectly synonymised by Promachus Stål. Gray, 1835, p. 16). Main characteristics. - Body often Phasma femorata (Stoll), 1813, p. 54 &, abundantly armed with spines, teeth, pl. 14 fig. 54 [?]. (synonymised by lobes and crests; typically with spined Kirby, 1904a, p. 322. meso- and metapleurae; supra-anal plate Lonchodes personatus Bates, 1865, p. of females elongate, corneous, fused 336 &, pl. 44 fig. 7 [OXUM]. with anal segment, and to the apex often (synonymised by Brunner von curved upwards, combined segments Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 285). together with elongated and lanceolated Lonchodes virgatus Kirby, 1896, p. 452 anal segment forming oviscapt. [BMNH]. (indirectly synonymised Distribution. - New Guinea and the Key by Günther, 1932b, p. 371). and Aru Islands, and few incidental Dixippus longithorax Brunner von species on Sulawesi and the Moluccas. Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 280 [NHMW, Represented in New Guinea by: MCSN]. N. servillei (Montrouzier), 1857, p. 80 Lonchodes objectum Brunner von &% (Bacteria) [?] Island. Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 285 [HNHM Acanthoderus servillei (Montrouzier) lost in fire]. (indirectly synonymised Westwood, 1859, p. 58. by Günther, 1932b, p. 371). Promachus servillei (Montrouzier) Prisomera eximius (Brunner von Kirby, 1904a, p. 326. Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 285 & (P. N. wallacei (Westwood), 1859, p. 181 eximium) [ZMHB]. (indirectly &%, pl. 40 fig. 7 & 8 (Acanthoderus) synonymised by Günther, 1932b, p. [BMNH] New Guinea and Aru 371). Islands. Prisomera indefinitus (Brunner von Promachus wallacei (Westwood), Stål, Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 290 %, pl. 13 1875, p. 73. fig. 3 (P. indefinitum) [NHMW]. N. doreyanus (Bates), 1865, p. 332 &% (indirectly and with doubt (Lonchodes) [OXUM] New Guinea synonymised by Günther, 1932b, p. and Salwatty Island. 371). Promachus doreyanus (Bates) Stål, P. spectatus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1875, p. 73. 1907, p. 258 % [MCSN]. Lonchodes hispa Bates, 1865, p. 333 % Staelonchodus spectatus (Brunner von [OXUM]. (synonymised by Günther, Wattenwyl) Günther, 1929, p. 615. 1936, p. 331 fig. 8). L. imitans Brunner von Wattenwyl, Acanthoderus hystrix Kaup, 1871, p. 32 1907, p. 260 % [HNHM lost in fire]. &%, pl. 2 fig. 4 [NLDH]. (indirectly L. expulsus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), synonymised by Brunner von 1907, p. 285 & (Prisomera Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 296). expulsum) [MCSN] Key islands. N. spinosus (Kirby), 1889, p. 230 & L. sangirensis Dohrn, 1910, p. 408 &, (Promachus) [BMNH] Louisiade figured (Periphetes) [ZMPA]. Archipelago. L. rammei Günther, 1929, p. 661 &%, N. insularis (Kirby), 1889, p. 231 &% pl. 2 fig. 1 & 2 (Periphetes) (Promachus) [BMNH] Louisiade [ZMBH]. Archipelago.

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 8. Neopromachini: 1 Neopromachus wallacei (Westwood), 1a & dorsal view, 1b & apex abdomen lateral view, 1c % dorsal view, (type species, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 40 fig. 7 & 8); 2 Eupromachus acutangulus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 2a & dorsal view, 2b & apex abdomen lateral view, (after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 13 fig. 7); 3 Hyrtacus procerus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 3a & dorsal view, 3b & apex abdomen lateral view, 3c % dorsal view, 3d % apex abdomen lateral view, (after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 13 fig. 8). 4 Brachyrtacus celatus Sharp, & dorsal view, (type species, after Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, pl. 13 fig. 9).

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

N. sordidus (Kirby), 1896, p. 463 &, pl. N. robustus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), 40 fig. 5 [not 4] (Promachus) 1907, p. 297 & (Promachus) [BMNH]. [MCSN]. N. muticus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), Promachus exceptus Brunner von 1907, p. 294 &% (Promachus) Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 297 & [MCSN]. [NHMW, SMTD, ZMHB]. (synonymised by Günther, 1936, p. Promachus muticus Brunner von 332). Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen N. meijerei (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 297 & (Promachus) N. semoni (Brunner von Wattenwyl), [NHMW]. 1907, p. 294 &% (Promachus) Promachus de meijerei Brunner von [NHMW]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen Promachus semoni Brunner von nudum). Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 14. (nomen N. recedens (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 298 &% (Promachus) N. longicaudus (Brunner von [NHMW, SMNS]. Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 295 & Promachus recedens Brunner von (Promachus) [NHMW]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 14. (nomen N. lobatipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 295 &% (Promachus) N. strumosus strumosus (Brunner von [NHMW]. Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 298 &%, pl. 13 Promachus biroi Brunner von fig. 5 (Promachus) [NHMW, Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 299 % [lost in MNHN]. fire]. (synonymised by Günther, Promachus strumosus Brunner von 1929, p. 737) Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 14. (nomen N. nimius (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 295 &% (Promachus) N. vepres vepres (Brunner von [NHMW]. Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 298 &%, pl. N. insignis (Brunner von Wattenwyl), 13 fig. 6 (Promachus vepres) 1907, p. 296 & (Promachus) [MCSN, NHMW, SMNS]. [NHMW]. N. vepres lauterbachi (Brunner von Neopromachus biroi Brunner von Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 299 & Wattenwyl sensu Günther, 1929, p. (Promachus lauterbachi) [ZMHB]. 736 % [HNHM lost in fire]. (lowered to subspecies level by (synonymised by Günther, 1937, p. Günther, 1929, p. 741, but transfer 80). disputed by same author in 1937, p. N. arfacianus (Brunner von 95). Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 296 &% N. fidens (Brunner von Wattenwyl), (Promachus) [NHMW, MNMS]. 1907, p. 299 & (Promachus) Promachus arfacianus Brunner von [MCSN]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen N. bolivari (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 299 % (Promachus) N. obrutus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), [MCSN]. 1907, p. 296 &% (Promachus) N. frater (Brunner von Wattenwyl), [NHMW, ZMHB]. 1907, p. 299 % (Promachus) Promachus obrutus Brunner von [NHMW]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen N. vestitus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), nudum). 1907, p. 299 %, (Promachus) Neopromachus signatus Günther, [NHMW incorrectly labelled as 1934b, p. 101. (quoted in error). Promachus postfactus]. N. simulator (Brunner von Wattenwyl), N. strumosus modestus (Brunner von 1907, p. 297 &% (Promachus) Wattenwyl), 1907, p. 299 % [NHMW, MCSN]. (Promachus modestus) [NHMW].

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

(lowered to subspecies level by N. perminutus Günther, 1934a, p. 287 Günther, 1929, p. 723). %, fig. 2 [SMTD]. N. schultzei Giglio-Tos, 1912b, p. 93 N. extraordinarius Günther, 1936, p. &% [MRSN, ZMBH]. 326 &, fig. 1 [SMTD]. N. sepikanus Giglio-Tos, 1912b, p. 94 N. laetus Günther, 1936, p. 331 &, fig. 9 % [MRSN]. [SMTD, MBBJ]. (not Kirby, 1904b, N. riparius Günther, 1929, p. 633 %, p. 375, which was transferred to fig 1 [ZMBH]. Paramenexenus by Carl, 1913, p. N. elegans Günther, 1929, p. 634 &%, 52). fig. 2 & pl. 1 fig. 1 & 2 [ZMHB]. N. iuxtavelatus Günther, 1937, p. 88 N. gracilis Günther, 1929, p. 635 &%, %, pl. 1 fig. 1 [SMTD, RMNH ?]. fig. 3 & 4 [ZMHB]. N. pachynotus bicolor Günther, 1937, N. parvulus Günther, 1929, p. 637 %, p. 90 %, pl. 1 fig. 3 [SMTD]. fig. 5 [ZMHB]. N. schlaginhaufeni Günther, 1937, p. Neopromachus. scharreri Günther, 91&, pl. 1. fig. 4 & 7 [SMTD]. 1929, p. 639 &%, fig. 8 & pl. fig. 3 N. injucundus Günther, 1937, p. 93 &% [ZMHB]. (doubtfully synonymised [SMDT]. by Günther, 1937, p. 94). N. sp. Gunther, 1936, p. 329 & fig. 5. N. zernyi Günther, 1929, p. 638 &%, [MBBJ]. fig. 6 & 7 [ZMHB]. N. buergersi Günther, 1929, p. 641 EUPROMACHUS Brunner von &%, fig. 9 [ZMHB]. Wattenwyl N. mirus Günther, 1929, p. 644 &, fig. (Figure 8: 2ab) 10 & 11 [ZMHB]. Eupromachus Brunner von Wattenwyl, N. olbiotyphus Günther, 1929, p. 646 1907, p. 300. %, fig. 12 [ZMHB]. No type species selected. N. nigrogranulatus Günther, 1929, p. Main characteristics. - Similar to the 647 %, pl. 7 fig. 4 [ZMHB]. genus Neopromachus, differing from it N. neglectus Günther, 1929, p. 648 &% by: the smooth body; the unarmed [ZMHB]. meso- and metapleurae; and the N. vepres flabellatus Günther, 1929, p. tectiform depressed thorax which is 649 &%, pl. 5 fig. 2 [ZMHB]. median carinated. N. vepres olivaceus Günther, 1929, p. Distribution. - North India and New 650 % [ZMHB]. Guinea. N. paradoxus Günther, 1929, p. 651 & Represented in New Guinea by: [ZMHB]. E. acutangulus acutangulus Brunner N. gibbosus Günther,1929, p. 653 &, von Wattenwyl, 1907, p. 300 &, pl. fig. 13 & pl. 7 fig. 5 [ZMHB]. 13 fig. 7 [NHMW, ANSP]. N. dyselius Günther, 1929, p. 654 &, Eupromachus acutangulus Brunner von fig 14 [ZMHB]. Wattenwyl, 1906, p. 13. (nomen N. velatus Günther, 1929, p. 656 &, fig. nudum). 15 [ZMHB]. Eupromachus acutangulus Brunner von N. pachynotus pachynotus Günther, Wattenwyl Günther, 1929, p. 661 1929, p. 657 &%, pl. 5 fig. 1 description of %. [ZMHB]. E. acutangulus mocsaryi Kuthy, 1911, N. ramuensis Günther, 1929, p. 735 % p. 294 &% [HNHM lost in fire]. [ZMHB]. (lowered to subspecies level by N. exiguus Günther, 1930, p. 730 &, Günther, 1929, p. 620). fig. 1 [ZMHB]. N. posthumus Günther, 1930, p. 741 &, HYRTACUS Stål fig. 7 & 8 [ZMHB]. (Figure 7: 3abcd) N. pleurospinosus (Werner), 1930, p. Hyrtacus Stål, 1875, p. 10 & 67, (= 180 & (Eupromachus) [ISNB]. Candovia Stål, 1875, p. 70). Neopromachus pleurospinosus (Werner) Günther, 1936, p. 329.

