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Disciplinary Rhetorics and Fractal Orderings: a Study of Sociologies of Knowledge and of Presidential Addresses to the American Sociological Society/Association

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Disciplinary Rhetorics and Fractal Orderings: a Study of Sociologies of Knowledge and of Presidential Addresses to the American Sociological Society/Association Disciplinary Rhetorics and Fractal Orderings: A Study of Sociologies of Knowledge and of Presidential Addresses to the American Sociological Society/Association Robert White B.Sc. B.A. (Hons) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania June 1998 Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 Robert White Declaration The material in this thesis has not been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any tertiary institution. To the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made. Robert White ABSTRACT This thesis is a demonstration of the practical achievement of sociological knowledge in the absence of epistemological foundations. Its argument is derived from, and applied to, the disciplinary rhetorics in sociologies of knowledge and presidential addresses to the American Sociological Society I Association. The formal sociologies of knowledge are shown to be representations of discipline, and the addresses, delivered by formal representatives of the discipline, to be 'folk' sociologies of knowledge. 'Discipline' epitomises the location of sociology in the processes studied within it, and of the sociology of knowledge within sociology at large. As subsumed in 'Mannheim's paradox', the sub-/metadiscipline has always been characterised by such epistemological difficulties as circularity, infinite regress, or the apparent self-negation of relativised knowledge. These difficulties, which are also characteristic of the discipline at large, are clarified in Latour's account of the modern as a separation of epistemological from political senses of representation. Sociologists of knowledge have resolved 'Mannheim's paradox' by two recurrent forms of representation, or modes of ordering. Either they relate knowledge to its context in binary terms (which then either axiomatically or tacitly favours the epistemological over the political), or they avoid this preemption through trinary orderings. The deferral of analytical closure in trinitarianism is used in a description of disciplinary knowledge as a 'fractal ordering' of 'disciplinarity', 'disciplining' and 'discipline', where 'fractal' denotes a jagged self­ similarity across different scales of study. In their little-studied addresses to the ASS/ A, the presidents are rhetorically required to discuss disciplinary knowledge but are rhetorically constrained from doing so with formal rigour. The addresses are then a practical enactment of 'Mannheim's paradox', and the presidents are folk sociologists of knowledge. Folk and formal disciplinary rhetorics are linked through equation of the 'discipline' from the sociologies of knowledge with 'the discipline' of American sociology, through quantitative matching of 'real factors' from the presidents' organisational characteristics with 'ideal factors' from their addresses, and through use in the addresses of 'disciplinarity', 'disciplining' and 'discipline'. In demonstrating that isomorphism between sociologies of knowledge and the presidents' occasioned response to occasioned constraints, the thesis amounts to a practical resolution of Mannheim's paradox. The trans-scalar interaction of fractal ordering shows that sociological knowledge is achieved pragmatically in a space defined by its epistemological difficulties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To work in the sociology of disciplinary knowledge is to live the collectivivity which is at issue. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the generosity of many people who have made this thesis possible. To Bill Tyler, thanks for getting me started in sociology. To Sandi Hudspith and Warren Bradley, thanks for long-distance cheer and for R & R in Darwin. To the staff of the Morris Miller Library, thanks for everything. To Michelle Gabriel, Ecco. Members of the Department of Sociology and Social Work at the University of Tasmania from 1994 to 1997 have helped in more ways than I can tell. Students in the introductory course, having their first taste of sociological disciplining, have taught me more than I can claim to have done for them. My fellow postgraduates, following their own obsessions, have shown me limits to mine. The staff (and now my colleagues) have been exemplars in ways they might not recognise. My friends in lunch and reading groups have shared the interaction of formal and informal. Rowena Stewart and Phil Patman have always been unstinting with practical and technical assistance. Smoking may be a health hazard, but the thesis owes more than I know to daily conversations with my fellow nicotine-refugee, Warren Sproule. Rod Crook has been generous with his memories of American sociology. Malcolm Waters encouraged me to come to Hobart, Jan Pakulski suggested the topic, and both have been unfailingly supportive. I could not have wished for a better supervisor than Stephen Crook, whose acute readings and sceptical silences were matched only by his kindness and patience. The thesis is dedicated to the memory of a friend who would have enjoyed disagreeing with much of it: David Wai Lun Yick, 1955-1996. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1: Sociology and Discipline 2 Case 1: Coffman's Dramaturgy 11 PART I: SOCIOLOGIES OF KNOWLEDGE AS REPRESENTATIONS OF DISCIPLINE 17 Chapter 2: Towards a Sociology of Disciplinary Knowledge 18 Actor-Network Theory and Representation 19 An Imagined Tradition - Rhetoric and the Sociology of Knowledge 21 Sociology of Knowledge 26 Scheler Mannheim Sociology of knowledge: reprise Sociology of Science 36 Merton Kuhn Sociology of science: reprise Sociologies of Scientific Knowledge 45 The strong programme Discourse analysis Sociologies of scientific knowledge: reprise Return of Rhetoric 53 Towards a Sociology of Disciplinary Knowledge 57 Actor-network theory and the metadisciplinary Subdisciplinary enrolments Towards a sociology of disciplinary knowledge: reprise Case 2: Wirth's and Gamson's 'We' 64 Chapter 3: Modelling the Disciplinary 71 Disciplinary Science 72 Merton on discipline Mertonian common sense, within·sociology Mertonian common sense, beyond sociology Disciplinary science: reprise Disciplinary Discourse 78 Foucault on discipline Discipline and disciplinarity Discipline and governmentality Disciplinary discourse: reprise Disciplinary Culture 84 Geertz on discipline An enrolment of Geertz Disciplinary culture: reprise Modelling the Disciplinary 89 Disciplinarity Disciplining Discipline Modelling the disciplinary: reprise Case 3: Cans' Discipline 96 Chapter 4: Disciplinary Methods - Fractal Ordering 101 Real Like Nature - Quantitative Analysis 102 Real factors - Age, period and cohort effects Real factors - Gender Real factors -Organisational embeddedness Ideal factors - Content-analysis Ideal factors - Citation-analysis Real like nature - Quantitative analysis: reprise Narrated Like Discourse - Rhetorical Analysis 114 Genre The topics Metaphor Intertextuality Narrated like discourse - Rhetorical analysis: reprise Collective Like Society - Textual Ethnography 123 Ethnography and sociologies of knowledge Ethnographic reading Ethnographic writing Collective like society - Textual ethnography: reprise Fractal Ordering 128 Fractals and strange attractors Fractal ordering · Sociologies of Knowledge as Representations of Discipline: ~ilie ~ Formal sociologies of knowledge Towards a folk sociology of disciplinary 1<-.nowledge Case 4: Lazarsfeld' s Methodology 136 PART II: 'THE DISCIPLINE' 143 Chapter 5: American Sociology and Presidential Addresses 145 Formalisation of 'The Discipline' 146 'The Discipline' in Crisis ? 148 Sociologies of sociology Continuing crisis Permanent crisis 'The discipline' in crisis ? Reprise 'The Discipline' and the Presidency of the ASS/ A 155 The presidency and formal organisation The presidency as documentary of 'the discipline' 'The discipline' and the presidency of the ASS/ A: reprise 'The Discipline' and Presidential Addresses 160 Presidential addresses as documentary of 'the discipline' Presidential addresses as folk sociology of knowledge Presidential addresses and formal sociologies of knowledge 'The discipline' and presidential addresses: reprise American Sociology and Presidential Addresses: Reprise 168 Case 5: Coser's, Blau's and Parsons' Genres 170 Chapter 6: The Presidents and Presidential Addresses - Real and Ideal Factors 178 The Presidents - Real Factors 180 Age and cohort School Organisational embeddedness Vice-Presidency Gender The presidents - Real factors: reprise The Presidential Addresses - Ideal Factors 190 Content-analysis Citation-analysis Presidential addresses - Ideal factors: reprise Real and Ideal Factors- Correspondence-Analysis 205 Dimension 1 - Discipline and collectivity Dimension 2- Science and knowledge Dimension 3 - Discipline and the golden age Real and ideal factors - Correspondence-analysis: reprise The Presidents and Presidential Addresses - Real and Ideal Factors: Reprise 211 'The Discipline': Reprise 212 Case 6: Merton's Antimetabole 214 PART III: REPRESENTATIVES OF 'THE DISCIPLINE' AS SOCIOLOGISTS OF KNOWLEDGE 221 Chapter 7: Folk Disciplinarity 223 Topics and The Topics 224 Folk Collectivity - I 225 Folk Science 227 Imaginaries of science Methods of science Lawful science Contested science Folk science: reprise Folk Usefulness 234 Imaginaries of usefulness Lawful usefulness Methods of usefulness Contested usefulness Folk usefulness: reprise Folk Collectivity - II 241 Tradition
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