California Highways and Public Works, May-June 1961

MAY-JUNE 1961

the the

Los Los Angeles Angeles River River to to is is open open trafFic trafFic later later this this year.

until until service service

a a

portion portion of of the the Santa Santa Monica Monica Freeway Freeway

across

State State

Freeways; Freeways; the the structure structure

is is completed, completed,

but but will will not not be be in

is is a a ing ing connection connection between between the the Santa Santa Monica Monica and and

Golden

Ana Ana Freeway. Freeway. The The structure structure

on on the the which which participants participants

are are

stand-

ramp ramp connection connection

the the from from Golden Golden State State Freeway Freeway

to to the the

Santa

The The

trucks trucks in in the the background background are are using using the the

newly- opened

of of VII. District District

accompanied accompanied McClure, McClure, E. E. by by District District Engineer Engineer A. A. L. L.

Himelhoch

At At far far left, left, notes notes with with in in is is hand, hand, Highway Highway

Commissioner Commissioner Robert

Angeles Angeles president president Los Los of of the the Metropolitan Metropolitan

Traffic Traffic Association.

former former Behind Behind is is Highway Highway him him Commissioner Commissioner

Harrison Harrison R. R. Baker,

Highway Highway Commissioner Commissioner S. S. Roger Roger Woolley Woolley

is is shown shown speaking.

portion portion

of of the the Los Los a a East East Angeles Angeles

Interchange Interchange on on May May 23•

dedication dedication ceremony ceremony signalizing signalizing

the the

opening opening to to trafFic trafFic

observance observance of of the the Part Part

National National

of of Highway Highway Week Week was was a

articles articles way way

highway highway Week Week its its by by specialist, specialist, Dave Dave Hope•

Oakland Oakland featured featured The The Tribune Tribune a a series series of of National National High-

developments developments way way in in respective respective their their areas areas of of the the state.

newspapers newspapers A A number number of of ran ran special special articles articles on on high-

area.

Escondido Escondido regarding regarding freeway freeway route route

location location

studies studies in in that

of of miles miles

2,670 2,670 in in six six years.

program program featured featured proceedings proceedings the the at at a a

public public

meeting meeting

controlled controlled access access freeways freeways

and and

expressways, expressways, increase

an an

Interchange Interchange under under now now construction. construction. A A

special special

television

Commission Commission has has

adopted adopted now now

routes routes

for for

miles miles 5,560 5,560

completed completed held held for for portion portion a a of of the the East East

Los Los

Angeles

tion tion actions actions by by

the the

California California

Highway Highway

Commission. Commission. The

luncheon luncheon Los Los Angeles, Angeles, in in a a and and a a dedication dedication

ceremony ceremony

was

ning, ning, as as evidenced evidenced

by by

the the pace pace

of of freeway freeway

route route adop-

Commerce Commerce secretary secretary of of Clarence Clarence D. D. Martin, Martin,

Jr. Jr.

spoke spoke

Womack Womack

also also pointed pointed to to

progress progress the the in in highway highway

plan-

interested interested organizations organizations sponsored sponsored special special events. events. Under-

expressway expressway

type.

In In parts parts some some of of the the state, state, notably notably Southern Southern California,

the the recent recent construction construction has has been been the the of of freeway freeway full full or

-lane -lane multi divided divided highways highways in in operation operation Most Most now. now. of

EDPdiTND EDPdiTND G. G.

BROWN, BROWN, Governor

years. years. The The has has no~v no~v State State approximately approximately 2,300 2,300 miles miles of

divided divided highways highways by by 1,000 1,000 nearly nearly miles miles in in the the past past six

that that noting noting California California has has increased increased its its of of total total multi -lane

State State Highway Highway Engineer Engineer J. J. C. C. Womack Womack was was quoted quoted as

other other freeways.

keep keep America America on on the the move,

way way construction, construction, emphasis emphasis with with on on Interstate Interstate System System and and and construction construction workers workers to vaork vaork hard hard so so who who

to to the the thousands thousands of of contractors recent recent engineers, engineers, current current and and construction construction progress progress in in modern modern high-

we we that that tribute

take take opportunity opportunity this this

pay pay

to to

Newspapers Newspapers

throughout throughout

state state

the the carried carried accounts accounts of

in in observance observance the the

also of of week. week. this this

urge urge

I I

California California

Highway Highway Commission Commission was was created created in in 1911. share As As Governor, Governor, T T urge urge Californian Californian to to all all

of of State's State's year year this this -day -day modern highway highway program. program. The

prosperity prosperity of of

America.

fornia fornia by by

of of virtue virtue this this

year's year's

the the being being 50th 50th anniversary

highways highways

and in in continued continued play play the the growth growth

observance observance The The given given was was added added

significance significance

in in Cali- Week Week recognition recognition in in our role role of of vital vital the the

the the Highway week week May May economic economic of of growth growth -27 -27 and and National National 21 as as statement). (see (see

proclaimed

President President John John

Kennedy Kennedy

F. F.

has has

contribution contribution of of highways highways better better the the to to the the public public safety

California, California, Governor Governor In In Edmund Edmund G. G.

Brown Brown

also also cited upon upon them.

highways." placed are are longer longer burdens burdens no no adequate adequate to to the the

that and and expressways expressways

roads roads and and improving improving by by resources resources and and human human economic economic of of waste waste due due to to

outmoded

freeways building building by by

thousands thousands of of of of miles miles

promises promises program program ~vay ~vay a a reduction reduction sharp sharp in in

our our annual

challenges In In California, California,

we we meeting meeting these these

are are

advancement advancement expanded expanded orderly orderly our our of of Federal -State -State high-

ways ways serve serve schedule schedule to to Highways Highways in in and and our our 1972 1972 on on pointed pointed nation. out out that that "The

high- better better

dents dents

are are £or £or constant constant pressures pressures

System System of of Interstate Interstate Interstate Interstate

National National

and and

Defense

acci-

caused caused need need

by by relieve relieve to to suffering suffering

the the

importance importance

attention attention called called the the he he of of to to

completing completing

urgent the

the the and and the the interests interests defense defense of of national national

economy, President President F. F. John John Kennedy, Kennedy, mation mation issued issued by by The The in in mobile mobile which demands demands of of and and a a growing growing

official official observance observance made made virtue virtue The The was was by by of of a a procla-

Highway Highway National National Week. as as United United States States the the

THE THE

observed observed

was was 1961, 1961, throughout

-Z~, -Z~, OF OF ZI WEED WEED MSy MSy STATEP+IENT

~ ~ ~ ~~~ hwd National ~i California Hi~ hwa Y s a,n~ Public Work s Official Journal of the Division of Highways, Department of PublFC Works, State of California

Vol. 40 May-June Nos. 5-6 CONTENTS

Page RouteAdoptions ------2 BayArea Freeways ------3 By J. P. Sinclair, Auistant State Highway Engineer Canadians Study Right-of-way Procedures -_--_-_------_-___---____------22 U.S. 80—San Diego ------~ By Mark E. Darrough, Highway Engineering Associa#e U.S. 199 Tunnel ------_ 27 By Paul E. Parker and H. L. Payne, Senior Bridge Engineers Nash io Headquarters; Foley, Shervington Named ______31 Interchanges------32 By W. L. Warren, Engineer of Design Farmlands------38 By Bamford Frankland, Headquarters Right-of-way Agent New17-Mile Road ------43 By Ray J. Geimer, City and County Projects Engineer Archeology------45 By Claude N. Warren, Elizabeth Von Titl Warren and Ernest Chandonet, University of California at Las Angeles WhiskeytownFill ------52 By R. J. Fenton, District Construction Engineer FRONT COVER—Looking north on U.S. 40 through Rich- mond at the Solano Avenue Overcrossing. Scotch broom, Needles------56 ground cover and other shrubbery plantings were com- By L. M. Barnett, Construction Engineer and C. M. Mauck, Resident Engineer pleted in 1959 along the slopes of this section of depressed freeway. Photo by John F. Meyerpeter AsphaltTest ------59 By Ernest Zube, Supervising Materials and Research Engineer GeerRoad BACK COVER—Many of the steel bridges on California's ------— ------67 highways are being painted green fo blend witk~ natural By Ellis R. Delbon, Road Commissioner, Stanislaus County colors of adjacent terrain and foliage. One of the first California to receive this treatment is the Noyo River Bridge Roadsides-3 — ------68 on Sign Route 1 in Mendocino County, shown here. FloodProblems-2 74 Photo by John F. Meyerpeter ------Personnel Aides Confer ------78 Harbor Freeway Project Wins Bonneroo Award ______7$ Bridge Bonds Sold for Terminal Island Span ______79 Twenty-five-year Awards ------51 In Memoriam ------~ Retirements from Department Listed ______66 L. D. Wanee ------66

LESTER S. KORITZ, Editor STEWART MITCHELL, Associate Editor JOHN C. ROBINSON, Associate Editor HELEN HALSTED, Assistant Editor WILLIAM R. CHANEY, Chief Photographer Ezlitors are invited to use information contained herein and to request prints of any black and while photographs.

Address communications to: EDITOR, CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC WORKS P. O. Box 1499 SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

2 2

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Work

adopted adopted in in March, March, will will forma forma complete plete routing routing of of Westside Westside the the 139 139 Free- (Enos (Enos Lane).

The The for for last last of of Sacramento Sacramento the the one one links links in in the the beltline beltline com- route, 0.2 0.2 mile mile east east of of Highway Highway State State Route

adoptions adoptions route route

in in March. March. was

One One

northeast northeast of of West West Valley Valley Road Road and the the and and recommendation recommendation of of Womack.

There There

were were two two

other other

freeway

in in Kern Kern

County County between between 2.25 2.25 miles hearing hearing in in San San Jose Jose in in January, January, 1961,

the the relocation relocation miles miles Watt Watt of of

7.6 7.6 of of Avenue. U.S. U.S.

399

dating dating back back several several years, years, public a a

The The and and other other north adoption adoption was was a a of of -east -east route route Sacramento Sacramento

near for

was was based based

on on

freeway freeway

studies route route

U.S. U.S. 40 40

(Interstate (Interstate in in 80) 80) Yolo Yolo County Sacramento Sacramento County.

San San

Jose. Jose.

The The

Commission's Commission's

decision

state state Route Route

880 880

connects connects and and

ton ton with

to to 0.8 0.8 of of south south mile mile Freeport Freeport in

U.S. U.S.

101 101 between between south south Gilroy Gilroy of of and

the the Capital. Capital.

It It is is

designated designated as as Inter- Drive Drive north north at at the the city city

of of limit limit Stock-

route route

is is for for 24.6 24.6 of of miles miles freeway freeway for

network network in in

the the metropolitan metropolitan

area area tends tends of miles miles 32.2 32.2 from from Benjamin Benjamin

Holt

The The

adopted adopted Santa Santa Clara Clara County

ponent ponent part part a a of of proposed proposed The The way. way. freeway adopted adopted newly newly route route ex-

tion.

comment, comment, but but not not in in regard regard to to loca-

back back the the to to Commission Commission further for for

lems, lems, Womack Womack is is to to refer refer the the matter

serious serious engineering engineering financial financial and and prob-

the the Chino Chino area. area. If If this this should should involve

der der city city streets streets and and county county roads roads in

signing signing the the freeway, freeway, to to depress depress it it un-

Commission Commission urged urged Womack, Womack, in in de-

Mira Mira Loma Loma Grade Grade Separation. Separation. The

Sign Sign Route Route 71 71 at at Garet' Garet' Avenue Avenue to

route route recommended recommended by by Womack Womack from

tario tario the the Commission Commission adopted adopted the

the the area area of of Pomona, Pomona, Chino Chino and and On-

For For 13.9 13.9 the the miles miles of of freeway freeway in

had had recommended.

north north of of the the route route which which Womack

a a route route located located a a quarter quarter to to a a half half mile

as as the the "D" "D" line line through through Eagle Eagle Rock,

dale, dale, but but adopted adopted a a route route referred referred to

Womack Womack for for a a route route through through Glen-

dation dation of of State State Highway Highway Engineer

Commission Commission followed followed the the recommen-

Commission Commission

Los Los in in

Angeles. Angeles. t t

The

■1

■i ■1

m m `.

-1~

■ ■ following following a a public public hearing hearing by by the 1~

F~ "~`~~ "~`~~ a

134 134 Route Route ■I

and and the the action action

was was taken ~~ar`~l~~!!~~ ~ ~

involves involves '~~~ 6.6 6.6 miles miles of of freeway freeway on on Sign

•~rz2Z~ =Ci:]C =3~3

~CiS~~■l~1111~~ ~

The The Glendale -Eagle -Eagle Rocic Rocic adoption

~~ ~r_~ ~ to to the the

north north of of Sacramento.

'~ '~

•. . . • . ~~ . ~ ~ ~

~~iic~nr~

Jose, Jose,

and and a a beltline beltline around around route route

and

2 2 Los Los AnOe /~s

cities cities of of Gilroy, Gilroy, Morgan Morgan Hill Hill and and San

in in Santa Santa Clara Clara County County involving involving the

Pomona, Pomona, Chino Chino and and Ontario; Ontario; a a route

erside erside Counties Counties skirting skirting the the cities cities of

Los Los Angeles, Angeles, Bernardino Bernardino San San and and Riv-

Posadeno

of of Los Los Angeles Angeles County; County; route route a a in

Glendale Glendale and and the the Eagle Eagle Rock Rock section

These These included included a a through route route

Commission Commission in in March. March. February February and and c °` °FN °FN ~o,

adopted adopted by by California California the the Highway Highway ` °` °` `~ `~ ~

northern northern and and southern southern California California were were ~ ~ " " 9~~,y

IMroxz~nrrT IMroxz~nrrT freeway freeway routes routes both both in in ~ ~ „ „ s9,.

o o ~ ~ VI VI O

Locations Freeway Freeway

Approves (~ (~ Commission Commission a rea reevva s

By J. P. SINCLAIR, Assistant State Highway Engineer

"RouTES, Roads ernment and for all business and in- nology and population explosions in a ~isrizicT and Rolling dustry to plan for future growth on shrinking world community. I~ T Wheels" is not the a coordinated basis. Recently, at These considerations are not re- y title of an "adult M.I.T., scientists from 30 nations met moved from the subject at hand—the western," but a to discuss similar problems on a global vital role of freeways today. Since new 3-R twist to a basis prompted by the effects of tech- freeways are planned to meet condi- chapter heading on highway transportation in the social studies text of Cali- fornia's fourth graders. In other ele- r mentary classrooms, students are dis- cussing articles in the April 5, 1961, issue of "Junior Scholastic" magazine about the impact of change on our communities; the problems of popula- ,a tion, housing, transportation, green- ~'~t~t.~i',! .~o-c~.,~,A- ~~,cm.~ ~t/~.~i~~aaz~ r t~ belts, urban renewal and suburban de- cvn~- velopment. President Kennedy has stressed the l-i3O-ate, .!~(,f~~- ~ ✓:.,C. i need for all citizens, all levels of gov-

Looking north al construction operations at Green- brae on U.S. 701. The new off-ramp bridge connection fo San Quentin and the Richmond-$an Rafael Bridge is located right foreground. The old A letter typical of the many received from young school children requesting information on some phase of bridge is being removed at the center. the highway program for projects they are doing in class, this one from Curt Heskett of Los Altos.

~t~ ~.,g,. ~ ~~

.1-~.

~----

4 4

California California

Highways Highways and and Public Public Work

and and implementing implementing

new new comprehensive

plans plans tomorrow's tomorrow's

become become realiries funds, funds, will will provide provide 17 17 lanes lanes

through

have have responded responded by by

dusting dusting

off off

old,

for for basis basis essential. essential. planning planning is is These

contract, contract, also also financed financed by by

toll toll

bridg'~

ious ious

counties counties cities, cities,

and and groups civic civic

amination amination of of changing changing conditions conditions as as a the the

south south side side of of the the Plaza. Plaza. Toll Toll

This

community community planning. planning. In In

turn, turn, var- the the

brought brought

The The out. out. continuing continuing -ex- re

under under construction construction the the is is

widening widening

freeway freeway

aspects aspects planning planning and and

other other of

and and economic economic factors factors which which are

Francisco Francisco Bay Bay Crossings. Crossings. Toll Toll

Also

This This dramatized dramatized has has

the the between

gap gap

aesthetic, aesthetic, and and as as as as well well functional the the

ministered ministered by by the the Division Division of of

San

the the considerable considerable

impact impact freeways.

of of

considered considered

in in light light intangible

of of the the lower lower This This deck. deck. work work is is

being being

ad-

values values

has has and and focused focused attention attention

ommendations ommendations

and and design design

features features are per per deck deck eastbound eastbound with with traffic traffic

on on

the

diate diate questions questions

community

regarding regarding

dicted dicted

area area development. development.

Route Route rec- lanes lanes of of westbound westbound traffic traffic on on the the

up-

our our free`vay free`vay

system system

raised raised has has imme-

with with all all aspects aspects of of present present

and and pre- Bay Bay the the Bridge Bridge to to itself itself carry carry

five

freeways. freeways.

The The development development rapid rapid

process process that that the the freeway freeway is is intebrated

building building of of approach approach the the ramps ramps

and

maintaining maintaining

Francisco Francisco San San Bay Bay

Area

is is It It during during three three this this

five to to -year bridge bridge funds. funds. This This work work includes includes

re-

ning, ning, designing, designing,

constructing constructing

and

munity munity planners. reconstruction, reconstruction, financed financed being being by by

toll

District District

IV IV is is

charged charged with with

plan-

meetings meetings discussions discussions and and with with com- under under construction construction the the Bay Bay is is Bridge

continuing continuing a a

series series local local of of public major major The The U.S. U.S. 40 40 project project presently Freeway Freeway Impact

detailed detailed plans plans are are reviewed reviewed through nue.

To To tive. tive. procrastinate procrastinate alternative alternative routes routes means means are are chaos. presented, presented, and Cerrito Cerrito Overhead Overhead and and Jefferson Jefferson Ave-

so- young, young, because because action action volvement. volvement. is is Studies Studies impera- are are announced, landscaping landscaping the the freeway freeway between between EI

benefit benefit

from from experience; experience; a a our our ing ing maximum maximum the the community community of of not- in- and and $280,000 $280,000 has has budgeted budgeted been been for

inherit inherit

freeways freeways our our freeway freeway and, and, design design hopefully, are are directed directed at at obtain- interchange interchange and and Carquinez Carquinez Bridges,

ture; ture; the the young, young, Commission Commission because because route route for for they they selection selection will and awarded awarded for for landscaping landscaping the the Crockett

young young must must think think lished lished in in of of terms terms by by California California the the fu- the the Highway $39,000 $39,000 A A was was contract contract recently

ning. ning. The The young young and and policies policies The The the the procedures procedures and and not -so- estab- Cerrito Cerrito Overhead.

of of the the future future

is is basic basic freeway freeway to to growth growth plan- orderly orderly into into patterns. the the Distribution Distribution Structure Structure and and E]

20 20 bons bons years years hence, hence, the the best best estimate long -range -range plans plans to to channel channel explosive median median barrier barrier was was installed installed between

Crockett. Crockett. Ablocked metal metal -out -out beam

showing showing A A map map the the status status current current of of freeways freeways the the in in Area. Bay Bay installed installed were were between between Richmond Richmond and

Pablo Pablo

and and Crockett, Crockett, and and panels sign sign ~~ ~~ ~WATSf

APRIL APRIL 1961 1961

was was

added added

between between Ride Ride Road Road in in San

CR CR Z Z SANTA SANTA

•.~~

FREEWAY FREEWAY

ROUTE ROUTE ADOPTED— •..••••• •..••••• ~\ ~\ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~-

During During

functional functional 1960, 1960, planting

BUDGETED BUDGETED •~HN •~HN

1. 1.

U/pQl U/pQl IS

UNOEfl UNOEfl CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION

~ ~ FULL FULL

FREEWAYS this this of of magazine.

COMPLETED COMPLETED OA OA

SANTA SANTA CRUZ

E uuu~u uuu~u %PRESSWAYS %PRESSWAYS

~ ~

LOS LOS OATOS

peared peared

in in the the

~egend ~egend August August 1960 1960 July-

issue

~, \\ \\ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ MORGAN MORGAN MILL

count count this this of of $5,313,000 $5,313,000 project project ap- FREEWAYS

DISTRICT DISTRICT

IV and and Carlson Carlson Boulevard. Boulevard. A A detailed detailed ac-

HIGHWAYS DIVISION DIVISION

j' j' • • OF OF ~ ~ ~ ~ FOR_~RD: Oe Oe

interchanges interchanges mond mond

Avenue

at at Central Central DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT PUBLIC PUBLIC WORKS OF OF

OF OF CALIFORNIA STATE STATE 9SAN 9SAN q q JOSE

17, 17, Sign Sign Route Route in in Richmond Richmond dia- and and

nection nection to to Hoffman Hoffman Boulevard, Boulevard, State ~~~~ ~~~~ MILPITAS

BRIDGE

cluded cluded

construction construction

of of

a a direct direct con-

;~ ;~ iDUM iDUM BARTON

~ ~ • • MISSION MISSION SAN SAN

JOSE

Overhead Overhead

Jefferson Jefferson and and Avenue Avenue in- )EVILS FREMONT

SUNOL

The The last last Cerrito between between link link

El El

LEASANTON iBRID4E iBRID4E ~ ~

MATED

Oakland Oakland LIVERMORE and and Vallejo. SAN SAN 1 1

■u ■u

j~iiy~~ j~iiy~~ A~~~'~~

by by eastshore eastshore between commuters commuters 2ANC1

FREEWAY

RIDGE

NIMITZ NIMITZ

Nb Nb

undivided undivided traversed highway highway formerly formerly >EN >EN G.

FREEWAY

WARREN WARREN 4

lane, lane, the bypass bypass speed speed high high replace replace to to

WALNUT WALNUT

GREEK GREEK Q

change, change, now now provide provide a a minimum minimum six-

RAFAEL Carquinez Carquinez Crockett Crockett Bridge Bridge and and inter-

projects, projects, including including new major major the the

Completion Completion opened opened traffic. traffic. to to of of 12

.o.

Jefferson Jefferson Avenue Avenue Richmond Richmond in in was

between between El El Cerrito Cerrito Overhead Overhead and MA MA y!

n the the portion portion of of the the Eastshore Eastshore Freeway

completed completed was was

in in August, August, when

1960, 1960, __~ __~ % % ~ ~ ~ ~

6 6

0 0 ro ro 20

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ SEBASTOPOL

~~0~ ~~0~ ` ` Stataste Stataste Miles This This important important 80 of of link link Interstate Interstate

U.S. U.S. 40

Francisco Francisco —San —San Bridge Carquinez Carquinez to to

~ ~ ST. ST. HELENA

sroan sroan detail detail ~\ facet facet one one of of growth, Area Area Bay Bay

~\ ~\ N progress progress tion tion activities planning planning and and

` ` 1 The The review review following following of of construc-

growth growth

patterns.

_r _r CLOVER CLOVER DALE DALE ~- ~- \

influence influence ~ ~ which which turn turn —. in in subsequent the Toll Plaza eastbound. As a part of this $515,000 project, the eastbound toll booths are being remodeled so that all collections will be made from the driver's side.

U.S. 50—MacArthur Freeway Work is in progress on four of nine MacArthur Freeway projects and a fifth contract is expected to be advertised this summer. This section of U.S. 50 between the Distribution Structure in Oakland and Castro Valley is being constructed as an eight-lane interstate facility. The first section that can be used by traffic consists of three projects, expected to be completed in February of 1962, between the Distribution Structure and Grand Avenue. Con- struction on the first unit between the Distribution Structure and Market Street was started in February of 1960. This project, estimated to cost $3,113,- 000, includes one interchange and two undercrossings. The Adeline Street Undercrossing is nearly 1,100 feet long and spans four streets. The work is being done by C. K. Moseman and The MacArthur Freeway under construction, Looking east from above the San Pablo Avenue Underpass. ion. The second unit let to contract is from Broadway to Grand Avenue. Guy F. Atkinson is the contractor on this $4,383,000 project, which includes a modified diamond interchange with addirional connections in the vicinity of Oakland Avenue and Harrison Street. Structures are provided for the Broadway-Richmond Boulevard, Oalc- land Avenue and Chetwood Street Undercrossings. Embankment is being placed on the adjoining unit of construction between San Pablo Avenue and Webster Street. The third unit will close the gap between the projects mentioned above. Peter Kiewit Sons Company started this $4,045,000 project in August, 1960. The future directional interchange between MacArthur and Grove-Shafter freeways is included. At this time, only the substructures of the interchange spans will be constructed since the Bay Area Rapid Transit District has indicated a desire to occupy the median of the Grove- Shafter freeway and the matter is currently under discussion. However, nine additional structures are being U.S. 101 in Marin County looking souih toward San Rafael.

May-June 1961 g

6 6 Highways Highways and and California California Public Public Works

traveled traveled way way is is presently presently constructed is is standards. standards. set set dred dred aside aside for freeway freeway dollars dollars thousand thousand Traffic Traffic origin origin and

and and U.S. U.S. of of 50. 50. East East Dublin, Dublin, ley, ley, the hun- and and 0.3 0.3 future. future. Two Two near near mile mile struction struction in in of of the the south south Petaluma Petaluma ro

17), 17), Route Route 228 228 to to Castro Castro should should Val- be be under under budgeted budgeted easterly easterly con- and and between between Atherton Atherton Avenue Avenue in in Novato

Nimitz Nimitz projects projects Freeway Freeway (State (State Sign Sign Route have have Several Several been other other conversion conversion of of the the existing existing expressway

1957 1957 portions portions Dublin Dublin of of the since since via via Rafael. in in San San and and Miller Miller Rafael Rafael Creek Creek for

between between Oakland Oakland service service and enacted enacted San by by cities cities traffic traffic of of Larkspur Larkspur and and lane lane between between freeway freeway Lincoln Lincoln Avenue

freeway freeway has has been been continuous continuous in the the billboard billboard A A ordinances ordinances necessary necessary are Studies Studies are are under under tivay tivay for for an an eight-

Freitas Freitas Parkway Parkway

if tising tising and and Undercrossing Undercrossing early early in in 1962. Line County County

Joaquin 50— Castro Castro Valley Valley to to San San U.S. U.S. between between in in the the Waldo future future are are expected expected to to be be near near ready ready for for adver-

and and expected expected to to landscaping landscaping commence is is for for

an an interchange interchange at at Ignacio Ignacio Wye

article. a a detailed detailed background background

Similar

1960. 1960.

Rafael Rafael Village Village completed completed just just

in in December, December, north north of of Ignacio

contained issue issue of of this this magazine magazine 1960 1960

was

Creek Creek

to to north north Bridge Bridge of of and and Richardson Richardson Bay Bay Creek Creek Entrada Entrada

Drive Drive at

freeway. freeway. The The March 15.3 -mile -mile -April

future future

eight Madera

Corte Corte -lane -lane wood wood freeway freeway trees trees between between

from from Miller

to to date date for for this expended expended or or budgeted budgeted

Contracts Contracts numerous numerous for for red- planting planting

of of cluding cluding an an the the six initial initial -lane,

$50,000,000 $50,000,000 Approximately Approximately has has been

landscaping landscaping lane lane freeway freeway project, project, in in this this $61,700 $61,700 in- A A area.

cleared.

the the studies studies construction construction underway. of of are are Design Design the the future future Rafael. Rafael.

eight-

acquired acquired of of way way are are being being rights rights and

San minimize minimize Suello Suello traffic traffic in in and and problems problems Puerto Puerto will will tin tin Hill Hill Wye Wye during

design design stage stage an an and advanced advanced are are in in

-lanes -lanes will will between between improve improve sion sion San San drainage drainage to to Quen- eight conditions conditions

and

distance distance of of a a Castro Castro 5.2 5.2 miles, Valley, Valley,

This This of of San San Rafael. Rafael. future future completed completed expan- concerning concerning $125,000 $125,000

project

173rd 173rd Durant Durant Avenue Avenue Avenue Avenue in to to

Hearings Hearings been ~allinas ~allinas Creek Creek Richardson's Richardson's have have at at the the north north Bay. Bay. city city limits

Streets Streets and and two two Kuhnle Kuhnle units units from the the

holden holden Gate Gate and and Bridge Bridge and the the structing structing between between extending extending a a culvert culvert at

gap gap between between Buell Buell 0.8 -mile -mile and

grades 000. 000. lanes lanes The The on on same same is is uphill uphill vide vide contractor contractor additional additional recon-

December. December. advertised advertised in in

to to be be The

in in the the estimated estimated in in work, work, progress progress to to pro- studies studies to to cost cost are are $633,- planning planning

and and is is expected budget budget for for 1961 -62 -62

the the

over over St. St. Vincent's Vincent's However, is is San San Rafael. Rafael. Golden Golden Hill, Hill, Gate Gate also also to to included

Avenue Avenue has has been been included included Durant Durant

the time. time. A A north north northbound northbound from from climbing climbing freeway freeway vide vide a a six -lane -lane lane

limits limits of of

Oakland Oakland

the the east east near city city

cent's cent's this this are are pra- at at project project School School will will Completion Completion being being built built of of this

Kuhnle Kuhnle Avenue Avenue portion portion and between between

Marinwood Marinwood development development Madera Madera and and St. St. Creek. Vin-

fora fora 3.5 million million dollars dollars Eight Eight -mile

Corte lift lift span span cloverleaf cloverleaf bridge bridge across across interchange interchange of of the the old old serving serving the

project. 000 000 contract contract is is cluded cluded of of a a in in overcrossing overcrossing the the removal future future the the four - quadrant

this this constructed constructed on on being being are are $8,700,- freeway freeway The The diagonal diagonal traffic. traffic. northbound northbound ramps ramps Also Also in- and and freeway the the

19 19 requirements, requirements, major major retaining retaining walls Inc. Inc. at at Francis Francis for Drake Drake Harney, Harney, Boulevard Boulevard Sir Sir Miller Miller Creek Creek Road.

right right in in order order to to reduce reduce Again, Again, of of way tract tract ramp ramp performed performed a a bridge bridge by by being being connection connection provide provide to Charles Charles L.

a a and and pedestrian pedestrian overcrossing. tures tures separation separation pleted pleted structure structure in in September, September, which which will 1961, 1961, level level on on the the con-

S S

diamond diamond interchanges, interchanges, 1 1 traffic traffic struc- Sons Sons is is Company, Company, Construction Construction will will create create a a expected expected three to to be be com-

project project include include will will The The six six half constructed constructed by by Peter Peter being being Kiewit Civic Civic Center.

the the vicinity vicinity of of Mills Mills Street Street in in College. terchange. terchange. This This vicinity vicinity $1,152,000 $1,152,000 of of the the project ne~v ne~v Marin Marin County

between between Parlc Parlc Boulevard Boulevard and and Buell stage stage of of the the and and final final interchange interchange Greenbrae Greenbrae at at San San Pedro Pedro In- Road Road in in the

is is miles miles in in The The fifth fifth unit unit three three length in in August, August, 1961, 1961, on on pleted pleted the the third roads roads Parkway, Parkway, frontage frontage and and a a partial

requirements. Construction Construction is is expected expected Interchange Interchange to to be be com- at at Linda Linda Freitas Manuel Manuel

to to right right contract contract reduce reduce the the of of way

project project Terra was was the the trumpet -type -type U.S. U.S. Gate Gate Bridge Bridge 101 — Golden Golden fo fo San San Rafael

major major retaining retaining walls walls are are included included in Included Included Company. Company. $1,076,000 in in this this

Lagunitas Lagunitas Avenue. Avenue. of of Dublin Dublin and and way way between between cinity cinity Greenville. Eleven Construction and and Watson Watson rickson rickson

a a stairway stairway is is provided provided itial itial six and and -lane, -lane, in in ultimate ultimate eight the the -lane -lane free- vi- Fred- was was Road. Road. The The work work done done by by

Van Van ment ment and and of of built built the the at at existing existing Buren Buren Santa Santa expressway expressway Clara to to in- Road Road and and Pedro San San Lucas Lucas Valley Valley

Pedestrian Pedestrian advanced advanced overcrossings overcrossings are are more more are are for for the the being develop- between in in January, January, 1961, 1961, completed completed

Boulevard Boulevard west west and and yon yon Park Park Road Road Arthur Arthur and and of of Dublin. Dublin. Studies Boulevard. was to to a a six -lane -lane freeway freeway expressway expressway

Lakeshore Lakeshore 6.8 6.8 mile mile portion portion between between Park, Park, Lake Lake Paxk, Paxk, Crow Crow Can- Mac- section section of of U.S. U.S. 101 101 from from this this an vert vert

Separation Separation structures structures to to freeway freeway are are widening widening eight eight provided provided lanes lanes for for a at of of many many The The first first projects projects to to con-

Design Design

awarded awarded studies studies this this are are contract contract in in in in March, March, progress progress 1961. for

U.S. U.S. —San —San

fo fo Petaluma

101 Rafael Rafael

$83,400. Kiewit Kiewit Sons Sons of of Peter Peter Company Company was

this this of of pleted pleted included included in in February February in in 1960 1960 $5,000,000 $5,000,000 at at a a cost contract. the the bridge.

