Extreme Convergence in Egg-Laying Strategy Across Insect Orders
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Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2018-07-01 Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Pacheco, Yelena Marlese, "Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 7444. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7444 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael F. Whiting, Chair Sven Bradler Seth M. Bybee Steven D. Leavitt Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2018 Yelena Marlese Pacheco All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Phasmatodea exhibit a variety of cryptic ecomorphs associated with various microhabitats. Multiple ecomorphs are present in the stick insect fauna from Papua New Guinea, including the tree lobster, spiny, and long slender forms. While ecomorphs have long been recognized in phasmids, there has yet to be an attempt to objectively define and study the evolution of these ecomorphs. -
Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y. -
De Novo Characterization of the Timema Cristinae Transcriptome Facilitates Marker Discovery and Inference of Genetic Divergence
Molecular Ecology Resources (2012) doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03121.x De novo characterization of the Timema cristinae transcriptome facilitates marker discovery and inference of genetic divergence AARON A. COMEAULT,* MATHEW SOMMERS,* TANJA SCHWANDER,† C. ALEX BUERKLE,‡ TIMOTHY E. FARKAS,* PATRIK NOSIL* and THOMAS L. PARCHMAN‡ *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, †Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands, ‡Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA Abstract Adaptation to different ecological environments can promote speciation. Although numerous examples of such ‘ecological speciation’ now exist, the genomic basis of the process, and the role of gene flow in it, remains less understood. This is, at least in part, because systems that are well characterized in terms of their ecology often lack genomic resources. In this study, we characterize the transcriptome of Timema cristinae stick insects, a system that has been researched intensively in terms of ecological speciation, but for which genomic resources have not been previously developed. Specifically, we obtained >1 million 454 sequencing readsthatassembledinto84937contigsrepresenting approximately 18 282 unique genes and tens of thousands of potential molecular markers. Second, as an illustration of their utility, we used these geno- mic resources to assess multilocus genetic divergence within both an ecotype pair and a species pair of Timema stick insects. The results suggest variable levels of genetic divergence and gene flow among taxon pairs and genes and illustrate afirststeptowardsfuturegenomicworkinTimema. Keywords: gene flow, isolation with migration, next-generation sequencing, speciation, transcriptome Received 3 November 2011; revision received 6 January 2012; accepted 13 January 2012 Introduction resources (some notable exceptions aside, such as three- spine stickleback; Peichel et al. -
Evolution of Flight Morphology in Stick Insects
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/774067; this version posted September 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects 3 4 Yu Zeng1,2,†, Conner O’Malley1, Sonal Singhal1,3, Faszly Rahim4,5, 5 Sehoon Park1, Xin Chen6,7, Robert Dudley1,8 6 7 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 92870, 8 USA 9 2Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 10 92866, USA 11 3 Department of Biology, CSU Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747 USA 12 4Islamic Science Institute (ISI), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru 13 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 14 5Centre for Insect Systematics (CIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 15 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 16 6Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island, The City University of New 17 York, NY 10314, USA 18 7Department of Biology, The Graduate School and University Center, The City 19 University of New York, NY 10016, USA 20 8Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, 21 Republic of Panama 22 23 †Corresponding author: [email protected] 24 25 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/774067; this version posted September 21, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
Phasmida (Stick and Leaf Insects)
● Phasmida (Stick and leaf insects) Class Insecta Order Phasmida Number of families 8 Photo: A leaf insect (Phyllium bioculatum) in Japan. (Photo by ©Ron Austing/Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.) Evolution and systematics Anareolatae. The Timematodea has only one family, the The oldest fossil specimens of Phasmida date to the Tri- Timematidae (1 genus, 21 species). These small stick insects assic period—as long ago as 225 million years. Relatively few are not typical phasmids, having the ability to jump, unlike fossil species have been found, and they include doubtful almost all other species in the order. It is questionable whether records. Occasionally a puzzle to entomologists, the Phasmida they are indeed phasmids, and phylogenetic research is not (whose name derives from a Greek word meaning “appari- conclusive. Studies relating to phylogeny are scarce and lim- tion”) comprise stick and leaf insects, generally accepted as ited in scope. The eggs of each phasmid are distinctive and orthopteroid insects. Other alternatives have been proposed, are important in classification of these insects. however. There are about 3,000 species of phasmids, although in this understudied order this number probably includes about 30% as yet unidentified synonyms (repeated descrip- Physical characteristics tions). Numerous species still await formal description. Stick insects range in length from Timema cristinae at 0.46 in (11.6 mm) to Phobaeticus kirbyi at 12.9 in (328 mm), or 21.5 Extant species usually are divided into eight families, in (546 mm) with legs outstretched. Numerous phasmid “gi- though some researchers cite just two, based on a reluctance ants” easily rank as the world’s longest insects. -
Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 Volume 9, Numbers 1 & 2
Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 volume 9, numbers 1 & 2. Contents Species Report PSG. 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard Paul A. Hoskisson . 1 Cigarrophasma, a new genus of stick-insect (Phasmatidae) from Australia Paul D. Brock & Jack Hasenpusch . 0 •••••• 0 ••• 0 ••••••• 4 A review of the genus Medaura Stal, 1875 (Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), including the description of a new species from Bangladesh Paul Do Brock & Nicolas Cliquennois 11 First records and discovery of two new species of Anisomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae) in Haiti and Dominican Republic Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert 0 .. .. 0 • • • • • • 0 • • • • 0 • • 0 • 0 • • 0 0 • • • 27 Species report on Pharnacia biceps Redtenbacher, PSG 203 Wim Potvin 0 ••• 28 How Anisomorpha got its stripes? Paul Hoskisson . 33 Reviews and Abstracts Book Reviews . 35 Phasmid Abstracts 38 Cover illustr ation : Orthonecroscia pulcherrima Kirby, drawing by PoE. Bragg. Species Report PSG. 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard Paul A. Hoskisson, School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, 13 3AF, UK. With illustrations by P.E. Bragg. Abstract This report summarises the care and breeding of Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, the largest species in the genus. Behaviour and defence mechanism are also discussed along with descriptions of the eggs, nymphs, and adults. Key words Phasmida, Anisomorpha monstrosa, Pseudophasmatinae, Rearing, Distribution, Defence. Taxonomy Anisomorpha monstrosa belongs to the sub-family Pseudophasmatinae. It was described in 1932 by Hebard (1932: 214) and is the largest species in the genus. The type specimen is a female collected from Merida, in Yucatan, Mexico. Culture History The original culture of this species was collected in Belize, approximately 150km north of Belize City by Jan Meerman in 1993 or 1994 (D'Hulster, personal communication). -
Wildlife (General) Regulations 2010
Wildlife (General) Regulations 2010 I, the Governor in and over the State of Tasmania and its Dependencies in the Commonwealth of Australia, acting with the advice of the Executive Council, make the following regulations under the Nature Conservation Act 2002. 22 November 2010 PETER G. UNDERWOOD Governor By His Excellency's Command, D. J. O'BYRNE Minister for Environment, Parks and Heritage PART 1 - Preliminary 1. Short title These regulations may be cited as the Wildlife (General) Regulations 2010. 2. Commencement These regulations take effect on 1 January 2011. 3. Interpretation (1) In these regulations, unless the contrary intention appears – Act means the Nature Conservation Act 2002; adult male deer means a male deer with branching antlers; antlerless deer means a deer that is – (a) without antlers; and (b) partly protected wildlife; approved means approved by the Secretary; Bass Strait islands means the islands in Bass Strait that are within the jurisdiction of the State; brow tine means the tine closest to a deer's brow; buy includes acquire for any consideration; cage includes any pen, aviary, enclosure or structure in which, or by means of which, wildlife is confined; certified forest practices plan means a certified forest practices plan within the meaning of the Forest Practices Act 1985; device, in relation to a seal deterrent permit, means a device that – (a) is designed to, or has the capability to, deter seals from entering or remaining in a particular area of water; and (b) involves the use of explosives, the discharge -
Ecological Epigenetics in Timema Cristinae Stick Insects: on the Patterns, Mechanisms and Ecological Consequences of DNA Methylation in the Wild
Ecological epigenetics in Timema cristinae stick insects: On the patterns, mechanisms and ecological consequences of DNA methylation in the wild Clarissa Ferreira de Carvalho A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Science Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date April 2019 I II Abstract Epigenetic factors can contribute to phenotypic diversity and to ecological processes. For instance, DNA methylation can influence gene regulation, and thus phenotypic plasticity. However, little is yet known about how and why methylation varies in the wild. In this dissertation, I build on this knowledge by combining ecological, genetic and DNA methylation data from natural and experimental populations of the stick insect Timema cristinae. This species is an important system to ecological genetics studies, which provides good starting point for the investigation of the patterns, drivers, and the possible ecological consequences of natural methylation variation. I obtained methylation data using whole- genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) and genetic data from restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). From a population survey, I found natural methylation variation in T. cristinae (1) is characteristic of “Hemimetabola” insects; (2) is structured in geographical space; and (3) is strongly correlated to genetic variation. In addition, an experiment simulating a host shift was carried out to test for the direct effects of host plant species on T. cristinae methylation levels. In both the population survey and in the experiment, binomial mixed models were used to perform a methylome scan in search of candidate single methylation polymorphisms (SMPs) associated with host plant use. -
