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Stuttgarter Beiträge Zur Naturkunde Herausgegeben Vom ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Stuttgarter Beiträge Naturkunde Serie A [Biologie] Jahr/Year: 1978 Band/Volume: 309_A Autor(en)/Author(s): Spencer Kenneth A. Artikel/Article: Notes on the Australian Chloropidae (Diptera). 1-14 1 download Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 51 Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Herausgegeben vom Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart Serie A (Biologie), Nr. 309 Stuttgart 1978 Notes on the Australian Chloropidae (Diptera) — Kenneth A. Spencer, Callington Abstract Six species reared from known hosts by staff of the Forestry Commission, N. S. W. have been identified. Of these, only one, Lioscinella tonnoiri Malloch, was previously known and five are described below as new, namely: Lioscinella australiensis sp. n., Conioscinella apiomorphae sp. n., C. araeceri sp. n., C. euca- lypti sp. n. and C. xyloryctae sp. n. Introduction The small collection of Chloropidae from the Forestry Commission, New South Wales considered in this paper is of particular interest, as all six species were reared, thus providing valuable additional biological Information on a family in which the life history is. known for only a small proportion of the spe- cies so far described. The collection was originally sent to Dr. C. W. Sabrosky in Washington for determination in 1967 but, apart from a preliminary review, lack of time and other commitments prevented him completing his study and early in 1976 he kindly passed the material to me for detailed examination. Little work on the Australian Chloropidae has been done since Malloch's important series of 14 papers in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. published between 1923 and 1941. Paramonov (1956, 1961) erected two new „families", Mindidae and Echiniidae, However, both type genera, Minda and Echinia, proved to be sy- nonymous with Chloropid genera — Minda with Pemphigonotus Lamb (McAl- piNE, 1958) and Echinia with Änatrichus Loew (Sabrosky, 1962). Sabrosky (1955) published a useful paper with notes on a number of Australian species, and Harri- soN (1959) recorded two Australian species as present in New Zealand. Colless and McAlpine (1970: 732) briefly discussed the family and Hickaian (1971) described several new species reared from egg-sacs of spiders in Tasmania. The present Classification of the world Chloropidae is in urgent need of re- vision. Earlier workers, in particular Becker, Duda and Enderlein, erected nume- rous genera based on trivial characters and this proliferation of genera, with some 300 currently accepted as valid for the world fauna of about 1500 described species, has resulted in the generic assignment of new species being based on sub- jective judgements and the virtual impossibility of preparing keys with clearly Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk., Ser. A, Nr. 309 Stuttgart, 1.3. 1978 download Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 2 STUTTGARTER BEITRÄGE ZUR NATURKUNDE Ser. A, Nr. 309 defined generic limits. The Situation is particularly confused with the Lioscinella- Gaurax group of genera in the Oscineliinae, following the attempt by Duda (1929, 1930) to split the wide concept of Oscinella Becker. Several workers have produced composite keys embracing several genera owing to the blurred generic limits in this area (Duda, 1933; Malloch, 1941). Sabrosky has made a massive contribution to our knowledge of the Chloro- pidae in his numerous papers during the past 40 years but this work has been limited almost exclusively to detailed examination of external morphölogical characters. It is now clear that progress in the further clarification of the syste- matics of the family will only be possible with the study of male genitalia and the structure of the postabdomen. Nartshuk working in Leningrad has illustra- ted the genitalia of many species from the U. S. S. R. and surrounding areas in a series of some 30 papers published since 1958. Kanmiya (1971) has made a valuable Start in clarifying Japanese species with excellent genitalia drawings of species in the genus Dicraeus. Further important revisionary papers based on the study of the genitalia are currently in preparation by workers in Britain, Germany and Sweden, The New Zealand Chloropidae have recently been revised, with the description of 16 new species and a number of generic changes (Spencer, in press). Two hundred species have so far been described in Australia but the family occurs in abundance throughout the continent, many thousands of unidentified specimens are available for study and it is certain that many new species await description. Life histories of the Chloropidae are extraordinarily diverse, the larvae being