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Type species. - Hyrtacus tuberculatus E. goliath (Gray), 1834, p. 45 & Stål, 1875, p. 67, designated by Kirby, (Phasma(Diura) goliath) [MVMA 1904a, 331. ?]. Main characteristics. - Body and legs Acrophylla goliath (Gray) Gray, 1835, shiny, elongate and slender; thorax p. 39. smooth or sparsely granulate; second Cyphocrana goliath (Gray) Brullé, abdominal segment much longer than 1835, p. 105 % pl. 7. wide; supra-anal plate of females fused Phasma (Cyphocrania) goliath (Gray) with anal segment, elongate and apex Haan, 1842, p. 128. round; operculum lanceolate, more or Eurecmena goliath (Gray) Kirby, less corneous, and not extending beyond 1904a, 391. hind margin of the supra-anal plate. Clemacantha regale Rainbow, 1897, p. Distribution. - New Guinea and 34 & fig. 1-3 [AMSA]. Australia. (synonymised by Vickery, 1983, p. Represented in New Guinea by: 6). H. procerus Brunner von Wattenwyl, Eurecnema viridissima Kirby, 1904b, p. 1907, p. 302 &%, pl. 13 fig. 8 440 & [BMNH]. (synonymised by [NHMW]. Vickery, 1983, p. 6). H. semoni Brunner von Wattenwyl, Eurecnema sternocerca Redtenbacher, 1907, p. 302 &% [NHMW]. 1908, p. 469 & [NHMW]. (synonymised by Vickery, 1983, p. BRACHYRTACUS Sharp 6). (Figure 8:4) E. magnifica Kirby, 1904b, p. 439 & Brachyrtacus Sharp, 1898, p. 84. [BMNH] probably New Guinea. Type species. - Brachyrtacus celatus Diura magnifica (Kirby) Günther, 1929, Sharp, by monotypy. p. 627. (incorrect transfer, Brock Main characteristics. - Similar to personal communication). E. nigrospinosa Redtenbacher, 1908, p. Hyrtacus, differing from it by: the 469 & [NHMW] Key Islands. densely granulated thorax; the pointed Diura nigrospinosa (Redtenbacher) supra-anal plate of the females, which is Günther, 1929, p. 627 (incorrect fused with the anal segment; the transfer, Brock personal lanceolate, acuminate operculum; and communication). the numerous small teeth on the lateral margins of the operculum. CTENOMORPHA Gray Distribution. - New Britain (Figure 9: 2) Represented by: Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833, p. 16, (= B. celatus Sharp, 1898, p. 84 &, pl. 7 Acrophylla Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 455, fig. 4, pl. 9 fig. 32 [CUMZ]. not Gray, 1833, p. 27). Type species. - Ctenomorpha EURYCNEMA Audinet-Serville marginipennis Gray, 1833, p. 16, (Figure 9: 1) designated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 388. Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838, p. Main characteristics. - Head elongate- 235. oval; wings in females very short, in Type species. - Eurycnema versirubra males long; operculum short; cerci (Audinet-Serville) [Cyphocrania strongly elongate, longer than 9th and (Eurycnema) versirubra] 1838, p. 235, 10th abdominal segments together, designated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 391. laminate and often twisted; hind Main characteristics. - Hind tibiae on metatarsus in males longer than, and in the ventro-posterior carinae typically females as long as, other tarsal joints armed with large teeth or sharp spines. together. Distribution. - Java, Timor, New Distribution. - New Guinea, Australia, Guinea, Australia and Tasmania, Tasmania, New Zealand and the Fiji Represented in New Guinea by: Islands. Represented in New Guinea by:

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 9. Phasmatini: 1 (Gray), & dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 23 fig. 4); 2 Ctenomorpha briareus (Gray), & dorsal view, (exotic, after Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 22 fig. 6).

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 10. Phasmatini (continued): 1 Peloriana lobiceps (Macleay), & lateral view, (type species, after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 22 fig. 7b); 2 Anchiale maculata (Olivier), & apex abdomen lateral view (enlarged), (type species, after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 23 fig. 5b); 3 (Macleay), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, suppl. pl. 4).

85

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 11. Phasmatini (continued): 1 Phasma gigas (Linnaeus), % dorsal view, (type species, After Haan, 1842, pl. 14 fig. 3); 2 Vetilia enceladus (Gray), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 39 fig. 2).

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

C. marmorata (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. Phasma (Cyphocrania) reinwardti 456 & (Acrophylla) [MCSN]. (Haan) Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 467 &. PHASMA Lichtenstein Phasma reinwardtii (Haan), (Figure 11: 1) Hennemann & Conle, 1997b, p. 291 Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796, p. 77, (= (description of %) [coll. Cyphocrania Saint Fargeau & Audinet- Hennemann]. Serville, 1825, p. 445), (= Papuanoidea Cyphocrania maclayi Macleay, 1885, p. Werner, 1930, p. 181). 710 & [MAMU]. (synonymised by Type species. - Phasma empusa Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 467). Lichtenstein, 1796 (= Phasma gigas (Linnaeus)) designated by Kirby, 1904a, PELORIANA Uvarov p. 493, (Figure 10: 1) Main characteristics. - Mesonotum Peloriana Uvarov, 1940b, p. 115 covered with cone-shaped spines or (replacement name for preoccupied tubercles; fore legs dorsally and Peloria Redtenbacher 1908, p. 462). ventrally with serrate dentations. Easily Type species. - Peloriana lobiceps distinguishable from the other genera in (Macleay) [Cyphocrania lobiceps], by this group by the aggregations of minute monotypy. spines at the apex of the three ventral Main characteristics. - Back of the head carinae of the four hind tibiae. with typical cone-shaped elevation, tip Distribution. - Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, blunt and irregularly bituberculated; the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Aru mesothorax ventrally smooth, partly Islands and New Britain. covered with few scattered granules; Represented in New Guinea by: wings extended for some distance P. gigas (Linnaeus), 1758, p. 425 beyond the hind femora; carinae of four (Gryllus (Mantis) gigas) [UZIU] hind legs with spine-like dentations near New Guinea, New Britain and Aru the base and apex which are more or Islands. less dilate and strongly toothed; dorsal Spectrum gigas (Linnaeus) Lamarck, carinae of the tibiae with large foliate 1817, p. 254. teeth near the apex. Cyphocrana gigas (Linnaeus) Saint Distribution. - New Guinea and the Aru Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825, p. 445. Islands. Phasma empusa Lichtenstein, 1796, p. Represented in New Guinea and the 77 [?]. (indirectly synonymised by Aru Islands by: Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 467). P. lobiceps (Macleay), 1885, p. 711 %, Phasma necydaloides (Linnaeus) sensu (Cyphocrania lobiceps) [MAMU]. Thunberg, 1815, p. 296 [?]. Phasma lobiceps (Macleay) Kirby, Cyphocrana beauvoisi Audinet-Serville, 1904a, p. 391. 1831, p. 60 new name for Phasma Peloria lobiceps (Macleay) gigas (Linnaeus) sensu Palisot de Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 462. Beauvois, 1805, p. 109 pl. 13 fig. 1 [?]. (synonymised by Redtenbacher, ANCHIALE Stål 1908, p. 467). (Figure 10: 2) Cyphocrania goliath (Gray) sensu Anchiale Stål, 1875, p. 36 & 84. Haan, 1842, p. 128. (synonymised by Type species. - Anchiale maculata Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 467). (Olivier) [Mantis maculata], by Papuanoidea straeleni Werner, 1930. p. monotypy. 29 % (not &) [ISNB]. (synonymised Main characteristics. - Mesonotum by Günther, 1936, p. 339). cylindrical, granulate or covered with P. reinwardti Haan, 1842, p. 130 &, pl. cone-shaped tubercles; wings extended 10 fig. 1 (Phasma (Cyphocrania) for some distance beyond hind femora, reinwardtii) [RMNH]. hind margin dark-tessellate; operculum hardly extended beyond abdomen; cerci widely lanceolated, short; four hind