The The diamond diamond latter latter project project at at Park Park Freeway. Freeway. half half was was Boulevard, Boulevard, of com- ening ening are spans spans the the northerly northerly approach approach

Valley Valley and and Street Street in in Castro Castro Avenue Avenue and and the the Grand Grand Lakeshore, Lakeshore, Nimitz and and and and wid- a District's District's for for Highway Highway plans plans

project project diamond diamond a a landscaping landscaping the the fied fied split split between between in in vicinity vicinity Center nated nated of Bridge to to meet meet the the Golden Golden Gate Gate

Two Two and and interchanges, interchanges, 1.7 1.7 grading grading miles. miles. to to minor minor a a resurfacing, resurfacing, and modi- bridge bridge coordi- and and the the is is work work being being

a a have have Boulevard Boulevard been been relatively relatively in in Oakland, Oakland, slight, slight, area area limited distance distance ening ening of the the the Marin Marin approach approach to to

freeway freeway from from activities activities Grand Grand Avenue Avenue Construction Construction this to to within within Park thousand thousand dollars dollars is is wid- budgeted budgeted for for

The The fourth fourth contract contract will will at at grade. extend extend the Bridge. Bridge. -five One One hundred hundred seventy

ramps. access access but but with with and and trolled trolled intersections Vista Vista Point Point Gate north north of of the the Golden Golden

provided provided for for standards standards of of expressway expressway separation separation city city to to with with streets con- grading, grading, the paving paving and and landscaping landscaping destination surveys are now being evaluated for the unit between the Ignacio Wye interchange and Ather- ton Avenue in Novato. About 1,000 trees, mostly redwoods, are being planted as part of a $62,000 landscaping project on the completed freeway in the vicinity of Washington Avenue inn Petaluma.

U.S. 101—Petaluma to Mendocino County Line By 1957, an 18.5 mile section of freeway was completed from south of Petaluma to the southerly city limits of Santa Rosa. Within the City of Santa Rosa the existing expressway has been in use for many years. Studies for the conversion of this facility to an initial four-lane, future six-lane full freeway are well along and rights of way are now being appraised and acquired. Appraised 16 miles of freeway from the north city limits of Santa Rosa to Lytton will be in use with the completion of two contracts next year. buy F. Atkinson Company is the contractor on a $4,386,000 project between Mendocino Avenue in Santa U.S. 701 south of the Healdsburg Bypass, looking southward, showing consfrucfion now under way. Rosa and Grant Creek. Five interchanges will be constructed between Santa Rosa and Windsor, and grading will be done between Windsor and Grant Creek. The second contract includes paving the graded portion between Windsor and Grant Creek and the construction of frontage roads and interchanges at Windsor and Grant Street. Ball and Simpson is the contractor on this $3,110,000 project. North of the present construction, the Healdsburg Bypass has been completed to Lytton. Guy F. Atkinson Company was the contractor on this $2,354,000 unit which was opened to traffic last December. The route north of Lytton to the county line has been adopted. An initial four-lane, ultimate six-lane freeway is being planned for this 18 %Z miles.

U.S. 701 (Bypass)—San Francisco to Palo Alto (Bayshore Freeway) Although 26 miles of continuous six-lane freeway has been in use between San Francisco and Palo Alto for several years, the congestion resulting from heavy peak hour traffic dictates further improvements. The The Healdsburg Bypass with fhe new twin bridges across the Russian River ,foreground).

May-June 1961 7 first of these, a widening project in trees, shrubs and ground cover on the The six-lane facility was extended the vicinity of San Franicsco Inter- approaches to structures. A similar southerly from the San Mateo County national Airport, was completed in project was completed in July of last Line to Stierlin Road in Mountain April, 1961. year between Harbor Boulevard in View in May of last year. Inter- A fourth lane in each direction was Redwood City and University Av- changes were provided at Embarca- added between Broadway in Burlin- enue in Menlo Park. Cost of this plant- dero, San Antonio and Middlefield game and San Bruno Avenue in San ing was approximately $194,000. An- Roads on this 4.4 mile, $3,391,000 Bruno. The added northbound lane other $150,000 has been budgeted for project constructed by L. C. Smith begins at Peninsular Avenue. At the landscaping the section between and Concar Ranch and Enterprises. Millbrae Avenue interchange, a di- Spruce Avenue in Redwood City and During 1958 and 1959, interchanges rect right-turn connection to the University Avenue. were completed at Moffett Boulevard southbound freeway was added and A $41,000 contract for the installa- and at the intersection of U.S. 101 remaining ramp outlets were im- tion of cable-chain link median bar- (Bypass) and State Sign Route 9 be- proved. L. C. Smith Company was the rier was completed in December (Mountain View-Alviso Road). A Francisco contractor for this $1,662,000 project t~~een Third Street in San contract connecting these inter- Further which included installation of a double and Sierra Point Overhead. changes and extending the freeway barrier now being blocked-out metal beam barrier be- extension of the southerly to Fair Oaks Avenue is cur- miles of cable- tween opposing traffic lanes through planned will provide 17 rently in progress. Interchanges are median barrier from Sierra interchange areas. chain-link being constructed at Reingstorff Ave- Point to the Redwood Creek Bridge The widening has provided con- nue, Stierlin Road, Ellis Street, Ma- in Redwood City. siderable traffic relief in the vicinity of thilda and North Mathilda Avenues. San Francisco International Airport U.S. 101 (Bypass)—Palo Alfo to San Jose The work, being performed by L. C. and a reduction in travel time between (Bayshore Freeway) Smith and Concar Ranch and Enter- Peninsula communities and San Fran- Two contracts in Santa Clara prises, includes construction of a free- cisco. County are expected to be completed way section on State Sign Route 9 Also under way is a landscaping in December, 1961, climaxing several from Bayshore Freeway to 0.2 mile project between 16th Avenue in San years of intensive construction effort east of Borregas Avenue. Approximately to provide a continuous freeway from Mateo and San Carlos. Other features of this $4,518,000 being expended to provide San Jose to San Francisco. X71,300 is contract are the improvement of e~sting channel facilities of the Santa Clara County Flood Control District and realignment and channel widening on Guadalupe River at the southerly end of the project. The cooperarive project for the channel improvements provided a source of material for the freeway with channel right of way being furnished by the Flood Control District. Allen M. Campbell Co. is constructing the last section of Bayshore Free- way in this area. This 6.1 mike contract provides afour-lane freeway between Brokaw Road and the future Guadalupe Parkway and six lanes from there to Morse Avenue where it joins the section menrioned above. This work, costing approximately $5,- 670,000, provides cloverleaf interchanges at Fair Oaks Boulevard, Law- rence Station Road, San Tomas Aquinas Boulevard and De La Crnz Boulevard. Southerly of this portion, a contract was completed last May between Bro- kaw Road and Taylor Street in San Jose. Included in this $4,317,000 project was the extension of State Sign The Bayshore Freeway (looking south) near the International Airport where a fourth lane in each direction Street has recently been completed. Route 17 as a freeway to First

g California Highways and Public Works in San Jose. Thirteen structures were built including those within the cloverleaf interchange at the intersections of Nimitz, Sign Route 17 and Bay- shore Freeways. Interchanges were also provided at North First Street, existing Sign Route 17 and old Bay- shore highway. These projects were discussed in detail in an article on San Jose Freeways in the July-August 1960 issue of this magazine. Approximately 5,000 shrubs, 400 trees and ground co~~er were planted by Rudolph Watson between Coyote Creek and Santa Clara Street in San Jose at a cost of $65,000. Funds in the amount of X300,000 have been budgeted for extending landscaping north on I3ayshore to 13roka~v Road and for planting on I~Timitz and Sign Route 17 Free«~ays between Bascom Avenue and old Bayshore Highway.

U.S. 101 (Bypass)—San Jose fo U.S. 107 of Ford Road (Bayshore Freeway) An e~press~vav has been in operation within these limits since 1947. De- sign studies are no~v under way for conversion to an ultimate eight-lane An aerial view of a capacity crowd of fhe San Francisco Giants' Candlestick Park, with the over-wafer freeway. Public meetings have been section of the Bayshore Freeway curving south around Sierra Point toward South San Francisco and the held and a freeway agreement has Peninsula communities. been executed with the City of San Jose for that portion of the highway Work is in progress on repairing construction of direct interchange within the city limits. Agreements the expansion joint metal plates on connections to the Southern Freeway with the county covering other por- the Marina Viaduct approaches to the at Alemany Boulevard. Although part tions are pending. Golden Gate Bridge. This $160,000 of U.S. 101 from the Division Street Funds in the amount of $850,000 are contract is being performed by the Distribution facilities to the Southern budgeted for grading, paving and Independent Iron Works. Bids were Freeway, James Lick Memorial Free- structures at Tully Road. This project opened April 26 for resurfacing Van way extends from the San Francisco- will provide a full four quadrant clo- Ness Avenue (U.S. 101) between Oakland Bay Bridge to the San Mateo verleaf interchange with collector Lombard Street and Golden Gate Av- County Line and is used by 150,000 roads and is expected to be advertised enue estimated to cost approximately vehicles a day. this summer. Another project will add $150,000. Minor projects completed during facilities for turning movements at the Central Freeway the past year included resurfacing and McKee Road interchange constructed Two units of the Central Freeway reconstruction of curbs and gutters in in 1957. have been open to traffic between the vicinity of Alemany Rotary inter- James Lick Freeway and the vicinity change at a cost of approximately U.S. 101 in San Francisco of the Civic Center since April, 1959. $20,600. A blocked-out metal beam Within San Francisco, U.S. 101 This past year, approximately 750 median barrier was installed between traverses city streets, the Central eucalyptus trees, 3,000 shrubs and 38,- Army Street and Third Street in two Freeway and portions of the James 000 ivy plants were set out between contracts at a total cost of approxi- Lick A7emorial and Southern Free- Valencia and Turk Streets by A. S. mately X100,000. An $11,700 land- ways. Construction and design ac- Brown Landscaping Co. under a ~72,- scaping project between the 18th tivities, elcept for landscaping and 300 contract. Street and 22nd Street pedestrian minor projects, are confined at pres- overcrossings was also completed. ent to the Southern Freeway. Plan- James Lick Memorial Freeway A project will soon be advertised ning studies are currently under way Work on this six and eight-lane for functional planting along a 1.35 by the City for reappraisal of the freeway in the past few years has con- mile section of James Lick Frce~vay ultimate freeway system in San Fran- sisted of landscaping, erosion control, between Paul Avenue Undercrossing cisco. installation of median barriers and the and Powhatan Avenue just north of

May-June 1961 9 the Southern Freeway Interchange, for an estimated cost of $89,500.

Southern Freeway The Southern Freeway extends westerly from the James Lick Memo- rial Freeway to a proposed connection with the future Junipero Serra Freeway in Daly City and forms a part of U.S. 101 to San Jose Avenue. The first unit was opened to traffic in July, 1960, when Guy F. Atkinson Co. completed a $7,565,000 interchange project at James Lick Free- way. Direct connections are provided. for all turning movements and pro- vision has been made for future freeway extension east and northerly to the Embarcadero Freewa}~. This contract, financed partly with $1,450,000 Looking south along the Bayshore Freew-ay through San Jose. of city funds, included reconstruction of Bayshore Boulevard. The Highway Commission has under consideration a proposed routing fox a future connection with the Embarcadero Freeway. The second unit between Milton Street and the completed interchange, is being constructed by Charles L. Harney, Inc., with $4,273,000 allotted for providing 1.1 miles of six-lane, future eight-lane, freeway and structures to carry Alemany Boulevard traffic over the freeway in the vicinity of Gaven and Condon Streets. Mission Street and Justin Drive traffic will also be carried over the freeway. A temporary structure has been built to detour Mission Street trafFic during Looking south toward San Jose from above fhe Bayshore Freeway under construction. construction and the city is participat- ing in the cost of relocating a major sewer within the limits of the contract. Funds have been budgeted for two additional units of the Southern Free- way and design studies are under way. A one and three-tenths mile, $6,000,- 000, project between Ocean Avenue and Mission Street will be advertised this summer. It is expected that the 1.8 mile section between Orizaba Av- enue and Ocean Avenue, estimated to cost $4,600,000, will be ready for contract early next year. Funds have been budgeted for a $188,300 landscaping project between Boylston Street and the James Lick Freeway and studies are in progress for additional landscaping. Bayshore Freeway construction in the Mountain Vlew area with Moffett Field indicated (left foreground). Works 10 California Highways and Public U.S. 101—EI Camino Real—San Francisco U.S. 101—EI Camino Real—Ford Road fo mile section from Madrone Underpass to Ford Rond San Benito County Line in Morgan Hill to Coyote. Minor traffic signal, channelization, The route was adopted after Com- Since 1951, afour-lane divided ex- resurfacing and widening projects mission Hearing in February 1961, for pressway has been in operation south were completed during the past year an ultimate eight-lane freeway be- of Gilroy to the Pajaro River at the at numerous locations along this ar- tween Ford Road at the junction of San Benito County line. terial which links Peninsula communi- Bayshore and El Camino Real and ties. Approximately $191,000 was ex- Thomas Road south of Gilroy. This Embarcadero Freeway pended on eigh"t projects which were proposed 25-mile facility will be lo- The double-deck Embarcadero via- financed in cooperation with the cities cated east of existing U.S. 101. duct has been in service for two years concerned. Minor interim projects are being from the Bay Bridge approaches A 1.2 mile contract in Daly City constructed within these limits. Dur- around San Francisco's financial dis- was typical. Appro~umately $94,500 ing the past year, $25,000 was ex- trict to Broadway. Design studies are vas expended to remove the old pended to provide left turn lanes at under way for access ramps to Clay street car tracks on Mission Street, Church Street and Burnett Avenue in and Washington Streets at an esti- construct a median island and install Morgan Hill. Funds in the amount of mated cost of $1,470,000. Construction traffic signals. Daly City contributed $220,000 have been budgeted for re- is to be correlated with widening of approximately $7,400 and the City of surfacing and reconstructing an eight- the city streets in order to properly San Francisco $12,600 for this work. Portions of El Camino Real have previously been widened to six lanes with a median separation and funds have been budgeted for two additional projects. The City of Millbrae is contributing $140,000 as its share of a $385,000 project between Taylor Boulevard in Millbrae and Santa Helena Avenue in San Bruno. A 2.7 mile portion between Matadero Creek and University Avenue in Palo Alto will be widened to six lanes by a $1,330,000 project to which the City will contribute $440,000. Both of these projects will be advertised in the near future. Design studies are under way for widening the portion northerly froze Millwood Drive in San Bruno to Old Mission Road in Colma. Public meetings have been held and plans established for widening 13.7 miles between Matadero Creek in Palo Alto and State Sign Route 17 in San Jose. Aerial photographs have been received for planning studies for an interchange at Page Mill Road in Palo Alto. Interchange studies have also been made at San Antonio Road in Mountain View. Construction of interchanges at the major crossings of U.S. 101 is contingent on substantial participation by local agencies. Plans are being prepared for widening of the remaining three-lane section between Tully Road and Ford Road to a four-lane divided arterial. This five miles is the last remaining section of three-lane highway on U.S. 101 between San Francisco and Gilroy. A fronfoge road beside the James Lick (Bayshore) Freeway in San Francisco showing ivy ground cover on slopes and shrubbery planfing (left) to screen freeway lanes.

May-June 1961 11

13 13

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

which which received received considerable considerable attention 17 17 connect connect Route Route Sign Sign with with at at Moor- Cruz Cruz and and San San Francisco.

under under

the the viaduct. viaduct.

Another Another project,

Peninsula Peninsula Francisco Francisco the the San San from from State State to Sign Sign Route Route between between 1 1

Santa

and and

landscaping landscaping

have have

added been been

Interstate Interstate on on quired quired this this route route down in in 1928 1928 for for the the

of of purpose purpose

building

During During the the past past year, year, lots parking parking

and and -of made made -way -way

are are rights being being

ac-

District District 9 9 No. No. was was which which established

sion sion of of

the the

Legislature.

Detailed Detailed design design

studies studies are are being complete complete the the of of work work Joint Joint Highway

added added to to the the system system

1959 1959 by by the the

ses-

(IntersTate (IntersTate 280)

Whitehouse Whitehouse These These Creek. Creek.

projects

included included in in State State Highway Highway 2~3 Route Route

Junipero Junipero Serra Serra Freeway

near near Santa Santa

the the Cruz Cruz line line County County

and Embarcadero Embarcadero Freeway Freeway extensions extensions are

structed structed between between New New Years Years Creek accordance accordance with with south south city city law. limits. limits. state state The The Southern Southern and

the the A A similar similar rights rights $393,000 $393,000 of of project project to to was was nue nue way way the the project project the the for for con- Bayshore Bayshore in Freeway Freeway near near the

the the City City of of San San Freeway Freeway Francisco Francisco is is acquiring• extending extending from from Evans Evans distance distance Ave- problems.

to to cost cost $5,500,000 $5,500,000 approaumately approaumately progress progress also also in in and the the for for Hunters Hunters areas areas in in Point where where the the terrain terrain creates creates sight

nue. nue. This This 0.7 0.7 at at mile mile Evans Evans is is section section estimated Avenue. Avenue. Planning Planning studies studies expressway expressway are was was provided provided for for passing

barcadero barcadero Freeway Freeway the the near near and and Oakdale Oakdale Southern Southern Ave- Freeway Freeway extension miles miles of of south south Davenport. Davenport. Four -lane

Freeway Freeway to to meet meet proposed proposed Freeway Freeway the the dero dero Em- between between Howard Howard pressway pressway Street from from Wilder Wilder Creek Creek to to 4.0

easterly easterly from from James James southerly southerly Lick Lick extension extension Memorial of of the the Embarca- way way 1.7 1.7 and and miles miles of of four -lane -lane ex-

tending tending of of the the Southern Southern cisco cisco Board Board Freeway of of Supervisors Supervisors for for the pended pended 1.5 1.5 for for of of miles miles -lane -lane two road-

Funds Funds have have been been budgeted budgeted ing ing for for recommended recommended ex- by by the the San San Fran- way way 9. 9. District District $844,000 $844,000 No. No. was was ex-

sion sion has has under under consideration consideration the the rout- and and parking parking San San Francisco Francisco for for 60 60 vehicles. Joint Joint under under High-

The The California California Highway Highway Commis- counties counties provides provides pedestrian pedestrian Santa Santa of of Cruz, Cruz, strolling strolling San San areas areas Mateo and

now now ect ect in in progress. financed financed Embarcadero Embarcadero of of the the by by the the State State the the Freeway Freeway and and three which

Gateway Gateway Golden Golden Redevelopment Redevelopment pleted pleted proj- in in completed completed January January during during on on the the year, year, the the upper upper past past jointly deck

handle handle the the ramp ramp traffic traffic as as part part a a of of was was the several several $25,400 $25,400 the the viewing viewing years. years. such such Two Two projects projects com- area area were

pressway pressway has has been been progress progress in in for

two two of of of of a a lanes lanes future future four -lane -lane traffic traffic lanes lanes on on ex- freeway. the the

scaped scaped

with with Scotch Scotch

broom broom and and ivy ivy ground ground cover. cover. Blocked Blocked Qut Qut metal metal guard guard

beam beam rail rail divides divides opposing North North of of

Santa Santa

Cruz, Cruz,

construction

the the of of -level -level interchange interchange Three the the for for Southern Southern Freeway Freeway The The crossing. crossing. interchange interchange

has has

area area

been been land-

The The Silver Silver and and Avenue Avenue 17th 17th ofFramp ofFramp Avenue. beside beside the the James James Lick Lick (Bayshore) (Bayshore) Freeway Freeway Francisco, Francisco, in in San San looking looking northeast

age age between between road road South South Rodeo Rodeo Gulch

41st 41st Avenue Avenue Interchange Interchange a a and and front-

way. way. It It includes includes construction construction of of the

Junction Junction Santa Santa and and Cruz Cruz to to full full free-

expressway expressway existing existing between between Rob Rob Roy

of of a a series series projects projects of of to to convert convert the

under under L. L. way way C. C. by by Smith Smith the the first on on

A A $612,000 $612,000 contract contract at at Caoitola Caoitola is

summer.

this this project project are are scheduled scheduled for for this

of of south south Aptos. Aptos. PuUlic PuUlic hearings hearings on

Watsonville Watsonville and and Rob Rob Junction Roy Roy

ultimate ultimate -lane -lane six freeway freeway between

pleted pleted for for 5.2 5.2 miles miles of of initial initial four -lane,

Planning Planning studies studies been been have have com-

WaTsonville WaTsonville to to San San Francisco

Cabrillo Cabrillo Highway Highway Roufe Roufe (Sign (Sign 1)—

Route Route Sign Sign 17.

portion portion between between Woodside Woodside Road Road and

constructed constructed initially initially on on the the remaining

lanes lanes will will be be built. built. Six Six will will lanes lanes be

Woodside Woodside Road Road Atherton, Atherton, near near eight

Daly Daly From From City. City. Eastmoor Eastmoor to Avenue Avenue

Francisco Francisco and and Eastmoor Eastmoor Avenue Avenue in

tween tween Alemany Alemany Boulevard Boulevard in in San

Eight Eight lanes lanes will will be be constructed constructed be-

shore shore _ _ in in San San Jose.

680 680 state state (Nimitz (Nimitz Freeway) Freeway) at at Bay-

follows follows Sign Sign 17 17 Route Route to to join join Inter-

47 47 miles miles of of freeway. freeway. Interstate Interstate 280

projects projects are are planned planned to to complete complete this

park park in in Avenue Avenue San. San. Jose. Jose. Fourteen Funds in the amount of $550,000 Jose to a connection with the future south of Homestead Road in Cuper- have been budgeted for an inirial two- Hunters Point Freeway in San Fran- tino and El Camino Real in Sunnyvale. lane replacement of the Tunitas Creek cisco. The remaining 2.4 mile portion be- Bridge and approaches. Design is Approlrimately one and one half tween El Camino Real and Bayshore complete and rights-of-way are being nines of the route across Brewer's Freeway is being designed on an initial purchased for a future six-lane ex- Island at the westerly end of the San four-lane, ultimate six-lane basis. pansion. Mateo-Hayward Bridge has been An interim four lane arterial project Two hundred ten thousand dollars adopted and geometric studies for the on State Sign Route 9 along the pres- is budgeted for resurfacing portions future interchange at the intersecrion ent Mathilda Avenue routing was of the 37 miles between Davenport with State Route 105 are under way. completed in November from the and Princeton, south of Half Moon Bay. Design studies are under way to provide afour-lane, ultimate six-lane facility from Half Moon Bay Airport to Skyline Boulevard in Daly City and thence to a junction with Junipero Serra Freeway. Included in this section is the conversion of the existing four-lane expressway between Manor Drive in Pacifica and Skyline Boule- vard to a six-lane freeway and a relocation around the Devil's Slide area between Montara and Pacificia for which the freeway routing was established last December.

State Sign Route 1 —North of San Francisco Planning studies for relocation of Sign Route 1 between Manzanita at Richardson Bay, four miles north of Golden Gate Bridge, and Olema, were presented at public meetings. Further consideration of the route has been postponed pending legislative deter- minations regarding scenic highways. Work performed during the past several years has consisted of reconstructing roadways and improving drainage facilities. Two such projects were completed in the last year. Nearly $100,000 was expended between Muir Beach and 5.3 miles south of Olema and $172,000 was spent to reconstruct and resurface portions of Consfrucfion on State Sign Roufe 1 6eiween Whife House and New Year's Creek in San Mateo Counfy. the existing two-lane highway between the Marin County Line and This section was established in order Southern Pacific Railroad east of El Bodega Bay. Construction has started to enable planning to proceed in con- Camino Real to an interchange at Bay- on a $150,000 contract for grading nection with development of Brewer's shore Freeway in Sunnyvale. The cost and paving a 0.5 mile section north of Island as a planned community. of constructing two additional lanes Jenner. A 1.6 mile project to perform and installing signals and lighting was similar work north of Fort Ross has Stevens Creek Freeway $195,000. This section, for which the been planned. Design studies are in progress for city purchased rights-of-way, will be the new Stevens Creek Freeway be- relinquished to the city when the Bay Front Freeway tween the Junipero Serra Freeway Stevens Creek freeway is completed. Designated by the 1959 Legislature and Bayshore Freeway near Mountain The California Highway Commis- as State Highway Route 289, this View. The first unit will be a four- sion has authorized development of the route will be located east of the Bay- lane section 3.1 miles in length be- e~usting State Sign Route 9 to a four shore Freeway, extending from San tween the Junipero Serra Freeway lane arterial between Azule north of

May-June 1961 13 Saratoga and El Camino Real in Sun- completed during the past year on this with a portion of SSR17 and inter- nyvale. The County of Santa Clara route linking the Bay Area communi- changes constructed as a part of the will purchase the rights-of-way for ties with the recreation areas in and Bayshore Freeway project through this cooperative interim project. near Santa Cruz. Immediately north San Jose, completed the freeway from of Santa Cruz, a 3.3 mile section of Los Gatos to Oakland in June, 1960. Skyline Boulevard four-lane expresswav to Carbonera These and related projects in the San State Sign Route 5 is a scenic, con- Creek near Glen Canyon Road was Jose area ~~ere described in detail in ventional two-lane highway following constructed by Frederickson and Wat- the July-August 1960 issue of Cctli- of the coastal range between the crest son Construction Co. Interchange fornia Highways and Public Works. San Francisco and Sign Route 17 south facilities were constructed at Pasa- Landscaping between Roberts Road of Los Gatos. tiempo and frontage roads were pro- in Los Gatos and Bascom Avenue in Ralston Avenue to North from vided on this $1,650,000 contract. San Jose was completed at a cost of San Bruno, Crystal Springs Road in From Glen Canyon Road, the ex- $79,000. Approximately 2,300 red- part the route will be developed as a pressway is being extended northward woods, 1,000 shrubs and over 100,000 Freeway. De- of the Junipero Serra three miles on new alignment at a cost ivy plants were planted by Shawn Co. are under ~vay fora $4,- sign studies of $1,288,000. This contract includes Another landscaping project, at Sara- free- 9>0,000 four-lane, future six-lane interchanges at Granite Creek and toga Avenue Interchange in Los Crystal Springs Road way between Glen Canyon and an overcrossing at Gatos, included redwood trees and Highway (Sign Route 1) and Cabrillo Scott's Valley. The existing three-lane approximately 8,000 shrubs planted by An expressway has been in Daly City. highway through Scott's Valley will Rudolph Watson at a cost of $19,000. Cabrillo Highway to in service from continue to serve local traffic. Other completed contracts included Boulevard in San Francisco since Sloat A two and one-half mile section of paving portions of old Sign Route 17 1956. four-lane freeway was constructed be- between Bascom Avenue and Bay- Sign Route 77—SanTa Cruz to San Jose tween Bascom Avenue and North shore Freeway and a $226,000 recon- Three major construction projects Fourth Street in San Jose at a cost of struction and resurfacing project be- and several landscaping contracts were $3,212,000. This contract, together tween the Santa Cruz-Santa Clara

Looking north along State Sign Route 17 near Santa Cruz.

lq, California Highways and Public Works County line and 0.7 mile south of stallation on U.S. 40 north from the lane, ultimate six-lane freeway will be Black Road. Traffic signs, highway Distribution Structure to the El Cer- ready for advertising late this year. lighting and ramp widening and chan- rito Overhead. An aerial mapping contract is now nelization are being constructed at the Other projects completed were the in progress on the 7.6 mile, portion intersection of the freeway off-ramp planting of eucalyptus trees and between Scott's Corner and Dublin. with Camden Avenue in Campbell. shrubs on a $53,800 landscaping proj- On the portion between Danville and The City of Campbell is contributing ect between Linden Street and Fifth Walnut Creek, plans fora $13,500,000, $11,700 to this $56,700 project. Avenue Overhead in Oakland and the 6.4 mile project will be completed this Two hundred thousand dollars has placing of sidewalk railing fences on year. Contra Costa County is sched- been budgeted for another landscap- the First Avenue, Washington Avenue uled to contribute $500,000 towards ing project between Bascom Avenue and Hacienda Avenue Overcrossings. improvement of county roads feeding and Bayshore Freeway. An additional $120,000 has been this four lane facility. On the remain- budgeted for landscaping 2.3 miles ing 7.2 mile portion between Dublin Nimitz Freeway (Sign Route 17)— between Central Avenue and Thorn- and Danville, the route has been San Jose to Oakland ton Avenue in Fremont. adopted and design is well advanced. Although a continuous freeway has In the vicinity of ti~alnut Creek, been in service since 1958, additional Sign Route 17—U.5. 40 to U.S. 701 4.2 miles of four-lane and six-lane fa- lanes, interchange and separation facil- North of the Distribution Structure cility were constructed between Rud- ities, and median barriers are being in Oakland to El Cerrito Overhead in gear Road and the junction with Sign added. Richmond, the route is part of U.S. Route 24 near Oakland Boulevard. Funds in the amount of $4,800,000 40 and work on this portion is dis- This $8,552,000 contract was written have been budgeted for adding two cussed fully in the U.S. 40 section of up in the May-June 1960 issue of lanes to the existing six-lane section this article. Although not yet pro- California Highways and Public between Hegenberger Road and Fal- grammed for construction, a $15,300,- Works. lon Street in Oakland. Median bar- 000 project is under design study to A low bid of $3,735,293 was sub- riers, ramp revisions and the widening provide 6.2 miles of six-lane freeway mitted on April 12 on a 4.2 mile, $4,- of overhead structures are included in between El Cerrito Overhead and 410,000 project for construction of an this project, and the present left hand Marine Street in Richmond„ near the initial four, ultimate six-lane freeway take-off at 42nd Avenue will be re- easterly approach to the Richmond- from the new junction of Sign Route placed by a right hand take-off. San Rafael Bridge. 24 near Willow Pass Road at Concord Design is under way for extending The westerly portion of the route, to the Arnold Industrial Highway the eight-laning from Hegenberger developed to freeway standards, has north of Pacheco. Road to the junction with Route 228 been open to traffic between the The project between the finished in San Leandro and for widening to bridge and U.S. 101 in San Rafael freeway at Monument Road and north six lanes from Route 228 to Jackson since 1959. of Concord Avenue is discussed in the Street in Hayward. Studies are also During the past year, two channel- next section of this article. in progress for converting separations ization projects were completed with Peter Kiewit Sons Co. is construct- to interchanges at Hacienda Avenue a combined cost of $96,000 in Rich- ing the approach to the Benicia-1~~Iar- in Hayward and Stevenson Boulevard mond to allow efficient use of the ex- tinez Bridge from State Sign Route 4. in Fremont and for expansion of the isting facilities pending development Three interchanges and two major existing First Avenue Interchange to to freeway standards. railroad separations are included in a full cloverleaf this 3.9 mile $5,131,500 project. This The City of San Leandro cantrib- Sign Route 21 (Intersfafe 680) project, with a connection to Escobar Warm Springs to Martinez uted $138,000 for the purchase of Street in Martinez, and the $14,240,- Although a part of Interstate Route rights-of-way and for construction of 000 bridge now under construction, C>80 utilizes State Sign Route be- approaches to the Floresta Boulevard 17 are being financed from revenue bonds tween San Overcrossing which was completed in Jose and Warm Springs, authorized by the Legislature in 1952. March of this year. Total project cost State Sign Route 21 comprises the ma- Also under way is a landscaping was $276,000. Acable-chain link bar- jor portion of this route connecting project at the junction of Sign Routes rier vas constructed between Wash- the East Bay communities between 21 and 24 in the vicinity of Walnut ington Avenue in San Leandro and San Jose and the Benicia-Martinez Creek, on which $350,000 is being 98th Avenue in Oakland, and Bridge. blocked- expended to plant 7,600 cedar, euca- out metal beam guard rail was con- The route has been adopted between lyptus, pine, elm and redwood trees structed between 98th Avenue and Warm Springs and U.S. 50 near Dub- and a ground cover of 68,000 peri- High Street on a $206,000 contract. lin and design studies are in progress. ~~inkle plants. Blocked-out metal beam barrier was A 5.5 mile, $6,200,000 project betwreen also installed between Fallon Street Mission San Jose and Scott's Corner at Sign Route 24—Oakland to SacramenTo and the Cypress Street Viaduct in Sunol, presently budgeted, `will sub- County Line Oakland as a part of a $290,000 proj- stantially reduce the grade rate over Sign Route 24 begins at Ashby Ave- ect which also included a similar in- Mission Pass. This project fora four- nue Interchange on the Eastshore

May-June 1961 15

16 16

California California Highways Highways Public Public and and Works

Costa Costa

Contra Contra Adopted Adopted County. County.

indicated indicated is is routing routing dotted dotted by by the the white white line.

velopment velopment of of this this

route route

between between

Half

Village, Village, Ramon Ramon San San

from from

north north above above looking looking Boulevard Boulevard Dublin Dublin along along Sign Sign State State existing existing 21 21 Route Route in

The The first first contract contract freeway freeway for for de-

Counfies

Route Route 705 —San —San Mateo Mateo and and Alameda

Route Route 4.

