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The Potentiality of Non Timber Forest Products. Fruit Availability, Phytochemical Properties of Rosa Rubiginosa L

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The Potentiality of Non Timber Forest Products. Fruit Availability, Phytochemical Properties of Rosa Rubiginosa L American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2016, 7, 2272-2287 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps ISSN Online: 2158-2750 ISSN Print: 2158-2742 The Potentiality of Non Timber Forest Products. Fruit Availability, Phytochemical Properties of Rosa rubiginosa L. Rose Hips Gerardo U. Aguirre1, Martín Loza1, José Gasquez2, María Fusco3, Angela Sosa3, Gladys M. Ciuffo4,5, Liliana E. C. Ciuffo1 1Ecología y Conservación, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina 2UNSL/FQBF/Química Analítica, Ejército de los Andes, San Luis, Argentina 3UNSL/FQBF/Farmacognosia, Ejército de los Andes, San Luis, Argentina 4UNSL/FQBF/Bioquímica Avanzada, Ejército de los Andes, San Luis, Argentina 5IMIBIO/CONICET, Ejército de los Andes, San Luis, Argentina How to cite this paper: Aguirre, G.U., Abstract Loza, M., Gasquez, J., Fusco, M., Sosa, A., Ciuffo, G.M. and Ciuffo, L.E.C. (2016) The We evaluated fruit availability, phytochemical characteristics and mineral content of Potentiality of Non Timber Forest Products. R. rubiginosa L. rose hips, at two experimental sites in San Luis province: Potrero de Fruit Availability, Phytochemical Properties los Funes-El Volcán (PF-V) and Estancia Grande (EG). Plant density was 70 plants/ha of Rosa rubiginosa L. Rose Hips. American 2 Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 2272-2287. (1 ha = 10,000 m ) in PF-V and 50 plants/ha in EG. Fruit availability (DF) in fresh http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.715200 fruits (FF) was 4.39 kg (PF-V) and 3.10 kg (EG) during March, and decreased during June. Ascorbic acid in FF increased during ripening period, peaking on late April, Received: September 21, 2016 early May, and diminished 75% - 85% in dried fruits. Total soluble solids in FF Accepted: November 13, 2016 Published: November 16, 2016 ranged from 32.55 to 55.20 ˚Brix. Elements Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Zn and Cu, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), were signifi- Copyright © 2016 by authors and cant for human health. Dried fruits maintain a high level of ascorbic acid, a characte- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ristic added to content of mineral elements, particularly calcium content, providing This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International an important nutritional value to R. rubiginosa rose hips. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Keywords Open Access Rosa rubiginosa Rose Hips, Fruit Chemical Contents, Ascorbic Acid, Mineral Elements 1. Introduction Invasion of natural woodland by exotic plant species is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity [1]. Rosa rubiginosa L. is a widespread shrub species, introduced to Argen- DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.715200 November 16, 2016 G. U. Aguirre et al. tina, and widely distributed along the Andean Patagonic region [2] and gradually ex- pands toward the central region of the country. R. rubiginosa and R. moschata are considered non-timber forest products (NTFP) by the Food and Agriculture Organization [3]. Harvest and consumption of plant products from natural forests is known to account for a large proportion of the livelihood of people living close to such habitats [4]. The lack of information on ecology, nutritional, medicinal properties and characteristics of NTFP species, as well as used parts of the plant is the main disadvantage of initiatives intended for use and management of NTFP resources. According to the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture [5], non- timber forest products are goods of biological origin, other than wood derived from fo- rests, other wooded areas and trees outside forests. NTFP are collected in the wild or produced in forest plantations or agroforestry systems. These products mostly from plants are used as food and food additives (edible seeds, mushrooms, fruits, spices, fla- vorings), fibers, instruments or utensils, resins, gums, and others used for medicinal or cultural purposes, cosmetics. Non timber forest products have been essential for sub- sistence and commercial activities all around the world. Like other species, R. rubiginosa has been used by the Mapuche rural communities located in Neuquén province and suburban areas of Bariloche (Río Negro, Argentina), considered as a useful exotic plant for those families who have dietary restrictions or limited access to medicines [6]. Rose hips of R. rubiginosa are extensively used worldwide in food preparation and traditional medicine, because of the high content of vitamin C, mineral content and its potential antioxidant capability. Edible rose hips contain approximately 500 - 2200 mg/100g in fresh fruit of vitamin C [7] [8] [9] [10], riboflavin, pectins, nicotinic and malic acids, carotenes. Rose hips are used for tea, jams and