87

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN femora dorsally evenly spined; tibiae Anchiale longipennis (Montrouzier) ventrally with three series of spines, Kirby, 1904a, p. 393. apically single spined; hind metatarsus A. modesta Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 461 carinate, spined (&) or crenulate (%), & [ETHZ]. shorter than other tarsal joints together A. simplex Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 461 (&) or same length in (%). & [NHMW] Witu Islands. Distribution. - Java, the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Key Islands, New Britain ACROPHYLLA Gray and Australia. (Figure 10:3) Represented in New Guinea by: Acrophylla Gray, 1835, p. 38. (= Vetilia A. maculata (Olivier), 1792, p. 636 Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 463, section 1. (Mantis) [?] New Guinea, New of key) Britain and Key Islands. Type species. - Acrophylla titan Cyphocrana maculata (Olivier) Saint- (Maclaey) [Phasma titan] 1827, p. 454, Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825, p. designation by Kirby, 1904, p. 338. 445. Main characteristics. - Mesonotum Platycrana maculata (Olivier) Gray, covered with large cone-shaped spines; 1835, p. 36. fore femora ventrally with strong serrate Phasma (Cyphocrania) maculata dentations; ventral carinae of four hind (Olivier) Haan, 1842, p. 129. tibiae with a single apical spine. Cyphocrania maculata (Olivier) Distribution. - New Guinea and Westwood, 1859, p. 111. Australia Anchiale maculata (Olivier) Stål, 1875, Represented in New Guinea by: p. 84. A. ligula (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 464 Phasma naevium Lichtenstein, 1802, p. & (Vetilia) [MCSN]. 13 (new name for a combination of A. maindroni (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. valid species: Gryllus (Mantis) 464 & (Vetilia) [MNHN ?]. necydaloides Linnaeus (= Pseudophasma phthisicum VETILIA Stål (Linnaeus), 1758, p. 425), Mantis (Figure 11: 2) cylindrica Gmelin, 1788, p. 2048 Vetilia Stål, 1875, p. 36 & 84. and indirectly Anchiale maculata Type species. - Vetilia enceladus (Gray) (Olivier). (Synonymised by Gray, [Acrophylla enceladus] 1835, p. 39, by 1835, p. 36). monotypy. Mantis necydaloides Linnaeus sensu Main characteristics. - Similar to Stoll, 1813 p. 8 & 10 pl. 3 fig. 8, pl. Acrophylla; differing from it by the 4 fig. 11. (Synonymised by Gray, poorly toothed fore femora. 1835, p. 36). Distribution. - New Guinea and Anchiale stolli Sharp, 1898, p. 89 pl. 9 Australia. fig. 16, 19 & 27 &% [CUMZ]. Represented in New Guinea by: (Synonymised by Redtenbacher, V. caesarea Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 465 1908, p. 460). % [NHMW]. Anchiale confusa Sharp, 1898, p. 90 pl. 9 fig. 17 & 18 &% new name for STEPHANACRIS Redtenbacher Cyphocrania maculata (Olivier) (Figure 12: 1ab) sensu Westwood, 1859 p. 111 Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908, p. [BMNH]. (Synonymised by 441. Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 460). No type species selected. A. grayi (Montrouzier), 1857, p. 80 Main characteristics. - Head globular, (Pachymorpha) [?] Woodlark Island. back of the head swollen and irregularly Anchiale grayi (Montrouzier) Kirby, spined; mesonotum sharply tuberculate; 1904a, p. 393. elytra humped, short, laterally oval; A. longipennis (Montrouzier), 1857, p. wings in males extending beyond hind 81 [?] (Pachymorpha) Woodlark legs, in females hardly extending Island. beyond median segment.

88

Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Distribution. - New Guinea. BACULUM Saussure Represented in New Guinea by: (Figure 12: 3abc) S. globiceps Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 441 Baculum Saussure, 1861, p. 127.(= & [HNHM lost in fire]. Clitumnus Stål, 1875, p. 9 & 66, = S. brevipes Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 441 Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, &%, pl. 21 fig. 4 [NHMW, ZMUH]. 1907, p. 196). S. sp. Gunther, 1936, p. 339 & fig. 17. Type species. - Baculum ramosus [SMTD ?]. (Saussure) [Bacillus (Baculum) ramosus] 1861, p. 127, by monotypy. HERMARCHUS Stål Main characteristics. - Head smooth (Figure 12: 2) between the eyes, or bispined or Hermarchus Stål, 1875, p. 45 & 89. bicornuted or with transverse crest; Type species. - Hermarchus pythonius antennae hardly longer than one third of (Westwood) [Phibalosoma pythonius] fore femora; legs smooth or lobed; anal 1859, p. 73, designated by Kirby, segment in males incised and lobed, in 1904a, p. 360. females usually truncate or profoundly Main characteristics. - Females large triangularly emarginated; operculum and wingless, males slender, cylindrical navicular, slightly dilated and and winged; mesonotum elongate, front compressed. margin in females constricted, widest Distribution. - From the Indian just before the middle; meso- and Subcontinent through Sri Lanka, Indo- metapleurae with round dilations or China, China, up to Far East Russia and with series of spines, lamellate teeth, Japan, the Indo-Malayan Archipelago tuberculations or granulations; median up to the Moluccas, the Philippines, segment as long as metanotum; New Guinea and the Key Islands. abdominal segments of females often Represented on the Key Islands by: laterally roundly-dilated; fore femora B. recessum (Brunner von Wattenwyl), with spines or serrate dentations on 1907, p. 207 & (Cuniculina recessa) dorso-anterior carinae, four hind femora [NHMW]. and tibiae serrated or spined on carinae. Distribution. - New Guinea, New THAUMATOBACTRON Günther Britain, Australia, New Caledonia, the (Figure 13 1ab) Fiji Islands, the Caroline Isles, and the Thaumatobactron Günther, 1929, p. New Hebrides. 663. Represented in New Guinea by: Type species. - Thaumatobactron H. novaebritanniae (Wood-Mason), poecilosoma Günther, by original 1877, p. 75 & (Phibalosoma novae- designation. britanniae) [NZSI] New Britain. Main characteristics. - Body surface Hermarchus novae-britanniae (Wood- smooth and shiny; posterior of Mason) Kirby, 1904a, p. 361. mesonotum, metanotum totally, and in Hermarchus novae-britanniae (Wood- females the abdomen, strongly widened; Mason) Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 447 all femora almost cylindrical in cross- &%, pl. 21 fig. 6 (description of %). section and powerful, hind femora in H. biroi Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 445 males thickened and heavily armed; &% [NHMW, ZMUH]. hind tibiae round in cross-section, in H. muelleri Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 446 males strongly bent the first half of its & [ZMHB]. length and ventrally strongly toothed, in H. lyratus Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 447 females weakly toothed. The anal & [ZMHB]. segment, and operculum of females, are H. oreitrephes Günther, 1929, p. 687 short, unlike the other genera in this &, pl. 6 [ZMHB]. tribe. H. annulatus Günther, 1929, p. 689 & Distribution. - New Guinea. [ZMHB]. Represented in New Guinea by:

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 12. other Phasmatini: 1 Stephanacris brevipes Redtenbacher, 1a & dorsal view, 1b % dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 21 fig. 4ab); 2 Hermarchus pythonius (Westwood), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 12 fig. 1); 3 Baculum cuniculus (Westwood), 3a & dorsal view, 3b & head lateral view, 3c & apex abdomen lateral view, (exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 6 fig. 2abc).

90

Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

T. poecilosoma Günther, 1929, p. 664 Distribution. - New Guinea, Australia &%, fig. 16 & 17, pl. 7 fig. 1 & 2 and throughout Melanesia. [ZMHB]. Represented in New Guinea by: T. mayri Günther, 1930, p. 732 %, fig. E. horrida Boisduval 1835, p. 647 %, 2 [ZMHB]. pl. 10 fig. 2 [?] New Guinea, T. granulosa Hennemann & Conle, Bismark Archipelago, Woodlark 1997a, p. 176 %, fig. 1, 3b, 4efh Island and d’Entrecasteau Islands. [ZMHB]. Karabidion horridum (Boisduval) T. guentheri Hennemann & Conle, Montrouzier, 1857, p. 82. 1997a, p. 178 &%, fig. 2, 3b, 4abcd E. micracanthum Montrouzier, 1857, p. [ZMHB, Coll. Hennemann]. 85 [?] Woodlark Island. E. calcarata Lucas, 1869, p. 25 [?] New TRAPEZASPIS Redtenbacher Guinea, Bismark Archipelago. (Figure 13: 3) Eurycantha diabolus Redtenbacher, Trapezaspis Redtenbacher, 1908, p.348. 1908, p. 343 &% [ZMHB, ZMUH, No type species selected. MNHN]. (synonymised by Günther, Main characteristics. - Body wingless, 1929, p. 621). rough and small; pro- and mesonotum E. insularis Lucas, 1869, p. 25 &% [?] typically trapezoid shaped, pronotum New Guinea, New Ireland and posteriorly, and the mesonotum Woodlark Islands]. (synonymy with anteriorly, widened; front edges of the E. micracanthum Montrouzier, mesonotum pointed; metapleurae suggested by Redtenbacher, 1908, p. extended into powerful teeth in front of 345). hind coxae. Lucas sensu Distribution. - New Guinea. Lucas, 1872, p. 26 & 29 %, pl. 10. Represented in New Guinea by (synonymised by Redtenbacher, T. kaiman Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 348 1908, p. 345) [?]. &%, pl. 16 fig. 5 [NHMW]. Eurycantha coenosa Redtenbacher, T. loricatus Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 348 1908, p. 344 &%, pl. 16 fig. 1 & 2 & [NHMW]. [SMDT, NHMW, MCSN]. (synonymised by Günther, 1929, p. EURYCANTHA Boisduval 621). (Figure 13: 4abcd) E. rosenbergii Kaup, 1871, p. 35 % Eurycantha Boisduval, 1835, p. 647. [HLDH]. Type species. - Eurycantha horrida Eurycantha rosenbergii Kaup Boisduval, by monotypy. Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 344 &%. Main characteristics. - Body wingless, (description of both sexes). robust, flattened; surface dorsally Eurycantha echinata Lucas, 1878, p. 163 tuberculated, spined or granulated, &% [?]. (synonymised by ventrally smooth; anal segment of males Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 344). bluntly carinated, hind margin E.willeyi Kirby, 1904b, p. 442 % new triangularly emarginated, lateral lobes name for Eurycantha horrida deflexed; anal segment of females fused Boiduval sensu Sharp, 1898. p. 85. with the strongly elongated sword-like [BMNH] New Britain. supra-anal plate, carinate; operculum in E. portentosa Kirby, 1904b, p. 442 & females long but hind margin not [BMNH] Louisiade Archipelago. extended beyond anal segment; all E. sifia Kirby, 1904b, p. 443 &% femora square in cross-section, carinae [BMNH]. with spined dentations, hind femora in E. immunis Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 342 males often thickened, ventrally with & [ZMAN]. powerful spines. Eurycantha immunis Redtenbacher, Further reading: Bedford, 1976, 1906a, p. 15. (nomen nudum). (defensive behaviour). Eurycantha immunis Redtenbacher Günther, 1929, p. 668 (description of male).