tween tween Concord Concord Avenue Avenue and and Sign

under under way way 3.5 3.5 for for mile mile the the portion portion be-

be be can can completed. completed. studies studies Design Design are

Bay Bay East East Municipal Municipal Utilities Utilities District

cation cation the the of of Molcelumne Molcelumne of of lines lines the

advertising advertising as as soon soon aqueduct aqueduct as as relo-

freeway freeway are are complete complete and and ready ready for

Avenue. Avenue. Plans Plans for for this this four initial initial -lane

ing ing on on Sign Sign Route Route 24 24 to to Concord

Benicia Benicia Bridge Bridge and and will will include include grad-

Walnut Walnut Creek Creek the the and and Martinez-

adopted adopted The The gap gap route route in in generally generally the the which which Interstate Interstate follows follows the the highway highway indicated indicated existing existing the the is is dofited dofited Routing Routing 6y 6y white white between line.

northward northward Looking Looking

along along from from Route Route Sign Sign the the 21 21 Alameda-

Costa Costa Confra Confra line line County County

Danville. toward toward

section section at at Monument Monument Road Road will will fill fill the

freeway freeway extension extension the the from from completed

of of North North Walnut Walnut Creels, Creels, a a 2 2 mile

pleted pleted freeway freeway at at Orinda.

tal tal of of Caldecott Caldecott Tunnel Tunnel to to the the com-

eight eight lane lane freeway freeway from from east east the the por-

tised tised this this fall fall to to construct construct miles miles 2 2 of

$7,500,000 $7,500,000 A A project project will will be be adver-

operations operations during during off off peak peak hours.

peak peak traffic traffic and and facilitate facilitate maintenance

to to accommodate accommodate morning morning and and evening

the the center center will will bore bore provide provide four four lanes

Alternating Alternating the the direction direction of of travel travel in

pected pected the the in in summer summer late late 1963. of of

Completion Completion of of the the new new is is bore bore ex-

issue issue 1960 1960 of of this this magazine.

project project is is given given in in the the July- August

tailed tailed description description of of this this $12,500,000

Charles Charles L. L. Harney, Harney, A A Inc. Inc. more more de-

struction struction Co., Co., Electric Electric Brayer Brayer Co. Co. and

nelly- Pacific Pacific Grate- Co., Co., Callahan Callahan Con-

is is now now nels nels constructed constructed being being by by Con-

the the ing ing two two existing existing Caldecott Caldecott Tun-

additional additional -lane -lane An An tunnel tunnel parallel- 2

this this area.

ordinated ordinated

with with rapid rapid transit transit studies studies in alignment alignment for for construction. future future

north north Looking Looking along along existing existing Route Route Sign Sign 21 21 Danville Danville showing showing Dotted Dotted in in line line fhe fhe shows shows center. center. adopted Warren Warren Freeways. Freeways. Plans Plans are are being being co-

provided provided at at Nimitz, Nimitz, MacArthur MacArthur and

interchange interchange Major Major facilities facilities will will be

of of cost cost approximately approximately $37,565,000.

miles miles 7.1 7.1 of of eight eight lane lane freeway freeway at at a

Grove- Shafter Shafter Freeway, Freeway, will will provide

portion portion which which of of is is known known as as the

Caldecott Caldecott Tunnel. Tunnel. This This connection, connection, a

Freeway Freeway to to 24 24 Sign Sign Route Route and and the

connection connection rect rect the the from from Nimitz

way way under under in in to to design design provide provide a a di-

related related A A of of series series projects projects six six are

och och to to Bridge Bridge Sacramento.

nut nut Creels, Creels, Concord Concord via via and and the the Anti-

through through the the Caldecott Caldecott Tunnel Tunnel to to Wal-

ove ove t t ~acry ~acry uinr uinr ruvr Freeway Freeway (U.S. (U.S. proceeds proceeds 40), 40), easterly Moon Bay on the San Mateu Coast and High Street in Oakland via the San Mateo-Hay`vard Bridge will be advertised this summer. This 2.3 mile portion between West Hillsdale Bou- levard and South Delaware Street in San Mateo will cost approximately $4,800,000. Four lanes will be provided initially -with an ultimate six- lane freeway planned for the section between El Camino Real and South Delaware Street. Two additional projects extending to Junipero Serra Free- way on the west and to the San Ma- teo-Hayward Bridge on the east are being designed. Plans for reconstructing and widening the San Mateo-Hayward Bridge to four lanes are being made by the Division of San Francisco Bay Toll Crossings and preliminary work is already under contract. A $3,000,000 project to provide 3.4 miles of initial four-lane freeway between the easterly approach and Nimitz Freeway is also being designed. East of Nimitz Freeway, planning The east portal of fhe Caldecott Tunnel on Sign Route 24 between Oakland and Walnuf Creek. Grading studies are well along for freeway de- is in progress for the additional fwo-lane bore to be constructed at the right of the existing tunnel. velopment in conjunction with Route 105 and 259 to U.S. 50 near Castro the roadbed were accomplished dur- Mountain View—Milpitas Area Valley. An interim project for im- ing the past year in two contracts to- Presently under construction in con- provement of the existing route along taling $266,000 and studies are in prog- junction with work on the Bayshore Jackson Street between Harder Road ress for the grading and paving of an Freeway is the initial four-lane devel- and Castro Street in Hayward will be improved westerly toll plaza. opment of Sign Route 9 from Bay- advertised this summer. Improvement The route has been adopted and shore to east of Borregas Avenue, of this 1.6 miles as a conventional four- surveys are being made for a future including an interchange at North lane divided highway will cost ap- 5.7 mile $6,500,000 freeway between Mathilda Avenue. proximately $2,255,000 and includes Dumbarton Road in Newark and On a 2.3 mile project to construct a $200,000 contribution to the Ala- State Sign Route 9 in the Centerville the northerly 2-lanes of a future four- meda County Flood Control District area of Fremont. As a part of this lane freeway between east of San for construction of a dam on Ward project, two lanes will be constructed Jose-Alviso Road and Nimitz Free- Creek in conjunction with the project initially easterly to Lincoln Avenue way, a Toes bid of $367,270 was sub- to eliminate flooding of the highway. in Newark, with four lanes on the re- mitted on April 19. This project Other interim projects included maining portion. includes a new Coyote Creek Bridge channelizations and installations of Preliminary meetings have been to replace the present narro~~ struc- traffic signals and a new bridge across held and project studies are being ture with a modern 2-lane bridge on San Lorenzo Creek in the vicinity of made on a 13 mile section between improved alignment. Mattox Road and East 14th Street in Junipero Serra Freeway south of Design studies are under way for Hayward. The U.S. Corps of Engi- Woodside and the westerly end of further development of the entire por- neers, Alameda County, and the Ala- the Dumbarton Bridge. tion between Bayshore and Nimitz meda County Flood Control District A $95,000 interim project for wid- freeways. participated in the cost of this $287,- ening and shoulder improvement be- Route 5—San Jose to Hayward 000 project. tween Main Street and Sign Route 9 North of Jackson Street, Route Project studies are in various stages 105 in Fremont was advertised in April. A traverses the city street system of of progress on the proposed freeway project for resurfacing Hayward, San Leandro and Oakland. between Mis- between Bayshore Freeway near Story sion Boulevard in Fremont and Sunol, Road in San Jose and the MacArthur Route 107—San Gregorio to Sunol and a line change in Woodside to Freeway in Hayward. A California Minor improvements at both ends avoid a slipout have been financed for Highway Commission hearing was of the Dumbarton Bridge to widen early construction. held April 14, 1961 for the 12.5 mile

May-June 1961 17

18 18 Highways Highways California California Public Public and and Works

Oakland, Oakland, approaches approaches between between and and .and dissolved dissolved No. No. 26 26 1954. and and 24 24 in in which which was was are are identical. identical. Design Design studies

struction struction of of the the second second two -lane -lane tube Road Road east east of of Sign Sign Routes Routes Highway Highway 4 Antioch, Antioch, Joint Joint developed developed District by by

contract contract under under way way for for The The con- From From Willow Willow Pass Pass Road Road to to Neroly Boulevard Boulevard was was Mountain Mountain originally

SR SR 21.

cube cube and and Route Route 226 Webster Webster Street Street

Freeway Freeway (Mountain (Mountain Boulevard) Warren Warren

of of part part the the freeway freeway construction construction on

design design study. under under

Tube Tube 4 4 closing closing of of Posey Posey Routes Routes for for and and such such 21 21 work. near near Concord Concord as as a

State State Alameda Alameda by by County, County, the the is and and

the the the the new new tube tube change change permits permits the the at at of of temporary intersection intersection Sign

Livermore, Livermore, to to be be jointly jointly financed in in

Tube, Tube, will will of be be let let for for when when the the the the opening opening of of the the inter- construction construction

Alden Alden Lane Lane and and El El tween tween Caminito

the the and and entrances entrances to to A A existing existing was was Posey awarded awarded contract contract recently

change change alignment alignment and and be- the the grade grade

One One of of to to revise revise lighting other other project, project, Concord.

to to 1960. 1960. revise revise An An interim interim project project the

the the Alameda Alameda Army Army Avenue Avenue Medical Medical Willow Willow Depot. to to Pass Pass Road Road north

was was adopted adopted November November limits limits 12,

to to those those areas areas from replace replace Skyway Skyway acquired acquired and and from from East East Alhambra

six -lane -lane freeway freeway within within future future these

contract contract to to and and pave pave U.S. U.S. storage grade grade ects ects between between 40 40 and and Cummings

initial initial four The The -lane, route route for for an an

provided provided for for a a recently recently advertised Design Design proj- is is also also under under way way for for the the

708

to to Livermore

Route Route

—Sunol —Sunol

Another Another $460,000 $460,000 placement. placement. has has to to Alhambra Alhambra Avenue Avenue been Martinez. East East in in

to to Posey Posey Tube Tube prevent prevent existing existing dis- mile mile from from Cummings Cummings Skyway portion portion 000 000 project.

blanket blanket place place a a the heavy heavy rock rock well well over over Plans Plans 4.8 are are advanced advanced fora fora are are also also included included in in signals signals this this $761,-

is is being being expended expended tract, tract, $360,000 $360,000 to on on U.S. U.S. 40. construction construction Hayward. Hayward. and and Gresel Gresel Street Street in in Traffic

the the In In connection connection with with tube tube con- 1959 1959 in in pleted pleted in in connection connection with Boulevard Boulevard between between Sycamore Sycamore Avenue

les les short short relocation relocation and and com- a a were were ans ans and and left left Works Works turn turn Magazine. lanes lanes on on Foothill lic lic

interchange interchange with with U.S. U.S. 40 40 near near Hercu- 16 16 of of concrete concrete roadbed roadbed Highways Highways with with and and issue issue Pub- California California foot foot medi-

21 21 1958. 1958. was was The adopted adopted in in October October provides provides completed completed printed printed 1961 the the cently cently an an January 80 80 foot - February February in in

tween tween U.S. U.S. 40 40 and and State State Route Sign Sign interim interim this this project project hensive hensive widening widening was report report contract contract An An on on re-

freeway freeway in in Contra Contra Costa Costa County County be- more more April, April, pated. 1961. 1961. A A place place compre- in in

for for this this The The -west route route major major east adoption adoption was was and and sunk sunk of of the the the- the- into route route first first early early is is section section antici-

were were cast Fremont Fremont twelve twelve sections sections Boulevard Boulevard total total of of ington ington and a a in in Route Route (Sign (Sign 4)

Arnold Arnold Industrial Industrial Freeway year. year. Six Six sections sections the the Freeway Freeway fall fall of of of and and next next Wash- MacArthur MacArthur in in tween tween

completed expected expected of of to to the the be be Alameda Alameda Foothill Foothill is is Freeway Freeway portion portion be-

cord.

Avenue Avenue Sign Sign Route Route to to 21 21 near near Con-

lunipero lunipero Serra Serra Freeway Freeway (background) (background) (foreground). and and

from from

the the

Nimitz Nimitz

Freeway Freeway

near near

42nd

Mateo - (dotted (dotted Hayward Hayward line) line) Bridge from from Avenue Avenue the the San San Freeway Freeway traversed traversed by by the the 19th 19th Area Area to to be be

tended tended to to provide provide a a continuous continuous route

legislative legislative Route Route 235 235 session, session, was was ex-

ture ture 1959 freeway. freeway. six -lane -lane During During the the

acquired acquired this this initial initial -lane, -lane, fu- on on four

Interchange. Interchange. Rights Rights of of way way are are being

24 24 Route Route at at Pleasant Pleasant and and Sign Sign Hill

Park Park Boulevard Boulevard Interchange vard vard at at

mile mile Boule- portion portion between between Warren Warren

10.4 sign sign the the studies studies are are in in progress progress on on

The The de- has has adopted adopted and and route route been been

Canyon Canyon Freeway Freeway (Route (Route Shepherd Shepherd 23S)

and and MacArthur MacArthur Freeway.

between between way way section section Road Redwood Redwood

way way remaining remaining $1,500,000 $1,500,000 on on free- the the

Moraga Moraga under Avenue Avenue and and plans plans are are

interchange interchange fora fora at $700,000 $700,000 financed financed

Construction Construction and and Redwood Redwood is Road. Road.

portions portions between between Broadway Broadway Terrace

for for landscaping have have budgeted budgeted been been

of of Funds Funds $50,000 the the amount amount in in

Mills Mills College. Freeway Freeway near near

the the MacArthur a a connection connection with with to to

24 24 near near way way Temescal from from SSR SSR Lake Lake

ultimate ultimate this this four free- -lane, -lane, six -lane -lane

development development for for the the State State funds funds of

$150,000 $150,000 tributed tributed to to match per per year year

each each con- County County have have and and Alameda Alameda

the the Since Since Oakland time, time, City City of of that that are under way for a project within pleted in 1959. The route from Ruth- tion. Funds in the amount of $600,000 these limits to replace existing grade erford to Ritchie Creek, north of St. have been budgeted for a conventional intersections with interchanges at Helena was adopted in September 2-lane highway on relocation between Bailey Road and Somersville Road. 1960. Duncan Mills and Austin Creek, in- Design of the section from A Street South of Napa, rights of way are cluding anew structure across Austin in Antioch to the Antioch Bridge is being acquired for development to a Creek and elimination of the narrow, in progress and rights of way are six-lane freeway from Imola Avenue steep Duncan Mills grade. being acquired. to the Solano County line. Summary A $29,000 contract for landscaping Sign Route 12 (Jenner to The past year the Railroad Avenue Interchange in has seen continued Napa Junction) progress toward the Pittsburg was completed last year. realization of a Plans for the first unit of the 17.5 basic freeway networl; in the San mile four-lane freeway between Se- Sign Route 37 (Ignacio Wye to Francisco Bay Area. A broader look Sign Route 128) bastopol and Kenwood are nearing at the present freeway picture shows Plans for development of the exist- completion. This 4.0 mile project be- a completed freeway from Los Gatos ing 4-lane expressway to a future full tween West Occidental Road and to the Carquinez Bridge and from freeway status are under way between South E Street in Santa Rosa is esti- Orinda through Walnut Creek. The mated U.S. 101 at Ignacio Wye and Sears to cost $5,500,000. An interim final link of the Bayshore Freeway Point, and between the Sonoma-Napa project is being prepared to provide between San Francisco to south of a four County line and Imola Avenue in -lane divided section between San Jose is under construction as is Napa. farmers Lane and Brush Creek. The the last section of continuous freeway- City of Santa Rosa will provide Between Sears Point and the So- the expressway from the CTolden Gate rights of way for this noma-Napa County line, studies $156,000 Bridge to north of Healdsburg. are project. in progress for a future six-lane free- The twin virtues of safety and Design way. studies are under way .for beauty continue to play major roles five projects to complete the freeway A $66,400 project for grading and in freeway design and development. between Sebastopol and Kenwood. paving portions of the conventional The past year has witnessed some 20 On the westerly 2-lane highway between 3 miles and end of this route projects providing a wide range of $156,600 was 12 miles northeast of Napa was expended last year in functional and aesthetic planting. the vicinity of Monte awarded in April of this year. The Rio for rock Another change has been the ap- slope protection and County is contributing $16,000 for slipout correc- pearance of nearly 20 miles of experi- this work.

Sign Route 29 (Vallejo to Lake County Line) Two projects are presently under construction in the City of Napa. On one, $372,000 is being expended to construct the Sonoma Road Over- crossing with approaches and frontage roads. The second contract ties in with the first and provides an interchange at Imola Avenue and a one mile section of four-lane freeway between the two structures. The Countv of Napa is contributing $61,000 to the $1,031,000 second project for improvement of drainage in the adjoining area. From Old Sonoma Road to Uniozi Station, plans are being prepared for three projects to develop an e~sting expressway to a full freeway. Rights of way are now being acquired. North of the completed expressway at Orchard Avenue, two projects are being designed to provide afour-lane expressway as far north as Ruther- Chain link fence along ford. The initial two lanes of the sec- the south side of the Old Sonoma Rood Overcrossing of Sign Route 29 in the Napa tion bypassing Yountville were com- Valley serves both as a railing for the pedestrian walkway-and as a deterrent fo children dropping objecfs on cars passing beneath the strucfure.

May-June 1961 19

20 20 Highways Highways California California Public Public and and Works

San San Mateo Mateo t~ t~ Nimitz Nimitz County County Freeway_ Freeway_ Tine Tine ------6.8 ------4$0.000

Alameda Alameda County County Line Line San San Mateo Mateo Bridge Bridge at at (portions) (portions) _ 8.0 ______4.9 ______4,800,000 3,533,895

Avenue Avenue Freeway, Freeway, Junipero Junipero 19th 19th Serra Serra to freeway freeway

J J MITI MITI UNIPERO UNIPERO SERRA SERRA FREEWAY FREEWAY TO TO NI NI FREEWAY

Watsonville Watsonville to to 4 4 South South of of Davenport Davenport (portions) (portions) miles miles _ _ _ 22.8 12.4 6,929,000 ______612,000 3,678,068

Francisco------766, 17.0 5.4 2, 000 ------6,307,015

to to Merced Merced Moss Moss Beach Beach San Lake Lake Boulevard. Boulevard. in in

CABRILLO CABRILLO HIGHWAY

Freeways______Stevens Stevens Creek -West -West Valley Valley 23.6 ______3,614,335

Sign Sign Route Route 17 17 to to San San Francisco Francisco County County Line______43.9 ______14,096,432

J J UNI UNI PERO PERO SERRA SERRA FREEWAY

STREET______"""'______'_ FULTON FULTON 'L.1 I.2 1,44S,000 ______'__'__"_'______'_ _"""__'___' ~IO,000

PRESIDIO PRESIDIO FREEWAYS FREEWAYS TO GOLDEN GOLDEN PARK- GATE GATE BRIDGE BRIDGE

r' RO RO ______MBA MBA RCADE RCADE REEWAY 1.5 1.5 14~792~~~~ ______12284,683

of of Monument Monument to to Sign Sign Route Route North North 4, 4, Concord______3.4 ______226,000 ______500,000 1,675,321

Boulevard Boulevard to to Walnut Walnut Creek_ Creek_ War:en War:en ______9,606,000 _ _ _ _ 11.0 11,703,000 6.8 2.0 1.1 7,500,000 5,492,582

Route Route Sign Sign 17 17 in in Oakland Oakland to to Warren Warren Boulevard______4.8 ______5,961,751

SHAFTER SHAFTER FREEWAY FREEWAY AND AND SIGN SIGN GROVE- ROUTE ROUTE 24

Route Route 9 9 of of in in Sign Sign North North Route Route 21 21 Fremont______2.2 ______10,000

Monument Monument to to Solano Solano County County Line_ Line______7.4 ______3.2 _ _ _ _ 06,833,000 _ _ _ _ 4.2 6,21Q000 3,531,620

Walnut Walnut Creek Creek to to Monument______Monument______3.4 3.4 9,104,000 ______132,000 ______6,417,774

to to Walnut Walnut U.S. U.S. 50 50 Creek ______3.5 2,910,000 16.0 1OQ000 ______8,079,441

to to Warm Warm Springs Springs U.S. U.S. _- 50__------17.7 ------__ ------_------4.7 6,200,000 793,175

SIGN SIGN

ROUTE ROUTE

I I

AND AND ZL

tions)------

------9.9 2.4 1,973,000 2,390,775

U.S. U.S. 40 40 near near Albany Albany to to U.S. U.S. 101 101 near near San San (por- Rafael Rafael

Cruz Cruz Santa Santa to to San San Jose Jose (portions)______19.9 17.0 15,783,000 2.9 1,288,000 ______200,000 9,933,016

lanes 4,942,000 ______120,000 22,075,416

Freeway Freeway at at San San Jose ______41.3 55,452,000 41.3 Add

Nimitz Nimitz Freeway; Freeway; Distribution Distribution Structure Structure to to Bayshore

ICJ SIGN SIGN ROUTE ROUTE

to to Castro Castro Valley Valley San San Joaquin Joaquin County County Line_ Line______31.4 31.4 11,647,000 ______4,135,000

Valley______15.3 ______4.5 16,571,000 6.5 16,700,000 50,337,592

Freeway; Freeway; Distribution Distribution MacArthur MacArthur Castro Structure Structure to to

U.S. U.S. 50

Francisco Francisco to to Carquinez Carquinez Bridge Bridge San San (portions)______461,103,000 18.2 ______18.2 ______319,000 13,222,690

U.S. U.S. 40

______County County Line______55.9 14.9 84.3 9,363,000 41,583,000 ______700,000 16,656,043

Redwood Redwood Freeway; Freeway; Golden Golden Gate Gate Bridge Bridge to to Mendocino

Ford Ford Road Road South South of of San San Jose Jose to to San San Benito Benito Line_ 27.9 5.8 County County 1,093,000 ______545,839

Golden Golden Gate Gate Freeway ______

______

1.1 ______

1.1 ______5,100,000 70,197

------

- -

- -- -- Central Central . 1.8 1.8 11,587,000 Freeway------8,552,000

Lick Lick Freewa~~______Freewa~~______James James Memorial Memorial _ . 3.0 3.0 11,438,000 ______12,870,444

Southern Southern Freeway Freeway Route Route 253 253 Ext.) Ext.) (Incl. (Incl. _ _ _ _ _ b7,312,000 ______4.7 _ _ _ _ 4,072,000 ______3.1 1.1 16,288,000 18,425,370

San San Road Road South South of of Jose_ Jose______52.9 41.4 •8,673,000 $48,052,000 ______11.5 ______$1,475,000 $25,019,045

Bypass; Bypass; Southern Southern Freeway Freeway in in San San Francisco Francisco to to Ford

Bayshore Bayshore and and Freeway, Freeway, James James Lick Lick Memorial Memorial U.S. U.S. 101

U.S. U.S. IOI IOI AND AND IOI IOI BYPASS

Description miles cost Miles cost Miles Miles cost budgeted

Construction Total Construction Construction and

expended

Right Right of of Way

Completed Completed Under Under contract projects Budgeted

April April 1961

DISTRICT DISTRICT !V !V STATUS STATUS FREEWAY FREEWAY OF OF EXPRESSWAY EXPRESSWAY PROJECTS AND AND

eliminate eliminate hazard hazard of of head -on -on crashes green green background background for for the the directional directional signs Bay Bay Area.

reduce reduce headlight headlight and and glare glare standards standards virtually way way can can be be seen seen on on all all sides; larger larger transformation transformation taking taking place place in

cables cables and and chain chain fence. fence. These The The link link influence influence of of Interstate Interstate form form High- an an integral integral paxt paxt of of the the immensely

rails rails and and the the other other consists consists of of lanes lanes in in the the steel wrong wrong direction. growing growing freeway freeway pattern, pattern, reflect reflect and

utilizes utilizes specially specially mounted mounted metal metal guard minimize minimize chances chances of of entering entering freeway These These changes, changes, superimposed superimposed on on the

bay. bay. Two Two types types have have been been used; used; appearing appearing on on one 450 450 some some off -ramps -ramps to portions portions yellow yellow of of center center stripes.

traveled traveled freeways freeways on on both both sides sides of of signs signs the New New and and pavement pavement markings markings are Interstate Interstate Route Route signs, signs, and and the the first

mental mental median median barriers barriers on on caused caused by by heavily crossing crossing over over the the divider. and and mileage mileage markers, markers, the the distinctive 57ATUS OF DISTRICT IV FREEWAY AND EXPRESSWAY PROJECTS—Continued April 1961

Completed projects Under contract Budgeted Right of Way expended Total Construction Construction Construction and Description miles Miles cost Miles cost Miles cost budgeted

PACHECO PASS: I MILE EAST OF BELLS STATION TO MERGED COUNTY LINE------'------S.3 5.3 1,285,000 --- _ ------_ _ ___ 12,393 ..

WEST OF U.S. IOI TO BYPASS U.S. IOI IN REDWOOD CITY (Rou~rE 1.1 214)------— - - - -- — — ------— — — 1,700,000 MOUNTAIN VIEW—ALVISO FREEWAYS EL CA MIND TO NIMITZ FREEWAY______IO.S 2.1 1,006,000 0.9 674,000 ______360,000 1,247,087

FREEWAY CONNECTION FROM NIMITZ FREEWAY TO U.S. 50 (Rov~rE 228)------2.2 2.2 2,803,000 ------2,236,000

BAY FARM ISLAND BRIDGE AND APPROACHES______O.E O.E> Z~O6Z~000 ______.______ICS~OOO

WEBSTER STREET TUBE______1.1 ______ZO3,000 1.1 17,363,000 ______300,000 3,176,725

WARREN BOULEVARD FREEWAY: SIGN ROUTE L4 NEAR LAKE TEML'SCALTO MACARTHUR FREEWAY______S.E) `~.1 fS~61Z~000 ______SSO~OOO ~L~043,488

SHEPHERD CANYON FREEWAYS WARREN BOULEVARD FREEWAY TO SIGN ROUTE Z4-'------10.3 -----' ------'------`------E)ZS,963

ARNO LD INDUSTRIAL FREEWAYS HERCULES TO ANTIOCH BRIDGE SIGN ROUTES'~AND24~______34.1 14.7 4,694,000 ______1,833,955

SIGN ROUTE iZ~ SEBASTOrOLTO KENWOOD______1~I.~I ______5,375,036

SIGN ROUTE L9~ SOLANO COUNTY LINE TO CALISTO GA____ 3E.9 22.2 3~472~0~ ______3~2~~~~ ______67~~~~~ 3~186~15~

SIGN ROUTE 3~~ FROM REDWOOD FREEWAY AT IGNACIO TO NAPA------'------13.4 7.2 5,900,000 ------0.5 300,000 1,205,902 Totals______642.1 310.8 341,841,000 41.2 82,086,000 27.0 68,904,000 283,037,225

~•> Includes $300,000 contributed by cooperating agencies. Includes total of $1,600,000 by City of San Francisco. «> Includes total of $5,000,000 by Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District. ~d~ $29,117,000 Toll Bridge Funds in this amount. <^> $6,833,000 from Toll Bridge Funds. ~t~ City of Oakland and Alameda County contributions included in this figure.

BIDS Will BE OPENED JULY 11, ON SAN MATEO-HAYWARD BRIDGE TRESTLE The State Division of San Francisco Bids will be opened July 11 at 2 Plans call for construction of a Bay Toll Crossings has advertised for p.m. in the Division's office, 151 Fre- two-lane trestle along the north side bids on the construction of four and mont Street, San Francisco. of the present structure, for removal one-half miles of four-lane concrete The four-lane concrete trestle will of the present substandard structure, trestle to replace the easterly portion traverse the non-navigable portion of and then construction of a new two- of the present two-lane San Mateo- San Francisco Bay. It will be at the lane trestle in its place. The construc- Hayward Bridge. same low height above the water as tion work will be phased, Raab said, The work will be the second major the present trestle, and immediately so as to provide four lanes of travel stage in the bridge widening project. adjacent to it along the north side. for increasing distances as the job pro- Construction of a mole fill at the east- Raab explained that the type of steel gresses westward. ern approach to the bridge has been structure which will be used over the Total length of the San Mateo- under way since early in April. navigational channel, near the west- Hayward Bridge is about seven miles. Approximately $19,000,000 in erly shore, has not been finally deter- The Legislature now has under bridge toll revenue funds is available mined, but that the trestle work is de- consideration a bill which would au- for the concrete trestle work, accord- signed to tie in with any type. thorize ahigh level fixed-span struc- ing to Norman C. Raab, chief of the The contract will provide for com- ture over the navigable portion of the Division of San Francisco Bay Toll pletion of the trestle section in about bay in place of the present low-level Crossings. two and a half years. lift span.

May-June 1961 21

22 22

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

throughout throughout the the

entire entire Twenty- range. range. small small business. business. The The -aid -aid Federal high- the the in in two two lowest lowest groups. sized sized

million, million, with with

an an equitable equitable distribution

tracts tracts

awarded awarded

in in 1960 1960

were were sized sized for lighting, lighting, most most

of of

which which

are are

included

from from less less than than $25,000 $25,000 to to over over $16 proportion proportion

of of the the

Federal

-aid -aid con-

projects, projects,

such such

as as

seeding, seeding, signing, signing,

dian dian size size about about

$160,000. $160,000. They They varied than than $100,000, $100,000, indicating indicating that that a a

large

are are 695 695

for for miscellaneous miscellaneous

specialty

averaged averaged

about about $440,000, $440,000,

with with the the

me- than than

42 42 percent percent were were for for amounts amounts less

follows. follows. Included Included among among

the the

contracts

The The contracts contracts awarded awarded in in 1960 amounts amounts

less less

$500,000 $500,000 than than

and and better

A A

tabulation tabulation

of of the the

contract contract

figures

1959 1959 figure figure of of $2.5 $2.5 billion. of of ber ber contracts contracts awarded awarded were were for

cution cution of of the the highway highway program. cent cent increase increase over over the the comparable 79 79 About About percent percent of of the the num- total total

business business in in contracts contracts connection connection represents represents almost almost with with the the a a 25 prose- between between -per- were were $250,000 $250,000 and and $500,000.

merce. merce. dollar dollar The The volume volume actual actual and and of of these $100,000 $100,000 potential potential capacity capacity and and $250,000, $250,000, of of 15 15 and and small percent

lic lic Roads, Roads, U. U. S. S. Department Department of of Com- percent percent 22 22 for for est est were were amounts amounts both both to to between encourage encourage and and develop develop the

compiled compiled were were

by by the the Bureau Bureau of of Pub- tween tween $50,000 $50,000 and and $100,000. $100,000. Another islation islation that that it it is is in in the the national national inter-

total total cost cost

of of $3.1 $3.1 billion. billion. The The figures $50,000, $50,000, than than 17 17 and and percent percent were were ration ration be- Congress Congress by by in in -aid -aid Federal leg-

departments departments during during 1960, 1960, involving involving departments departments a were were for for amounts amounts This This less is is consonance consonance in in with with the the decla-

was was awarded awarded by by the the State State highway awarded awarded tracts tracts by by the the State State highway ity ity of of both both and and large large small small contractors.

way way

and and bridge bridge construction construction contracts and and way way bridge bridge construction construction con- vorable vorable existence existence to to the the and and prosper-

A A of of total total

7,098 7,098 Federal -aid -aid high- percent percent six six of of the the Federal -aid -aid high- program program thus thus way way appears appears be be fa- to to

FEDERAL -AID -AID

CONTRACTS CONTRACTS HIGHWAY HIGHWAY TOTAL TOTAL 1,098 1,098 CALENDAR CALENDAR IN IN YEAR YEAR 1960

J. J. C. C. Womack, Womack, State State Highway Highway and and Engineer Engineer Robert Robert Bradford, Bradford, B. B. State State Director Director of of Public Public Works.

Engineer; Engineer; Harold Harold

Barry, Barry,

Superintendent Superintendent

of of Ontario Ontario Property, Property, Department Department Highway Highway and and Ellis Ellis P. P. Morningstar, Morningstar, Member Member Provincial Provincial of of the the Parliament. Parliament. Standing Standing ore

right) right)

Harry Harry

Fenton Fenton

and and

Robert Robert

E. E. Reed, Reed, Assistant Assistant Chief Chief and and the the Chief Chief California California of of Division Division of of Confiracfs Confiracfs Rights and and J. J. -of W. W. -Way; -Way; Trask, Trask, Deputy Deputy State State

Highway

the the

Provincial Provincial

Parliament; Parliament; and and

Bagshaw, Bagshaw, T. T. Fred Fred Assistant Assistant State State Direc}or Direc}or of of Public Public Seated Seated Works. Works. from from away away the the fable fable in in the the left left background background .are .are (left (left fo

of of

the the

Provincial Provincial

Parliament; Parliament; Hollis Hollis E. E. Beckett, Beckett,

Queen's Queen's Counsel; Counsel; W, W, George George Charles Charles parry, parry, Janes, Janes, Gordon Gordon E. E. W. W. Inner, Inner, and and M. M. Joseph Joseph Gould, Gould, all all Members Members of

Por}folio; Por}folio;

William William

G. G. Noden, Noden, Member Member

the the Provincial Provincial of of Parliament; Parliament; Fred Fred Cass, Cass, M. M. Minister Minister Highways Highways of of and and Chairman Chairman the the of of Delegation; Delegation; Leo Leo Troy, Troy,

Member

Committee; Committee; A. A.