also as a pigment. It also contains minerals such as potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium and phospho- rus [11]. Seeds mainly contain up to 8% of the oil which comprises oleic, linoleic, lino- lenic acid, and trans retinoic acid [12]. The rosehip seed’s oil is used in the cosmetic industry because it possesses the property to accelerate regeneration and healing of damaged tissues [13] and because of its antioxidant activity [12]. In Argentina, the availability of rose hip fruits was assessed in the Neuquén province in order to contribute to making a decision for the promotion of industrial exploitation of wild populations of this species [2] [14]. On the other hand, while this introduced species is considered an invasive weed and undesired in protected areas of Patagonia, in suburban areas of Bariloche it is recommended for sustainable development and con- servation of wildlife because its commercial value [15]. Damascos et al. [16] informed that the mineral content of fruits from Patagonia was similar to values reported for species of temperate and tropical zone. For the province of San Luis only a few studies have been conducted at the time. Ge- netic variation within and among populations of R. rubiginosa was assessed in samples from San Luis and Neuquén provinces, by using of RAPDs (Random Amplification of 2273 G. U. Aguirre et al. Polymorphic DNA) markers [17] [18], and genetic differentiation of the introduced species was studied [19]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate rose hip fruits from R. rubiginosa, a species of medicinal use and interest for sustainable use as NTFP, as a source of vita- mins and minerals. This study was conducted using an approach from applied ecology to estimate fruit availability, and phytochemical and analytical procedures to assess the content of vitamin C, soluble solids and mineral elements in fruits of R. rubiginosa in native forests of San Luis. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area The study area falls within the Dry Chaco Ecoregion, subregion of Chaco Serrano in the province of San Luis, Argentina. The study area belongs to the Dry Chaco Ecoregion, subregion of Chaco Serrano in the province of San Luis, Argentina. The Chaco Serrano constitutes most of the western boundary of the Dry Chaco region. It is conformed by elements of the Sierras Pampea- nas and lower lands in the Sierras Subandinas. At the West limit of the semiarid Chaco, the hills constitute an orographic barrier for the wet winds from the East, a fact that causes higher precipitations on the eastern hillside while dry climates developed on the western side of the hilly areas. This fact, together with the thermic variation associated to the altitude might establish particular climate conditions which determine vegetation development [20]. The area under study has been subject of anthropic action for different uses: defore- station, over grazing, fire regimes, settlement and tourism use. All these processes favor the degradation of the environment. The altitudinal gradient mountain forest compris- es: forest Prosopis flexuosa (850 to 920 m a.s.l.), then the forest Lithraea molleoides (950 to 1300 m a.s.l.) including communities of streams, riparian, river beds and shrubs slope. At higher altitudes, the forest is replaced by grasslands or grass steppes predo- minant species of Stipa sp. and Festuca hieronymi [21]. 2.2. Experimental Sites Fruit sampling of R. rubiginosa was carried out at two experimental sites, situated on the Eastern slope of the southern end of the Sierra de San Luis, with the following cha- racteristics: Experimental site 1: is situated between the towns of Potrero de los Funes and El Volcán (PF-V), 33˚14'21"S 66˚11'02.5"WO, at 990 m a.s.l. The area has sandy, gravelly soils, with gravel, but also found some loam with organic matter content. Average an- nual precipitation totals about 700 mm or higher and its rains more frequently during the summer. Higher peaks, above 1400 m a.s.l. see occasional snow in winter. The de- scribed rainfall regime renders this area a humid to subhumid zone in San Luis prov- ince, allowing species with higher humidity requirements to growth. Experimental site 2: it is located at the town of Estancia Grande (EG), 33˚13'32"S 2274 G. U. Aguirre et al. 66˚10'35"WO, at 1020 m a.s.l. The area is one of the most humid in the whole province, where average annual precipitation is superior to 700 mm. In this area, the climate is highly variable and presents major seasonal changes. However, the weather has very strong seasonal characteristics, 80% of torrential rains concentrated between October and March, reaching intensities of up to 80 mm/ha. The average annual temperature is 17˚C with highs exceeding 35˚C in summer and minimum below 0˚C in winter. The soil, characteristics of Loesoid Plain, consists of three main geomorphological units: loesoid hills, valleys and streams [22]. The soils of the area enable the development of agroforestry activities, leading to deforestation of natural forests in the lower parts of the basin, with the consequent increase of erosive susceptibility.
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