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H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 13. Eurycanthynae: 1 Thaumatobactron poecilosoma Günther, 1a & dorsal view, 1b % dorsal view, (type species, after Günther, 1929, pl. 7 fig. 1 & 2); 2 Trapezaspis kaiman Redtenbacher, & dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 16 fig. 5); 3 Symetriophasma brevitarsus Hennemann & Conle, & dorsal view, (type species, after Hennemann & Conle, 1996, fig. 1); 4 Eurycantha insularis Lucas, 4a & dorsal view, 4b & apex abdomen lateral view, 4c % dorsal view, 4d % apex abdomen lateral view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 16 fig. 1 & 2).

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

E. latro Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 343 % wingless; ninth abdominal segment [MSCN]. dorsally with elevated teeth or scale. E. coronata Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 344 Distribution. - Borneo(?), Sulawesi, the & [NHMW]. Moluccas, New Guinea, and the Key Eurycantha coronata Redtenbacher and Aru Islands, Hennemann & Conle, 1998, p. 342 Represented in New Guinea by: fig. 1 & 2 (description of male) [Coll. D. prostasis prostasis Westwood, 1859, Hennemann]. p. 81 &%, pl. 34 fig. 4 & 5 [OXUM] E. coriacea coriacea Redtenbacher, New Guinea and Aru Islands. 1908, p. 345 &% [NHMW]. D. mancus mancus Bates, 1865, p. 345 E. coriacea maluensis Günther, 1929, &%, pl. 44 fig. 3 & 8 [OXUM]. p. 673 & [ZMHB]. Pachymorpha novaeguineae Kaup, 1871, p. 26 & [HLDH]. SYMETRIOPHASMA Hennemann & (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. Conle 88). (Figure 13: 3) Eupromachus brevis Werner, 1930, p. Symetriophasma Hennemann & Conle, 27 & nymph (not %) [ISNB]. 1996, p. 457. (synonymised by Günther, 1936, p. Type species. - Symetriophasma 335). brevitarsa Hennemann & Conle, by D. prostasis asper (Redtenbacher), original designation. 1908, p. 363 & (Dimorphodes Main characteristics. - Small body; asper) [NHMW]. (treated as mesonotum in females quadrate, in subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p. males less than 1½ times as long as 88). wide; abdominal apex of females as in D. prostasis gibbonotus Eurycantha; anal segment of males with (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 364 & median incision, lobes elongate and (Dimorphodes gibbonotus) [HNHM acuminate; femora straight, square in lost in fire]. (treated as subspecies by cross-section and dorsally armed; tibiae Günther, 1935a, p. 88). slender, cylindrical in cross-section and D. carinatus Redtenbacher, 1908, p. unarmed, in males elongate. 364 & [ZMHB, ZMAN, SMTD]. Distribution. - New Guinea. Dimorphodes carinatus Redtenbacher, Represented in New Guinea by: 1906a, p. 15. (nomen nudum). S. echinata (Günther), 1936, p. 335 % Dimorphodes glaber Redtenbacher, fig. 12 (Trapezaspis) [SMTD]. 1908, p. 366 & [SMTD]. Symetriophasma echinata (Günther) (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. Hennemann & Conle, 1996, p. 458. 90). S. brevitarsa Hennemann & Conle, D. prostasis serripes (Redtenbacher), 1996, p. 459 & [ZSMC]. 1908, p. 364 pl. 16 fig. 14 & 15 &% (Dimorphodes serripes) [SMTD, DIMORPHODES Westwood ZMAN, NHMW, MCSN]. (treated (Figure 14: 1ab) as subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p. Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859, p. 80. 88). Type species. - Dimorphodes prostasis Dimorphodes serripes Redtenbacher, Westwood, by monotypy. 1906a, p. 15. (nomen nudum). Main characteristics. - Body rough; D. prostasis flabellatus (Redtenbacher), antennae much shorter than fore legs; 1908, p. 365 % (Dimorphodes front margin of the mesonotum with flabellatus) [NHMW]. (treated as elevation which is armed with a pair of subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p. powerful spines or tubercles; 88). metapleurae in front of coxae with D. mancus catenulatus (Redtenbacher), series of dilated teeth; elytra in males 1908, p. 365 & (Dimorphodes lobular, in females absent; males alate, catenulates) [NHMW] New Guinea brachypterous or micropterous, females and Key Islands. (treated as subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p.88).

93

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Dimorphodes catenulatus Redtenbacher, 3 free fringe-like lobes; sterna smooth 1906a, p. 15. (nomen nudum) and concave; all femora and tibiae D. mancus cristatipennis strongly compressed and with leaf-like (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 365 % dilations, all carinae or at least ventro- (Dimorphodes cristatipennis) posterior carinae of four front femora, [ZMUH not traced]. (treated as and ventro-anterior carinae of hind subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p.89). femora, with undulating and fringled Dimorphodes clypeatus Redtenbacher, lobes; medio-ventral carinae not 1908, p. 366 % [ZMAN]. present on femora. (synonymised by Günther, 1935a, p. Distribution. - New Guinea, the Loyalty 89). Islands, New Caledonia. D. mancus bos (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. Represented in New Guinea by: 365 & (Dimorphodes bos) [MCSN]. L. rubripes Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 438 (treated as subspecies by Günther, & [NHMW]. 1935a, p. 89). D. mancus centurio (Redtenbacher), XERODERUS Gray 1908, p. 366 & (Dimorphodes (Figure 14: 3) centurio) [MCSN not traced]. Xeroderus Gray 1835, p. 32. (treated as subspecies by Günther, Type species. - Xeroderus kirbii Gray, 1935a, p. 89). by monotypy. D. miles Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 367 Main characteristics. - Antennae in &% [MCSN, NHMW]. females slightly longer than fore (synonymised to Dimorphodes femora, in males longer and bristly; mancus by Günther, 1935a, p. 88 pronotum plain, lateral margins dilated found unjustified by Hausleithner, and elevated; mesonotum on upper 1989, p. 261). surface spinous-tuberculated, roundly- D. mancus cuspidatus (Redtenbacher), dilated at the front, in males slender; 1908, p. 367 % (Dimorphodes elytra and wings in both sexes more or cuspidatus) [ZMAN]. (treated as less explicit; abdomen in males slender, subspecies by Günther, 1935a, p.89). cylindrical, in females laterally Dimorphodes cuspidatus Redtenbacher, depressed, all segments laterally with 1906a, p. 15. (nomen nudum). angled membranous lobes. D. prostasis dorsatus Günther, 1929, p. Distribution. - New Guinea, Australia 676 % [ZMHB]. and the Solomon Islands. D. flavostriatus Günther, 1929, p. 677 Represented in New Guinea by: % [ZMHB]. X. kirbii Gray, 1835, p. 32 &% D. mancus buergersi Günther, 1935a, [OXUM, MVMA]. p. 89 new name for Dimorphodes novaeguineae (Kaup) sensu Günther, EXTATOSOMA Gray 1929, p. 679 % [ZMHB]. (Figure 15: 1ab) D. mancus mayri Günther, 1935a, p. 89 Extatosoma Gray, 1833, p. 23. new name for Dimorphodes Type species. - Extatosoma tiaratum cuspidatus Redtenbacher sensu (Macleay) [Phasma tiaratum] 1826, p. Günther, 1930, p. 734 % [ZMHB]. 455, designated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 380. LEOSTHENES Stål Main characteristics. - Body leaf-like (Figure 14: 2ab) and spined, in males slender and Leosthenes Stål, 1875, p. 102. elongate, in females dilated and Type species. - Leosthenes aquatilis depressed; back of the head conically Stål, 1875, p. 60 & 102, by monotypy. elevated and spined; males alate, Main characteristics. - Body in females females micropterous; legs triangular in wingless, in males winged and slender; cross-section; carinae of femora and lateral margin of metathorax dilated and tibiae, especially in females, partially undulating, in front of the coxae with 1-

94

Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea with strong laminate-dilatations and serrate-dentations.

95

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Figure 14. Xeroderinae: 1 Dimorphodes prostasis Westwood, 1a & dorsal view, 1b % dorsal view, (type species, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 34 fig. 4 & 5); 2 Leosthenes aquatilis Stål, 2a & dorsal view, 2b % lateral view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher 1908, pl. 21 fig. 1 & 2); 3 Xeroderus kirbii Gray, & dorsal view, (type species, after Westwood, 1859, p. 31 fig. 7).

96

Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 15. Tropidoderini: Fig.1 Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay), 1a & lateral view, 1b % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher 1908, pl. 17 fig. 5ab); 2 (Leach), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, suppl. pl. 7 fig. 2).