Dick, Dick, Chief Chief R. R.

of of

the the Ontario Ontario Department Department of of Highways Highways Legal Legal A. A. Section; Section; Grossman, Grossman, Member Member Provincial Provincial .of .of the the Parliamen} Parliamen} and and Without Minister Minister

Department Department

Works Works pf pf

Public Public

officials officials

on on right procedures, procedures, -of -way -way and and laws laws policies. policies. Seated Seated the the of of fiable fiable fio fio right) right) (left (left are are S. S. E. E. Fennell, Fennell, Special Special Counsel Counsel fo fo fhe

Members Members

of of

Parliament Parliament

the the Province Province of of of of On}ario On}ario and and members members stafF stafF Sacramento Sacramento visited visited early early in in conferences conferences May May for for with with State State Division Division .of .of Highways Highways and

CANADIANS CANADIANS STUDS STUDS RIGHT- RIGHT- -WAY -WAY OF PROCEDURES a ~ I ~ Another Eight-lane • • ~.,~ O Secfion is Completed

By MARK E. DARROUGH, Highway Engineering Associate WiTx TxE com- DisTxicT pletion of another xI major U.S. 80 freeway contract through the 1UIis- sion Valley area of the city of San Di- ego on December 2 3, 1960, another major step was taken toward the culmination of a six- year freeway construction effort to place in operation a major transportation complex with westerly terminus at U.S. 101 in the city of San Diego and extending to the easterly end of the El Cajon Valley, a distance of 17 miles. This 3 %2 -mile, eight-lane freeway section of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways extends easterly from the U.S. 80/U.S. 395 interchange to Fairmount Avenue and was constructed by the R. E. Hazard Contracting Company and W. F. Maxwell Company at a cost of approximately $4,500,000. In addition to the full eight-lane facility, the work also included construction of frontage roads on each side of the freeway; interchanges at East Cabrillo, Texas Street, and Ward Road; and two parallel two-lane bridges over the San Diego River, which join the county's Murphy Can- yon Road.

Two-phase Construction The freeway was constructed basically in longitudinal halves. The new westbound lanes were constructed first while traffic utilized the existing facility. Upon completion of the new westbound lanes, traffic was shifted thereon and the new eastbound lanes were constructed on approximately the same alignment as the old roadbed. This basic plan of construction has been mandatory on a majority of the freeway contracts on U.S. 80, inas- The EI Cabrillo Overcrossing on U.S. 80 in San DPego. The view is eastward. much as the new construction has sub- stantially followed the old alignment

May-June 1961 23

24 24

California California

Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

contracts contracts

which which comprise comprise

first first the the ten

structed structed

by by

the the Griffith Griffith

Company.

nue nue

on on

Ward Ward

Road. Road.

The The

original

graphical graphical

center, center,

of of

seven seven the the freeway

tion tion of of

six

-lane -lane freeway freeway

was was

con-

from from

U.S. U.S.

80 80

south south

to to

Madison Madison

Ave-

structed, structed,

but but roughly roughly in in

the the geo-

Fairmount Fairmount Avenue. Avenue.

This This

one -mile -mile

sec-

A A

major major

improvement improvement

was was

made

way way

contract contract was was

last last the the

to to be be

con- the the intersection intersection a a of of major major city city street,

Avenue Avenue

and and

U.S. U.S.

80.

The The aforementioned aforementioned

3 3 % %

-mile -mile the the free-

construction construction

of of an an interchange interchange

widened widened

to to three three lanes lanes

between between Adams

The The

fourth fourth

contract contract encompassed Last Last Section

Texas Texas Street Street

was was realigned realigned and

viously viously referred referred

to.

lows:

equally equally or or better better

served served by by

the the change.

a- and- half -mile, -mile,

eight

-lane -lane

section section

pre-

commercial commercial

developments, developments, mined mined that that public public as as are are

traffic traffic

fol- would would be

The The

third third

contract contract

was was

the the

three-

to to the the U.S. U.S. 80 80 struction struction freeway freeway operations operations and and

until until

adjacent it it was was

deter-

at at

a a cost cost of of

$3,500,000.

a a majority majority

of of the the East East staging staging or or phasing phasing San San

Diego Diego made made be be

area con-

in in

performed performed

by by

the the

Griffith Griffith

Company

on on major major city city

arterials arterials and and at at no no which which

time time could could

connect

alteration alteration any any

395 395

as as

well well

as as

U.S. U.S.

This This 80. 80.

`work `work

was

Recently Recently

completed completed to to the the needs needs improvement of of the the

traveling traveling

public,

full full eight -lane -lane

construction construction

for for

U.S.

freeway freeway completely completely or or geared, geared, expressway expressway

construction

standards. -wise,

U.S. U.S. 395 395

interchange interchange

provide provide to to

for

freeway freeway intersecting intersecting contract contract

highways highways U.S. U.S. on on 80 80

has has

been

to to four

-lane

sive sive revision revision of of

the the

existing existing U.S. U.S.

80/

construction. construction. provement provement of of In In

major major short, short, almost almost

city city every and and

county

The The second second

contract contract

entailed entailed

exten-

and and further further with with a a minimum minimum evidenced evidenced

of of

delay delay by by

the the

during rapid rapid

im- each each side side

of of the the

freeway.

streets streets vehicle vehicle could could be be average average

handled handled efficiently

daily daily trafric, trafric,

and and is

frontage frontage roads roads

were were

constructed constructed

traffic traffic eight -lane -lane on on major major construction, construction,

intersecting intersecting

the the city

60,000-

of of the the project project

at at

Presidio Presidio

Park Park

and

that that section section moderately moderately evidenced evidenced is is heavy heavy

volumes volumes by by

of the the

six- six- to

structure structure built built

was was

at at the the

westerly westerly

end

necessary necessary The The importance importance to to phase phase

operations operations all all

of of this this

so freeway

cost cost of of $1,300,000. $1,300,000.

One One

overcrossing

umes umes of of through through

traffic, traffic,

it it was was also

Evidence Evidence of of Importance and and W. W. Maxwell Maxwell F. F.

Company Company

at at

addition addition In In to to

handling handling heavy heavy

vol-

E. E. R. R. Hazard Hazard Contracting Contracting

Company

Kearny Kearny

Mesa Mesa

and and Mission Mission

Valley.

during during the the

construction construction

period.

lane lane freeway, freeway,

was was and and

constructed constructed

areas areas

and and

the the major major

industrial industrial

areas areas

cif

subject subject

a a to to very very minimum minimum

of of delay

U.S. U.S. 395, 395, 'totaled 'totaled

1.3 1.3 miles miles of of

eight-

residential residential

developments developments

within within

these

that that the the

traveling traveling public public would would

The The first first

extended extended from from U.S. U.S.

101 101 to

Mesa, Mesa,

including including

the the

mushrooming mushrooming

new

certain certain peak peak traffic traffic periods periods

in in order

are are as as follows:

East East

San San

Diego Diego

and and the the

city city of of La

some some curtailment curtailment of of operations operations

during

this this -mile -mile ten

section section of of

the the complex,

residential residential

and and

commercial commercial

areas areas

phasing phasing of of construction construction operations operations

and

geographical geographical

order, order,

which which comprise

freeway freeway

interchanges interchanges

into into

the the

major

but but

has has caused caused extensive extensive

staging staging and

east. east.

The The

six six

other other

contracts, contracts, in in

their

both both

north north and and south south

from from U.S. U.S.

the the

basic basic half -width -width construction construction

plan west west

to to city city the the

of of La La

Mesa Mesa the on on

county county

arterials. arterials.

These These

arterials arterials extend

This This

not not only only has has required required the the

use use of

which which extends extends

from from U.S. U.S.

on on 101 101

the

system system

connecting connecting

several several

city city and

and and alternate alternate no no routes routes were were

available.

miles miles of of this this U.S. U.S.

80 80 development

of of a a highly highly important important transportation

These These ten ten miles miles are are the the backbone

Street Street (joining (joining U.S. U.S. 80 80

from from the the right).

vicinity vicinity

of of

Mesa.

La La

Looking Looking

eastward eastward

U.S. U.S. on on 80 80

showing showing Morena Morena

Boulevaed Boulevaed (overcrossing (overcrossing bridge bridge and and foreground) foreground)

and and Taylor

structed structed Fletcher Fletcher Parkway Parkway in in the

tion tion of of U.S. U.S. 80 80 and and the the County -con-

freeway freeway into into interchange interchange an an connec-

minate minate the the first first ten -mile -mile section section of

The The seventh seventh contract contract served served to to ter-

interchange interchange at at this this intersection.

ment ment by by the the construction construction of of a a major

integrated integrated into into the the freeway freeway improve-

Street Street (Lake (Lake Murray Murray Boulevard) Boulevard) was

Parkway. Parkway. A A city city arterial arterial also, also, 70th

Street Street to to mile mile 0.6 0.6 west west of of Fletcher

extended extended from from 1.1 1.1 mile mile ~~est ~~est of of 70th

Company Company project project of of six -lane -lane design,

The The sixth sixth contract, contract, again again a a Griffith

cial cial developments.

residential residential growing growing areas areas and and commer-

which which are are major major city city streets streets serving

at at Waring Waring Road Road College College and and Avenue,

Street. Street. Interchanges Interchanges were were constructed

Avenue Avenue to to mile mile 1.1 1.1 west west of of 70th

Company, Company, extended extended from from Fairmount

freeway freeway constructed constructed the the by by Griffith

The The fifth fifth contract, contract, also also asix -lane

Fifth Fifth Contraef BEFORE. An aerial view of the Ward Road-U.S. 80 intersection taken in 1955.

~ ~ ~;. ~..

~, y~ ~::

._ z~. .. ,,,~ ~.,, . .-.

AFTER. The new Ward Road-U.S. 80 freeway inferehange, vintage 1961.

May-June 1961 25

26 26

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

contract contract the the reconstruction reconstruction of of Murphy Murphy 17 bidders bidders -mile -mile divided per per interstate interstate freeway freeway are are project.

present present At At the the County County has has under bids bids were were The The miles miles received, received, remaining remaining seven seven of of this an an average average of of six

section.

49 49

projects projects for for which which

296 296 contractors' Four Four Contracts

end end easterly easterly of of this this ten -mile -mile freeway During During April April bids bids were were opened opened for

planning planning

stages.

U.S. U.S. sects sects at at 80 80 an an interchange interchange at at the awarded awarded during during the the month.

large large developments developments

still still are are in in the

the the Fletcher Fletcher Parkway, Parkway, which which inter- advertised. advertised. There There 55 55 were were contracts

at at

Grossmont. Grossmont.

addition, addition, In In other many many ties ties

into into this this east -west -west arterial, arterial, namely, projects projects for for $131,876,200 $131,876,200 have have been

have have

appeared appeared

in in Mission Mission and Valley Valley

complete complete major major a a expressway expressway which $31,797,800. $31,797,800. Since Since January January 1, 1, 1961,

changes, changes,

while while large large

shopping shopping centers

In In fact, fact, the the County County was was the the first first to projects projects with with an an estimated estimated value value of

Avenue, Avenue,

and and Fairmount Fairmount

Avenue Avenue inter- roadway roadway improvements improvements to to the the north. vertised vertised for for bids bids on on 63 63 highway

of of vicinity vicinity the the Texas Texas Street, Street,

College sponsibility sponsibility of of a a majority majority of of the the major During During April April the the Department Department ad-

major major

commercial commercial development development in in the County County San San Diego Diego of of has has had had the the re- 63 63 BIDS BIDS ADVERTISED

intersection intersection has has pioneered pioneered been been by provements provements of of south south U.S. U.S. 80, 80, the

ment ment along along U.S. U.S. 80 80 of of easterly easterly this concerned, concerned, been been in in the the main, main, with with im-

/U.S. /U.S. 395 395 80 interchange, interchange, Canyon Canyon and and develop- to to eastern eastern While While El El Cajon Cajon the the of of Valley. San San City City Diego Diego has

constructed constructed been been Mission Mission through through U.S.

westerly westerly of of the the and and Valley Valley

Alvarado Major Major Forst Forst Expressway

Many Many motels motels from from restaurants restaurants and and U.S. U.S. 101 101 and and have Kearny Kearny Mesa

standards. forming. oughfares, oughfares, serve serve all all ,adjoining ,adjoining areas

multi -lane -lane freeway, freeway, or or express~~ay retail retail of of and and commercial commercial improved improved expansion expansion city city and and is county county thor-

and and ment ment grade grade and and reconstructed reconstructed to and and nucleus nucleus the the which which around around will, will, with with the the extensive necessary necessary assistance

Street Street 70th 70th were were improved improved all all in in align- is is quite quite It It that that evident evident mence mence it it is is becoming operating operating as as a a composite composite unit

Waring Waring Road, Road, College College Avenue, Avenue, and and and transportation transportation industrial industrial development, development, however. complex complex then then will will com-

intersection. population population tract, tract, dential dential the the and and 17 17 commercial entire entire miles miles of of freeway

change change at at the the Fairmount - Montezuma serving serving centers centers existing existing Upon Upon only only completion completion of of of of resi- this this final final con-

vided vided and and construction construction the the tion tion of of La La does does appear appear an an Mesa Mesa inter- not not to to be be limited limited city city to artery.

Montezuma Montezuma Road Road to to lanes lanes four four The The to to completed completed newly newly Cajon Cajon di- El El freeway freeway Boulevard, Boulevard, sec- another another major

improvement improvement of of the the struction struction easterly easterly bearing of of an an interchange. interchange interchange connection

U.S. U.S. 80 80 and and Monroe Monroe plus plus Avenue, Avenue, the Parkway Parkway 395 395 interchange interchange U.S. U.S. and and and and at at the the the the Road 80 80 Ward Ward con-

the the freeway freeway full full treatment treatment construction construction between of of the the U.S. U.S. Mesa Mesa adjacent adjacent 80- industrial industrial area area Fletcher U.S. to to

Fairmount Fairmount Avenue Avenue was was also also given in in 1962 1962 early early calls calls and and connection connection between between way way for for partial partial the the Kearny re-

pansion pansion to to six six lanes. project project is is scheduled scheduled for for pleted pleted will will provide provide express- afour completion -lane -lane

designed designed and and freeway freeway Grossmont Grossmont for for possible possible ex- 2.3 Summit. Summit. the the This This Corporation Corporation Daley Daley and and com- when when -mile

reconstructed reconstructed into into a a four pleted pleted -lane -lane full at at projects projects 70th 70th 395. 395. U.S. U.S. The The is is work work and and Street Street done done being being by at

winding winding -lane -lane two road road was was completely cated cated between between Road Road Canyon Canyon the the between between previously previously U.S. U.S. com- and 80 80

of of and and out out geographic geographic sequence, sequence, is is lo-

The The

last last contract contract completed, to to be be The The Fairmount Fairmount Avenue 80 80 interchange, interchange, -U.S. -U.S. looking looking northwest.

project. way way

17 of of this this 29- -mile -mile million - dollar dollar free-

Third Third at at Avenue Avenue in in —the —the El El Cajon end

Cajon Cajon El El to to the the north north and and terminate

bypass bypass main main the the business business district district of

slopes slopes western western valley valley of of the the and and thence

relocation relocation of of lane lane U.S. U.S. 80 80 along along the

mid -1961, -1961, further further will will extend extend the the six-

scheduled scheduled other other completed completed to to he he by

has has which which been been just just completed completed and and the

next next contracts, contracts, The The two two one one of

Cajon Cajon of of Valley. El El

U.S. U.S. tion tion 80 80 of of western western to to the the slopes

alignment alignment commenced commenced and and the the reloca-

departure departure from from initial initial the the old old existing

the the end end easterly easterly began began project, project, of of the

67 67 and and State State Route Route and, and, Sign Sign at at the

an an interchange interchange between between U.S. U.S. tie -in -in SO

Summit Summit area. area. This This project project included

pleted pleted and and is is located located in in the the Grossmont

these these contracts contracts has has already already been been com-

pletion pletion in in February February One One 1962. 1962. of

last last of of is is which which scheduled scheduled for for com-

four four into into construction construction contracts, contracts, the work Begins on Relocation ~ ~ u n ne Of North State Highway By PAUL E. PARKER and H. L. PAYNE, Senior Bridge Engineers

CONSTRUCTION Of DISTRICT the rieW mountain Itunnel on highway U.S. 199 at Hazel- view Summit, between Crescec~t City and Grants Pass, Oregon, has now begun. The contractors are The Grafe-Callahan Co. of Los Angeles and the resident engineer is George Jochim. This tunnel, which is estimated to cost $3,788,000, exclusive of approaches, makes possible the 4.3 mile highway relocation described by L. R. Redden in the September-October, 1960, issue of Calif oynia Highways and Public Works. The new highway replaces a steep narrow road with eight hairpin curves. The new alignment pierces Hazelview Summit Ridge 340 feet below its crest with a sixty mile an hour alignment that has a six percent maximum grade. An elevation view of the tunnel is shown in Driving of the pilot bore of fhe north portal of the new Hazelview Tunnel, part of a realignment project the accompanying illustration. on U.S. 199 in Del Norte County.

Tunnel Description about $32,000 compared to the alter- Light Is Reflected The tunnel is 1886 feet long, pro- native of using a larger tunnel cross Reflection of light in the vides two traffic lanes, and is 26 feet tunnel will section. be aided by a white epoxy paint between curbs, with two 2'-4" side- ap- The roadway is on a straight grade plied to the walls and ceiling. walks. A 15-foot vertical clearance is The of three percent, draining towards the gloss surface provided by the paint provided for trafric. This 15-foot north portal. This grade was selected film wi11 also aid washing. The clearance is maintained at the portals use of by a study that tools account of mini- paint on the walls and ceiling with timber grade beams which en- rather mum desirable truck speeds on the up- than ceramic the was estimated sure that high loads will not brush the to hill grade. The three percent grade save about $175,000 in initial lighting fixtures that run along cost, and each also aids tunnel drainage during con- should provide edge of the ceiling. adequate service at struction and operation. this site. The bore is on a straight alignment. Lighting is conventional, using a An automatic This is an advantage in tunnel con- mechanical ventilat- single continuous line of fluorescent ing system struction and was achieved at some is also being installed. At tube fixtures along one side of the tun- first it appeared expense in the approach grading work. that the moderate nel and a second line on the opposite tunnel length, A horizontal curve that ends just combined with the light side near each portal. The lighting de- initial traffic ahead of the south portal carries some volume, might allow design will provide illumination of 45 pendence on superelevation into the tunnel, and the natural drafts for venti- foot candles at the portal zones and 7 lation. Ho~~ever tunnel arch is warped upward there a long term baro- foot candles in the tunnel interior dur- metric to maintain adequate vertical clear- pressure and wind direction ing daylight hours. Nighttime illumi- data heeded for reliance ances with a minimum typical section on natural nation will provide 1.7 foot candles ventilation were lacking at this site. in the remainder of the bore. This throughout the tunnel and street light This, coupled with the estimate that warping upward of the arch saved illumination beyond the portals. future traffic growth would defi-

May-June 1961 27

2$ 2$

California California Highways Highways Public Public and and Works

HAZELVIEW HAZELVIEW SUMMIT SUMMIT TUNNEL

PROFILE

TO TO OREGGN OREGGN STATE STATE LINE LINE ---~

—"TO —"TO CRESCENT CRESCENT CITY

"vim "vim ~` ~` ~ ~ 2026' EIEV. EIEV.

ELEV. ELEV. 2082

VENTILATION VENTILATION BUILDING BUILDING ~

ELEVATION ELEVATION 2515'

EXISTING EXISTING HIGHWAY HIGHWAY 199

1836

bore, bore, the the with with exhaust exhaust most most capac- cording cording carbon carbon monoxide monoxide analyzers foundations foundations on on pressure pressure the the of of twelve

capacity capacity

the the along along of of length length the 10,000. 10,000. The The fans fans actuated actuated are are by by re- wide wide footings footings that that maximum exert exert a a

ranged ranged to to provide provide varying varying

exhaust

of of

the the

air air tunnel tunnel in in 4 4 below below parts parts in concrete concrete The The supported supported is is liner liner on

tunnel. tunnel. the the "the "the ports ports ceiling ceiling are are maintain maintain ar- carbon carbon the the monoxide monoxide content

outward outward

displacement displacement

comes comes

into into

play.

above above roadway roadway

the the

length length for for

the the

180,000 180,000 cubic cubic feet feet per per and minute minute

resistance resistance of of the the walls walls of of the the to tunnel tunnel

ports ports longitudinal longitudinal into into a a duct duct running nel. nel. fans fans The The

designed designed

are are to to exhaust

load load is is capacity capacity

also also

available available when when

the

and and draws draws exhaust exhaust air air ceiling through through building building north north at at the the end end of of tun- the the

at at

design design

ing ing

stress. stress. Additional Additional

over-

through through air air the the portals portals of of the the tunnel, into into stacks stacks vertical vertical in in the the ventilation

conditions conditions ous ous

of of

unsymmetrical unsymmetrical load- The The ventilating ventilating system system admits admits is is fresh withdrawn withdrawn by by propeller propeller type type fans

reinforced reinforced

to to in in support support bending bending vari- tion. traffic. traffic. Exhaust Exhaust air air in in the the duct ceiling ceiling

655 655

low low

psi, psi,

a a The The is is value. value. arch arch also system system tilating• tilating• during during initial initial construc- of of version version the the tunnel tunnel to to one -way

and and

the the maximum maximum

concrete concrete stress stress is prompted prompted the the to to decision decision a a install install anticipation anticipation nel nel ven- in in of of eventual eventual con-

three three arch arch

stresses stresses the the

are are entirel entirel axial require require nitely nitely mechanical mechanical ventilation, ity ity at at the the north north of of end end the the tun-

to to pressure pressure is is pressure pressure vertical vertical one one to

criteria. criteria. When When ratio ratio the the of of lateral TUNNEL HAZELVIEW HAZELVIEW SUMMIT SUMMIT

feet feet of of overburden, overburden, using using Terzaghi's

SECTION the the was was arch arch determined determined be be 100 to to

tion. tion. maximum maximum The The design design load load on

shown shown in in the the accompanying accompanying illustra-

and and 30' -8" -8" wide wide spring spring at at the the line,

standing standing arch, arch, -two -two thirty feet feet high

~oU~a~n~ ~oU~a~n~ e e ~o ~o °~o~oc,~oc

~o~o

°o °~~ °~~ Q Q ``~v °our

is is roclz roclz an an approximately approximately parabolic

port port the the loading loading generated generated by by this

concrete concrete The The selected selected liner liner to to sup-

tunneling.

This This is is generally generally poor poor ground ground for

10" 10" PAVEMENT? PAVEMENT? P.P.C. P.P.C. r general general same same direction direction as as the the tunnel.

have have a a steep steep dip, dip, and and trend trend in in the

crushed crushed erally erally and and shattered. shattered. The The beds

ice,

interbedded interbedded fine fine sandstone sandstone that that is is gen-

thinly thinly bedded bedded slaty slaty shale, shale, siltstone, siltstone, and

morphosed morphosed rock. rock. consists consists It It mostly mostly of LAMPS CEILING CEILING

etrates etrates highly highly folded, folded, partly partly meta-

.~ .~ ground ground

penetrates. penetrates. it it This This tunnel tunnel pen-

_ _

depends depends on on the the character character of of the

The The structural structural design design of of a a tunnel ~ --SLAB HANGER

CEILING

Struafural Struafural Design

a a minimum minimum of of maintenance.

signed signed to to operate operate automatically automatically with

points points in in the the The The tunnel. tunnel. system system is is de-

that that continually continually sample sample air air from from four tons per square foot. If soft spots are encountered or horizontal squeezing occurs, a concrete strut slab is provided that can operate to carry both vertical loads and horizontal thrusts. The footing block is also designed to act as a continuous beam when it stands alone in the side drifts during the first stages of tunnel excavation.

One Liner Design Only one liner design is provided for this tunnel. In many tunnels two or more designs, with different thick- nesses for different ground and loading conditions, are used. In this case, it was determined that the simplicity of a single pattern for excavation, placing of structural supports, rein- forcement, and concrete more than outweighed possible saving that might be realized by varying the liner design. Encased in the concrete liner are structural steel arches called tunnel sets which support the tunnel roof between the time the tunnel is excavated and the time the concrete liner is poured. Steel tunnel sets of various strengths were designed as part of the contract plans. The. _Contractor_ is given the responsibility for providing adequate support and also the right to redesign the sets to best fit his operating methods and the ground conditions actually encountered. Water seepage is always an important concern in highway tunnels, and considerable effort is made to provide adequate drainage here. Water seep- ing down through the rock towards Looking northeast along the completed rough grade of the north approach to the Hazelview Tunnel. the tunnel will encounter drainage North portal of the tunnel is hidden by the trees {left center). The big fill is across Broken KeFtle Creek. holes drilled into the rock at about fifteen foot centers around and along building roof is designed to support contracts were overlapped to avoid an the arch. Water that may penetrate the load of six feet of snow, the max- unreasonably long construction period. the concrete liner in the upper part imum sno`v depth recorded at the The roadwork contract south of of the tunnel will fall onto the venti- site. The ventilation duct floor slab the tunnel w>as synchronized with the lation duct floor slab, which will have likewise will support the ice load tunnel contract. At the south portal a waterproof surface and a drainage that would come upon it should the the tunnel daylights into a roadway system. Water from these drains will ceiling drains freeze. cut, never reaching the original be collected in longitudinal flumes ground surface. Accordingly, the ap- Construction Controls lying below the sidewalks. Seepage praach contract will require that the Challenging problems also were water coming up from the floor of south portal be excavated before the presented by the time sequence of the the tunnel. will be drained through a tunnel contractor reaches it with his contracts involved in construction of full-section tunnel excavation. blanket of filter material to longitu- the project. Three major contracts are Assuming that the tunnel contractor dinal perforated pipe drains that lie involved: roadwork north of the tun- would begin excavating from the below the pavement base course. nel, the tunnel itself, and roadwork north portal to take advantage of the The structural design also considers south of the tunnel combined with gravity drainage in the tunnel pro- snow and ice loadings. The ventilation paving of the entire project. These vided by the roadway grade, and esti-

May-June 1961 29

30 30

California California Highways Highways Public Public and and Works

of of a a bridge bridge Webber Webber over over and Creek Creek Placerville. County.

The The includes includes project project

construction north north lane lane freeway freeway of of and and expressway expressway Longvale Longvale in in through Medocino

way way

funds funds

is is available available

for for

the the project. Long Long Valley Valley Creek Creek about about two two job job will will complete complete seven seven miles miles miles of of four-

A A total total of of $3,200,000 $3,200,000 in in

state state

high-

on on U.S. U.S. Highway Highway 101 101 adjacent adjacent to This This and and project project another another current

and and

Placerville. removal removal and and installation installation

of of a a culvert

project.

four - tenths tenths mile mile of of

Perks Perks west west

Corner

sion sion has has allocated allocated $300,000 $300,000 for for slide

existing existing highway highway is is included included

the

in in

four freeway freeway -lane -lane on on U.S. U.S. 50 50 between

The The California California

Highway Highway Commis-

existing existing the the

Resurfacing Resurfacing

route. route.

of of the surfacing surfacing to to construct construct miles miles 2.8 2.8 of

on on more more alignment alignment direct direct of south south project project The The involves involves grading grading and

of of Much Much new new the the freeway freeway be will will County. way way construction construction field.

project project on on tinued tinued U.S. U.S. strong strong 50 50 m m competition competition El El Dorado Canal Canal in in Street Street the the high- m m Placerville.

called called has has construction construction bids bids on on for for major major methods methods freeway freeway a a rado rado and and Fairgrounds Fairgrounds County County also also and and con- west west of

The The tinued tinued State State Division Division of of improvement improvement Highways Highways in in interchange interchange equipment equipment structures structures and at at Do- the the El El

same same ing ing the the period, period, evidence evidence of of con- Division Division o~sks o~sks bids bids 50 50 On On Freeway U.S. U.S.

Index Index has has dropped dropped 12.0 12.0 percent percent dur-

California California Highway Highway Construction Construction Cost

dex dex has has dropped dropped 5.5 5.5 percent percent and and

the

same same the the time.

presented presented

in in

article. a a future future

Public Public of of Roads Roads Composite Composite Mile Mile

In-

structural structural work work completed completed and and be be the the

at construction construction

of of this this

tunnel tunnel

will will

three three last last the the years, years, the the while while Bureau

that that tract tract will will overlap overlap themselves. themselves. the the present present tunnel

to to

The The story story

has has labor, labor, increased increased 13.8 13.8

percent percent in

lining, lining, nel nel be be will will as as separate separate let let and and a a tunnel, tunnel, difficulties difficulties con- major major

have have

yet

the the ing ing cost cost of of basic basic material material

and

except except items items for for embedded embedded excavation excavation in in the the tun- is is just just

beginning beginning this

at at

neering neering News - Record Record

Index Index

reflect-

tunnel tunnel mechanical mechanical and and of of eletcrical eletcrical work, cation cation character character the the ground.

of of the the

The The annual annual

average average the the of of

Engi-

trical trical

had had work work been been detailed. detailed. The program program gives gives tion tion rough rough only only indi- a a

previous previous

quaxter.

before before

the the

tunnel tunnel

mechanical mechanical and and elec-

even even the the underground underground best best explora-

points points

of of 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 or or percent percent over over the

ting ting the the tunnel tunnel

structure structure to to contract

This This tion. tion.

characteristic characteristic exists exists because

and and now now stands stands 344.8, 344.8, at at an an increase

The The tight tight schedule schedule

required required

also also

let- encountered encountered ditions ditions

during during construc-

quarter quarter 1961 1961 of of also also increased increased slightly

spoil.

conditions conditions ground ground

and and the the con- actual actual

Construction Construction Cost Cost Index Index for for the the first

contract contract way way all all to to

of of take take the the

tunnel

between between

the the prediction prediction of of under-

The The Engineering Engineering News - Record

embankments embankments in in the the of of the the road- north north is is work work tunnel tunnel the the persistent persistent difference

past past

year.

worked, worked, be be sufficient sufficient was was space space left An An outstanding outstanding characteristic characteristic of

small small

shown shown fluctuations fluctuations

during during the

mating mating that that one one

only only heading heading would

Future Future

Outlook

points points or or percent. percent. 1.2 1.2 This This index index has

stands stands 224.4, 224.4, work work being being at at done done new new alignment. on on 2.7 the the a a decrease decrease of of

northward northward ihis ihis view view {he {he relocation relocation

of of

U.S. U.S.

199 199 .of .of shows shows the the present present

highway highway and and some some of of the the clearing 1960, 1960, of of the the latest latest available, available, it it now

departments. departments. For For the the fourth fourth quarter

tracts tracts awarded awarded by by the the State State highway

eral -Aid -Aid highway highway construction construction con-

Mile Mile Index, Index, is is which which based based on on Fed-

Bureau Bureau of of Public Public Roads Roads Composite

highway highway costs costs is is also also indicated indicated by by the

trend trend The The toward toward stabilization stabilization in

(6.2).

changed changed from from the the previous previous quarter

bidders bidders 6.1 6.1 per per project, project, is is almost almost un-

quarter quarter of of 1961, 1961, with with an an average average of

Bidder Bidder competition competition the the during during first

1959. of of

which which started started during during the the last last quarter

flect flect the the period period of of in in stability stability prices

ations ations during during 1960, 1960, continues continues to to re-

crease, crease, together together the the with with small small fluctu-

fourth fourth quarter quarter of of 1960. 1960. This This small small in-

index index points points 0.5 0.5 or or percent percent over over the

1961 1961 stands stands at at 229.6, 229.6, an an increase increase of of 1.1

tion tion Cost Cost Index Index for for the the quarter quarter first first of

The The California California Highway Highway Construc-

Maintain Maintain Stability

Construction Construction Costs WASH TO HEADQUARTERS; FOLEY, SHERVINGTON NAMED Womack Elected The transfer of District Engineer worked in four of the Division's 11 W.A.S.H.O. Head A. M. Nash of District V, California districts, serving as District Engineer Division of Highways, to a special in three of them (Eureka, Marysville, State Highway Engineer J. C. Wo- mack of California assignment in Sacramento Headquar- San Luis Obispo), in addition to three is the new presi- ters office and the transfer of Bistrict tours of duty in Headquarters office dent of the Western Association of State Highway Officials, Engineer E. R. Foley from District in Sacramento. From 1946 to 1949 he it was an- r~ounced IX, Bishop, to replace Nash at San was Engineer of Design for the Di- May 5 on his return from Luis Obispo were announced by State vision. the association's 40th annual meeting. Highway Engineer J. C. Womacic. Nash is a native of Elk City, Kansas, Womack moved up from the vice- Womack also announced the promo- was educated in Idaho and Washing- presidency of the organization, which tion of Charles A. Shervington of ton and at the University of Wash- is composed of the highway depart- Eureka to succeed Foley. ington. During World War I he served ments of 14 western states, including Nash has been in charge of District as a second lieutenant in the Army Hawaii and Alaska. V since February, 1956. He has been Aviation Service. He joined the Divi- He will serve until the next annual - with the Division sion of Highways in 1920 as a drafts- meeting, which will be held in Seattle, of Highways for man and computer. Washington, in June, 1962. 41 years. Nash is a past vice president of the Other officers for 1961-62 are W. Womack said Western Association of State High- O. Wright, State Highway Engineer that Nash's special way Officials and has served on im- of Nevada, vice-president; and For- assignment will in- portant national committees concerned rest Cooper, Deputy State Highway volve a statewide with highway design and construction. Engineer of Oregon, re-elected secre- study to develop Foley, who was appointed District tary-treasurer. detailed informa- Engineer at Bishop The 1961 meeting was held in Las tion concerning in June, 1956, has Vegas, Nevada. A. M. Nash engineering costs, been with the Divi- engineering productivity and uniform- sion since his grad- ity of engineering methods as applied uation in civil engi- $33,812,485 TO CITIES to the Division's planning and con- neering from the A record total of $33,812,485 in struction program. The assignment is University of Cali- State gasoline tax revenues has been expected to last for 12 to 18 months. fornia in 1932, ex- apportioned to the 372 incorporated His position carries the ne~~vly estab- cept for four years cities in California for city street lished title of Systems Research Engi- with the Seabees work during the past fiscal year, it neer. C. A. Shervington during World War has been announced by State High- "The purpose of this study," Wo- II. He is a native of Nevada City. way Engineer J. C. Womack. mack added, "is to produce more Most of Foley's early career with highway for the taxpayer's dollar the Division of Highways was in through the greatest possible uniform- bridge construction work. From 1950 headquarters at Eureka. He started as ity in engineering methods and keep- to 1956 he was in charge of the state- a draftsman and rose through the ing engineering wide county road inventory and map- ranks to become Assistant District costs at a minimum. ping program which the State carried Engineer in charge of planning in Part of the study on in cooperation with the various 1951. He has served in this position has been made, but counties. until his current promotion. eve have not been Foley is a member of the American He was born in London, England, able to complete it Society of Civil Engineers and of the moved soon thereafter to Canada, and in view of the Rotary Club. He is a commander in grew up in Oakland, where he at- heavy and increas- the U.S. Naval Reserve. He has also tended the Polytechnic College of En- ing workload in all been active in Boy Scout work. He gineering. During World War II he our departments. and his wife, Josephine, have two served in the Pacific with the U.S. E. R. Fogey "We are forte- children, Dennis, age 15, and Lynn, Naval Reserve Civil Engineer Corps. nate in having been able to persuade age 12. Shervington is a registered civil en- `Pete' Nash to postpone his scheduled He will report to District V on gineer. He is a Mason, and has been retirement date to do this job. He has May 8 and assume charge of the dis- active in P.T.A. and Boy Scout work. been selected assignment for this be- trict effective May 12. He and his wife, Wilma, have two cause of his long and varied experi- Shervington has had 30 years of sons, Robert, age 13, and Bruce, age 11. ence and proven ability." service with the Division of High- Shervington will report to District In the course of his 41 years with ways, all of it with District I, which IX on May 1 and assume charge of the Division of Highways, Nash has covers northwestern California with the District effective May S.

