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98 • 2020 98 • 2020 98 • 2020 FASC. 3: LANGUES ET LITTÉRATURES MODERNES AFL. 3: MODERNE TAAL- EN LETTERKUNDE 98 • 2020 SOCIÉTÉ POUR LE PROGRÈS DES ÉTUDES PHILOLOGIQUES ET HISTORIQUES fondée en 1874 Président: Jean-Marie DUVOSQUEL, 44 (boîte 1), avenue Adolphe Buyl, 1050 Bruxelles. Secrétaire général: Denis MORSA, 29/3, avenue Émile Vandervelde, 1200 Bruxelles. Trésorier: David GUILARDIAN, 326 (boîte 5), Avenue Brugmann, 1180 Bruxelles. L’organe de la Société est la Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, recueil trimestriel dont le tome I est paru en 1922. Het Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis wordt uitgegeven door de Société. Het Tijdschrift werd gesticht in 1922. REVUE BELGE DE PHILOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE BELGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR FILOLOGIE EN GESCHIEDENIS Website : http://www.rbph-btfg.be Directeur: Michèle GALAND. Comité directeur – Bestuurcomité: il rassemble les membres du Bureau de la Société (voir ci-dessus) et du Comité de Rédaction de la Revue (voir en p. 3 de couverture) – Het Bestuurcomité bestaat uit de leden van het Bureau van de “Société” (zie hierboven) en van de Redactieraad van het Tijdschrift (zie blz. 3 van de omslag). Membres honoraires – Ereleden: M. BOUSSART (ULB), J.-M. D’HEUR (ULg), J. DUYTSCHAEVER (UIA), P. F ONTAINE (UCL), L. LESUISSE (ISL), Chr. LOIR (ULB), R. VAN EENOO (UGent), J.-P. VAN NOPPEN (ULB). Comité de lecture international – Internationaal leescomité: Jan ART (Gent); Philip BENNETT (Edinburgh); Marc BOONE (Gent); Laurence BOUDART (Bruxelles, Archives et Musée de la Littérature); Véronique BRAGARD (Louvain-la-Neuve); Claude BRUNEEL (Louvain-la-Neuve); Keith BUSBY (Madison); Ruth BUSH (Bristol); Angelos CHANIOTIS (Oxford); Dominique COMBE (Paris, École Normale Supérieure); François DE CALLATAY (Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale et Paris, École pratique des Hautes Études); Sophie DE SCHAEPDRIJVER (Pennsylvania State University); Juliette DOR (Liège); Robert FOTSING MANGOUA (Dschang, Cameroun); Éric GEERKENS (Liège); Robert HALLEUX (Liège et Paris, Institut de France); Paul JANSSENS (Gent); Stéphane LEBECQ (Lille III); Bernadette LIOU-GILLE (Paris IV); Christiane MARCHELLO-NIZIA (Lyon et ILF-CNRS); Michel MARGUE (Luxembourg); Rudolf MUHR (Universität Graz); David MURPHY (Stirling); David NICHOLAS (Clemson University); Janet POLASKY (University of New Hampshire); Jean-Manuel ROUBINEAU (Rennes III et Bruxelles); Carl STRIKWERDA (College William and Mary, Williamsburg); Jo TOLLEBEEK (Leuven); Herman VAN GOETHEM (Antwerpen); Piet VAN STERKENBURG (Leiden); Karel VELLE (AGR- ARA); Christophe VERBRUggEN (Gent); Alexis WILKIN (Bruxelles); Renate ZEDINGER (Wien). PUBLIÉ AVEC L’AIDE FINANCIÈRE DE LA POLITIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE FÉDÉRALE (BELSPO), DU FONDS DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE - FNRS ET DE LA FONDATION UNIVERSITAIRE. LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE L’HISTOIRE DE BELGIQUE EST ÉTABLIE AVEC L’AIDE DES ARCHIVES GÉNÉRALES DU ROYAUME, DE LA COMMISSION ROYALE D’HISTOIRE ET DE LA LOTERIE NATIONALE. UITGEGEVEN MET DE STEUN VAN HET FEDERAAL WETENSCHAPSBELEID (BELSPO) EN VAN DE UNIVERSITAIRE STICHTING. DE BIBLIOGRAFIE VAN DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN BELGIË KOMT TOT STAND DANKZIJ DE STEUN VAN HET ALGEMEEN RIJKSARCHIEF, VAN DE KONINKLIJKE COMMISSIE VOOR GESCHIEDENIS EN VAN DE NATIONALE LOTERIJ. Vox Populi. Listening and Witnessing in German-Jewish War Diaries Written During the Third Reich Annelies AUGUSTYNS Universiteit Antwerpen / Vrije Universiteit Brussel “The streets today offer a thoroughly military impression; […] The Jewish Hospital had to be completely cleared for military use. The air-raid defense has been called, and from now on Breslau must be darkened. [...] I drove home from the center. Nothing of patriotic enthusiasm on the streets.” (1) Entries like this about the prevailing mood are common in German-Jewish diaries on the eve of the Second World War. Many people turn to the diary genre in times of crisis, and as Sabine Kalff and Ulrike Vedder state, the 20th century can be seen as the heyday of the diary, since this century was particularly rich in crises. (2) During the Third Reich in particular, the use of the diary peaked (3), so that today the Nazi era is often referred to as the “age of the diary”. (4) On this point, Hélène Camarade remarks that “[t]he diary is, in fact, a genre to which the victims of racial politics have had recourse on a massive scale, both before and during the deportation.” (5) It could be said that the effect of National Socialist rule was not simply repressive but in a way also productive, (1) “Die Straßen bieten heute ein durchaus militärisches Bild; […] Das Jüdische Krankenhaus mußte restlos für Militärzwecke freigemacht [werden]. Der Luftschutz ist aufgerufen worden, und von heute an muß Breslau verdunkelt