97

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Distribution. - New Guinea, and carinae of four hind femora in females Australia. with strong leaf-like dilations. Represented in New Guinea by: Distribution. - The Woodlark Islands E. popa Stål, 1875, p. 84 new name for and Australia. Phasma (Extatosoma) tiaratum Represented from the Woodlark Islands (Macleay) sensu Haan, 1842, p. 110 by: & pl. 10 fig. 2 [RMNH]. T. viridus Montrouzier, 1857, p. 80 E. carlbergi Beccaloni 1993, p. 113 & (Tropidoderus viridis) [?] Woodlark figs. 1-15 [NHMN, WEIC, BPBM, Island. FICB, TPNG, BMNH, UPNG]. Necroscia (?) viridus (Montrouzier) Kirby, 1904a, p. 378. DIDYMURIA Kirby (Figure 15: 2) PLATYCRANA Gray Didymuria Kirby, 1904a, p. 381, (Figure 17: 1) (replacement name for preoccupied Platycrana Gray, 1835, p. 36, (= Diura Gray, 1833). Platycrania Westwood, 1859, p. 112). Type species. - Didymuria violescens Type species. - Platycrana viridana (Leach) [Phasma violescens] 1815, p. (Olivier) [Mantis viridana], designation 26, by original designation. implied by Kirby, 1904a, p. 385. Main characteristics. - More slender Main characteristics. - Head convex, than Extatosoma, cylindrical; females with large globular elevation at the thickened, spool-like, slightly back; wings in males long, in females depressed; wings in males long, in short; cerci straight, slender and almost females short; cerci elongate, narrow filiform; operculum navicular, and and acuminate; fore legs unarmed and extended far beyond the apex of the longer than hind legs; middle and hind abdomen; hind metatarsi short and femora at upper surface unarmed, dorsally grooved. underside on both lateral and median Distribution. - The Aru Islands and carinae spined; hind femora in males Manus. thickened, medio-ventral carinae armed Represented on the Aru Islands and with large spines in middle. Admiralty Islands by: Distribution. - New Guinea, the Key P. viridana (Olivier), 1792, p. 636 Islands, Australia and Tasmania. (Mantis) [?]. Represented in New Guinea by: Cyphocrana viridana (Olivier) Audinet- D. schultzei (Giglio-Tos), 1912b, p. 94 Serville, 1831, p. 60. % (Diura) [?]. Platycrana viridana (Olivier) Gray, 1835, p. 36. TROPIDODERUS Gray Platycrania viridana (Olivier) Audinet- (Figure 16: 1) Serville, 1838, p. 241. Tropidoderus Gray, 1835, p. 31, Cyphocrania viridana (Olivier) (replacement name for preoccupied Burmeister, 1839, p. 578. Trigonoderus Gray, 1833. p 26). Phasma jamaicensis (Fabricius) sensu Type species. - Stoll, 1813 p. 15 & 17 pl. 6 fig. 20 & (Gray) [Trigonoderus childrenii] 1833, 21 [?]. p. 18, by indication (Gray, 1833 p. 18). Phasma grandis Thunberg, 1815, p 295 Main characteristics. - Body size larger [?]. (synonymised by Stål, 1875, p. than in Didymuria; both sexes alate, 85). wings extended far beyond hind femora; Phasma edulis (Lichtenstein), 1796, p. fore femora as long as hind femora and 77 (Phasma edule) new name for a simple, in males ventrally finely, in combination of species: Haplopus females distinctly, serrate; four hind jamaicensis Fabricius, femora dorsally poorly, ventrally Pseudophasma phthisica (Linnaeus). strongly, serrate-spined; ventro-anterior (indirectly synonymised by Gray, 1835, p. 36).

98

Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 16. Tropidoderini (continued): 1 Tropidoderus childrenii (Gray), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, suppl. pl. 3 fig. 1).

99

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Platycrania alpheus Westwood sensu O. xanthopteryx (Günther), 1929, p. Bates, 1865, p. 347 % [OXUM]. 681 &%, pl. 2 fig. 3 & 4 (indirectly synonymised by (Apterrhidaeus) [ZMHB]. Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 369). O. meridionalis Günther, 1932a, p. 779 &%, Fig. 3 [NHRS ?] Bougainville OPHICRANIA Kaup Island. (Figure 17: 2ab) Ophicrania Kaup, 1871, p. 38, (= MEGACRANIA Kaup Arrhidaeus Stål, 1875, p. 40 & 85, = (Figure 17: 3) Apterrhidaeus Karny, 1923, p. 238). Megacrania Kaup, 1871, p. 38. Type species. - Ophicrania striatocollis Type species. - Megacrania phelaus Kaup 1871, p. 38, by monotypy. (Westwood) [Platycrania phelaus] Main characteristics. - Legs in both 1859, p. 113, designated by Kirby, sexes unarmed; femora and tibiae, in 1904a, p. 385. males almost oval, in females vaguely Main characteristics. - Cerci short, wide 4-carinate; ventro-median carinae of and flattened; operculum not extended four hind tibiae ventrally spined at the beyond abdomen; hind metatarsi short apex; fore femora dorsally sometimes and dorsally not or weakly grooved. sparsely and finely toothed; tibiae with Body size and shape as in Platycrania, median and lateral ventro-apical spines; but head not globularly-swollen at the metatarsi dorsally without groove. hind margin, and the length of the wings Similar to Erastus (p. 100), differing variable. from it by: the elongate mesonotum; the Distribution. - Sumatra, Borneo, the short wings; the navicular operculum; Moluccas, the Philippines, New Guinea, and the shape of the legs. the Key and Aru Islands, Melanesia, Distribution. - Java, Borneo, the Australia, and the Fiji Islands. Moluccas, the Philippines, New Guinea, Represented in New Guinea by: and the Solomon Islands. M. alpheus (Westwood), 1859, p. 112, Represented in New Guinea by: pl. 4 fig. 2 & (Platycrania) [BMNH] O. cephalotes (Bates), 1865, p. 351 & New Guinea, Biak, Aru and Key (Necroscia) [OXUM]. Islands and Bismarck Archipelago. Arrhidaeus cephalotes (Bates) Megacrania alpheus (Westwood) Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 376. Kirby, 1904a, p. 385. O. lineatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), Megacrania batesi Kirby, 1896, p. 471 1907, p. 216 % (Pachymorpha new name for Megacrania alpheus lineata) [ZMHB]. (Westwood) sensu Bates, 1865 p. Apterrhidaeus lineatus (Brunner von 347 & [BMNH]. (synonymised by Wattenwyl) Günther, 1930, p. 739 Günther, 1935b, p. 126). description of & [ZMHB]. Megacrania batesi speiseri Carl, 1915, O. aemula (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 376 p. 193 [MHNG] % (Arrhidaeus aemulus) [ZMAN]. Megacrania bakeri Willemse, 1926, p. Arrhidaeus aemulans Redtenbacher, 523 [OXUM]. (synonymised by 1906a, p. 14. (nomen nudum) Willemse, 1955, p. 45. Ophicrania aemula (Redtenbacher) M. nigrosulfurea Redtenbacher, 1908, Günther, 1936, p. 338 &% [MBBJ]. p. 370 & [NHMW] New Guinea and (description of &). New Britain. O. apterus (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. 378 & (Arrhidaeus) [HNHM lost in fire]. GRAEFFEA Brunner von Wattenwyl O. bifasciatus (Redtenbacher), 1908, p. (Figure 17: 4ab) 379 &% (Arrhidaeus) [ZMAN not Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868, traced]. p. 46. Arrhidaeus bifasciatus Redtenbacher, Type species. - Graeffea purpuripennis 1906a, p. 14. (nomen nudum) Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868, p. 46, designated by Kirby, 1904a, p. 386.

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 17. Platycraninae: 1 Platycrania viridana (Olivier), & dorsal view, (after non-type [NHMW]); 2 Ophicrania xanthopteryx (Günther), 2a & dorsal view, 2b % dorsal view, (after Günther, 1929, pl. 2 fig. 3 & 4); 3 Megacrania phelaus (Westwood), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Westwood, 1859, pl. 27 fig. 5); 4 Graeffea doederleini Günther, 4a & dorsal view, 4b % dorsal view, (after Günther, 1929, pl. 3 fig. 1 & 2); 5 Erastus galbanus Redtenbacher, & dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1908, pl. 17 fig. 3).

101

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN

Main characteristics. - Elytra present in Pylaemenes Stål 1875, p. 51 & 93. both sexes; length of wings variable; Type species. - Pylaemenes coronatus femora dorsally distinctly carinate, (Haan) [ Pachymorpha coronatus] usually unarmed, only spined on ventral 1842, p. 137, designated by Kirby, median carinae; tibiae unarmed, without 1904a, p. 400. ventro-apical spines; metatarsus Main characteristics. - Back of the head elongated. with cone-shaped elevation; mesonotum Distribution. - Sulawesi, the Moluccas, with parallel lateral carinae, tectiform New Guinea, Australia, Melanesia, and, together with the metanotum, Micronesia, Polynesia and the bluntly but distinct carinate; meso- and Seychelles. metanotum and at least one abdominal Represented in New Guinea by: segment with median pair of spines. G. erythroptera (Olivier), 1792, p. 636 Distribution. - Indo-China, Peninsular (Mantis erythroptere) [?] New Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Timor, the Guinea and Numfor Island. Moluccas and New Guinea. Arrhidaeus erythroptera (Olivier) Represented in New Guinea by: Kirby, 1904a, p. 384. P. occipitalis (Kaup), 1871, p. 31 &% Phasma rosea (Fabricius) sensu Stoll, (Acanthoderus) [HLDH]. 1813 & pl. 5 fig. 17 (Phasma Pylaemenes occipitalis (Kaup) Stål, roseum) [?]. 1875, p. 93. G. doederleini Günther, 1929, p. 684 &%, pl. 3 fig. 1 & 2 [ZMBH]. WOODLARKIA Günther G. sp. Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1906, p. Woodlarkia Günther 1932a, p. 754. 15 nymph [ZMAN]. Type species. - Woodlarkia scorpionides (Montrouzier) ERASTUS Redtenbacher [Karabidion scorpionides], by original (Plate 17 Fig. 5) designation. Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908, p. 373. Main characteristics. - The taxonomic No type species selected. position of this genus is questionable. It Main characteristics. - Head wider than is supposed to be related to Pylaemenes pronotum; elytra in both sexes present; from which it can be distinguished by wings not extended beyond apex of hind the transverse row of spines on the femora; operculum lanceolate; four hind metanotum. femora of males oval in cross-section, in Distribution. – Woodlark Islands. females bluntly 4-carinate, only spined Represented on the Woodlark Islands on the ventro-median line; all tibiae by: oval, unarmed, four hind tibiae with W. scorpionides (Montrouzier), 1857, p. short apical-spine on the ventro- 85, (Karabidion) [?]. posterior edges; metatarsi elongate, with Eurycantha (?) scorpionides subtle groove dorsally. (Montrouzier) Kirby, 1904a, p. 396. Distribution. - The Moluccas and New Pylaemenes scorpionides (Montrouzier) Guinea. Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 49. Represented in New Guinea by: Woodlarkia scorpionides (Montrouzier) E. galbanus galbanus Redtenbacher, Günther 1932a, p. 754. 1908, p. 373 %, pl. 17 fig. 3 [NHMW]. HETEROCOPUS Redtenbacher Erastus galbanus Redtenbacher (Figure 17: 2ab) Günther, 1929, p. 680 description of Heterocopus Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. &. 42. E. galbanus monticola Günther, 1929, No type species. p. 681 % [ZMBH]. Main characteristics. - Body rough, weakly armed, oval, and bluntly PYLAEMENES Stål carinate; mesonotum gradually dilating (Figure 18: 1ab) to the back; elytra and wings absent;

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

Figure 18. Heteropteryginae, Aschiphasmatinae & Phylliidae: 1 Pylaemenes coronatus (Haan), 1a & dorsal view, 1b % dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher, 1906b, pl. 1 fig. 13 & 14); 2 Heterocopus carli Günther, 2a & dorsal view, 2b % dorsal view, (after Günther, 1937, fig. 1 & 2); 3 Presbistus affinis (Haan), 3a & dorsal view, 3b % dorsal view, (exotic, sketch 1a after Aschipasma daunus Westwood, 1859, pl. 18 fig. 2, and sketch 1b after Redtenbacher, 1906b, pl. 4 fig. 3); 4 Phyllium frondosum Redtenbacher, & dorsal view, (after Redtenbacher, 1906b, pl. 6 fig. 13); 5 Chitoniscus lobiventris (Blanchard), & dorsal view, (type species, exotic, after Redtenbacher, 1906b, pl. 6 fig. 15); 6 Nanophyllium pygmaeum Redtenbacher, % dorsal view, (type species, after Redtenbacher, 1906b, pl. 6 fig. 16).