May-June 1961 3~ ~~ ~ ~ ~(~ Spacing, Design Must Be J Individually Tailored

By W. L. WARREN, Engineer of Design

Irr laying out a freeway system, the counties throughout California has The statutes also provide for recog- location of interchanges is a problem made possible the orderly devel- nition of the freeway routes adopted which, more than any other, must be opment of the highway construction by the California Highway Commis- solved jointly by the State and local program. I believe that this is an ex- sion. In essence, the law states that no jurisdictions involved, because the ample of intergovernmental relation- new city street or new county road freeway interchange is where the two ship in which we can all take some may be connected to a freeway with- systems come together. pride. out the Commission's consent. In other With the great Interstate Highway words, only those local roads in actual program which the Federal govern- existence at the time of freeway route This article was first presented as ment now has under way, the U.S. adoption may be considered for con- a paper by the author before the Bureau of Public Roads has, of neces- nection to the freeway during design. Street and Highway Conference, In- sity, been a participant in the inter- stitute of Transportation and Traffic governmental relationship involved in Connections Requested Engineering, University of Califor- interchange locations. The coopera- Where freeway planning is well nia, held. in January at Berkeley. tion and helpful attitude of the Bureau ahead of community development, it of Public Roads is something that the is often necessary for the city or Division of Highways may be more county involved to request new con- It is obvious that no trip either aware of than the city or county gov- nections to freeways. This allows for begins or ends on a freeway, and the ernments. Representatives of the State recognition of the community needs motorist does not care and may not and Federal governments are con- after a freeway route is adopted, if a even know which jurisdiction is re- stantly working out the problems of satisfactory showing can be made to sponsible for any particular choice of interchange location involving the the Highway Commission. road he uses in making a given trip. Federal government with the State, These new connections to freeways Since the common objective of both the cities and counties. become interchanges and their loca- freeways and conventional roads is to tion must be consistent with spacing provide facilities for traffic, it is nec- Legislative Action of adjacent interchanges. essary to arrive at a satisfactory joint The California Legislature has laid The instructions for completing the solution where two jurisdictions meet. the ground work for a successful road estimate of cost for the Interstate The construction of the California system in California through recogni- System in accordance with Section Freeway and Expressway System must tion and understanding of the overall 104(b)S, Title 23, U. S. Code, High- be superimposed over a vast network problem. Sound legislation has pro- ways, states in part: of existing city streets and county vided aworkable and continuing pro- roads. Certainly the State system will gram. In the enactment of this legis- "It is important that interchanges be affect the other road systems and the lation, recognition has been given to located so as to properly discharge other road systems will affect the de- the need for cooperation between the and receive traffic from other Inter- sign of the State system. various governmental agencies when state and Federal-aid system routes, or freeways are planned. major arterial highways or streets. It Spacing Important is equally important that they not be Such an integrated system of city, The Streets and Highways Code spaced so closely as either to unneces- county and state facilities states that no city street or county depends sarily increase the cost of the system largely on the proper location and highway may be closed by the con- or interfere with the free flow and design of interchanges for its success. struction of a freeway except pursu- safety of traffic on the Interstate It is therefore important that inter- ant to a freeway agreement between System. changes be spaced at an optimum dis- the Department of Public Works and tance, taking into consideration the the local jurisdiction. This requires "Interchanges within urban areas needs of the city and county road full recognition of the local road sys- should not be spaced closer than an systems and the free flow and safety tems. average of two miles, in the suburban of traffic on the freeway. This can It is in this area that complete agree- sections of urban areas average not only be accomplished through the ment must be reached as to the loca- closer than four miles, and in rural mutual cooperation of the State, cities tion of interchanges and separations, sections average not closer than eight and counties involved. and the necessary relocation of exist- miles. The high degree of cooperation and ing and construction of new local "Obviously, however, in considera- the helpful attitude of the cities and roads. tion of the varying nature of the high-

32 California Highways and Public Works way, street or road systems with While interchange spacing less than committee was composed of engineers which the Interstate System must con- that outlined is sometimes permitted representing a cross section of the nect, the spacings between individual on the Interstate System, adequate United States, and they said this about adjacent interchanges must vary con- justification must be presented to and interchanges, spacing and location: siderably. In urban areas the minimum approved by the Bureau of Public "The committee drew the conclu- distance between interchanges should Roads for each deviation from the sion that spacing of interchanges is not be less than one mile, and in rural minimum. spacing mentioned. not an initial design criterion but a areas not less than three miles. Under determination of design to fit traffic normal circumstances the increased Visit By Commiffee needs." cost of construction resulting from In 1959 the "Special Freeway Study The committee also said: the development of an interchange and Analysis Committee" of the "A freeway interchange in a rural should have a net benefit-cost ratio of American Association of State High- area should be located where the not less than 1.0." way Officials visited California. This traffic needs indicate justification

A Pypical portion of a consfrucfed freeway through a metropolitan area, in this case U.S. 40 through Richmond. To provide adequate traffic service to commercial, industrial and residential areas, many streets must be served fo and from }he freeway. This illustrates the need for proper planning since the design of one interchange is dependenfi upon the design and proximity of adjacent interchanges.

May-June 1961 33 PLATE 1 work out interchange spacing as justi- direct service to and from the free- fied independently of land use with way. However, a direct type of con- the spacing varying perhaps widely. nection to the existing highway into -~i~ a town must sometimes be compro- Purposes Outlined mised by the need to connect other ~~1~~~ There are two basic purposes for local roads at the same interchange, freeway interchanges: the first, to and by the e~ustence of railroads, ex- transfer local traffic to and from the pensive improvements, or other topo- freeway and local road system, and graphic controls. the other for a freeway to freeway In both rural and urban areas the type of traffic interchange. In general, overall community interest must be no local can connections be permitted considered. A traffic interchange or to free~~ay to freeway interchanges series of traffic interchanges on a free- due to the conflict that would be in- way through a community may affect troduced. the traffic pattern of large contiguous In urban areas the primary consid- areas. It follows that the location and erations are traffic operation and capct- spacing of interchanges will be af- city. The problem of distribution of fected by the size of the city and the freeway traffic to and from the local type of area. street network without creating bot- The existence of traffic generators tlenecks on either the freeway or the such as large industrial or commercial local street intersections is difficult and areas will also affect interchange loca- should be the major consideration tion and spacing. The core area or when interchange location is being therefor. The resulting spacing may business district of a community may determined. be few or many miles. The same ele- require an unusual number of inter- On the other hand, in rural areas ment of justification applied to urban changes and ramps to insure the where capacity is not a problem, it is areas must be further supplemented proper operation of traffic on the free- only necessary to balance local traf- by the need to assure proper circula- way and adjacent streets. fic service against reasonable cost. tion of traffic on the arterial and local Master planning of roads and streets Numerical warrants for interchanges streets of the city affected by traffic considered, to insure that have not been developed. Warrants must also be turning to and from the freeway. To future traffic patterns will be inte- therefore are necessarily general and do otherwise might concentrate inter- grated. must be based on engineering judg- change traffic at one or a few locations Other ment. It suffices to say that sufficient Factors in such volumes that serious disrup- interchanges are required in rural There are other factors which, in tion of traffic on both the local streets areas for proper traffic circulation and varying degree, must also be con- and the freeway can result. area development. sidered, but these factors must not be "Distribution among several streets To a great extent the location of permitted to lead to heavy expendi- rather than concentration on one or interchanges is controlled by the loca- two would seem to be preferable, pro- tion of the freeway in relation to the PLATE 2 vided (1) space is available and con- local road pattern. ditions are amenable for proper design For example, the construction of a of the interchange turning roadways, freeway along an existing highway or (2) sufficient length is available along expressway almost invariably results the freeway for proper entrances and in many more interchanges than if the exits, (3) sufficient length is available freeway were on entirely new loca- Fig. ~ along the freeway for installing sign- RAMP CONNECTIONS TO tion. Since the freeway absorbs the ADJACENTPRONTAGE ROADS ing and marking for smooth and local service facilities, it must take proper traffic operation and (4) suf~i- over the job of this facility as well cient length is available for effecting as serving through traffic. needed transition between freeway Conversely, a freeway on an en- and street operation, and accommo- tirely new location does not usually FiB. S dating traffic destined for or coming have to consider local traffic service 2gUADRANT CLOVERLEAF from the freeway on adequate local to as great an extent as long as separa- facilities." tions are provided at reasonable inter- Here we have differing approaches vals to allow the existing road pattern to the problem. The one approach is to be maintained. to establish a minimum spacing of interchanges in rural and urban areas as Connection Problem Fig. 6 an initial design criterion while recog- Where existing towns are by-passed, ZQUADRANT CLOVERLEAB nizing special cases. The other is to every effort is made to provide rather WITH FREE RIGHT TURNS

34 California Highways and Public Works tares for freeways which are not through the years, so that present-day properly planned for traffic. interchanges are sometimes different Highway funds must be expended from those of 10 or 15 years ago. in ruck a manner as to provide the There are probably few places in most service to all tyaffic z.vithout con~- the field of engineering where there proynising the quality of the service Fie. ~ is such room for originality and free to the main segments of trafj"ic. Since 4 OVADRANT CLOVERLEAF fwITH COLLECTOR ROADS) thinking on the part of the designer. freeway travel is faster, cheaper and There are probably few cases, too, safer than travel on conventional high- where each element of design is so ways, it is commensurate with this costly and where each element policy to convert as much can conven- produce user saving tional highway travel of such magni- as possible to tude. freeway travel. This is only possible through Considerable time is devoted to an adequate number of inter- V~ 30UADRANT CLOVERLEAF interchange design in both the District changes. (WITH ONE DIRECT CONNECTION) offices and Headquarters office the Although a spot economic of analysis Division of Highways. The various may often seem to warrant an inter- designs developed are sometimes dis- change, an item of, say, $500,000 in played like paintings in a gallery. The capital outlay must be resolved by ex- basis of judging, unlike that used for perience and judgment in respect to paintings, must be the more mundane the overall picture in completion or factors of construction costs, eartension of the freeway right of system. way adaptability To summarize: costs, to signing and user benefits. Planning for interchanges must con- community and an interchange in the sider city streets, county roads and middle—or three interchanges two Traffic Cost Considered State highways as an integrated in sys- miles. In design, each interchange presents tem and the needs of all these systems On a project an individual problem, must be considered. just west of Santa for it must be Barbara through an area flf develop- considered in conjunction with ad- Interchanges cannot be so far apart ing subdivisions, five interchanges are jacent interchanges, and the project as to concentrate large volumes of being provided in an 8 %z mile project as a whole. The choice of interchange traffic at ramps, or so far apart as to or approximately one every 1 % miles. type is dependent on many factors, entail unreasonable circuitry for off- On U.S. 40 between the .American but primary considerations are traffic freeway traffic. Nor can they be River north of Sacramento and Au- and cost. Cost is made up of both con- spaced so close together as to cause burn, adistance of 30 miles, 27 inter- struction and right of way costs, and conflict with each other due to lack changes are provided. Individual traffic considers not only trafric vol- of weaving and acceleration distances. spacings vary, however, from a mini- umes but also user costs. Optimum Spacing Varies mum of 2,400 feet to a ma~mum of The diamond interchange with Optimum spacing of interchanges over two miles. ramps close to the freeway shown in Figure may vary widely under various Between Lodi and Sacramento on 1 might properly be consid- U.S. ered circumstances. In the interest of con- 99, a distance of 25 miles, there the most basic interchange type. are In one struction economy, a minimum num- 17 interchanges. sense, other interchange types ber of interchanges is desirable; In urban areas such as Los Angeles, are modifications of this design to fit nevertheless, there are no satisfactory the spacing is fairly close. For ex- specific conditions. predetermined criteria of spacing. ample, the Hollywood Freeway from The tight diamond design is most the 4 level structure appropriate when the freeway The principal consideration is traf- to Vineland Bou- is either levard, adistance depressed or elevated fic service and traffic safety weighed of 9%z miles, has 16 with the cross against cost. interchanges—an average interchange road remaining at natural ground. spacing of six-tenths of a mile. This condition is often found in met- Within this broad limit there is a The Bayshore Freeway ropolitan areas where the freeway great deal of latitude. The following from near the Bay Bridge in San must be separated from many examples may illustrate this: Francisco to cross Moffett Field, a length of 36 miles, has streets. From east of Baker to the Nevada 36 interchanges. If the freeway is depressed, good State Line, a distance of 48 miles, six Obviously, when all considerations sight distance is provided on both the interchanges or an average of one in are carefully weighed, the spacing off-ramps and the cross road. If, how- eight miles are planned or constructed. may vary widely from project to proj- ever, the freeway is elevated, sight However, on the same route, on the ect or interchange to interchange. distances are somewhat restricted; and, bypass of Baker itself, approximately where prevailing conditions allow, the two miles in length, it is necessary for Types of Interchanges ramp intersecrions on the cross road proper traffic service to provide a di- Like other features of free- should be moved away from the free- rect connection at each end of the ways, interchange design has evolved way. Because of prohibitive right of May-June 1961 35

36 36

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

given given

to to off the the - ramps. ramps. Sufficient Sufficient

de- verleaf verleaf with with collector collector roads.

ment ment

feasible, feasible,

with with

special special emphasis

comparable comparable to to the the quadrant quadrant four - clo-

provide provide

the the standards standards best best

of of align-

braided braided can can plan plan be be provided provided at at a a cost

hooked hooked

effect, effect, designer designer the the

should

tween tween loop loop ramps. ramps. In In some some cases, cases, this

ramps as as "hook "hook ". ". minimize minimize

To To

this

braids braids out out the the weaving weaving conflict conflict be-

type type

of of design design often often referred referred are are

Figure Figure 9 9 shows shows a. a. design design which

priate. priate. The The ramps ramps provided provided by by this conflict.

shown shown

Figure Figure

4, 4,

in in prove prove may may appro-

ment ment is is not not involved involved in in any any weaving

ing ing parallel parallel to to frontage frontage

roads, roads,

would would

be be that that the the major major traffic traffic

move-

TRUMPET interchange interchange

type type with with

connect-

ramps ramps

resulting resulting from from this this direct direct connection

FIA. FIA.

There There are are

many many examples examples

where where

plant. plant. One One of of the the major major advantages

Parallel Parallel Frontage Frontage Roads hour hour volume volume from from a a nearby nearby industrial

tified tified

to to serve serve

a a

predicted predicted high high peak

since since undesirable undesirable weaves weaves will will occur.

tion tion

shown shown

in in

Figure Figure 8 8 might might be be jus-

with with a a cross cross street street should should avoided be be

The The

design design

with with one one direct direct connec-

the the frontage frontage road road at at intersection the the

umes.

The The condition condition where where ramps ramps slip slip enter

commodate commodate

high high predicted predicted traffic traffic vol-

interchange interchange

PLATE PLATE is is to to properly. function function 4

of of

afour- quadrant quadrant

cloverleaf cloverleaf to to ac-

local local and and ramp ramp traffic traffic if if type type this this of

Figures Figures

8 8 9 9 and and

is is further further modification

ramps ramps since since

better better

-ramp -ramp off alignment

provided provided

on on frontage frontage the the road road for

The The

interchange interchange type type

shown shown

able able

to to one one with with loops loops for for the the off- Sufficient Sufficient distance distance weaving weaving

must must be

Further Further

Modification

for for on the the -ramps -ramps is is considered considered prefer- cannot cannot be be provided provided on on cross cross the the road.

diamond diamond

type. type. pattern pattern A A with with loops freeway freeway that that additional additional is is a a intersections major major high high speed speed facility.

tances tances

than than

would would

four a a - quadrant lel lel frontage frontage roads roads are are so so may may close close to to be be the provided provided when when the the cross cross road

sign sign

may may

provide provide better better

weaving weaving dis- is is sign sign often often appropriate appropriate when when paral- expensive. expensive. In In rural rural areas areas these these types

~~ith ~~ith

interchanges, interchanges, adjoining adjoining

this this de- terns terns is is shown shown 3. 3. in in Figure Figure high, high, This This since since de- right right way way of of will will be be very

When When

considered considered

in in conjunction slip slip ramps ramps into into one -way -way street street umes umes pat- are are expected expected to to be be extremely

The The construction construction diamond diamond interchange interchange type type costs costs -up -up are are with built usually usually areas areas higher. only only when when traffic traffic vol-

than than by by a a spread spread diamond; diamond; pensive. cloverleaf cloverleaf however, designs designs may may be be justified justified in

right right of of is is way way required required free free by by on on cross cross this this the the right right design road road turns turns is is and and or or ex- the the usually usually four - quadrant

sight sight distance distance may may be be The The restricted. restricted. lacks lacks fle~bility fle~bility two Less - stage stage development of of quadrant quadrant cloverleaf cloverleaf with

sections sections from from the the freeway freeway tions tions may may where side side seldom seldom be be not not is is resorted resorted to, to, adequate. since since it

cross cross the the road road approaching approaching pressed. pressed. tances tances This This the the inter- combination combination between between of of eleva- adjoining adjoining interchanges

left left turning turning movement movement of of vehicles vehicles ground ground from from and and on the the the the cross cross cross cross road road is is road, road, de- and and weaving weaving dis-

has has advantage advantage the the of of eliminating eliminating freeway freeway located located is is the in in vicinity vicinity as as the the much much natural of of as as 1000 1000 feet feet or or more

carried carried is is over over the the freeway. freeway. This This would would also also type appropriate appropriate noses noses on on be be the the when when freeway freeway will will the therefore therefore be

near near natural natural ground ground and and the the The The cross cross lector lector spread spread road roads roads diamond diamond are are interchange provided. provided. The The ramp

rural rural in in areas areas

where where the the freeway freeway are are considered considered is objectionable, objectionable, and and col- proximity proximity the the of of frontage frontage roads.

shown shown in in Figure Figure

5 5 is is

a a

often often type type used large large so so that that weaves weaves the the on on freeway improvements, improvements, right right of of way way costs costs and

The The

two

- quadrant quadrant cloverleaf cloverleaf

design verleaf verleaf interchange interchange the the ramp ramp traffic traffic is promised promised consideration consideration with with to to local

such such as as frontage frontage to to justify justify roads. afour- quadrant quadrant clo- from from freeway freeway the the must must often often be be com-

right right Quite Quite often often way way of of when when costs costs conditions conditions nearby nearby and and intersections intersections are parallel may may moved moved be be away

and and has has the the no no only only feasible feasible weaving weaving type type because because conflicts. of of high sight sight distance. distance. The The distance distance that that these

areas, areas, expensive, expensive, this this requires requires hook hook ramp ramp design design less less right right of of may may way ward ward from from be the the freeway freeway to to improve

leaf leaf provided. provided. shown shown in in In In Figure Figure 7 7 built -up -up since since it it is is metropolitan less tions tions the the on on cross cross road road are are moved moved out-

a a to to able able tight tight if if the the full full diamond diamond four (Figure (Figure - quadrant quadrant clover- 1) 1) were freeway. freeway. the the over over The The ramp ramp intersec-

tolerated tolerated and and this this sight sight distance distance would would design design may may be be be be restricted prefer- ground ground the the and and cross cross road road is is raised

ramps. ramps. cross cross road road When When these these is is carried carried left left the the over over turns turns can can freeway be way way is is in in the the vicinity vicinity natural of of

change change left left type type turns turns involved involved in in rural rural are are areas areas from from where where the the off- the found found in in rural rural areas areas where where the the free-

involved involved count count in in in in part part this this the the for for pattern pattern use use of of this this and and the the only interchange change shown shown in in Figure Figure is is usually 2 2

from from ever, ever, the the is is usually usually cross cross road. road. good, good, No No which which weaves weaves may may are ac- The The spread spread diamond diamond type type of of inter-

to to

the the

6 6 where where

cross cross free free road. road. right right Sight Sight turns turns distance, distance, are are how- provided

Spread diamond diamond Type -

additional additional c~uadrant c~uadrant conflicts conflicts cloverleaf cloverleaf traffic traffic is is for for shown shown Figure destined in in

alignment alignment cross cross A A further further for for ramps ramps roads roads have have the the elaboration elaboration sufficient sufficient of of and and capacity. presents the the two-

terchange terchange intersections intersections results results are are in in poor poor signalized signalized standards standards and and the of No No Weaves Weaves Allowed

In In handled handled the the general general large large traffic traffic case, case,

volumes volumes this this type type when when the of of in- restrictive.

These These interchanges interchanges

have have satisfactorily

to to

overdrive overdrive

the the curve. tions tions where where sight sight distances distances

may may

structed structed

in in

large large

metropolitan metropolitan areas.

ramp ramp nose nose

to to minimize minimize the the tendency on on the the freeway freeway

side side of of

the the intersec-

mond mond

interchanges interchanges

have have

been been

con-

between between

the the loop loop radius radius and and the the off- ments ments need need be be

stored stored on on the the

cross cross

road

way way

costs, costs, many many

of of these these

tight tight

dia- celeration celeration

distance distance should should be be provided is is provided provided and and no no left left turning turning move- Another interchange type com- it comes from a signalized diamond monly used is the trumpet. This de- off-ramp or from a loop off-ramp. sign may be shaped in many ways, one Conversely, if the volume coming of which is shown in Figure 10. The from a loop off-ramp is small enough trumpet may be appropriate when a to be absorbed by the cross street cross road ends at the freeway or without adding traffic lanes to the where a direct connection to built-up cross street, this volume can also be area is considered justified. In some added to the cross street trafFic stream cases the backward movements shown by means of a signalized intersection. may not be required. At present there are more than The design shown in Figure 10 has 1,000 completed traffic interchanges the disadvantage of ending what may in operation on the State Freeway be a high speed road on a loop con- System. Apparently State and city or nection. If conditions allow, this may county systems have met in about be overcome by reversing the direc- 1,000 instances. In observing the oper- tion of the trumpet and placing the ation of these interchanges, it appears heavier volume on a loop ramp off the in general that mutual considerations freeway where the lower speeds will have been successfully met. More im- be anticipated. A further disadvantage portant, it appears that we have to the trumpet is the lack of adaptabil- profited from experience and the field ity if in the future it is deemed neces- of knowledge is increasing. sary to extend the cross road to the significant and considerable engineer- opposite side of the freeway. ing judgment is required in weighing these factors one against the other. In Braid Method Costly metropolitan areas, these interchanges Bids Called for In the effort to provide satisfactory are often further complicated by the traffic service, we are often faced with necessity to provide local service South State Jobs the necessity of interchanging with within the interchange area. Experi- The State Division of Highways two cross roads within one-half mile. ence has shown that each case is an has called for bids on large scale free- If sufficient weaving distance cannot individual one; an interchange pattern way jobs in Los Angeles and River- be provided between on- and off- cannot be prototyped. side Counties. ramps, these ramps must be separated The four level direct interchange The Los Angeles County project by a braid as shown in Figure 11. may be appropriate in a large metro- consists of constructing nine bridges Since it is obviously expensive to pro- politan area where all movements are on the future route of the San Diego vide braids in this fashion, the designer anticipated to be very heavily trav- Freeway between Studebaker Road will always investigate the many pos- eled. Interchanges of lesser cost and and Cherry Avenue in and near Long sible interchange types and shapes magnitude are provided with consid- Beach. that might be provided to determine eration to area; improvements, traffic A total of $3,700,000 in state high- if any feasible alternates are available. service, cost, etc. way funds is available for the project. Interchange movements must also The diamond interchange is still the Bridges will be constructed to carry be provided when two through free- workhorse on the team of inter- the future freeway over Studebaker ways intersect or where one freeway changes. Far from being a substandard Road, Los Cerritos Channel, Stearns ends at the intersection with another. facility, it can handle, if properly de- Street, Palo Verde Avenue, Wood- The minimum requisite of a freeway signed and signalized, very large vol- ruff Avenue, and Bellflower Boule- to freeway interchange design is that umes of traffic. vard. all movements must be free flowin;, The Riverside County project in- with no left turns. Several of the local Delay on Loops volves grading and paving to con- interchanges previously discussed have The delay to all cars going around struct 5.6 miles of four-lane freeway qualification. Among these are the this a loop may be 30 seconds or more re- on U.S. Highway 60 between Sunny- quadrant cloverleaf and its vari- four- gardless of what other traffic may or slope and Orange Street in Riverside. out possible modifications (Figures 7, may not be using the cross street. This total state 8 and 9). Other types are the semi- 30 second delay is about three times A of $5,530,000 in high- for the direct with loops shown in Figure 12, the average delay at a traffic signal way funds is available project. and the fully direct four level inter- and more than three times the delay Eleven bridges are included in the change shown in Figure 13. at a rural typical stop sign. In addi- project, including structures over the The choice of the proper freeway tion, if traffic volumes leaving a free- Union Pacific Railroad and the Santa to freeway interchange is often a diffi- way at a given interchange are very Ana River. cult one. Differences in construction large, this traffic will cause disrupting This project will connect with and right of way costs, circuity of of the progressive movement along three miles of freeway now under travel, aesthetics, capacity, etc. are the city street regardless of whether construction on U.S. 60 in Riverside.

May-June 1961. g7 Freeway Construction Requires armdn s Few Adjustments, Study Shows A REPORT OF THE LAND ECONOMIC STUDIES SECTION, RIGHT-OF-WAY DEPARTMENT Summation by BAMFORD FRANKLAND, Headquarters Right-of-Way Agent

A 13.6-ui1LE seg- constructed. Eleven roads intersect the DisTxlcT ment of Interstate freeway at approximate one-mile in- Highway Route tervals along the 13-mile route. Five III 5W in western of the 11 will interchange traffic with Yolo County, Cali- the freeway. Three of the intersecting fornia, was com- roads will cross the freeway but will pleted in January, not provide access to it, and while the 1960. This new remaining three roads will neither in- highway, a free- terchange with nor cross the freeway, way, was built on they connect to roads which do. Ac- new location through an area which cess to and/or across the freeway is is entirely agricultural. The freeway now at approximate two-mile inter- right of way is a minimum of 208 feet vals. wide and required the acquisition of Character of Area some 438 acres of farmland. Forty-six The Winters-Madison area has been farms now lie adjacent to the new Interstate Route in a state of transition for over 20 route. Five of these were severed by years. An adequate water supply, a the freeway, leaving a remainder on Future Interstate nearly level farming surface, and im- each side; strips of various widths The study area and freeway discussed in this provements in farm equipment have were trimmed from one side of 38 of article are shown on the above map by the heavy encouraged farm operators to grad- the farms; and only three of the total black line. ually change from dry farming to were not physically touched by the irrigated row crop between the farm communities of farming. new route. Winters and Madison, in a portion of Prior to 1938, the appro~umate 8,750 acres contained in the ownerships Purpose of Study California's rich Central Valley. It is approximatelq 68 miles north and east abutting the freeway route were What are the consequences of free- of San Francisco, and 32 miles west nearly all farmed by their owners to way construction in such an agricul- of Sacramento. Its main marketing field crops which do not require land tural area? What are the effects of centers are Sacramento and the City leveling. By 1961 over 5,000 acres had the acquisition of a 208 foot right of of Woodland, which is 12 miles east been leveled for irrigated row crop way; of the acquistion of 438 farmable of the study area. Map One illustrates cultivation. Almost 3,400 acres are still acres; of the severance of a farm; of this orientation. farmed to field crops but this acreage the acquisition of a strip from the side The farm properties studied lie ad- is decreasing each year. About 350 of a farm; of the physical imposition jacent to Interstate Highway Route acres of the choicest soils in the area of a freeway upon an area where none SW, the western connecting link be- traditionally have been devoted to existed before? tween Interstate Route 80 (serving the fruit and nut orchards. The purpose of this study is to San Francisco Bay Area and points The basic dry field crops are barley investigate these consequences of East) and Interstate 5 (U.S. 99W), and wheat. Basic row crops are toma- right of way acquisition and freeway which serves Northern California. In- toes, sugar beets and alfalfa, while the construction, and to provide factual terstate Route SW has been construc- orchards produce walnuts, almonds, data which may assist in the evaluated entirely on new alignment, about peaches, apricots and prunes. tion of such factors in similar agricul- a mile east of old State Highway Along with the trend toward con- tural areas where future freeway may Route 90, locally known at the Vaca- version of land to more intensive farm- be considered. ville-Dunnigan Cutoff. ing uses has gone a trend toward ab- Sufficient right of way to construct sentee ownership. Only 23 percent of Study Area and Freeway an ultimate six-lane, full freeway was the 8,750 acres are still owner-oper- Relatively few miles of freeway acquired. Initially, only two of the ated. are constructed on new alignment ultimate six lanes and two of the Study Method through entirely agricultural areas. eventually needed eight grade separa- One practical approach to the deter- One such is in western Yolo County tion structures noted below have been mination of the consequences of free-

38 California Highways and Public Works way construction in an agricultural area is to catalogue and analyze both the changes which have occurred in adjacent properties and the adjust- znents made by their owners or operators subsequent to the acquisition of right of way. Either the changes themselves, or the lack of changes and adjustments, would be indicative of and could lead to a conclusion of freeway effects. This is the approach used in this instance, and it necessarily pre- sumes that farm operators will attempt to adjust quickly to the new conditions imposed by a freeway in order to continue to operate their farmsteads profitably. Five major alternatives are available to the farmer in adjusting to any freeway-induced changes in his operations. He can: 1. As an owner, sell or lease all or portions of his land, or buy or lease additional units. 2. As a tenant, cease operating; sub- lease all or a portion of his lease- This aerial view showing the freeway under construction illustrates the intensive cultivation practiced in hold; or change his lease terms the area. as soon as possible. 3. Change his farming practices those and/or the crops raised. which were severed, and those Right of way was acquired in which were not touched by acquisi- amounts ranging between 0.04 acre 4. Change the farm improvements. tion, were also separately examined. and 38.64 acres from 43 of the 46 5. Make changes in his equipment (A trimmed farm may be defined as adjacent ownerships. Only three par- inventory. one where right of way was acquired cels were not touched in some way Each farm in the study area was along its boundary leaving the re- by the freeway construction. Five carefully analyzed in the light of the mainder as one entity; a severed farm ownerships were severed and the re- above alternatives. Additionally, an at- is one in which right of way acquisi- maining 38 were trimmed by widely tempt was made to establish what portion has left a remainder on each side varying amounts. tion of the monies paid for rights of of the freeway.) There are several courses of possi- way had been reinvested in the vari- Map Two shows the 46 property ble adjustment which an owner might ous farms. It was felt the reinvestment ownerships in the study axea as they take as a result of the reduction in size of such payments in the farms in- existed in 1957 prior to right of way or severance of his property. For one, volved would clearly provide another acquisition for Interstate Route SW. he can change, in some manner, the helpful insight into freeway effect. Also, represented on the map are in- size of his farming operation. He might add to his holding—as replace- In carrying out the above approach, ternal field divisions and the locations ment for the land required for right the five major change factors of farm residences. Map 2-A shows were in- of way—or he might dispose vestigated over a four the same properties and their relation- of all or year period portions his ownership starting in April, ship to the new freeway. of to eliminate 1957, the date of the difficult farming first right of way operations. Either of acquisition in the Ownerships these alternatives could area, and January, be accom- 1960, one year—or A tabulation of farm ownerships in plished by means one full crop of purchase, sale cycle—after completion the study area revealed a wide range or lease. of freeway construction. Within this of farm sizes as well as a wide range Four of the subject properties have framework separate analyses were of amounts of farmland acquired for been sold during the four year made of the three study basic farm types, rights of way. The smallest operating period—at prices which are equivalent i.e., orchards, row crops, and field farm (an orchard) in the area con- to or in excess of the going acreage crops, to evaluate differing effects, if tained slightly over ten acres as op- rate in the area. Three of the sales were any, attributable to the freeway. posed to the two largest individual normal transactions which would have Additionally, within these three sub- holdings of approximately 1,200 acres occurred in the absence of a freeway. categories, farms which were trin2med,m each. One—an 80 acre parcel from which

May-June 1961 39

<:i~p <:i~p Highways Highways California California Public Public and and Works

This This map map shows shows the the and and ultimate ultimate location location construction construction of of Interstate Interstate Route Route SW SW and and towns towns of of near near Winters Winters the the Madi

To To Dovis ~. ~. ~ ;j_

COUNTY COUNTY

I "'~ "'~ o n, n, J ~ ~. ° `" `" ~ c

SOLANO SOLANO

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'~ '~ To To YOLO YOLO COUNTY ~::::::_:: ~::::::_:: I a

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m :~ :~ WINTERS o~ o~ :~~ao~ :~~ao~ (Previous (Previous State State Route,

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the the area. his his heirs heirs the the leased leased rather property property tions tions of of the the leasehold leasehold might or; or; he he

in in value value crease crease over over price price the the base base by by rangement rangement in one one all all sub instance instance or or - leasing leasing por- where where died died an an owner owner and

he he might might revise revise and and the the unit unit his his ar- leased leased listing listing have have reflected reflected an an in- of of cony cony portion portion farms farms (except (except their their in

erator erator give give up up might might his his lease lease entirely; to to farm farm the the property, property, and and each each sale o o f f their their f f army; army; none none have have leased leased all all or

to to

adverse adverse are are

forces forces

An An

op- possible: possible: purchaser purchaser who who did did not not himself himself intend area. area. study study sold sold None None a a portion have have

Three Three

basic basic adjustments adjustments

by by

tenants

Each Each sale sale to to has has been been a a speculative been been have have by by owners owners taken taken in in the

(genants).

period period and and is is now now again again sale. listed listed for for other other actions actions farm farm No No affecting affecting sizes

properties are are operated operated lessees

by by

actually actually sold sold twice twice study during during the the

remainder. small small the the

owner owner

The The operated. operated. 26 remaining remaining

acres acres

were were

acquired. acquired. This This farm farm has drink drink constructed constructed stand stand soft soft were were on

properties properties the the 46 46 were, were, of of however;

farm farm from from which which slightly slightly over over t~vo ricultural ricultural service service value) value) station station a a and

newly newly

Only Only

freeway. freeway. constructed constructed

owner. owner. was was The The third third acre another another 80 80

price price SO SO percent percent a a its its in in ag- excess excess of of attitudes attitudes to`vard to`vard veals veals owners owners the of of

farm

—sold —sold

the the following following death death

of of one its -half -half and and After After its its acres. acres. sale sale (for changes changes The The study study of of ownership ownership re-

owner owner retired. retired. —a —a Another -time of of acquisition acquisition part nearly nearly nine nine

of of its its ten

Leases Leases and and Lease Lease Terms

two two county county roads —sold —sold its when when terchange terchange ramp ramp system system required required the

purpose purpose of of the the improving improving .junction .junction the the affected affected of parcel parcel by by freeway. freeway. leased leased An An in- or or any any land. replacement replacement

acre acre 0.08 0.08 acquired acquired had had been been the for for The The was was fourth fourth of of the the sale sale smallest than than sell sell it) it) and and purchased none none have have

►ocations ►ocations

map map shows shows the the This This outlines outlines of of study study area area properties, properties, division improvement improvement field field and and

To To Davis .~ L-

COUNTY COUNTY .n; .n; 1 "'~~O ..J ~ ~ ~ o

S S 0 0 0 LA LA N N

og\'

Rio'1 Rio'1 Villa EI EI 90 90 A ~ o ao° 1 1 i c

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 43 43 28 ~~~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ i i ~ ~

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m STATE STATE WINTERS /6HWAY H

ROUTE ROUTE ...