sein. […] Vom Ringe nach Hause gefahren. Nichts von patriotischer Begeisterung auf den Straßen. Stummes Brüten.”, COHN (Willy): 2006, Kein Recht, nirgends. Tagebuch vom Untergang des Breslauer Judentums, 1933-1941. Hrsg. CONRADS (Norbert). (Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau), pp. 682-683, entry from September 1, 1939. All quotes in German and French have been translated into English by the author of the article. Original quotations will be included in the corresponding footnotes. (2) KALFF (Sabine) and VEDDER (Ulrike): 2016, “Tagebuch und Diaristik seit 1900. Einleitung”, Zeitschrift für Germanistik, 26, 2, p. 239. (3) In this context Arvi Sepp speaks of a “Tagebuchmode” (diary fashion). See SEPP (Arvi): 2013, “Der profane Raum des Tagebuchs: Kulturelles Gedächtnis in Victor Klemperers autobiographischen Notizen”, Interférences littéraires / Literaire interferenties, 10, p. 31. (4) Zur Nieden quoted in BAJOHR (Frank): 2015, “Das ‘Zeitalter des Tagebuchs’? Subjektive Zeugnisse aus der NS-Zeit. Einführung”, in BAJOHR (Frank) and STEINBACHER (Sybille), Hrsg. “… Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten”. Tagebücher und persönliche Zeugnisse aus der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und des Holocaust (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, Dachauer Symposien zur Zeitgeschichte; Bd. 15), p. 7. (5) « Le journal intime est, en effet, un genre auquel les victimes de la politique raciale ont eu massivement recours, à la fois avant et pendant la déportation. », CAMARADE (Hélène): 2014, “Le journal intime, un genre propice à l’écriture contemporaine de la Shoah. Victor Klemperer, Willy Cohn, Walter Tausk et Oskar Rosenfeld”, Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah, 201, 2, p. 77. Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, 98, 2020, p. 663-690 664 ANNELIES AUGUSTYNS as more and more people began writing. (6) The diary offered a common medium for intensive reflection on both the self and its environment, as is evidenced by the diaries of Willy Cohn and Walter Tausk, two German-Jewish diarists from the city of Breslau, which are central to this article. Their diaries are a medium for reflection, narrative self-description and self-understanding, as well as being survival aids and a means of inner resistance (7); they also act as mnemonic devices, disseminating information on a wide variety of topics including food availability, mobility, different restrictions, rumors, war, and stories of the authors’ contemporaries. (8) These last topoi, the Second World War and “the listening in on the everyday voices of ordinary people” (9), both represent leitmotifs in the authors’ writing process. Both Cohn and Tausk endeavor to gather seemingly unimportant details to record the opinions that circulated in their time. In doing so, their diaries represent a micrological archive of daily life. Moreover, diary writing offers the authors a stable reflexive intellectual activity in disrupted times where critical thinking – due to the lack of reliable information, among other things – is not self-evident. Against this background, they try to sketch as coherently as possible a picture of the early war years based on what they hear and how they analyze it. Even if some of the stories and rumors reported in diaries do not coincide with the “facts”, the diaries are valuable because they reflect the mood prevailing in cities and they express the opinion of the population at the time. This so-called “vox populi” – a notion coined by Victor Klemperer (10) – (6) Here we should mention that there were not only victim diaries at that time – although they made up a large part of the production – but that there were also diaries of various other groups of people, such as notorious leaders of the party (e.g. Alfred Rosenberg, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler) and other citizens. In June 1933, for example, there was a public appeal entitled “Die künftigen Historiker” in the monthly journal “Die Tat”, which called on “those who are alive today” to write down everything that happened about this historical and “great event” for future generations. This, of course, was for propaganda purposes. See STEUWER (Janosch): 2015, “‘Ein neues Blatt im Buche der Geschichte’: Tagebücher und der Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1933/34”, in BAJOHR (Frank) and STEINBACHER (Sybille), op. cit., pp. 42-44; KALFF (Sabine) and VEDDER (Ulrike), op. cit., p. 239. (7) One can consider writing as resistance in two ways: On the one hand, the written entries can be seen as a counter document against the falsification of history, against the monological discourse of National Socialism. On the other, the diary offered a kind of metaphorical space. In writing, one created for oneself “eine geistige Gegenwelt zur Realität.” (LÖW (Andrea): 2015, “Tagebücher aus dem Ghetto Litzmannstadt: Autoren, Themen, Funktion”, in BAJOHR (Frank) and STEINBACHER
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