103

H.C.M. VAN HERWAARDEN metapleurae above the coxae dilated and (synonymised by Brock, 1995, p. strongly toothed; abdomen densely and 97). minutely granulated; without large PHYLLIUM Illiger spines, in females gradually becoming (Figure 18: 4) narrow to the apex; supra-anal plate Phyllium Illiger, 1798, p. 499. distinct, straight, more or less elongate. Type species. - Phyllium siccifolium Distribution. - New Guinea and (Linnaeus) [Gryllus (Mantis) Micronesia. siccifolius] by monotypy. Represented in New Guinea by. Main characteristics. - Body leaf-like; H. carli Günther, 1937, p. 83 &%, fig. abdominal segments strongly 1 & 2 (Heterocopus (?) carli) foliaceously dilated sideways; [SMTD]. (This species probably prosternum usually unarmed; does not to this genus and may be mesonotum in front of elytra almost classified in or around the genus square; elytra of females extended Neopromachus Foglio-Tos). beyond wings; all femora, especially the four fore femora at least in females, PRESBISTUS Kirby with leaf-like dilations on both sides. (Figure 18: 3ab) Distribution. - From the Seychelles, Presbistus Kirby, 1896, p. 475, Mauritius through the Indian (replacement name for preoccupied Subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, to Perlamorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, China, the Indo-Malayan Archipelago, 1893), (= Aschipasma Brunner von the Philippines and New Guinea, the Wattenwyl, 1893, p. 101, not Key Islands, and New Britain. Westwood, 1834, p. 442). Represented in New Guinea by: Type species. - Presbistus peleus (Gray) P. siccifolium (Linnaeus), 1758, p. 425 [Perlamorphus peleus], by original & (Gryllus (Mantis) siccifolius) designation. [UZIU]. Main characteristics. - Mesonotum Phyllium siccifolium (Linnaeus) Illiger, slender and unarmed at the hind margin; 1798, p. 499. all femora carinate, fore femora curved Phasma siccifolia (Linnaeus) Stoll, near the base; claws finely pectinate. 1813, p. 21, pl. 24 & 26. This genus can be easily distinguished Pteropus siccifolius (Linnaeus) from other winged species in the New Thunberg, 1815, p. 286. Guinea subregion by the spine-like or Phyllium siccifolium (Linnaeus) Gray, stalk-like elytra. 1843, p. 118. (description of %). Distribution. - From the Indian Phasma citrifolium Lichtenstein, 1796, Subcontinent and Sri Lanka through p. 78 [?]. (synonymised by Gray, Indo-China, to the Indo-Malayan 1835, p. 30). Archipelago up to Java and Borneo and Phyllium brevicorne Latreille, 1807, p. one species on the Key Islands. 89 & new name for Phyllium Represented from Key Islands by: siccifolium Linnaeus from Moluccas P. peleus (Gray), 1835, p. 22 & [?]. (synonymised by Gray, 1835, p. (Perlamorphus) [BMNH]. 30). Phasma (Ascephasma) peleus (Gray) Mantis foliatus Perry, 1810, pl. 24 & Haan, 1842, p. 115 %. [?]. (synonymised by Redtenbacher, Aschipasma peleus (Gray) Westwood, 1906b, p. 176). 1859, p. 96. Phasma chlorophylla Stoll, 1813, p. 69 Presbistus peleus (Gray) Kirby, 1904a pl. 23 fig. 89 [?]. (synonymised by p. 419. Haan, 1842, p. 111). Presbistus ridleyi Kirby, 1904a, p. 419 Phyllium stolli Saint Fargeau & new name for Phasma (Ascephasma) Audinet-Serville, 1825 p. 115 [?]. peleus Gray sensu Haan, 1842 p. 115 (indirectly synonymised by Gray, &% [RMNH, BMNH]. 1835, p. 31).

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Phyllium donovani Gray, 1835, p. 31 CHITONISCUS Stål (nymph) [?]. (synonymised by (Figure 18: 5) Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 176). Chitoniscus Stål, 1875, p. 62 & 105. Phyllium gorgon Gray, 1835, p. 31 &. Type species. - Chitoniscus lobiventris (replacement name for Mantis (Blanchard) [Phyllium lobiventre] foliatus). (synonymised by 1853, p. 359, by monotypy. Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 176). Main characteristics. - Similar to Phyllium woodi Rehn & Rehn, 1934, p. Phyllium, differing by: the smaller size 423 &% pl. 16 fig. 3 & pl. 17 fig. 6 (largest specimen only 65 mm); the [ANSP]. (synonymy suggested by presence of tubercles or spines on the Klante, 1976, p. 67). prosternum; the mesonotum, which is P. frondosum Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. transverse in the front of the elytral 175 &, pl. 6 fig. 13 [ZMUH] New base; and the fore femora which are Guinea, Dolak Island and Key only weakly dilate at the outside. Islands. Distribution. - New Guinea, New Phyllium insulanicum Werner, 1922, p. Britain, the Palau Islands, New 126 [RMNH]. (synonymised by Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands and the Klante, 1976, p. 61). Fiji Islands. Phyllium indicum Günther, 1929, p. Represented in New Guinea by: 614, quoting Phyllium insulanicum C. erosus Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 179 Werner, 1922 p. 126 in error]. & [NHMW, MNHN]. P. caudatum Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. C. feedjeanus (Westwood), 1864, p. 17 177 &% [NHMW] New Guinea, & (Phyllium feejeeanum) [OXUM] Bismarck Archipelago and Bismarck Archipelago. Bougainville Island. Chitoniscus feedjeanus (Westwood) Phyllium siccifolium (Linnaeus) sensu Griffini, 1898, p. 10 fig. 1. Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 176 Phyllium novaebritanniae Wood- (specimens from New Britain and Mason, 1877, p. 75 [NZSI]. Duke of York Island, [ZMUH, (synonymised by Redtenbacher, ZMHB]. (synonymised by Günther, 1906b, p. 180). 1932a, p. 755). P. schultzei (Giglio-Tos), 1912a, p. 56 NANOPHYLLIUM Redtenbacher & (Phyllium (Pulchriphyllium)) [?]. (Plate 18: 6) Phyllium geryon Gray sensu Günther, Nanophyllium Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 1929, p. 630. (synonymised by 180. Klante, 1976, p. 60). Type species. - Nanophyllium P. keyicum Karny, 1914, p. 7, fig. 5 [?] pygmaeum Redtenbacher, by monotypy. Key Islands. Main characteristics. - Closely related P. elegans Grösser, 1991, p. 279 & to Chitoniscus, differing from it by: the figs. 1 & 2 [ZMSC]. smaller body size (28 mm in the type P. brevipennis Grösser, 1992, p. 164 & species); the unarmed prosternum; and fig. 1 [DEIC]. the fore femora which are dorsally and P. chitoniscoides Grösser, 1992, p. ventrally strongly lobed in the middle. 165 & fig. 2 [DEIC, Coll. Grösser]. Distribution. - New Guinea. Represented in New Guinea by: N. pygmaeum Redtenbacher, 1906b, p. 180 %, pl. 6 fig. 16 [MCSN].

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bedford, G. O. (1976). Defensive I would like to thank Paul Brock, for behaviour of the New Guinea stick test reading the draft versions of this insect Eurycantha (Phasmatodea : guide and for his many practical and Phasmatidae: Eurycanthynae). useful comments and additions. Thanks Proceedings of the Linnean Society are also given to Phil Bragg for his of 100, 218-222. editorial guidance. Further, I like to Blanchard, E. (1853). Zoologie thank Kim D'Hulster and the librarians Description des Insectes. Famille des of the Dutch Entomological Society, the Phasmides (Phasmidae). Pp. 358-360 Natural History Museum in London, the in M. Jacquinot (ed) Voyage au Pôle Museum of Natural History in Vienna, Sud et dans l’Océanie sur les the National Natural History Museum in Corvettes l‘Astrolabe et la Zélée 4. Leiden and the Museum for Natural Boisduval, J.A. (1835). Voyage de Science of the Humboldt University in Découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté Berlin for providing me the necessary par ordre du Roi, pendant les année literature references. The initiative to 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le prepare this guide likely never would commandement de M. J. Dumont have been taken without the D’Urville 2. Paris. encouragement of the Director of the Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. (1977). The Christensen Research Institute, Larry taxonomic arrangements of the Orsak. I thank him for his moral support. phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings

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Illiger, J.W.C. (1798). Verzeichnis der Lamarck, M. le Chevalier de, (1817). Käfer Preussens von J. Kugelaan. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Halle. Vertèbres, présentant les caractères Karny, H.H. (1914). Schutzanpassung géneraux et particuliers de ces der Heuschrecken. Jarhesbericht k.k. animaux, leur distribution, leurs Maximilian-Gymnasiums in Wien classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, (1913/1914), 3-14. et la citation des principales espèces Karny, H.H. (1923). Zur Nomenklatur qui s’y rapportent, etc. 4. Paris. der Phasmoiden. Treubia recueil de Latreille, P.A. (1807). Genera travaux zoologiques, Crustaceorum et Insectorum 3. Paris. hydrobiologiques et Leach, W.F. (1814). The Zoological océanographiques 3(2), 230-242. Miscellany; being descriptions of Kaup, J.J. (1871). Neue Phasmidae. new, or interesting animals 1 (1815). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift Lichtenstein, A.A.H. (1796). 15, 25-42. Catalogus musei Zoologici ditissimi Kirby, W.F. (1889). Notes on the Hamburgi, d III. Febuar 1796. Species of Phasmidae collected by Auctionis lege distrahendi 3. Basil Thomson, Esq. in the Hamburg. Louisiade Archipelago. The Annals Lichtenstein, A.A.H. (1802). A and Magazine of Natural History dissertation on two Natural Genera 6(21), 229-231. hitherto confounded under the name Kirby, W.F. (1896). On some new or of Mantis. Transactions of the rare Phasmidea in the Collection of Linnean Society London 6, 1-39. the Britisch museum. Transactions Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae of the Linnean Society of London per regna tria naturae secondum 2(6) Zoology, 447-476. classes, ordines, genera, species, Kirby, W.F. (1904a). A Synonymic cum characteribus, differentiis, Catalogue of Orthoptera 1. synonymis, locis 1. Editio decima Longmans & Co, London reformata. Holmiae. Kirby, W.F. (1904b). Notes on Linnaeus, C. (1763). Amoenitates Phasmidae in the collection of the Academicae; seu dissertationes varie British Museum (Natural History), physicae, medicae, botanicae, South Kensington, with Descriptions antehac seorsim editae nunc of new Species. Annals and collectae et auctae cum tabulis Magazine of Natural History 7(13). arneis 6. Holmiae. No: 1, p. 372-377, No: 2, p. 429-449. Lucas, H.M. (1869). [Les Orthoptère de Klante, H. (1969). Weitere la famille des Phasmides...]. Bulletin Stabheuschrecken (Insecta, Entomologique. Annales de la Phasmatoptera) aus dem Société Entomologique de France Natuurkunde Museum Görlitz. 4(9), 25-26. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Lucas, H.M. (1872). Remarques sur Naturkundemuseum Görlitz 44(7), une nouvelle espèce d'Eurycantha, p. 1-12. précedees de quelques observation Klante, H. (1976). Die "Wandelnden synonymiques sur cette coupe Blätter", eine Taxonomische génériques de l’ordre des Revision der Gattung Phyllium Ill. Orthoptères et de la Famille de (Insecta Orthoptera, Phasmatoptera). Phasmides. Annales de la Société Zoologische Beiträge 22(1), 49-79. Entomologique de France 5(2), 19- Kuthy, D. (1911). Orthoptera nova 32. exotica in Museo Nationali Hungrico Lucas, H.M. (1878). [Note sur une Asservata. Annales Historico- nouvelle espèce d'Ortoptère coureur Naturales Musei Nationalis de la famille des Phasmides]. Hungarici 9, 294-296. Bulletin Entomologique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5(8), 163.

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Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Westwood, J.O. (1859). Catalogue of Cheleutoptera). Division of the Orthopterous Insects in the Entomology Technical Paper 20. Pp. Collection of the British Museum, 1-19. Commonwealth Scientific and Part 1: Phasmidae. London. Industrial Research Organisation, Westwood, J.O. (1864). [Two new Australia. species of Phasmidae.] Journal of Werner, F. (1922). Zur kenntnis der Proceedings of the Entomological Mantodeenfauna der Society of London 2(3), 16-17. Niederländischen Kolonien. Willemse, C. (1926). Contribution à la Zoologische Mededeelingen faune des Orthoptères des uitgegeven vanwege 's Rijks Museum Nouvelles-Hebrides. Transactions of van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 7, the Entomological Society of London 115-126. (1925), 513-529. Werner, F. (1930). Notes préliminaires Willemse, C. (1955). Description of a sur les Phasmides recueillis aux new species of Megacrania from Obi Indes Orientale Néerlandaises au (Moluccas) with remarks on cours du voyage de S. A. R. le Prince Megacrania alpheus Westwood Léopold de Belgique. Bulletin & (Orthoptera, Phasmidae). Treubia Annales de la Société Entomologique Reinwartia Annales Bogorienses de Belgique 70, 179-182. 23(1), 41-46. Westwood, J.O. (1834). Insectorum Wood-Mason, J. (1877). On a small Arachnoidemque novorum Decades collection of Orthopterous Insects duo. The Zoological Journal 5 from Australia and New-Britain, (1832-1834), 440-453. with Description of four new Westwood, J.O. (1848). The Cabinet of Species. Annals and Magazine of Oriental Entomology: being a Natural History including Zoology, selection of some of the rarer and Botany, and Geology 20(4), 74-77. more beautiful species of Insects, natives of India and the adjacent Islands, the greater portion of which are now for the first time described and figured. London.

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GLOSSARY

Abdominal segments : segments of the Dorsal : orientation term that refers to the abdomen, numbered 1 to 11 from the upper part of the body. front to the back. Acuminate : pointed, often used to describe Elongate : extended the shape of an anal segment or Elytron (elytra) : fore wing. operculum with a terminal border Emarginate : concave, used to describe an which has a sharp tip. anal segment or operculum with a the Ala (alae): hindwing. terminal border which is curved Alate : winged, often used for species that inwards. have the ability to fly. Excised : inwardly cut out, used to describe Anal segment : tenth abdominal tergum, an anal segment or operculum with a covering of the anal opening. forked terminal border. Anterior : orientation term that refers to the Filiform : thread-like. front part of the body. Genus (genera) : a group of closely related Apical : orientation term that refers to the species below the family group and tip of an extremity. above the subgenus group. Apterous : wingless. Granulate : covered with small granules. Areola : a well-demarcated triangularly Incised : inwardly cut into, used to describe shaped depression on the ventral apex an anal segment or operculum with a of the four hind tibiae. median split terminal border. Available name : a scientific name that is Indication : fixation of the type species of a not excluded under Article 1b, and that nominal genus by something that the conforms to the provisions of Articles author said or did when describing a 10 to 20, of the International Code of genus. Zoological Nomenclature. Junior synonym : of two synonyms: the Brachypterous : with short wings, often later established. used for species that do not have the Lamellate : with thin sheet. ability to fly. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Carina (carinae) : a chitinous lateral Lateral : referring to the side or directed to strengthening ridge. The orientation the side. terms, ventro-anterior, dorso-posterior Medial : referring to the middle or median etc., referring to the carinae of the legs plane of the body. are applicable when the legs are Median : referring to the plane that divides positioned in an right angle to the a bisymmetrical organism in two parts body. which are each others mirror image. Cercus (cerci): paired appendages attached Median segment : first abdominal segment. to the anal segment. Meso- : prefix referring to the middle part Compressed : laterally flattened, often used of a compound structure such as the in relation to the shape of the femora thorax or tarsus. or tibiae. Meta- : prefix referring to the hind part of a Crenulate : having the edge, slightly compound structure such as the thorax scalloped. or tarsus. Dentate : toothed. Micropterous : with very short wings, Designation : The nomenclatural act in usually not more than a small scale. fixing, by an express statement, the Navicular : shaped like a boat. name- bearing type of a previously or Nomen novum : a name established newly established nominal taxon. expressly to replace an already Depressed : dorsoventrally flattened. established name. Distal : orientation term that refers to the tip of an extremity.

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Nomen nudum : a name that, if published Species : the rank next below the genus before 1931, fails to conform to Article group; the basic rank of zoological 12; or, if published after 1930 fails to classification consisting of a conform to Article 13 of the population of individuals which freely International Code of Zoological interbreed with one another. Nomenclature. Specimen : an individual or group of Notum : tergum of a thoracic segment; individuals. usually used in combination with a Spine : an unsegmented chitinous process prefix (pro, meso, meta). consisting of an single element with a Operculum : eighth abdominal sternum in sharp pointed tip. females, forming the covering of the Sternum (strena) : the ventral part of a genital opening. segment, in the context of the thoracic Original designation : designation of the segments used in combination with a name-bearing type of a nominal taxon prefix (pro, meso, meta). when it is established. Supra-anal plate : eleventh abdominal Ovipositor : device to deposit eggs. tergum, often hidden under anal Oviscapt : ovipositor formed by an segment, also referred after as lamina elongated supra-anal plate and supra analis. operculum, often used to deposit eggs Synonym : each of two or more scientific into substrates or cavities. names of the same rank denoting the Pectinate : comb-like. same taxon. Pleuron (pleurae): a lateral part of a Taxon (taxa) : any taxonomic unit, whether segment, in the context of the named or not. thoracic segments used in Tectiform : shaped like the roof of a house. combination with a prefix (pro, meso, Tergum (terga) : the dorsal part of a meta). segment. Posterior : orientation term that refers to Thorax : the body segments that carry the the hind part of the body. legs, the elytra and wings, usually used Pro- : prefix referring to the front part of a in combination with a prefix (pro, compound structure such as the thorax. meso, meta). Replacement name : Any available name Tooth : an unsegmented chitinous process used to replace an older available consisting of an single element, either name. circular or flattened in cross-section, Rounded : convex, often used to describe with a bluntly pointed tip an anal segment, operculum or cerci Toothed : with more than one tooth. with a circular terminal border. Truncate : square-ended, used to describe Rudiment : incomplete non-functional an anal segment with a straight developed structure, often used in terminal border and angular or slightly reference to the elytra and wings. rounded corners. Serrate : referring to series of tooth, Tubercle : small blunt wart-like bump. arranged like the tooth on the edge of a Tuberculate : covered with tubercles. saw. Type species: the nominal species that that Spatulate : flattened, used to describe wing is the name-bearing type of a nominal shape. genus or subspecies. Umbonate : shaped like a shield. Ventral : orientation term that refers to the lower part of the body.