~ ~ . . ~ ~ ..:::::::::: ..:::::::::: :: Y O To Espar>o~ ~Q`' 957 ~~, ~ o ~, Madison ~P N 1 ~ N o0 RA/LROAD ;. Q Q Q MoD ~~

N I p ~ N .~ (~~~ QQ' 0 ~ ~ P

i is ~ is is ( t2 ii _ ~__ O~ ~r~ ~~ ~ i .. (~i ~ ~~~ i~ r~~ i (//~ '' r~ OJ i T i i iT ~ r i ■/ ~ i i i' —~_~____ / ~ o i i O O ~ i i.i, i a ~ r ~i ~ i ... i :t i ~ 13 1 10 ~9 i; t' a ~ ~. ~ ~~ F-- Or15 ~~~ i 1 ~~ ~ --' L;.~ '• ~ 19 f • I ~ `V i~ ~' g~ n 16 ~ ~ ~. ------i ~ !i pan 91A o ~~. e o o J Chi ~~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~To Wood/and s before freeway construction. The arrows connect separate properties which are farmed together.

seek relief through a change in the trend toward tenant operation of farm operc~toys ~zncl no changes were ~nctde terms of his lease. units has strongly increased the com- in lease teryns. The first mentioned reaction (giv- petition among tenants for available Crop Changes ing up the lease) is highly unlikely land. For this reason it would seem Perhaps the simplest adjustments an since it would probably affect the more probable that any increase in owner or operator might make are in capability of the tenant to lease other difficulty of farming might be first his farming practices or crops raised. land in the area. No operators have compensated for by a change in lease Two alternatives were considered. taken course action. Only one this of terms if possible, and only secondly The one major alternative available is tenant has resorted to the second al- by a change of operator. for the farmer to compensate for in- ternative. In this case the operator Ten of the 26 leases in the area creased farming difficulties by planting sub-leased t~vo small ownerships con- have come up for renewal during the crops which require less care. This ad- taining about 54 acres to another nearby operator, after the parcels had study period. Three of these covered justment ~nas not made by any of the been severed from the larger portion farms which had been severed by the farmers in the study area. There have of the operating unit. freeway route and seven were leased been crop chllnges but in each of the With respect to lease terms, it is ap- farms `vhich had been trimmed. All six cases 72oted, the changes have been parent in this area that the growing ten leases were yesaezved by the same to crops regzairing amore rather than

~~~ To Esparto ~Q`' )~, o ~, ~QdlSOt1 ~P

RAILROAD .. o o Q ~°~ ~~ N I p p N 1 ~l• QP 0 ~ P

/^ o 3 ~. ~ •r ~ ~ 16 14 ~2 i I ~ Ii liO~ 5 O ~ ~ r '•~. 1~ IS O O I O v O ~ L I ~ ~ 1 ~ TO ~ 7 I O ~ ~ ~ 1 J~ r~ _a ~ ~ [iii/O/„S

~-----~~ '-----i. 191 15r ~ ~ - Ii ~~ ~ `' ; I a ROAD N 16 °i o N 91-A o ~ cam, ~ Q i -----7 I Q ~ ' ° ~To Woodland son. Interchange structures have been competed only at the freeway intersections with State Sign Routes 128 and 16.

May-June 1961 41 less care. The changes, moreover, freeway to a severed unit. These rep- No owners were found who had were all made in accord with the trend resent an investment of approximately invested their land payments in sub- toward more intensive cultural prac- $2,000 each. None of the owners or stitute lands. Interviews with the re- tices previously noted and as part of operators of other severed units have cipients and field estimates established long range land conversion plans. In bought any new equipment. All con- that of the $309,000 paid for improve- each case land previously devoted to tinue to use existing equipment as in ments and damages only 24 percent field or raw crops was upgraded for the case of owners of trimmed units. was reinvested in the subject proper- rozu crop or orchard use. Farm improvement were found on ties. Overall, about 88 percent of the The minor alternative considered only 28 of the 46 farms in the study total $625,000 was actually placed in was that a farmer might combine some area. These were generally limited to savings. of his fields to enable reduction of the residences and outbuildings erected 1. Investigation and analysis in this number of separate cropping operat- during the period when the owner- instance has indicated that owners ings performed. The 46 ownerships in operation of individual farm units was and operators have found it neces- the study area had been divided into predominant. Only 19 owners were sary to make only minimal changes 85 fields by their owners or operators. still in residence on their farms, some and adjustments as a result of right These divisions (before and after free- as part-time farmers with other places of way acquisition and freeway way construction) are noted on Maps of employment and others as owners construction in the agricultural area 2 and 2-A. who had leased their farms but still studied. were Freeway construction induced only lived on the farmstead. There 2. It was early premised that the de- one instance of field realignment; a extensive facilities for prolonged crop gree of impact of acquisition and unit made up of three 80 acre fields storage on only one of the subject construction would be reflected in has been combined into one 240 acre farms. the frequency and extent of field. The combination did not involve Replacement of i7nprove~ents changes to the original farmstead, any right area change in the basic crops planted which fell within the of way following the reasoning that oper- but was occupied accomplished by an alteration was negligible. Five owner- ators would attempt to quickly in the crop rotation cycle in residences, two of and six tenant-occupied adjust to any new conditions im- the fields to bring all three into the four and four ga- seven barns, sheds posed by the freeway if production same rotational phase. freeway. rages lay in the path of the and efficiency were significantly purchased by the state at These were impaired. Since such action has Farm Improvements a cost of $123,000. Following this been negligible, it follows that the Changes in farm equipment inven- acquisition, two of the tenant-occu- impact of the new freeway in this tories and adjustments in or additions pied homes and a barn were moved to instance has been negligible as well. to farm improvements are other ele- remaining property, and two new ments which might be expected to homes uTere constructed on other re- 3. In the areas of farm ownership and reveal the effects of freeway construc- mainders. Approximately $30,000 has lease operator—lease term change, tion. Has it been necessary for owners been expended by the three owners the impact has been particularly or operators to buy additional equip- for the above noted moving or re- slight. The buying and selling of ment as a result of freeway construc- placement costs and the remaining farms, and the exchanging or sell- tion or; has the location of the free- owners who did not make replace- of portions of farms to minimize way or the amount of land required ment indicated in interviews that the operational difficulties (actions log- for right of way caused some existing monies paid for improvements had ically premised if freeway con- equipment to become obsolete? Has been placed in savings. There have struction were significantly disrup- it been necessary for owners or opera- been no c~clditional iynprove~nents con- tive) are not at all in evidence in tors to construct additional improve- structed on any of the farms; no the study area. Neither do the lease ments as a result of the freeway changes in use of existing iyn~rove- changes which have occurred ap- location or; has it been necessary to ~ne~ats; and no adjustments yngde as a pear to indicate other than mini- change the use of existing improve- result of fYee~way construction. mum effect. ments to meet new conditions? 4. The analysis of the disposition of First, in the area of equipment in- Compensation monies paid to farmers; of the addi- ventories: none of the owners or A total of nearly $625,000 was paid tional equipment purchased; and operators of tyi~~ned units have ~ur- to the 43 affected owners from whom the replacement of improvements chased any additional equipment since rights of way were acquired. This has also failed to reveal evidence of the date of first right of way acquisi- total included $316,000 for land; particularly significant freeway-in- tion cznd all hgve continued to use $123,000 in payments for improve- duced adjustments. their existing equipment in the same ments; and $186,000 as compensation S. It is further apparent that freeway manner as before. Only tzvo operators either for curative work to be done by construction has not necessitated of severed units have ynade any new the owner, or for appraised reduc- any change in the basic crop pat- equipment purchases. Each has pur- tions in value of remaining properties. tern of the area, nor has it inter- chased atrailer for the purpose of The individual payments ranged from rupted the normal trend toward carrying tracked equipment over the a low of $45 to a high of $97,500. more intensive farming practices.

42 California Highways and Public Works ~~`/~ / _ I ~ O~ Los Banos-Turlock ~~ V F.A.S. Project Opened By RAY J. GEIMER, Assistant City and County Projects Engineer, District X DELirrEaTEn on California Highway Planning Maps since the advent of the Federal-Aid Secondary Road Program following World War II was a dashed line indicating an unconstructed road as a portion of FAS Route 914 running due north from the City of Los Banos in Merced County. Perusing a road map, it is quite apparent that construction of this seg- ment of FAS Route 914, will afford a large savings in distance and travel time to the highway user traveling between the Cities of Los Banos and Turlock. However, when one views the area on the ground, it can be readily under- stood why this portion of the route remained unconstructed for so many years. The project bisects a large area of central Merced County comprising approximately two hundred square miles which has remained in its natural state. The virgin land is devoted generally to grazing for livestock and numerous duck clubs in the flooded lowlands. During heavy winter rains and the The above map shows the locafion of the new 17-mile highway. spring runoffs, flooding occurred over large areas adjacent to the San Joa- quin River. In order to attain an all- year usable facility, it was necessary to invest a large sum of money to obtain a road built to adequate standards. BenefiTs Recognized Actively promoting the proposed project were the late Wm. A. McCan- less, former Road Commissioner, and Supervisors Harry P. Schmidt and Emory O'Banion. Recognizing the desirability and obvious benefits of the project, the Board of Supervisors of Merced County, in 1956, indicated their intention of budgeting all available FAS and State Matching alloca- tions, as they became available, to complete the construction for the full length, 17.4 miles, between Los Banos and State Highway Route 122. In cooperation with the State Re- This bridge across fhe San Joaquin River clamation Board and the State Depart- is on the new Los Banos-Turlock Road constructed under the F.A.S. program in Merced Counfy.

May-June 1961 43

44 44 Public Public Highways Highways California California and and Works

$1,346,000, $1,346,000, financed financed FAS FAS funds with with as as State State highway highway hicles. contracts.

tion tion engineering, engineering, be be will will approximately ects ects were were advertised advertised and and 17, 17, administered April April of of with with 14,592 14,592 a a total total ve-

three three contracts, contracts,

construc- including including County County Road Road Department. Department. record record on on was was Easter Easter made made The The Sunday, proj-

The The estimated estimated total total of of

final final cost cost all

almost almost 14,715 14,715 previous previous by by of of The The entirely entirely vehicles. vehicles. personnel personnel high the

Baldwin Baldwin Contracting Contracting Company.

Preliminary Preliminary Sunday, Sunday, engineering engineering 1961; 1961; April April with with was was 2, 2, a a total total done of

miles miles of of road. road. The The was contractor contractor

day's day's

traffic traffic

was was on on established established

Easter nia.

for for

the the

of of surfacing surfacing the the 17 complete complete

Secondary Secondary record. record. high high point point A A Road Road new new for for Program Program a a single in in Califor-

completed completed Recently Recently was was a a

contract

Department Department the the under under

-Aid Federal ward ward previous broke broke Bridge Bridge a a also also

M. M. J. J. Ruddy Ruddy

&Son.

Roads, Roads,

and and

the the Merced Merced

County County

Road

5,790 5,790 vehicles. vehicles. Mateo The The -Hay- San San

on on both both of of above above the the was contracts contracts

Highways, Highways,

the the U.S. U.S. Bureau Bureau

of of Public March, March, average average 1960, 1960, traffic traffic of daily daily

tion tion of of the the The The surfacing. surfacing. contractor

existing existing

between between Division Division the the State State of

This This

percent percent is is

a a

21 21 rise rise above above the

completed completed miles miles were were with with the the excep-

good good

the the example example fine fine

cooperation of of

high high during during 7,007 7,007 March March

of of vehicles.

During During 1960, 1960, the the eight southerly southerly

Engineering Engineering of of the the is is projects projects a

Dumbarton Dumbarton reached reached Bridge Bridge

an an all -time

Completed South South Portion Portion

through through the the area area traversed.

The The average average traffic traffic across across daily daily the

velopment velopment of of land land a a higher higher use

box box culverts.

Dumbarton Dumbarton

On On Bridge

road road will will contribute contribute toward toward the the de- length length and and ten ten reinforced reinforced

concrete

000,000. 000,000. addition, addition, In In this this high -type crete crete bridges bridges Nevv Nevv Record Tragic Tragic totaling totaling 565 565 feet feet in

vehicle vehicle miles, miles, having having $4,- a a value value of of contract contract were were three three reinforced reinforced con-

twenty twenty 44 44 estimated estimated years, years, an an million tion tion of of the the surfacing. surfacing. Included Included in in this

users, users, highway highway period period over over of a a miles miles were were completed completed with with the the excep-

second second

and and third third contracts.

and and the the City City of of Turlock Turlock save will will During During 1959, 1959, the the northerly northerly nine

was was Resident Resident buy buy for for Engineer Engineer the between between tion tion Banas City City of of Los Los the the Project.

Completion Completion this this direct direct was was contract contract of of C. C. connec- F. F. ~. ~. Roderick. Roderick. T. the the Lower Lower San San Joaquin Joaquin Flood Flood Control

Resident Resident sonnel. sonnel. the the Engineer Engineer first for for signed signed to to accommodate accommodate the the amount amount funds funds plan plan in in of of of the the $117,000.

across across formed formed the the San San Joaquin Joaquin State State River River by by and and both both County County were were amount amount de- per- in in of of the the $464,000; $464,000; and and County

ment ment of of Water Water Resources, Resources, bridges the the in in $765,000; $765,000; amount amount of of the the funds State State was was Construction Construction engineering engineering per-

northward northward A A new new view view of of the the Turlock Turlock Los Los Road Road Banos showing showing - Canal Canal fhe fhe Santa Santa Fe Fe in in fhe fhe foreground. crossing crossing Stafe Agencies Cooperate to rc aeo 0 Save Valuable Miclden S+tes

THE STORY of past ages of man in California is being 3. The actual excavation and salvage of worthwhile histor- uncovered and the relics of ancient cultures are being pre- ical objects. served as a byproduct of the state's big highway program. 4. The packing and removal of the salvaged objects from This is being accomplished through the cooperation of Fed- the site. eral and State agencies carrying out what the Bureau of Public Roads defines as a national policy to preserve or salvage ruins, The Division of Highways' participation was limited to Phases sites, artifacts, fossils or other objects of antiquity. 1 and 3. The Districts provide all available data to the Division Financing from Federal funds was authorized by the Federal- of Beaches and Parks, and, after a survey by Beaches and aid Highway and Revenue Act of 1956 which provides that Parks to provide an estimate of cost, an interagency agreement funds may be authorized to the extent approved as necessary is executed providing for Highways to furnish the necessary by the highway department of any state for archaeological and funds for the actual excavation and salvage of worthwhile paleontological salvage. In some cases, only Stats funds are objects. involved. Since archaeological salvage is a very specialized procedure Recognizing the value of this salvage, the Division of High- requiring special skills and techniques, Beaches and Parks which ways was quick to cooperate, as vvas the Division of Beaches does not have the manpower available, arranged for other and Parks. Afour-phase prograrrr for the actual preservation agencies, such as the University of California Archaeology Sur- in from the and salvage work was instituted, outlined a letter vey and the Central California Archaeological Foundation to Highway Engineer to the various Districts in March, 1957. State supply the necessary skilled workers from among their ad- These four phases are: vanced students. 1. Coordination, which means, chiefly, keeping Beaches and Three projects have been very satisfactorily handled in this Parks informed of the road program so that a determina- near Goleta, one in tion can be made as to the existence of any archaeological manner: One in Santa Barbara County sites or objects which will be disturbed by highway con- San Diego County near Carlsbad, and one in Sacramento struction. County near Folsom. 2. Surveys by archaeologists to determine exact location of The accompanying account describes the San Diego County archaeological sites in the path of highway construction. project:

By CLAUDE N. WARREN, ELIZABETH VON TILL WARREN, and ERNEST CHANDONET, University of California, Los Angeles The large scale highway construc- ological survey of the right-of-way peoples of southern California are be- tion being undertaken in California is for the proposed new U.S. Highway ing recovered. creating a problem for archaeologists 101, between Carlsbad and the north- working in the state, for the resultant ern city limits of San Diego, resulted Method Described destruction of archaeological sites is a in a contract bet`veen the University In surveying rights-of-way for ar- growing concern. Along existing of California Archaeological Survey, chaeological remains, the archaeolo- roads, it is not uncommon to see dark Los Angeles, and the State Division of gists, who usually work in pairs, walk patches of midden, marking the camp- Beaches and Parks for the salvage of the length of the right-of-way in ing places and villages of prehistoric the archaeological remains of two search of areas where there are indi- inhabitants of that area. The new free- sites on Batiquitos Lagoon. A second cations of prehistoric habitation. Such ways, of larger size and designed so survey of the U.S. 101 right-of-way sites are recognizable by the presence that a greater amount of earth move- in Santa Barbara County in the sum- of midden, a dark colored soil result- ment is necessary in their construc- ~ner of 1959 resulted in a contract for ing from the high organic content of tion, `vill undoubtedly cross many the immediate salvage of the archae- decomposed food remains and refuse. more archaeological sites than did the ological remains of two sites near In coastal areas in California, such roads constructed in the past. This Goleta. archaeological sites often contain destruction of sites, however, does not Salvage excavations in San Diego large quantities of shells discarded by mean the loss of the scientific data County were begun in August and the prehistoric peoples after eating they contain, because of the coopera- September 1960, under the direction shellfish. Also common throughout the tive program developed by govern- of Claude N. Warren and Robert H. state are areas where stone tools and ment agencies. Crabtree. The operations have not vet broken rock are found on the surface The first step toward an active pro- been completed and further work is of the sites as indicators of previous gram of highway salvage archaeology planned for the near future. This re- habitation. in southern California was initiated in port is presented to illustrate how im- Once the site has been located, the June 1959. This initial step, an archae- portant remains of the prehistoric archaeologist collects from the surface

May-June 1961 45

Works Public Public and and Highways Highways California California 46 46

the the sur- on on numbers numbers and and rectangles. large large squares squares solid solid black black relatively relatively the the

indicated indicated

are are areas areas

excavation excavation individual individual

The The

Lagoon. Lagoon. Bafiquitos Bafiquitos near near area area the the excavation excavation map map A A of of

in observed observed were were however, however, facts, facts,

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1~ 1~ 1 1 Arti- shells. shells. ~1~ ~1~ few few

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and color color in in light light brown brown

developed, developed,

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is is poorly site site ~tl ~tl the the of of this this portion portion in in s' s' den den ~ ~ i i

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site site will the the of of end end east east the the on on feet feet

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by by feet feet

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area area approximately approximately

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of margins margins the the on on located located -603, -603, are are SDi i

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-of -way.

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the the on on discovered discovered were were

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costs. -_,_ and and publication publication transportation, transportation,

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the the archaeologi- while while funds, funds, highway highway , . . i~ i~

paid paid by are are of of equipment equipment replacement replacement

and labor labor for for expenses expenses / / the the generally, generally, :~_

excavation. the the undertaking undertaking agency agency

~~., , , ~~ ~~ the the archaeological and and by by funds, funds,

highway of of out out paid paid are are cavations cavations

ex- salvage salvage

for for expenses expenses The The agency. agency.

LAGOON

ITOS ITOS

BATIQU BATIQU

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`~ `~ .~~ .~~ _ _ ~ ~ i i \ \ and and the the archaeological Highways Highways of of

Division the the between between agency agency nating nating

(middleground). the the coordi- as as trees trees of of and and rectangle rectangle functions functions which which way way Parks, Parks,

drive• looped looped fhe fhe

vicinity vicinity of of

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area area (center (center

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of of

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near near located located

are are sites sites The The

archaeological archaeological

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Lagoon Lagoon Batiquitos Batiquitos across across south south Looking Looking

sub- is is proposal proposal acontract acontract cavations, cavations,

test test ex- and and surveys surveys these these in in lected lected

col- information information of of the the basis basis On On the the

may may be. digging digging tual tual

ac- the the difficult difficult how how and and yard, yard, cubic cubic

per found found to to be be are are artifacts artifacts many many

how of of estimate estimate rough rough a a him him give give

is, deposit deposit the the deep deep how how chaeologists chaeologists

ar- the the tell tell excavations excavations Such Such deposit. deposit.

the of of that that with with depth depth in in vary vary which which

square, S S feet feet pits, pits, of of number number small small

a to to limited limited generally generally are are excavations excavations

Test undertaken. undertaken. are are excavations excavations test test

site, the the of of the the importance importance about about tain tain

uncer- is is still still archaeologist archaeologist the the tion, tion,

collec- surface surface the the after after studying studying If, If,

worthwhile. contract contract a a salvage salvage make make

to information information enough enough yield yield would would

site the the of of not not excavation excavation or or whether whether

indicate to to is is sufficient sufficient often often remains remains

of of these Study Study structures. structures. or or of of hearths hearths

remains such such as as features features any any and and notes notes

inhabitants former former the the left left by by ments) ments)

imple- and and (tools (tools artifacts artifacts the the all all face and limited excavations yielded slightly over 200, as well as several features, consisting of broken rocks and artifacts placed together in small piles or cairns.

Second Midden Site SDi-603, located on the south side of Batiquitos Lagoon is less extensive in area than SDi-211, but has a more developed midden containing large quantities of shell, rock, and organic materials. An existing street, La Costa Avenue had already cut through a portion of the site, exposing midden deposit of 3 %2 to 4 feet deep. A burial exposed by erosion in the cut was recovered by the San Diego Museum of Man prior to the start of salvage operations. Two carbon samples, one below and one above the burial, giv- ing dates of 7300 ± 200 and 3900 ± 200 years ago, respectively, were as- sayed by Scripps Institution of Ocean- ography, La Jolla. Rather extensive excavations undertaken at site SDi-603 A shell midden exposed by a road cuf. the dark soil and shellfish remains of such middens are indications during the salvage work, have yielded of former human occupation of the area. about 400 artifacts and 14 features similar to those at SDi-211. Unfortu- nately, no more burials were recovered. More excavations are planned for this site, and it is hoped that burials as well as more of the cultural material of the early inhabitants will be found. On the basis of the artifacts recovered from thes sites, the rock features and the carbon-14 dates, site SDi-211 and the lower levels of site SDi-603 are judged to belong to an ancient culture termed "La Jolla" because it was first discovered near La Jolla, California. The upper levels at SDi- 603 contained potsherds (fragments of broken pots) which indicated that people of a later culture, called "San Luis Rey" by the archaeologists, occupied the site after the time of the La Jolla people. The people of the La Jolla culture made their living by gathering seeds Excavating Sife SDi-603. The five-foot-square pits used as excavation units are visible to the left of the and roots from the nearby mesas and dirt piles. shellfish from the deep cut bays that characterized the San Diego coast line quantities of water were then locked were as much as 100 feet deeper than some 4000 to 7000 years ago. Bati- in the huge glaciers of the northern they are at present. hemisphere. quitos Lagoon, now a salt marsh no During this period of Valleys Are Flooded longer capable of supporting shellfish, lowered sea level, the streams and riv- With the melting of the glacier, was then a typical example of such a ers flowing westward to the ocean in the water returned to the ocean and bay. At a time during the last glacia- San Diego County cut deep canyons the sea level rose, flooding the deep tion, the sea level was considerably in the relatively soft deposits of the coastal valleys and creating deep, nar- lower than at present, since great coastal plain. Some of these canyons row bays. These bays supported large

May-June 1961 47 animals (man included) that it formerly had. This dessication of the desert, as far as we know, took place at about the same time that the La Jolla people first appeared on the coast.

Lacked Tech~riques Upon reaching the shore of the ocean, the La Jolla people, with their gathering economy, did not have the techniques or the technology for hunting sea mammals or taking fish in great quantities. On the other hand, the gathering of the shellfish which occurred in quantity in the bays cre= ated by the rise in sea level, could easily fit their former way of life and provide them with a food supply capable of supporting a relatively large population. A large population is sug- gested by the large number of sites Slone features at Site SDi-211. The round pile of rocks is probably an ancient hearth, while the smaller, found along the edges of the lagoons irregular scattering fo the right may represent waste material left by an aborigine .after making fools. of the San Diego coast. The history of the La Jolla people quantities of shellfish and it is thought beside the ocean. It is thought, there- is recorded in the midden at site SDi- that it was during this time that the fore, that the La Jolla people migrated 603 on Batiquitos Lagoon. Salvage La Jolla people came to the coast. to the coast from the desert region. excavation at this site included not Where they came from we do not This theory is further supported by only the recovery of the crude stone know, but they appear not to have the fact that the deserts were becom- artifacts and the recording of the been adapted to a maritime way of ing increasingly dry as the glaciers peculiar stone features, but also the life, since they did not take full ad- melted. The great desert lakes evapo- taking of samples of the midden vantage of the supply of food offered rated, and the region could no longer in order to discover what the main by the ocean and bays. For example, support the population of plants and food resources were and any changes no specialized fishing gear such as the shellfish hooks of later, sea-oriented people, or harpoons for the hunting of sea mammals, have been discovered in La Jolla sites. The tools found, il- lustrated in the accompanying photographs are the exceedingly crude im- plements used for scraping, pounding and grinding. Most common are the mano and metates used for grinding of seeds. Rarely, a dart of spear point is found, and correspondingly scarce are the bones of mammals hunted with such weapons. Fish bones occur, but not in the quantity that might be expected in the remains of a people„ living near the sea. The only sea food remains that occur in quantity are the shellfish from the shallow waters along the shore. These archaeological remains sug- gest that the economy of these people was adapted to the collecting of wild plants, with occasional hunting of small land mammals. This economic pattern is more characteristic of an inland group than of a people living Stone feature of SDi-603, probably a hearth.

48 California Highways and Public Works in the economy that might have taken place. This kind of ecological study includes detailed analysis of the stratigraphy of the site as well as actual sampling of the midden. Sampling of the midden is done in a number of ways, none of which are error proof, but which are used in cross checking one another to achieve the most reli- able results obtainable. Seldom is it possible to study an entire midden and never is it possible to do so when the archaeologist is racing against time and the bulldozer in a salvage operation. Three methods of sampling were used at SDi-603. The first type, termed, "column sampling", is truly a sample of the midden, including the dirt, rock and all material within a specific volume of the midden. This kind of sample necessarily is small because of the difficulty of transporting it from the field to the lab where it is analyzed, and because the analysis of it is so time consuming. The technique so is named because the sample con- Prole of a five-foot-square pit with a column sample removed. Noie how the soil changes from sterile sand sists of a column or core 4 inches at the bottom of the pit fo ashell-bearing deposit in the middle and to a stratum containing few shells square running through the depth of of the fop. the midden. The column is taken in 6 inch segments in order to discover Another type of sample taken at to species changes that probably oc- any changes that may occur in the SDi-603 might be called the "whole- curred in the shellfish with the silting midden composition from the bottom shell sample." In this type of sample, in of the lagoon, there was also change to the top. For example, the bottom the levels were screened through a within a species, such as a decrease in 6 inches of the column may include inch mesh in an attempt to get a size or increase in mutarions, possibly different species of shellfish from the sample of the whole shells present. reflecting a change in the salinity and top 6 inches, and thus show a change Again the unit was the S foot square, temperature of the water in the la- in the food resources used. Twenty- dug in 6 inch levels. The whole shells goon. seven column samples were taken from of this sample are to be studied to At the time of writing, the samples SDi-603 and are now being analyzed. determine whether or not, in addition taken have yet to be analyzed completely, and only the field observa- Micro-Analysis tions and a very small portion of the Another kind of sampling, gener- micro-analysis pits have been studied. ally called "micro analysis", utilizes a The results as presented here are thus larger quantity of midden than the tentative and subject to change upon column sample, but with less control. the completion of analysis of all The unit of the micro analysis is a midden samples. However, the infor- 5 foot square column running the mation and interpretations are given depth of the midden, taken in 6 inch here to illustrate how the archaeolo- levels. Each of these levels is passed gist uses these data in reconstructing the culture history of the through a set of screen of %2, %and aboriginal inch mesh. The residue is taken for population of the southern California coast. analysis. The soil is discarded and therefore percentage of the midden Strain Are Thin components by weight cannot be as- The stratigraphy of the site is only slight and the different strata certained. However, the sample of Only Iwo projectile points were recovered from grade the excavations at Batiquiios Lagoon into one another rather than shell, bone and small artifacts such as out of a folal from of approximately 600 artifacts. The large specimen clear breaks. There appear to be four beads enlarged, provides a check (above) was from the La Jolla portion of the mid- is and strata containing remains of human for the column sample on these items. den of SDi-603. The small one is from the surface and is typical of points found in San Luis Rey sites. occupation. The deepest and there-

May-June 19b 1 49

50 50

Highways Highways California California and and Public Public Works

La La The The Jolla Jolla two two sites. sites. to to the the left left are are profile profile views.

sites.

Some Some SDi -603. -603. combination combination are are tools tools common common in La La ent ent in in Jolla Jolla sites.

Large Large

scrapers scrapers and and

choppers choppers

common common La La

Jolla in in

Small Small scraper - chopper chopper combination combination tools tools from from Site -made -made Small, Small, scrapers scrapers well almost almost always always are are pres-

~~ .~ .~

,~ ,~ {,~„ «tip «tip z z '~ ~ ~

~~~

the the and and half half upper upper of of 3. quantity. quantity. stratum stratum any any What What happened happened the to to few few scraping scraping found found tools) tools) this this site at at

culture, culture, Rey Rey are are found found stratum stratum it it in in could could 4 no no support support longer longer shellfish shellfish in sherds sherds 1 1 projectile projectile and and plus plus point, point, a

Potsherds, Potsherds, representing representing the the San San goon goon a a Luis reached reached critical critical had had point point and the the San San ing ing Luis Luis Rey Rey culture culture (pot-

the the third third stratum. period period when when silting silting of of the the in in the the la- limited limited cultural cultural inventory inventory represent-

approximately approximately be be 3 3 the the same same Stratum Stratum as as probably probably those those of represents represents the by by either either or or groups. groups. both both The The very

rootlets. rootlets.