10 Walking Sticks: Natural Selection for Cryptic Coloration on Different Host Plants
Case Studies in Ecology and Evolution DRAFT 10 Walking sticks: natural selection for cryptic coloration on different host plants While she was a graduate student at the University of California, Christina Sandoval discovered a new species of insect. Timema christinae is an inconspicuous stick insect that lives in the chaparral of Southern California. It is only about 2 cm long and it feeds mostly at night. During the day it remains still and hides by mimicking the branches and leaves of its host plant. Because they are such good mimics of the host plants they feed on they are called “stick insects” or “walking sticks”. Eggs hatch on ground and young climb into a nearby host plant. Sometimes they never leave that single plant. Despite their inactivity, Sandoval noticed some very interesting differences between the insects. There were two color types. Some of the walking sticks were plain green while the others had a long white stripe on their http://paradisereserve.ucnrs.org/Timem a.html back. Moreover, those two color morphs were associated with two different species of host plant, with one type found on one host plant and the other on the second host. One of the first possibilities she considered was that the two forms were different species. Sandoval brought them back to the lab and found that the two types could interbreed freely, which showed that they were simply color variants of a single species of walking stick. Why, then, were there two colors types? Why were they segregated on different host plant species? She suspected that this was an example of natural selection at work. -
Classification: Phamatodea
NOMINA INSECTA NEARCTICA 637 CLASSIFICATION The primary data comes from unpublished database files of the author. The classification is based on: Bradley, J.D., and B.S. Galil. 1977. The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79:176-208. HETERONEMIIDAE Heteronemiinae: Diapheromera, Manomera, Megaphasma, Pseudosermyle, Sermyle. Pachymorphinae: Parabacillus. PHASMATIDAE Cladomorphinae: Aplopus. TIMEMATIDAE Timema. PSEUDOPHASMATIDAE Pseudophasmatinae: Anisomorpha. Family # Names # Valid Heteronemiidae 29 20 Phasmatidae 1 1 Pseudophasmatidae 5 2 Timematidae 10 10 Total 45 33 PHASMATODEA 638 NOMINA INSECTA NEARCTICA HETERONEMIIDAE Anisomorpha Gray 1835 Anisomorpha buprestoides Stoll 1813 (Phasma) Diapheromera Gray 1835 Phasma vermicularis Stoll 1813 Syn. Spectrum bivittatum Say 1828 Syn. Diapheromera arizonensis Caudell 1903 (Diapheromera) Phasma calamus Burmeister 1838 Syn. Diapheromera carolina Scudder 1901 (Diapheromera) Anisomorpha ferruginea Beauvois 1805 (Phasma) Diapheromera covilleae Rehn and Hebard 1909 (Diapheromera) Diapheromera femoratum Say 1824 (Spectrum) Diapheromera sayi Gray 1835 Syn. Bacunculus laevissimus Brunner 1907 Syn. Diapheromera persimilis Caudell 1904 (Diapheromera) TIMEMATIDAE Bacunculus texanus Brunner 1907 Syn. Diapheromera dolichocephala Brunner 1907 Syn. Diapheromera tamaulipensis Rehn 1909 (Diapheromera) Diapheromera torquata Hebard 1934 (Diapheromera) Timema Scudder 1895 Diapheromera velii Walsh 1864 (Diapheromera) -
The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter No
The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter No. 122 June 2010 ISSN 0268-3806 Male Brasidas foveolatus with spermatophores. PSG SUMMER MEETING, Saturday, 10th JULY 2010.........................................................................2 News, Information & Updates ......................................................................................................................3 The Committee..........................................................................................................................................3 Diary Dates................................................................................................................................................3 Articles, Reviews & Submissions.................................................................................................................3 Book Review: Big Bugs Life~size...........................................................................................................3 Book Announcement:................................................................................................................................4 Mantids of the Euro-Mediterranean Area .................................................................................................4 Culture survey 2010 ..................................................................................................................................5 Book Announcement: Silent Summer: The State of Wildlife in Britain and Ireland ..............................9 Spermatophores from PSG 301 Brasidas -
Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4.