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GAZETTEER (Locations are presented in the fashion as they appear in the literature. Where applicable the current name has been added within brackets) Hoofdbivak 04E 04'S 141E 07'E Agroeni Island 02E 39'S 132E 33'E

Alovon 04E 20'S 152E 15'E Humbold Bay (= T. Yos Sudarso) 02 35'S Amberbaki 00E 33'S 133E 08'E E 140 50'E Andai 00E 54'S 133E 58'E E Hunstein Range 04 24'S 142 52'E Ansus 01E 44'S 135E 49'E E E Huon Golf 06 50'S 147 09'E April River 04E 29'S 142E 29'E E E Iunzaing 06 10'S 146 56'E Arfak Mts. 01E 34'S 133E 52'E E E Jacquinot Bay 05 38'S 151 33'E Aroa River 09E 02'S 146E 47'E E E Jasa River 02 44'S 140 59'E Aru Islands 06E 03'S 134E 31'E E E Kaiserin Augustafluss (= Sepik) 04 11'S 143 Aseki 07E 15'S 146E 09'E E E 31'E Astrolabe Bay 05E 22'S 145E 52'E Kamelsrucken 04E 30'S 142E 36'E Berlinhafen 03E 08'S 142E 15'E Kariei 05E 13'S 152E 04'E Berou Peninsula (= Onin Pen.) 02E 50'S 132E Karimui 06 50'S 144 29'E 20'E E E Katau 09 01'S 143 06'E Bongu 05E 25'S 145E 51'E E E Key Islands 05 44'S 132 45'E Bougainville Island 06E 09'S 155E 14'E E E Konstantinshafen (= Enke Port) 05 30'S 145 Bourgainville Mt. 02E 39'S 141E 02'E E E 56'E Budemu 05E 55'S 146E 05'E Korido 00E 47'S 135E 32'E Buijang 02E 05'S 147E 00'E Lake Kamakahwalla (= D. Kamakawiar) 03E Bulolo 07E 15'S 146E 41'E 45'S 134E 13'E Buna 08E 39'S 148E 26'E Lake Jamoer (= Danau Jamur) 03E 27'S 135E Cretin Island 06E 46'S 147E 56'E 00'E Cyclope Mts. 02E 30'S 140E 37'E Lamassa 04E 42'S 152E 48'E Damanti 05E 55'S 145E 58'E Lehmfluss (Clay River) 04E 43'S 144E 08'E Doorman Mt. 03E 28'S 138E 28'E Liebliche Islands (Arawe Islands) 06E 08'S Dorey 00E 54'S 134E 03'E 149E 01'E Drana 02E 04'S 147E 17'E Lord Mt. 04E 38'S 142E 37'E Duke of York Island 04E 10'S 152E 28'E Lorima (= Lorimé) 03E 50'S 134E 11'E Erima II 05E 25'S 145E 41'E Lou 02E 22'S 147E 21'E Erima 05E 19'S 145E 42'E Maander Mt. 04E 05'S 141E 39'E Etappen Mt. 04E 37'S 142E 07'E Maclay-Coast 05E 44'S 146E 39'E Expl. Bivak 04E 20'S 138E 05'E Mafor (= P. Numfor) 01E 00'S 134E 52'E Fakfak 02E 56'S 132E 20'E Majom (= Malom) 03E 11'S 151E 53'E Finnschhafen 06E 31'S 147E 49'E Malu 04E 14'S 142E 51'E Flusslager 18 04E 36'S 142E 32'E Mamberamo 02E 17'S 138E 01'E Frederik Hendrik Isl. (= P. Dolak) 07E 57'S Manikion 01E 17'S 134E 03'E 138E 26'E Manoembai 06E 02'S 134E 18'E French Islands (= Witu Islands) 04E 54'S 149E Manokwari 00 52'S 134 05'E 09'E E E Mansinam 00E 55'S 134E 06'E 04E 29'S 142E 01'E Matupi Island 04E 15'S 152E 12'E Friedrich Wilhemshafen (=Madang) 05E 05'S McCluer Golf (= T. Berau) 02E 30'S 132E 145E 47'E 30'E Geelvink Bay (= Cenderawasih Bay) 02E 30'S Medina 02E 54'S 151E 24'E 135E 30'E Mende 05E 58'S 145E 00'E Gentani 02E 37'S 140E 35'E Milne Bay 10E 24'S 150E 32'E Goodenough Island 09E 22'S 150E 16'E Mioko Island 04E 14'S 152E 28'E Gradlager 04E 23'S 142E 58'E Misori (= P. Supiori) 00E 55'S 135E 55'E Hattam 01E 07'S 133E 43'E Missol (= Misool) 01E 55'S 130E 07'E Hauptbivak 04E 14'S 142E 51'E Moaif 02E 22'S 140E 02'E Hermit Islands 01E 34'S 145E 01'E Momi 01E 36'S 134E 09'E Hollandia (= Jayapura) 02E 29'S 140E 41'E Mt. Hansemann 04E 10'S 145E 44'E

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Mt. Obtree 09E 28'S 148E 04'E Neu Lauenburg (see Duke of York Islands) Muliama 03E 49'S 152E 41'E Neu Mecklenburg (= New Ireland) 04E 07'S Nauti 07E 16'S 146E 34'E 152E 49'E Neupoas (= Puas) 02E 25'S 150E 10'E New Hannover 02E 29'S 150E 13'E Nuru River 05E 22'S 145E 35'E Oertzen Mts. 05E 28'S 145E 34'E Ogeramnang 06E 28'S 147E 24'E Oranje Mts. (= P. Djajawidjaja) 04E 30'S 139E 30'E Pak Island 02E 05'S 147E 40'E Pangia 06E 23'S 144E 06'E Paup 03E 15'S 142E 32'E Pionierlager 02E 17'S 138E 01'E Pionierlager 04E 19'S 141E 55'E Portus Huon (= Lae) 06E 39'S 147E 02'E Prauwenbivak 03E 15'S 138E 35'E Quellenlager 04E 23'S 142E 47'E Ralum 04E 21'S 152E 17'E river 04E 02'S 144E 41'E Ramu Zwishenstation 04E 38'S 144E 42'E Regenberg (= Mt. Regen) 05E 01'S 144E 05'E Roon Island (= P. Rooin) 02E 21'S 134E 32'E Rosensee (= Lake Chambri) 04E 18'S 143E 07'E Rossel Island 11E 22'S 154E 08'E Rouffaer River (= Tariku) 03E 00'S 138E 00'E Salwatty Island (= P. Salawati) 01E 08'S 130E 53'E Sandwich Island (= Djaul Island) 03E 56'S 150E 54'E Sattelberg (= Sattelburg) 06E 28'S 147E 44'E Schraderberg (= Schrader Range) 04E 53'S 144E 13'E Seka 03E 45'S 135E 06'E Sekanto 02E 50'S 140E 44'E

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Sekroe 02E 55'S 132E 14'E Sentani Lake 02E 37'S 140E 35'E Sepik 04E 11'S 143E 31'E Sermowai River 02E 36'S 140E 07'E Simbang 06E 35'S 147E 50'E Simpson Harbour 04E 12'S 152E 11'E Sinus Maris Huon (=Lae) 06E 39'S 147E 02'E Siwi 01E 29'S 134E 03'E Skt. Matthias 01E 23'S 149E 37'E Sorong 00E 50'S 131E 12'E Squally Island 01E 38'S 150E 42'E Ssiganu Janu 05E 31'S 145E 23'E Stephansort 05E 23'S 145E 43'E Strandlager am April fluss 04E 25'S 142E 29'E Sudest Island (= Tagula island) 11E 30'S 153E 30'E Suo Maua (Suor Mana ?) 05E 31'S 145E 23'E Tamara 03E 08'S 142E 25'E Tami Nugudu 06E 46'S 147E 56'E Tami River 03E 00'S 140E 46'E Tari 05E 52'S 142E 56'E Tawarin River 02E 38'S 139E 34'E Tjahe River 02E 42'S 141E 02'E Toeal 05E 38'S 132E 45'E Topferfluss (= ) 04E 27'S 144E 13'E Torricelli Mts. 03E 30'S 142E 00'E Van Gelder River 02E 23'S 137E 53'E Wakobi 02E 59'S 134E 44'E Wamena 04E 05'S 138E 58'E Wantoat 06E 05'S 146E 28'E Watut 06E 39'S 146E 32'E Watut Mt. 06E 48'S 146E 28'E Wau 07E 20'S 146E 45'E Wendesi (= Windehsi) 02E 18'S 134E 16'E Woodlark Island 09E 02'S 152E 53'E

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Stick and leaf insects of New Guinea

INDEX

Acrophylla 87 Necrosciinae (key to genera) 60 Anchiale 86 Neoclides 70 Aruanoidea 69 Neopromachus 78 Asceles 70 Nescicroa 74

Bacillidae (Key to tribes and genera) 64 Ophicrania 98 Baculum 88 Oreophasma 65 Brachyrtacus 82 Orxines 69

Carausius 75 Pachymorphinae (Key to tribes) 60 Chitoniscus 103 Parapachymorpha 65 Chondrostethus 75 Parasipyloidea 69 Ctenomorpha 82 Peloriana 86 Pericentropsis 74 Didymuria 96 Phasma 86 Dimorphodes 92 Phasmatidae (Key to subfamilies) 61 Phasmatinae (Key to tribes and genera) 62 Echinothorax 74 Phasmatodea (key to families) 59 Erastus 100 Phenacocephalus 69 Eupromachus 81 Phyllidae (Key to genera) 64 Eurycantha 90 Phyllium 102 Eurycanthinae (Key to genera) 63 Platycrana 96 Eurycnema 82 Platycraninae (Key to genera) 63 Extatosoma 93 Platysosibia 73 Presbistus 102 Graeffea 98 Pseudopromachus 65 Pylaemenes 100 Hermarchus 88 Heterocopus 100 Sipyloidea 73 Heteronemiidae (Key to subfamilies) 59 Sosibia 70 Heteropteryginae (Key to tribes) 64 Stephanacris 87 Hyrtacus 81 Symetriophasma 92

Leosthenes 93 Thaumatobactron 88 Leprocaulinus 65 Trapezaspis 90 Lonchodes 75 Tropidoderinae(Key to tribes and genera) 63 Lonchodinae (Key to tribes and genera) 61 Tropidoderus 96 Lopaphus 70 Vetilia 87 Megacrania 98 Meionecroscia 73 Woodlarkia 100 Menexenus 74 Micadina 70 Xeroderinae (Key to genera) 63 Xeroderus 93 Nanophyllium 103

117