The The remains remains food food appear appear

gueno gueno and and may may have have been been occupied of of Lagoon Silting Silting

The The soil soil is is loose, loose, lumpy lumpy full full and and of ing ing and and Luiseno Luiseno Yuman Yuman speaking speaking Die-

and and appears appears represents represents be be humus humus to to and and plowed plowed the the heaviest. soil. border border between between Shoshonean Shoshonean the the speak-

and and also also last last stratum stratum the the 6 6 when when time time 7 7 inches inches is is to to population the the thick, to to region region -603 -603 the the east. east. is is SDi near near the

in in crease crease ing ing mammals mammals as as land land the the population. population. This This The The before. before. is fourth the the coastal coastal into into areas areas from from the the desert

remains. remains. of of reserves reserves It It apparently apparently represents represents the the lagoon lagoon not not a a hunt- and and de- shonean shonean and and Yuman Yuman speaking speaking peoples

quantities quantities small small heavily heavily depending depending more more of of shell shell and and the the other other food on on food culture culture represents represents a a migration migration of of Sho-

light light scarce, scarce, brown brown and and soil soil Jolla Jolla contains contains the the which which La La people people `vere only of of times. times. historic historic The The Luis Luis San San Rey

is is 10 10 d~~elling d~~elling le~~el le~~el to to rock- inches inches 12 12 thick, thick, mussels mussels were were compact more and and seno seno probably probably Diegueno Diegueno Indians

stratum stratum were were becoming becoming silted silted the the in in than than The The others. others. so so third that that the the the area area and and late, late, represent represent the the Lui-

to to appear appear reflected reflected in in these these be be remains: remains: common common more more lagoons the the this in in The The San San Luis Luis Rey Rey people people came came into

features, features, artifacts artifacts If If this this is is true, true, occurrences occurrences two two and and food food may may be remains found found out.

population population and and mammal mammal fever fever heaviest, heaviest, was was are are remains remains rock fotmd. since since happened happened to to these these people people may may be

to to represent represent pears pears the the time time when when shellfish shellfish which which the live live in in mud mud or or sand study study the the remains remains of of their their that that what

were were located located this this stratum. stratum. in in ap- appears appears This This there there a a to to be be toward toward shift shift the excavation excavation -603 -603 sites sites as as such such SDi and

stone stone features features discovered discovered -603 in in StartinD StartinD SDi levels. levels. «pith «pith the the second second level, population population dwindled dwindled too. too. It It is is through

of of ties ties shell shell and and some some shellfish shellfish ash. ash. as as Nearly Nearly mussels mussels such such all the the upper than than people people either either moved moved elsewhere elsewhere or or the

compact compact and and containing containing large large mal mal bone bone more more quanti- and and rock - dwelling fish fish supply supply dwindle; dwindle; La La the the Jolla

7 7 tiim tiim 9 9 is is to to inches inches gray gray thick, thick, to to contain contain brown, relatively relatively more more mam- split split population population diminished diminished when when the the shell-

addition addition to to artifacts. artifacts. The The second second ferences. ferences. The The stra- earliest earliest stratum stratum seems midden midden at at -603 -603 SDi suggests suggests that that the

shells shells fe~v fe~v and and split split mammal mammal there there also also bones bones appear appear be be in to to qualitative qualitative dif- problems problems be be to to solved. solved. However, However, the

a a light light brown brown sandy sandy soil soil in in ferences ferences food food containing containing a remains remains of of the the strata, this this happened happened remains remains one one of of the

the the 7 7 oldest oldest fore fore to to 10 10 is is inches inches

In In addition addition the the thick, to to quantitative quantitative dif- people people of of the the La La Jolla Jolla culture culture when

as as food. seeds seeds

Jolla Jolla sites, sites, rather rather indicating indicating extensive extensive use use of of wild

grind grind

seeds. are are among among fhe fhe most most common common artifacts artifacts in in La fhe fhe ducfion ducfion of of tools.

La La Atypical Atypical

Jolla Jolla

metafe metafe used used

A A wifih wifih

a a manor manor from from manor manor to -603. -603. Site Site SDi Manor Manor and and metales Hammerstones Hammerstones used used for for stone stone flaking flaking pra in in the the Twenty Employees ~/Vi n 25-Year Awards Headquarters Of'Fce Edward J. Carter Joseph C. Lacey, Jr. Harriett A. McDannald Paul R. Watson, Jr.. Wyatt C. Winkler

District f Emil Wurche

District II George R. Bradley Paul K. Miles

District lV A. G. Bertollozzi Antoinette K. Casey Batiquitos Lagoon during the winter months. During the summer the lagoon becomes completely dry. Aurora Douglas Hugh G. Munro suggests that it was inhabited only raphy for their interest and aid in the seasonally and then for short periods excavations. We would also like to District V of time. thank the Ed Fletcher Company of El Thrale H. Milburn Though much remains to be learned Cajon, California for use of their about the prehistory of the San Diego building near the site as field head- District VIII coast, the salvage operations at SDi- quarters, and to thank Mr. Jack Dyson Leonard P. Heiner 603 and SDi-211 have been and will and Mr. Francis Riddell of the State continue to be a great help in the re- Division of Beaches and Parks, and District X construction of past cultures of the Mr. W. L. Warren and Mr. Oliver Charles E. Nuding area. The cooperation of the Division Arnold of the State Division of High- of Highways, State Division of ways for their cooperation in obtain- District XI Beaches and Parks, and the University ing and executing the contract for the Aurelia B. Rinderneck of California Archaeological Survey, salvage operations at the sites. Los Angeles, has made of the con- Bridge Department struction of present freeways a means August E. Dirckx for the reconstruction of past cultures. Modern highways thus enrich our J.T.E. to Sponsor State-Owned Toll Bridges lives with not only the benefits of World Conference John A. King modern engineering and technology, The Institute of Traffic Engineers Headquarters Shop but also the knowledge of man and will sponsor a World Traffic Engi- Gertrude E. Haddick cultures of the ancient past. neering Conference in Washington, John C. Tibbitts Acknowledgments D.C., from August 21 to 26. The con- will combine the 31st Annual The authors wish to thank Mr. J. ference Meeting of the Institute with the In- Dekema, Mr. J. F. Jorgensen, Mr. J. ico, the United Kingdom and the ternational Sessions in Traffic Engi- M. Damberger, Mr. C. Wigginton and United States. neering. The conference will be the Mr. Ralph Davis of the Division of first of its kind and will be attended Panel participants from the Cali- Highways office in San Diego for their by traffic engineers and highway offi- fornia Division of Highways will in- assistance in this project; Mrs. Mary cials from all over the world. clude Karl Moskowitz, Assistant Barnes, the Reverend William Savage, Traffic Engineer, and George A. Hill, Discussion panels and lectures will Mr. Perry Lamb and Mr. and Mrs. District Engineer of District VII in all Laddie Pottroff for permission to ex- be held on phases of traffic engi- Los Angeles. neering during the six-day conference. cavate on their property before it had A one-week tour by bus following been purchased by the State; Dr. Carl Reports on design of interchanges the Conference is being planned for Hubbs, Mrs. Jackie Miller and the and rural freeways will be made by those interested in studying some of other members of the staff and faculty representatives from Australia, Bel- the traffic and design problems firsx at Scripps Institution of Oceanog- gium, France, Germany, Japan, Mex- hand.

May-June 1961 51

Highways Highways Public Public and and Works California California 52 52

side side of of embankment embankment the the Arm Arm the the Whiskey Whiskey creek. east east viewed viewed end. end. cuts cuts completed completed The The are are Creek Creek from from across across benched benched on on Partly Partly west west

of of approach. approach. feature feature River River project project serve serve westerly The Project. as as is is the the the the the the to to westerly westerly

embankment miles miles interesting structed structed portion portion Trinity west west of of An An as as of of of of 1800 1800 portion portion a a the the Redding. Redding. feet feet and and

Whiskeytown Whiskeytown deepest 11 the the County County created created that that in in dam dam spanning spanning of of Shasta Shasta will will structure structure con- by by be be the the feet feet

875 of settlement settlement feet feet selected selected of of of of toric toric storing storing water design design acre acre consists consists 250,000 250,000 lake lake The The

inundated inundated 3,250 3,250 be be by by a a site, site, will will spanned. acre to to be be through through his- the the

depth 190 190 as as the the to to wide wide as as town- well well highway, highway, and and feet feet mile mile up up existing existing in in 299 U.S. U.S. Highway Highway

-half downstream downstream offered offered the the The a a lake lake townsite. townsite. gap gap the the from from one future future miles miles of of five five State

Whiskey Whiskey constructed constructed arm arm Clear Clear miles of Creek Creek Creek Creek reservoir. reservoir. on on 2 2 The The of relocation relocation the the

around around relocation relocation Whiskeytown Whiskeytown highway highway

being the currently currently Dam Dam the the began City, City, Lake Lake

advent advent with with for the the of in in the the selecting selecting route route point point necessary necessary became became trol trol of of Company Company Salt

IIReed IIReed was was con- and and major major Relocation Relocation highway Creek Creek the the existing existing Clear Clear of of the the Construction

is is to tributary tributary Creek. a a Whiskey Whiskey Creek Creek Whiskey Whiskey of of crossing crossing the the for for 1960, 1960, Gibbons Gibbons and DISTRICT DISTRICT

constructed embankment embankment approach approach JANUARY Point Was Was Control Control IN IN

Construction Construction Engineer FELTON, FELTON, District District R. R. J. J. By By

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Relocation U.S. U.S. 299 299

I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~\ ~~\ /~ /~ / / ~ ~ I I Requires New New Dam Dam

• • s 874'-9" - --260'-0" 350'-0" 260'-0°—~{ J. J. DuCray in New

`~ 0e NORMAL H.W. CLEV. 1210.0 ~~~'~~ Administrative Post _— Appointment of Justin J. DuCray ~~ o as Senior - ~ Administrative Analyst in the Department of Public Works f 4~ it ~ has been announced by Director Robert ~NbIISKEY CREEK B21DGE ~=4~w" B. Bradford. He will perform the du- ties of the Departmental Management Imp (2 2. Analyst in the position held by John ~, e~eu. izto.o ~ ~ ~3, 8' 12' 12' 8' 3, VAR, 6' 8' 10' NORMAL H.W. ~~ H. Stanford until his appointment as VAR. 1.5:p.., 12~DIA. Assistant Director. ELEV_I220.5 ------~s~ ... ELEV_I220.5(MAX.NWJ ~ DuCray began his career with state 'ti's .:,;jy`I0:^. , '`"'- ,/7/,..~...g SEL. MATERIAL...... :... PE2VIOUS '`..•.. •=•~=~• ...~..~.,. .S,-.. ?:/ government in 1947 as a field office manager with the Department ~'•~..SEL[CTED ROCK of Em- SLOPE PROTECTION $~LCCTCD "ROCK ,:~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~ II ployment. After holding several posi- SLOPC PROTECTION TYPIC/•~L tions in administrative work with Em- SECTION /-~PPRO%Cl-I r~LL ~ ~io' ployment, DuCray transferred to the II- SI-In- 20- B 21x30=+-~ Department of Public Works in 1957 WI-IISKEY C(ZCL•K ~IE2S CROSSING as an associate administrative analyst. Embankment Typical secfion and bridge profile. embankment has a maximum height of core. During long periods of submerg- Financing of the project is shared 160 feet and will be submerged to a ence the embankment will develop an jointly by the Division of Highways maximum depth of 140 feet. The sub- internal hydrostatic pressure equal to and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamarion. mergence of the embankment subjects the pressure of the water on the em- The Bureau's share of approximately it to some of the hazards encountered bankment. When the water level is 90% is based on a "replacement in in earth fill dams. Changes in internal drawn down rapidly the differential kind" cost. The State's share of the hydrostatic pressure due to rapid de- between the hydrostatic pressure cost of the new construction provides crease in water elevation had to be within the impervious embankment for greater width and superior geo- considered. core and the atmospheric pressure out- metric standards to those of the exist- The design of the embankment is side actually causes a tendency for the ing highway. similar to that of an earth fill dam. embankment to slump and fail. The project was designed by State The core is constructed of impervious The rock slope protection will also personnel and construction engineer- soil encased in a shell of pervious protect the embankment against tivave ing is provided by the State, with B. rocky material protected by a 10-foot action. L. Borup and M.P. Brower as resident facing of selected rock on a 2:1 slope. The constructed grade line on the engineers. The project will be com- The embankment contains a total of embankment will be one foot higher pleted in the fall of 1961 at a cost of ].,220,000 cubic yards of material. The than the planned ultimate grade to al- $4,200,000. core contains 797,000 cubic yards and low for subsidence of the original there are 330,000 cubic yards of se- ground and settlement of the embank- WAEtMTH HELPS ROAD OPENINGS lected pervious material and 93,000 ment due to submergence. The light snow pack and warm cubic yards of selected rock slope pro- weather facilitated early opening Two-lane Expressway of tection in the outer the high Sierra layers. Basically the project consists of con- passes and other snow- closed roads, all of All of the materials in the one em- structing a two-lane expressway to a which were open by May 4 except bankment were obtained from road- 40-foot roadbed width. At the Whis- the Lassen Loop Highway way cuts and represent 44% of total key Creek crossing the embankment maintained by the National Park Service. Total earthwork on the project. width, up to ma~mum high water snowfall for the season at elevation, is designed to accommodate Donner Summit amounted Tests Made to 285 inches, with a future 4-lane 60-foot all-paved road- an 8-inch snow During the course of constructing pack at the end of April. bed. The substructure of the bridge This com- the embankment, permeability tests pared with a 279-inch snowfall is also designed to accommodate 2 ad- last were made on the selected pervious season, with a ditional future traffic lanes. similar light snow pack. material to insure chat the pervious In May, 1961, the earthwork on zone will be free draining and devoid the The California Highway Commis- project was 95% complete and of internal hydrostatic pressure. The work sion has allocated an additional $265,- u~as in progress on the abutments and weight of the pervious material and 000 for reconstructing base and sur- the t~vo piers of the bridge. The plate facing on sections rock slope protection is designed to of State Sign Route girder type bridge has an unusually 1 between Davenport prevent failure of the embankment and Princeton long center span of 350 feet. in Santa Cruz County. May-June 1961 53 ccoun ~n o ern~zess

IN suiLDiN~ highways, as in virtually vor of data processing equipment with design work he is trained for, but they all phases of modern technology, there electronic speeds. also help him in his design work. The is a constantly increasing cost of pro- For more than a decade the Division speed of calculation allows him to in- ducing the detailed and complex in- of Highways has been using some vestigate anumber of design solutions formation about operations which is form of electronic computer to per- for a bridge, for instance, and quickly necessary as a guide for continued efFi- form engineering calculations, pro- discard all but the best and most eco- ciency. Hand in hand with this prob- gressing from the more primitive early namical solution. lem of increasing costs, there has also types to the highly complex ones now been increasing delay in extracting used. In the Planning Survey Data More Informateon Faster the necessary facts and figures from Processing Center, many thousands of T'o satisfy modern management's the record keeping systems. Early an man hours have been saved by the demand for more and more informa- the research for possible revision of machines during that period. tion with ever more refinements, many the accounting system, it vas obvious It should be kept in mind that the other big organizations have turned that to provide current data as needed hours saved were engineer man hours, to the science of electronics fora so- it would be necessary either to expand which until the installation of the lution. It was decided that the Division the cost distribution system and accu- computers, would have been expended of Highways could best profit by the mulate the additional information by in operating calculating machines. Not adoption of an automatic data proc- the use of bookkeeping machines, or only have the machines relieved zhe essing system. The alternative would to abandon the present system in fa- engineer sa that he has time to do the have involved the acquisition of additional bookkeeping machines, the hir- ing of additional personnel and the enlargement of physical facilities of the District Accounting Departments.. Even with the expenditure of considerable additional funds, it was doubt- ful that such a system would be able to satisfy the ultimate demands upon it. In recent years it has become apparent that due to the problems of complexity and costs, further mecha- nization of a Division's accounting system would be warranted. Cost analysis, for instance, could not be readily furnished upon request except through costly and time-consuming post-analysis of the accounts.

Two Years Research In the preliminary research which began in 1959 to find the best electronic system to take over the load, it was determined that only two types of in-put for automatic data processing would be suitable. The first method would require sending all source documents to Headquarters Office in Sacramento for key punch- ing into the familiar punched card. The second would provide for data to be converted at the District level into a form acceptable to the Head- Marthp Laird of Headquarters Once points to one of the latest type computer and storage bank machines quarters Office data processing equip- already installed at Sacramento. The new accounting machines will record district information on Pape which cnn be fed into Phis machine and others like it. ment.

54 California Highways and Public Works As planning for changeover pro- gressed, considerable helpful advice was obtained from the Data Process- ing~ .Center in the Planning Survey section which, of course, had a considerable fund of general experience with computers. Where possible, changes in accounting procedure under consideration anywhere in the Division were considered in the light of applicability to anew system. For example, a change in the arrangement of code numbers on work orders was made effective July 1, 1960. The new number system was designed so it would fit smoothly into an electronic accounting system. In January of this year a pilot study was put under way in District X, Stockton, to determine the effective- ness and practicability of creating the original data processing medium at the District level. An accounting machine with a punched paper tape by-product was chosen. While entries are being posted to conventional ledger cards, Lou Perez of Headquarters Accounting Deparfinen} shows tape mechanism and storage reels on new type a punched paper tape is being pro- bookkeeping machines. duced showing the same entry, only in greater detail. The tape produced ators, and sixteen key punches and Districts where questions concerning is then forwarded to Sacramento verifiers in Headquarters Office. The accounting, coding and other matters where the tape is converted to cost of key punch equipment and the can be answered immediately, thus punched cards. salaries for additional employees was eliminating communication problems Accounting Machines Best far greater than the cost of accounting between the Districts and Headquar- The results of the pilot study indi- machines with punched tape output ters Office. cated that posting expenditure author- and atape-to-card converter. Using Accounting machines with tape ization ledgers in the District offices the accounting machines permits our outputs and atape-to-card converter was both desirable and necessary in present personnel to perform basically have been purchased. The accounting either system. The key punch method the same work they are now doing machines are being placed in the Dis- would require immediately at least and for which they have been trained. trict ofFices for use on the normal ac- sixteen additional key punch oper- Controls will still be maintained in the counting work and a punched tape record of the data will be produced automatically.

Conversion Starts Immediately On July 1, 1961, the Headquarters, District, and Bridge Department accounting will be converted to the new system. Studies will be made for possible conversion to the new system of the Equipment Department, Materials & Research, Inventories, and Toll Bridge accounting. It is believed that the new system will provide management with all the data now required at high speed and at a saving in cost and that it can be expanded to meet future needs.

Leff: Marian Arifl' of District X Once at Stockton operating one of new machines, which are little larger than typewriter, need no special installation.

56 56 Highways Highways Public Public and and California California Works

Looking Looking east east showing showing new new curb curb toward toward Buffer Buffer lanes. Needles Needles wifh wifh surfiacing surfiacing striped striped for for and and four four

favorable. favorable. In In high high planks planks to to the the laid laid river river alongside alongside ~~as the the water, water, rails rails on be be bridge bridge was was the erected erected at at Topock Topock for for

times times when when conditions conditions ited ited motorists motorists were by by these these river river pioneer pioneer permitting too too hazardous. hazardous. In In 1916, 1916, arch a a steel steel

during during ferry, ferry, carried carried lim- cars cars The The across across Santa Santa Fe Fe Railroad Railroad assisted automobile automobile operation usage usage made made this this

a a barge, barge, pulled pulled by by a a puffing puffing motor

After After 5 5 years, years, the the increase increase about about in Are Are Planks Planks Laid

various various combinations. combinations. For For in in a a while, mobile. ing ing from from either either direction.

were were of of transportation transportation used facilities facilities boats boats mired mired when when carrying carrying man man signaled signaled an an auto- that that no no trains trains com- were were

the the different different cross cross types river, river, several several low low water, water, even even the the shallow shallow draft draft to to cross cross flat allowed allowed whenever whenever the the tower

formidable formidable To barrier barrier to to traffic. traffic. early early too too swift swift a a its its crossing, crossing, Topock Topock at for for safe safe nearby nearby while while Bridge. Bridge. Autos Autos were

was was the the The The most Colorado Colorado River River

wagons wagons to to California. ered ered

brought brought dirt dirt the the trails trails cov- that that had had

automobiles automobiles and and by by a a few few utilizing

MAP VICINITY VICINITY

Porker

Colorado Colorado horseback, River), River), railroad, railroad,

the the bordering wheeler wheeler boats boats (on (on stern -

95 ~~

Needles Needles in in vicinity vicinity by of of was was the the

1900's 1900's transportation the the early early when when

COUNTY ~ C, facilities facilities to to the the of transportation transportation trast trast

This This improvement improvement is is in in sharp sharp coii- r~ r~ Co. Co. Marina

R R D D ~ E~~ E~~ ~ ~ Q Q ~ ~ N N oobi

Park Park

by by administered administered the the City.

T4.POCK

an an Assessment Assessment

District. District. through through It It was

O~ ~ ~ T~ SAN

Funds, Funds, the the of of and and City City Street Street Needles `,~ `,~ ~ 66

~`~9~0 by by Highway Highway

Funds, Funds, Major Major State State City n

to to ~~~540~ bypass, bypass, was was financed financed freeway freeway jointly

NEEDLES ~ ~ interim interim The The construction, construction, pending pending a

increased increased capacity.

Q River River Resort Resort

Needles ~~ highway highway safer safer with

been been provided provided a

95 95 ~ ~~

has has traffic traffic recently

local local and and interstate N 95 ~ ~ O

ism ism and and recreation,

economy economy of of tour-

Los Los Vegas

Needles' Needles' ro expanding

with with the the City City of

pace KEEPING KEEPING IN IN

By By L. L. M. M. BARNETT, BARNETT, Engineer Engineer and and Construction Construction M. M. C. C. MAUCK, MAUCK, Resident Resident Engineer

Is Is Four - laved, laved, Straightened

U.S. U.S. 66 66 Through Through Downfown Downfown Area County road, which later became State Highway (U.S. 66). During World War II, the Santa Fe built its present railroad bridge. The old steel span of 1889 became the highway bridge and the lighter steel arch of 1916 began serving as a cradle for a huge gas main. The covered wagon trails were progressively widened and straightened, with oil eventually being added to settle dust. This expanded, in the 1920's, into the use of thin blankets of road-mixed asphalt surfacing. How- ever, in 1959 the main highway through Needles, although paved, was not adequately handling the increased local and through traffic. The road consisted of badly broken pavement, steep gradients, and dangerously sharp curves. It was striped throughout for only two lanes; however, frustrated motorists frequently used portions as a narrow four-lane facility. Through the cooperative efforts of City Administrators, aproject, consisting of two contracts, was set up to improve this thoroughfare.

Example of Cooperation This project, from the planning to the final construction stage, was a good example of cooperation between cities and the State. City personnel handled nearly all phases of the proj- An aerial of reconstructed U.S. 66 through downtown Needles. ect from its inception to letting the construction contract and administration thereof. They prepared the plans and other contract documents, with the State furnishing assistance as to required standards and procedures, etc. The City also acquired the necessary right of way and handled the utility relocations. The project added sufficient width to provide for four moving lanes, two parking lanes and curbs and gutters, and resulted in improved grade, horizontal alignment and superelevation. The roadway was blanketed with a smooth-riding surface of asphalt concrete. Looking northwest toward Needles showing the widening of the roadway with improved grade and Total project costs were approxi- olignment. matel5~ $210,000, shared as follows: $118,000 from State gas tax funds, dure provided for by the 1911 Bond elude: H. L. Smith, Mayor; W. Jacob- $14,000 from City gas tax funds, and Act. son, City Manager; J. R. Smith, Di- $78,000 from funds provided by an City officials instrumental in setting rector of Public Works; Don C. Davis Assessment District following proce- up and administering the project in- was consulting engineer. The State

May-June 1961 57

58 58 Highways Highways California California and and Works Public Public

Typical Typical layout layout {he {he mobile mobile of of concrete concrete asphalt asphalt plant. Riverside Riverside County.

change change Perris Perris 395 395 east east on on in U.S. U.S. of of

and and Overhead Overhead the the Inter- Ethanac Ethanac and and

to to of of tract tract freeway a a mile mile construct construct

awarded awarded Works Works con- has has a a $873,000 $873,000

Department Department of of The The Public State State

wonderland. this this desert desert

tourist tourist discovered already already who who has has

accomodate accomodate and and comfortably comfortably the

should should proved proved facility facility safely highway highway

the the developed, developed, newly newly being being im- are are

modern modern While While plans these these freeway freeway

dles.

through through terchanges, terchanges, of of Nee- the the City City

complete complete modern way, way, -type -type with with in-

of of the the the the future future route route interstate interstate free-

and and Federal Federal State State to to locate personnel personnel

also also worked worked have have cooperatively cooperatively with

City City Administrators Administrators The The Needles of of

its its features. self- mobility mobility and and erecting erecting

seems seems to to have have advantages advantages definite definite in ting. ting. No No crane crane is is required. aggregates aggregates weighed weighed con- by by

the the short short sections sections project, project, of of it this this rapid rapid dismantling dismantling reset- and and The The receives receives pug pug mill mill the

this this of of due due plant plant to possible possible was was not not hinged hinged jack jack legs legs in to to assist assist manual manual as as operation operation desired. desired. )

Although Although a a test test potential of of the the full full built -in -in and equipment equipment hoisting hoisting (The (The switched switched plant plant can can to be be

The The plant plant self- is is with erecting erecting pressing pressing simply simply one one button. method.) weighing weighing the the batch -

ing ing wheels. cally, cally, and and can can be be operated operated by than accurate accurate more more siderably siderably

mounted mounted manently manently transport- cles cles controlled controlled are are automati- con- should should be be (It (It accurate. accurate.

Each Each major major plant plant unit unit has has The The per- feed feed and and entire entire cy- mixing mixing indicates indicates quite meter meter it it is is

1. 1. Mobility Mobility Features 4. 4. Operation fluido- by by the the made made urement urement

meas- the the check check volumetric volumetric of of this this features features plant plant is: of of

project.

weight used used mix. mix. in in A A the the summary summary more more important of of A A the the

be be could could this obtained obtained not not on on

aggregate aggregate asphalt asphalt being and and of of mixing mixing plant. crete crete

fair fair production production hour. hour. (A (A check

predetermined predetermined amount than than a a pound, pound, 4,000 batch - -type, -type, asphalt asphalt

con-

at at 140 140 40 40 tons tons unit unit Model Model per

other prevents prevents intendent. intendent. control control cycle cycle They They used used a a mobile,

highly highly

manufacturer manufacturer The The this rates rates

automatic trucks. trucks. into into The The ing ing the the and and C. C. paving, paving, Bode Bode as as with with super-

3. 3. Capacity

discharged and and of of then then time time tors tors of of handled handled Sun Sun Valley Valley grad- the the

higher higher "stack -up" -up" plants. predetermined predetermined length mixed mixed The The a a firm, firm, Scott Scott and and Scott Scott Contrac-

ground, ground, the the contrast contrast in in to materials materials which which the the after after are Mobile Mobile Plant Plant Used

the the City. spread spread The The plant plant (fluidometer), out out is is close close device device brating brating to

of of paving paving operations operations at at the the of request request all all of of photograph photograph volumetric volumetric automatic automatic an an plant). cali-

resident resident engineer engineer assisted assisted in in inspection Layout Layout (See (See 2. 2. Plot Plot and and veyor veyor by Plan Plan the the and and asphalt asphalt belt belt over-

complete complete mobile mobile The The asphalt asphalt concrete concrete plant plant ready ready fo fo roll. ~~" Ten Difl'erent Road Samples S d eS Show Varying Durabilify

By ERNEST ZUBE, Supervising Materials and Research Engineer INTRODUCTION asphalt produced from the Santa Ma- of the sections while others are still TxE CALIFORNIA Division of High- ria area exhibits somewhat different in quite good condition. It must be ways in common with other agencies characteristics. Although the engineer emphasized that these marked differ- has for a good many years been inter- is concerned with several properties ences in performance exist even where ested in the quality of paving asphalts. of the asphalt, certainly the most im- all conditions of construction, aggre- portant is durability. The materials and Research Department has been work- F~~~RE This paper was presented at the Tenth ing on the problem seeking to develop Arizona Roads and Street Conference, teStlrig tCSt Tucson, Arizona, November 17-18, 1960. methods and IliT11tS that =' ,'e;,, °' would exclude asphalts having a poor ~1 °~ o.3j- .MS. r' °"`°""'"'s durability record. As a result of this o6~• ~eme~, reo~ee eaxe /.00'_~m Subboss.Ml~.:.: It has been our observation that many work, a trial specification was Bevel- :;•°: rreC .~ ;':::;•,

asphalt pavements after a compara- oped in 1954 which has been referred 'm°°Boq"°' MI/. ,m°°Bose„`° M/[ tively few years of service have shown CO $t times a$ the specification for TYPICAL STRUCTURAL SECTION signs of distress in the form of crack- "premium” asphalt. In order to deter- NEW ALIGNMENT ing, ravelling and general evidence of mine the performance of asphalts Uecoming brittle. complying with the new require- % ^~ Crude petroleum in California .is ments, it was decided to place a series ,moa„e, ~y~` o,Po~=;~9 ., 033'-0./7' PMS produced in three major areas: The of test sections commonly known as BO6e M,~ I ~ 0.33' P.MSS T r,/ Los Angeles Basin, the Kern Basin and the Zaca-Wigmore test road.~i> Actual ,.. the Santa Maria area. Asphalts from construction took place during 1954 ~~.,m~,,,e~ ~. ~ ~ ~ B~`M the Los Angeles and Kern area are and 1955. Ten different asphalts were S°°°°~. MI/. E+islinp P4C PVJ. TYPICAL STRUCTURAL SECTION In {~r~ ~rtle$~ somewhat similar Y P but used. Failures have develoP ed in some OVER EXISTING PAVEMENT

0 ~;, ~ FIGURE 2 N N m b0 N t t ~D N in. n~o rO O ~ O ~ 0~ O O ~~ b ~ r m GAD pOi N ~ O ~ - ~ N M M n n ~ ~p ~p b~- _ _ ~ _ N N N N N 6O 900 65100 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~200y+gyp ~ ~ ~p jpp~ ~ y~Ta Sanlo Bardere ~r~fi __ Tr~ t - ~v~ TYZ ~`ir_ South ~ -Bound GL. Line Period ~ ~~ co~~ 2..a so~•so i s .co ~'z ~e`~e0 ~-~— ~sos.4Q___15_e_--_ ♦z __iis~ao______2oo~io Period_ 2 2~iroo ,~ .~ Aspho//!-P Aa ha/Il~2 _ AtO~o/IN-2 _ `~_~__ASPho/1G-2_-- _ ~Conl~ Suon/v-Miee9 SJOCks °' '-3B% ------'----- ~ssss aea96 ~ ` \ ~ ` ~~ soe. ~ F J H '~•'so H

North-BOUnA C.R Lin! Period/ F 99000 192 v f5 221 X00

O ~n O ~ O ~ O ~ O O ul O O N p N O in p M M a a ~0 N f~ ti N N N N N N N N ~ ~ i KI M ~ M ICI M 231 00 EBOi00 306150 ~ 328X00 e-z F _vie. _eio. o c ~^~ E /uvs/ ~ r^ hoWS Bow C. L. Line Period/~ F~s~.ei Period/ cis~.qo ~L0"01~ _ _ AsOho/1 F _ _ _ASp~o/I E _ _ Asaha/1 0 _ Section 2

`` ~______-- ______A4G~o// O_p ___-______AsOho/J C_p ____ _-_- AsOha// A"p ______` ~ Conl Su f -Mired Stocks ______- ______~______-'_-______i8`_ _- Nmth —BounE ~~C R. Line Period 2-- — v-zi~KU '~„ aznewvi ~_ d,2 C-2fsw% +— Periad2 D-2 C-2 / -2 A- B-P /5oi~ A-278=2 25525 280f00 ]O5t00 330~a0

~ O iCi O ~ O ~ O O O ~ O N O ~n ~ N p V m M Q a u> N t0 iO M m c0 0~ 0~ .O O ~V M M M M M M M M ~? M M M M Q ~ p a p v 328~00~ Exc~uEe Irom~ y35+00 ~ 380 00 ~ X01?BS ~ y D C Test Sec. I B-I -I A _A1 j~oafs+~js' 1 ~ SiniE Of South Bound C. L. LIne ,f MATEF AspAO 1 jAtp~a/J C-/ As~/J B-/ _ _ AsOho/J A _ p Pe~iOC / Period /q PerioC /A PerioA / ~onlioWOis ~ -______"_'______'__ ,` Old Pwe. Only - --mss ~o//B-2 -~ i Cnnl/oC1orJ SuaO/r-MixeOS)xks _~ ~~--- ASPha/IE-2 ______~ ______g Pe~iaO P PsrioO / Period 2 - ---- (,~,y15v / MiroJ2 W xso.so 3n~n `~ ~--- _------___ Norih Bound C.R. Line ~ ~ ~riaaaI ~+ Bp• 2 e=24 TE•2 `"~ ro se~~e mono Period 3so+oo aso.w ara.00 se +ao Period

May-June 1961 59

60 60

California California Highways Highways and and Public Public Works

cent cent relative relative "' *.Per. *.Per. compaction compaction

based based

on on laboratory laboratory

compaction compaction

%. equals equals

100

tion tion

grades.