plant feeders, scavengers or true parasites. Of the six species discussed or des- cribed below, one — Lioscinella tonnoiri (Malloch) — feeds in egg-sacs of Spiders, in eggs of mantids, in cocoon-masses of sawfiies or is parasitic on Lepi- doptera, and the other five are parasitic or scavengers associated with Coleop- tera, Diptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera. Malloch (1941) treated many species earlier described in the genus Osciniso- ma Lioy (not Oscinosoma as used) as belonging to Botanohia Lioy. It is now fully accepted that Botanohia (Europe) is synonymous with Gaurax Loew (U.S.A.). Malloch (1941: 41) accepted that Gaurax does not occur in Australia and after studying specimens of the genotype, G. festivus Loew, and other North American Gaurax species, I am satisfied that this is correct. In Gaurax the cerci are always long and the surstyli broadened; the male genitalia and hypopygium of G. festivus Loew which have not previously been illustrated are shown in Figs. 1, 2. Malloch (1940: 263) attempted to separate Lioscinella and his concept of Botanohia with the following couplet: 22 Triangle entirely glossy, more than half the length of frons and well defined, or yellow with a small black ocellar spot . Lioscinella Duda — Triangle usually merely shiny, not half as long as the frons and poorly defined Botanohia Lioy These differentiating characters are clearly unsatisfactory and Malloch later (1941: 57) included Lioscinella and Botanohia species in a single composite key. The most important single character used by Duda and largely followed by Malloch for segregating species in the wide concept of Oscinella is the degree of pubescence or shine of the ocellar triangle. Duda (1930: 71) erected the two new SPENCER,downloadNOTES BiodiversityON HeritageTHE AUSTRALIAN Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/CHLOROPIDAE Figs. 1 —4. Gaurax festivus: (1) male genitalia; (2) hypopygium (Maryland, U.S.A.); Lioscinella sulfurihalterata var. ignorata; (3) male genitalia; (4) hypopygium (Paraguay). genera Conioscinella and Lioscinella with the ocellar triangle in the former de- scribed as pubescent, mat, in the latter as shining, without pubescence. Many species in this complex can certainly be immediately separated by this character but intermediate forms occur where the generic assignment becomes a matter of subjective interpretation. In the species I have examined referable to these two genera I find no significant difference in the genitaÜa or form of the hypopy- gium. The types of both genera, Conioscinella soluta Becker and Lioscinella sulfu- rihalterata Enderlein (cf. Sabrosky, 1941) are both neotropical. However, I am fully satisfied that species congeneric with these concepts occur widely throughout the World. I have not been able to examine the genotypes of Conioscinella and Lioscinella (or of Tropidoscinis Enderlein possibly in the same complex) but 1 have Seen two females from the type locality in Costa Rica determined by Duda as Lioscinella sulfurihalterata and also a male from Paraguay, determined by Duda as L. sulfurihalterata var. ignorata. This latter specimen is without question con- generic with the specimens from Costa Rica and the male genitalia are shown in Fig. 3, the hypopygium in Fig. 4. The similarity between this species and others placed in Lioscinella in Australia and New Zealand (Spencer, in press) confirms that this genus has been correctly identified in Australia. download Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ STUTTGARTER BEITRÄGE ZUR NATURKUNDE Ser. A, Nr. 309 In this paper I am assigning to Conioscinella species in which the ocellar triangle is small and not shining, but with due reserve pending further clarifica- tion of the Status of this genus. Malloch (1940) included 10 species in Coniosci- nella in Australia. In the Oriental Region Sabrosky (1977) records 28 species in Conioscinella but surprisingly none in Lioscinella. However, I have seen a num- ber of unidentified species from New Guinea definitely referable to Lioscinella and it seems probable that with further collecting the genus will be found to be represented in the main part of the Oriental Region. Genus Lioscinella Duda Lioscinella australiensis sp. n. (Figs. 5, 6) Type material. — Holotype Cf, New South Wales: Whale Beach, emerged 25. IL 65, coli. 5. I. 65, ex Chelepteryx collesi Gray (Anthelidae); paratypes: 11 Cf, 9 $, same data (all Croft); Mandourama, 1 9? emerged 15. XII. 61, ex "large galls" on Kurrajong, coli. 14. XL 61 (Dunhill). Holotype and paratypes in Anic, further paratypes in U. S. N. M., B. M., Forestry Commission and author's collection. Small, shining black species with frons orange in front; dimorphic, with knob of halteres blackish in male, whitish-yellow in female. , Male.
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