*'These *'These sections sections failed failed between between 35 35 and and 59 59 Mo.

asphalts asphalts with with 200 other other -300 -300 penetra-

J______

I 59 91.1 134 son son 100.5 8.9 of of the the 35 performance performance of of 217 the the test

Route Route

101, 101, permit permit and and thus thus

a a compari-

I- 2- 6.3 %___ II 55 97.1 141 2.9 101.3 31 494

north north

and and

south south

of of the the test test project project on

I- -5.8 %_ %_ _ _ _ 2

55 95.7 139

4.3 101.3 39 645

on on grade grade previous previous projects projects to to the

H-

2______

II 55 97.4 142 2.6 102.3 30 this this 277 was was project project planned planned had had used used this

being being reason reason

that that

the the district district in in

which

H______I 59 93.2 137 6.8 101.4 36 110

penetration penetration was was

grade grade selected, selected,

the

G- 2______II 55

95.4 138 4.6

100.4

535

project project on on the the and and finally finally the the 200 -300

G *______I grade grade the the of of paving paving 35 asphalt asphalt to to 90.9 be be 134 used 9.1 99.8 33 314

Considerable Considerable thought thought

vas vas given given to

F *______

I 35 91.4 134.5 8.6 101.0 35 141

Selection Selection of of Asphalts

E- 2______II 55 95.4 138 4.6 100.8 33 553

duplicate duplicate

and and

full full sections. length length

E *______I 35

89.8

132

10.2 26 99.1 249

able able supply supply the the prevented prevented placing placing of

D- 2______

II 55

97.1 141 2.9 101.8 34 242 two two asphalts asphalts special special the the where where avail-

was was selected, selected, with with

the the exception exception

D______I 59 93.7 138 6.3 101.3 39 175

proximately proximately for for 2500' 2500' each each asphalt

C- 2______II 55 96.2

140

3.8 102.3

29 339 A A final final section section test test length length of of ap-

C- 1______IA 57 96.6 pavement. 142 ing ing 3.4 105.1 24 328

and and ment ment

section section the the one one

over over exist-

C______I 59

93.2

137 6.8 101.4 38 239

two two locations -one -one the the new new on on align-

2______

B-

55 94.9 138 5.1 100.0 32 408 same same the the refinery refinery would would used used be be in

tions tions were were

so so placed placed that that asphalt asphalt from

B- 1______IA 57 95.9 141 4.1 102.6 35

425

Whenever Whenever ance. ance. possible, possible, test test sec- the the

A- 2______II 55 97.9

142 2.1 104.1 32 289 future future for for comparison comparison of of perform-

and and provides provides a a A______tion tion also also better better I basis 59 93.7 138 6.3 102.2 38 249

conditions conditions average average vides vides of of construc-

definite definite has has

advantage advantage

a a it it

in in pro- that that

Asphalt

Period

Mo. Per Per Cent Lbs. Voids

Compaction Stability

140 °F

Paving

Age possible. possible. long long Density long long as as test test Per Per A A section Ft. Cu. Cu. Per Per Cent Relative Cohesion

Relative

Weight Per Per Cent ** duplicate duplicate tions tions in in and and them them make make as

was was decided decided place place It It the the to to test test sec-

Outer Outer Wheel Wheel Track Track of of the the Lane Travel Travel

Layout Layout

Sections of of Test Test

Average Average Properties Properties of of Pavement Pavement Cores Cores Removed Removed The from from

TABLE TABLE II in in shown shown Fig. Fig. 1.

new new both both and and pavements pavements existing existing are

construction. construction. The The typical typical sections sections for

the the existing existing

pavement.

a a geometric geometric section section similar similar the the new to to

6 structing structing two two

new new

lanes lanes and and

widening

The The roadway roadway was was widened widened to to 100------100------provide

- -

------

four four lane lane divided divided

expressway expressway

by by 50------con-

------

the the cement cement placing placing new new

treated treated

base.

30----

- -

------

- - --

an an two two existing existing

lane lane

highway highway

into into 30

was was

subsealed subsealed

asphalt asphalt with with prior prior to

16------16------

- -- --

The The project project

consisted consisted

of of converting

8------

------

crete. crete. The The existing existing concrete concrete pavement

4------

more more - - test test - - -- road.

59 51 0.33' 0.33' surfaced surfaced with with of of

asphaltic asphaltic con-

76 now now 70 referred referred to to

as as

the the

Zaca Zaca to to

Wig-

the the pavement and and pavement over over

present present

to to be

I2------

- --

- - 87 85

to to identify identify

the the

and and termini termini

job job the the

cement cement B, B, treated treated to to base base 100 be be placed

100

no no longer longer in in existence existence Grading

-OJo -OJo

the the

Passing:

names names

serve

provided provided

minimum minimum sign sign 0.5' 0.5' a a of of Class

Swell Swell

(Inches)______

0.002 0.002 0.003

Railroad. Railroad.

Although Although

these these

are stations stations

fair fair condition. condition. to to poor poor new new The The de-

Cohesion Cohesion

140 °F.______142 142 24b

on on the the

now now

abandoned abandoned

Coast Pacific Pacific

Sta6.140

°F.______41 41 42 P.C.C. P.C.C. pavement pavement an an old old and and

was was

Spec. Spec. Gray.______2.16 2.16

and and 2.21 Wigmore Wigmore were were

originally originally

stations

early early the the consisted consisted primarily primarily 30's 30's of

Per Per Cent Cent

Asphalt Asphalt Extracted___ 4.7 4.7 5.0

stallation stallation of of type type its its

world. world. in in the the Zaca

Per Per Cent Cent The The Asphalt Asphalt constructed constructed facility facility existing existing Used______5.5 5.5

5.8 in

is is the the

largest largest experimental experimental asphalt asphalt in-

(asphaltic (asphaltic concrete) concrete) Type Type B.

the the

best best author's author's to to of of the the knowledge,

base base 0.33' 0.33' and and plant plant mixed mixed surfacing

miles miles northwest northwest of of Los Los Angeles Angeles and,

0.67' 0.67' ria1, ria1, of of Class Class cement cement B, B, treated

Santa Santa in in County, County, about about Barbara Barbara 150

consisted consisted 1.0' 1.0' imported imported of of base base mate- Paving Paving Period

The The project project is is on on located located U.S. U.S. 101

secrion secrion typical typical new new for for the the alignment

Description Project Project

load load 10.7 10.7 of of the the million, million, Laboratory Laboratory of of structural Compacted Compacted Specimens

Average Average Paviq~ Paviq~ MixTure MixTure Properties Test Test quite quite similar. pated pated ten ten year year estimated estimated traffic traffic weight

gates gates asphalts asphalts and and quantity quantity of of were Based Based soil soil surveys surveys on on an an and and antici- 1 TABLE TABLE TABLE III to obtain one railroad car of 40 tons 4ions for Paving AsphalTs from a producer using an Arkansas crude. 1954 Standard Specifications 1954 Special Provisions The project as finally constructed, A.A.S.H.O. Specification A.A.S.H.O. Specification is shown in Fig. 2. It contains sic as- Specification Designation Test Method Requirements Test Method Requirements phalts complying with the then new special provisions (frequently referred Flash Poiat, CI. O.C. °F., Min.______T48 350 to as "Premium" specifications), two Flash Point, P.M.C.T. °F., Min.______T73 400 Penetration of Original Samples, 77°F._ T49 200-300 T49 200-300 asphalts complying with the require- Loas on Heating, 5 Hr. at 325°F., ments of Section 54 of the 1954 Stand- °Jo Max.------T47 3.0 T47 1.0 Penetration After Loss on Heating, %o ard Specifications and two asphalts of Original, Min.______T49 60 T49 7 not commercially available in Califor- Original Ductility at 77°F., cm., Min.__ T51 100 -- -- nia at the present time, but placed in Penetration Ratio order to aid in the evaluation of new Pen. 39.2°F-200 gm-1 Min. X 100 _ T49 25 Min. Pen. 77°F-100 gm-5 Secs. -- test procedures. The asphalts used on Furol Viscosity at 275°r., Sec. ______40-125 all portions outside the limits of the Solubility in CS z, QJo Min. ______T44 99.5 test sections consisted of either asphalt Solubility in CCla, °jo Min.__ T45 99 T45 99 F or a mixture of the various asphalts ~ylene Equivalent, %o Max. _ _ Sec. 6 35 T102 30 Chap. II on hand. The following table lists the Std. Spec. asphalts and specification designations. State of Calif orma Code At the time the test section was two asphalts meeting the 1954 Stand- Construction Period Specifications proposed, the Materials and Research ards were selected from different I IA 77 Department was engaged in the prep- crude sources. One of the asphalts had Asphalts Used aration of new specifications for pav- very good test properties while the A __ A-2 Special Provisions ing grade asphalts. It was decided to other just barely complied with the B-1 B-2 " old requirements. D __ D-2 " obtain asphalts (meeting the new 1954 F ~~ specification requirements) from the Our research studies indicated that G G_2 `< three principal crude sources in Cali- certain asphalts produced from Mid- H H -2 " fornia which would also include dif- Continent crudes have superior dura- C G1 C-2 1954 Standard ferent methods of production. In or- bility characteristics when compared Specifications E __ E-2 " der to compare these new specifica- to California asphalts. In order to aid _ __ I-2(5.8) Special tion asphalts with those conforming in the further evaluation of test meth- I-2(63 ) to our 1954 Standard Specifications, ods under development, it was decided J«

Fiq.4 HARDENING OF 200-300 HARDENING OF 200-300 PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS PAVING GRADE ASPHALTS Period I and IA Paving Period II Paving 000 '"'.._...~ q'Z — — E•2 A F 300 300 —..— g.~ ...... ~ —.._ g_2 ...... G•2 —"_ ~'2 —'— p'Z ----C — — H —'—D '_____~ —_ —D'2 200 200 --E LL ~:'. , r r \~4 a `o \~

a 100 Io0 Q 90 Q 90 .e 80 0 80 70 70 'o 0 60 60 yo-- 4 ~_ ~ 50 50 ~' 0 .. 0 40 .... 4~ I \ _ 0 .,~ '~o ~~ ~\` ~ ~ \. Y ~ a \ Foilad lF) a o 20 20 ~ Failed (G) ~~ _~FOiled (E)

10 ~~ 0 10 20 30 40 ~u oV /V 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Mining Povement Age - Months Mining Pavement Age - Months

May-June 1961 61

Works Highways Highways 62 62 Public Public California California and and

1955. 30, 30, March March on on lanes lanes

over over was was traffic traffic all and and tions tions routed routed 10 __ 7 __ 11 __ 14 6 II______11

at at II II Period Period of of end end opera- the the paving paving

49 _ _ _ 61 _ 24 _ _ _ 14 9 _ _ 1 ______-Mo. -Mo. Age

of of All All fog fog was was pavement pavement the the sealed

18 17 9 13 12 the the 17 15 content. 19 asphalt asphalt in in 13 ___ increase increase IA IA

which which to IA IA due due and and I I undoubtedly undoubtedly is is

64 52 47 17 40 5 3 3 4 27 12 ______-Mo. -Mo. Age

19 16 10 13 10 17 9 212 12 I______II Period Period during during hiDher hiDher consistently consistently

samples samples compacted compacted were laboratory laboratory

65 36 53 48 18 41 5 28 13 Mo._____ Age-

specific specific of gravities gravities the the that that finding finding

is is interest interest Of Of I. I. Table Table the in in shown shown

1958 1960 1957 1959 1957 1958 1956 1955 1955 Period

April April Nov. :l1ay April Nov. March Dec. April Paving periods, periods, paving paving various various the the for for are

paving paving the the of of samples samples mixture field field

- Track Laae Travel Travel Wheel Wheel Outer Outer

laboratory laboratory on results results test test Average Average

Deflection Average Average

tandem. 10 10 tired tired steel steel ton ton

compacted compacted was was a with with surface surface course course

Period Period — Alignment Alignment Alignment Existing Existing Over Over Paving Paving II II and and Period Period New New Over Over Paving Paving IA IA I I

tandem tandem

the roller, roller, and and pneumatic pneumatic a a Sectoons Lead, Lead, Test Test 75,000 75,000 As~Ohalt As~Ohalt for for Axle Axle Ibs. Ibs. Readings Readings Weeh Weeh 0.001" 0.001" in in Deflection Deflection Average Average

was was with performed performed course course the the

level level IV @LE @LE YA

of Rolling Rolling paver. paver. mechanical mechanical pelled pelled

with with placed placed -pro- aself was was plant. course course screening screening and and crushing crushing on began began work work new new alignment, alignment, the the

blade. blade. and and surface The The box box a a in in of spreader spreader done done was was portable Processing Processing completion completion Following Following IA. IA. Period Period

was was a laid laid course course job job level level with with the the The The from from ten ten about about called is is miles miles and and site. December December in in paved paved was was

day. asphalt asphalt working working a a in in sources sources Ynez Ynez Santa Santa the the alignment on on new new River deposit deposit of of the the bed bed remainder remainder The The

changes changes five five as as many many as as in with with ined ined stream- a a was was I. source source Period Period as as The The designated designated is is aggregate aggregate paving paving the the

can can operations operations imag- be be well well 1954 1954 of paving paving portion portion This This the the Specifications. Standard Standard November. November. in in pleted pleted

of The The storage. storage. asphalt asphalt com- complexity complexity of 20 20 1954 1954 Section Section of of was was and and requirements requirements the the to to October October in in gan gan

were were for provided provided tanks tanks separate separate four four be- paving paving placed placed conformed and and lifts lifts two two in in alignment alignment B B new new the the of of tion tion

used, of of to to Due Due asphalts asphalts variety variety the the por- major major the the Type over over concrete) concrete) operations operations (asphaltic (asphaltic surfacing surfacing base base

5.8% 5.8% II. Period Period during during and and IA IA and and I I 0.33' 0.33' treated cement cement mixed plant plant of of of of consisted consisted and and ect ect subbase subbase of of tion tion

Periods during during used used was was proj- this this aggregate aggregate of of throughout throughout comple- After After site. site. The The job job the the pavement pavement through through

S.5% S.5% weight of of content content dry dry by by traffic carrying carrying asphalt asphalt of of necessity necessity II. Period Period as as the the by by designated designated is is struction struction

An °F. °F. 290 at at maintained maintained temperatures temperatures complicated somewhat somewhat were were Con- portion portion This This project project 1955. 1955. of of and and March March

aggregate this with with on on plant plant operations operations standard standard a a in in in in Construction Construction performed performed February were were erations erations

prepared mixture mixture

The The was was paving paving op- paving paving and and pavement pavement existing existing the the

Operations Construction Construction

Mizinq Monthe — — Mixing Mixing Age Age Months Age- Age- Pavement Pavement Pavement Pavement

70 30 30 'LO 'LO 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 p 0 0 40 70 70 60 60 50 50

a °a'

P~ O O

2 0 0

i ./ j.. j.. I I / / ~

J J

0 0

3 3

4 o, o, 4 o, o,

/ /

S 5

n n

10 J J IO ~ ~

~ O O

~Y~r /~~ '

20 0 0

.~~~

N ~,.o

30 ~~ ~~ 30 N N

E E .o

40 40

—..

(G) „y~FOileO •

50 ~` ~`

50 LL LL

..... leO leO (F) Foi

E E

E -- --

0 0

100 E'Z — — — — 100 0 0

Y. 6.3 6.3

I-2 I-2

~ ~ "_ "_ _ H _'_ _'_ l' '_"__ '_"__ p'p p'p _ _ _' _'

5.8%

-2 -2

I -2 -2 —C B_~ B_~ ~ _.._ _.._ ......

a =~ a -2 —N —• -2 -2 —B

200 a a 200 a a ...... p_p p_p «.... «....

~_p ......

300 300

Paving II II Period Period IA.Paving and and 2 2 Period Period

ASPHALTS RECOVERED RECOVERED FOR FOR RECOVERED RECOVERED FOR FOR ASPHALTS

CURVES LOSS LOSS ABRASION ABRASION LOSS LOSS CURVES ABRASION ABRASION

5 Fiq. Fiq. Fiq. Fiq. 6 Performance EvaluaTion tures, it appears that the additional S years of service life are shown in Since opening to traffic periodic in- 0.3% asphalt in the mix permitted bet- Fig. 3, 4, 5 and 6. The curves showing spections for visually rating the serv- ter compaction. The lower void con- drop in penetration, provide the nor- ice behavior of the respective test sec- tent of the compacted mixture and mally expected shape, with a rather tions have been made by members of heavier film thickness provided by the rapid increase in hardening during the the Materials and Research Depart- additional asphalt in Period II paving first 16 to 20 months and a tendency ment, as well as detailed field and should lead to a lower rate of weather- to decrease thereafter. It is important laboratory investigations. The following. to note that the slopes of the curves ing topics will be presented at this 2. Changes in fhe Original Properties beyond the 16-20 month breakpoint rime. of the Various Asphalts must be confirmed by additional 1. Properties of pavement cores re- Seven refineries furnished asphalt tests. If such slopes tend to remain moved at various time intervals. complying with the 1954 Special Pro- parallel for the different asphalts, then 2. Changes in the original proper- visions specifications, (which were the hardness of the material at the 16- ties of the various asphalts re- somewhat different from our present 20 month breakpoint becomes a funda- covered from the cores by means 1960 Standard Specifications) and two mental criteria for asphalt durability, of the Abson Process. additional sources furnished asphalt, since the ashpalt having the highest complying 3. Deflection studies. with the 1954 California retained penetration at this point Standard Specifications. 4. Surface surveys and crack map- Specifications should have the longest future service are shown in ping. Table III. Asphalt I-2 life. did not have any S. Distress which has occurred up specified requirements. It is interesting to note that exten- to date in certain sections. sive failures It will be noted that the drop in have occurred in the F, 1. Physical Properties of Pavement Cores penetration, shown in Fig. 3 and 4 G and E Period I sections. It appears The physical properties of pave- definitely indicates that less hardening that a combination of drop in pene- ment cores up to 59 months service occurred during mixing in Period II tration into the 20-30 range coupled life are shown in Table II. than in Period I for all of the asphalts. with a marked drop in ductility and Although Period II paving was per- The change in penetration and abra- gain in abrasion loss may signify se- formed at lower ambient tempera- sion loss ~2~ for approximately 4%z to rious paving failures when moderately Fiy.7 Fi9.8

CHANGE IN PENETRATION AND ABRASION LOSS ~~BLOCK~~CRACKING IN ASPHALT TEST SECTIONS FOR ASPHALT I-2 OVER NEW ALIGNMENT

~~ 6.3% Asphalt 6000 a---~ 5.8 %Asphalt 200 ~w~~~ p --E `Failed ---- C F v --- D ...... ~ Aug. 1958 ~000 g 'o ---- ~ ----v -- H No ~~Block Crocking in ~ 150 0 0 J after 65 months . I ti ti .~ 6000 d 0 ti ~ 100 ``~ 0 0 I 0 c 5000 N 1' ~~ C a 50 ~~ d I a 4000 i a c

3000 U 60 Famed May 1959 Y u_ O m 200 ~ 40 i' 0 i,

J 1000 i 0 20 a p~- 0 a 10 20 30 40 ~ Y 50 60 6`. 20 ao so 80 100 Pavement Age - Months Mixing Pavement Age - Months 1'~a'n ow'n 'n ab a^ a~ ~'o ~'o a 'n zom'n amQ'n ~~Q ~o

-June 1961 May 63 high pavement deflections are encoun- that the weathering rate is affected are shown. This area of the pavement tered. by film thickness. is generally considered the most criti- In the case of asphalt I-2, two as- cal one and the most indicative of the phalt contents 5.8% and 6.3% were 3. Deflection Studies adequacy of the structural section. used for adjacent test sections. The The average deflections for all pav- In all periods there has been a grad- difference in asphalt content did not ing periods, taken in the outer wheel ual decrease in deflections up to ap- appear to be reflected in either the track of the travel lane, are shown in proximately November 1957, or three penetration drop or abrasion loss gain Table IV. Deflection readings uJere years after construction. Apparently, during mixing, but has produced a also taken in the inner wheel track consolidation of the various layers, has quite radical difference during pave- and the passing lane, but as literally led to this decrease. ment service life, see Fig. 7. These re- thousands of measurements were Following the readings in November sults confirm other reported findings taken, only the outer wheel track data 1957, the trend in deflections on the new alignment was definitely reversed. The spring readings following the severe wet winter of 57-5~ showed a marked increase.

4. Surfacing Rafing Surveys and Creek Records The evaluation of service performance of the various test sections has been based not only on the results of tests on cores removed at various intervals, but also on visual observations and crack surveys. About one year after completion of construction the surface of the pavement laid during Periods I and IA began to appear lighter in color and dry in appearance. The only section that did not show this early change in appearance was asphalt J. The lighter appearance of the surface is undoubtedly due to the nature of the aggregate. Many of the particles are light in color and the asphalt tends to wear off the surface thus providing an appearance of dryness. Actually, cores that have this surface appearance are quite black just below the surface. One very significant index of pavement performance on this or any other roadway is the appearance of "block" cracking which invariably leads to major maintenance operations. The pavement laid over new alignment shows considerable block cracking, Eig. 8. This form of cracking is virtually nonexistent over old alignment after 65 months of service life and this is to be expected because of the extremely heavy structural section which results in quite low average deflections. Of great interest is the excellent correlation between the definite increase in "block" cracking of the travel lanes in a number of sections and the marked increase in average The junction between Asphalfs D (foreground) and E (background) after 45 months of service life. Nofe spelling along longitudinal crack in the E section. deflection in April 1958. This "block"

64 California Highways and Public Works investigations were performed in Ma~~ 1959 and the results are shown in Table V. The proposed maintenance of the three sections involved the placing of a screening seal coat. However, it should be stressed that if the failure in any one of these sections would have occurred on a normal roadway, it would be necessary to lay a 2" to 3" thick asphalt concrete blanket in order to provide a proper wearing surface. The present seal coat program is only a temporary expedient in order to permit continued observations of the remaining test sections. ~~~ i CONCLUSIONS The various asphalts,, placed in the test sections, are weathering at differ- ,~ ~ _ ent rates, but all show a tendency toward adefinite decrease in the rate of ~ ~~ ~. .~..... ~..~ ,:~ ~, ,.. . s ~~. developing hardness or brittleness be- Typical condition of fhe major portion of the Asphalt E travel lane is shown here after 45 months of ginning after approximately 16 to 20 service ►ife. months of service life. However, due to the two different cracking coupled with severe raveling tration —16, softening point — 151°F, construction periods, somewhat differ- has led to total failure in sections E, ductility — 16 cm. and Abrasion loss ent structural sections, accompanied F and G. We note that the passing at 65°F — 128 gms. by other unavoidable variations it is lanes are virtually free from "block" The G and F sections were classified strongly recommended that the as- cracking. This, of course, is consistent as failed in May 1959. During' the fall phalts laid in Period I be distinguished with the pattern observed in our many of 1958 the G section appeared very from those laid in Period II. In other previous investigations of this type of dry and exhibited a fair amount of words, we should consider that we failure on other highways. raveling. The F section was in quite have two separate test roads and com- good condition except for severe lon- parisons between test sections should S. Failures gitudinal cracking in one fill area ap- only be made within each test road. Three test sections over the new proxirnately S00' in length. The nest The performance of the Zaca-Wig- alignment, paved during Period I op- survey, in February 1959, revealed a more test road, to date, clearly shows erations, have been classified as fail~xres striking difference from the Fall ap- that asphalts manufactured from dif- and now require major maintenance. pearance. There was extensive "block" ferent crude sources and methods of The first section- to show extreme cracking in the travel lane throughout production can have various degrees distress was that paved with asphalt E. both sections and severe raveling ex- of durability under equivalent condi- The very rapid hardening of this as- tending into the passing lane. There tions of traffic and climate. The early phalt caused a very marked increase was not as much evidence of spalling failure of asphalt E, which just barely in "block" cracking between 28 and as found during the stages of progres- met our 1954 Standard Specifications 41 months of service life followed by sive failure in the E section. Failure and would fall far short of our present an extremely rapid increase in the following four months, Fig. 8, 9 and 10. TABLE V The situation in August 1958 became ProperFies from Failed Test Setfions Laid Over New Alignment so serious that it was necessary to Recovered Asphalt i place a slurry seal over the travel lane Age Penetration Softening Ductility Abrasion in order to carry the section through Asphalt Mo. 77°F Point 77°F Loss-65°F the winter of 58-59. It is apparent -- --- — - i-- ~— – from a study of the "block" cracked E______45 10 161 5 182.4 areas in the G and F test sections, Fig. F______54 25 144 Very erratic 51.9 8, that the E section could have been Ave. = 48 as a failure approximately three Range = 7-83 classed on 9 cores years after construction or about October 1957. At this time the test G- — ------54 23 154 8 42.7 properties of the asphalt were: Pene-

May-June 1961 65 requirements, confirms other evidence that the previous Standard Specifica- L. D. Wanee Plans Retirements From tions permitted the use of asphalts of August 1 Reti rement Department Listed poor durability with a comparatively Lesley D. Wanee, Assistant Con- Headquarters Office short service life. The failure in the struction Engineer for the California G and F test sections and other re- Rodney F. Reynolds, Supervising Division of Highways, will retire on Engineer, 42 years. eent failures of asphalt roads in our August 1 after 32 years of State highway system indicates that even service. District III our present specification requirements Wanee joined the Division in 1929 Harry H. Sharp, skilled laborer, 27 are still not sufFiciently restrictive to as a Senior Engi- years. guarantee a durable product. Ob- neermg Aid m San District IV viously it will be necessary to continue Bernardino. All of Highway Fore- to make laboratory and field studies hissubsequentserv- Charles M. Barnes, man, years; Stephen Gelter, As- with the objective of developing test ice until 1955 was 35 V. sistant Highway Engineer, 7 years. methods and specifications which will in the San Bernar- effectively exclude non-durable as- dino area where he District V phalts. advanced through John ~. Kehrer, Highway Equip- Acknowledgments the engineering ment Operator-Laborer, 36 years. A project of this magnitude requires ranks, being ap- the cooperation of many individuals, Lessley D. Wanee pointed design en- District VI and it is not possible to mention all neer of District VIII in 1947. He su- Oliver F. Keough, Highway Equip- of the personnel of the California pervised the designing of the City ment Operator-Laborer, 18 years. Division of Highways and of organi- Creek Road reconstruction in the San District XI Bernardino Mountains, the first free- zations that contributed to the suc- James B. Elliott, Highway Equip- cessful ways in San Bernardino and Riverside completion of the test road, ment Operator-Laborer, 30 years. and the continuing studies on per- Counties and the three-level U.S. 99- formance during its service life. 395 traffic interchange south of the Shop 8 The work was performed under the City of San Bernardino. He was pro- Roy Cravens, Automobile Mechanic, general direction of F. N. Hveem, moted to his present post and trans- 18 years. ferred to Sacramento in 1955. In ad- Materials and Research Engineer. The dition to field review of highway con- writer wishes to especially acknowl- struction in various parts of the state, edge the efforts of Mr. John Skog in he has been active in the revision of IN MEMORIAM collecting and analyzing much of the the Division's Standard Specifications. data. A native of Denver, Colorado, District IV Reference Wanee attended public schools in San George Phillips, High`vay Engineer- Pedro. He studied for two years at (1) "Progress Report on the Zaca-Wig- ing Technician I. more Experimental Asphalt Test Proj- the University of California at Los ect" by F. N. Hveem, Ernest Zube and Angeles, transferring to the Berkeley District VIII J. Skog. California Division of High- campus where he received his engi- ways. Presented at the Third Pacific Ernest L. Walker, Laborer. Area National Meeting of ASTM, San neering degree in 1929. He is a mem- Francisco, October 11-16, 1959. Sym- ber of the honor society, Chi Epsilon. Bridge Department posium on Road and Paving Materials. An ardent tennis player VVanee was John E. Burke, Associate Bridge ASTM Publication No. 2~7. senior singles champion of Arizona Engineer. ~2) "The Operation, Control and Applica- four times, senior doubles champion tion of the Infrared Weathering Ma- State-Owned Toll Bridges twice and has won more than 40 ten- chine—California Design" by John B. Connell D. Smith, Toll Collector. Skog, California Division of Highways. nis trophies in tournament play. Presented at the Second Pacific Area Wanee and his wife, Alice, were Shop 4 l~Tational Meeting of ASTM, Los An- mixed doubles champions of Sacra- geles, September 17, 1956. ASTM Publi- Dale Leake, Heavy Equipment cation No. 212. mento City in 1959. Mrs. Wanee is Mechanic. past Sacramento City and County champion. Wanee is a member of the Ameri- Bids have been received by the Bids have been received by the Di- can Society of Civil Engineers, the State Division of Highways on the revision of Highways on the realign- Sutter Lawn Tennis Club and the surfacing of 7 %z miles of State Sign South Hills Racquet Club. ment of Pescadero Road between U.S. Route 89 in Mono Cotmty between Following his retirement Wanee 101 and Pescadero Creek in San Ma- the Alpine County line and U.S. 395. will live in Vista, California, where he teo County. Low bidder was Bragato Low Bidder was the Thomas Con- will do engineering consulting work Paving Company and Bellshore Cor- struction Company, Fresno, $313,313. and raise avocados. poration, Belmont, $199,521.

66 California Highways and Public Works New F.A.S. Bridge Cuts e~r Od Travel Distance 4%z Miles By ELLIS R. DELBON, Road Commissioner, Stanislaus County

Ix OCTOBERS Z 9C>O, the Stanislaus County Board of Supervisors accepted the largest highway improvement project ever undertaken by the County. Opening of the new Geer Road Bridge over Tuolumne River was attended by many local dignitaries and representatives of the Division of Highways. The bridge is a portion of 2.1 miles of construction on entirely new alignment on FAS Route 914, which reduces travel distance between Turlock and Oakdale by 4.5 miles. It is the 10th major highway improvement project completed under the current 10-year capital improvement program approved by Stanislaus County Board of Supervisors in 1957. Construction plans for this high standard two-lane highway were prepared by Stanislaus County with the contract being let late in 1959 by the State Department of Public Works under the Federal-aid Secondary Highway Program. Construction engineering and inspection was by County personnel. Roadway construction involved grading and paving 1.96 miles. The road is surfaced with asphaltic concrete providing two 12-foot lanes and 8-foot paved shoulders. The Tuol- umne River Bridge is a reinforced concrete box girder structure. It is 656 feet long, consisting of five 100- foot spans and two end spans 75 feet long supported on concrete piers and abutments on concrete piles. The clear roadway width is 28 feet between curbs and steel railings. The total construction cost of the project is $513,000, not including preliminary engineering and right-of-way. The County's capital improvement schedule includes improvement of five FAS routes and other County primary roads and bridges. The program is financed by appropriations from the County $5,000,000 bond fund approved in 1956, State Highway Users Geer Road in Stanislaus County between Turlock and Oakdale which was recently constructed under the Federal-aid Secondary and County Bond Program. the bridge in the foreground is over the Tuolumne Tax Funds, and FAS Funds. River. (Modesto Bee photo)

May-June 1961 67 d e Orni~ Od Se eS—

must be broad, with gentle, wide- with newspapers, magazines, direct EDITOR'S NOTE: This, the third sweeping curves. Rises must be cut mail advertising, and dozens of other in a series of articles on landscap- down, and dips brought up to grade, kinds of printed matter. Most of these ing and related roadside problems so today's low seated driver can see things are of temporary value, and are on the California State Highway far ahead. This kind of highway goes too frequently disposed of on the System, covers the maintenance of through the terrain instead of follow- highway, although this too is illegal. landscaping and roadsides under ing land contours as the stagecoach As previously pointed out, the ju- today's policy and practices. The roads did. Obviously, there must be next and final article will cover the dicious use of plants and landscaping more cuts and fills than ever. These plants used today by the Division techniques can assist the highway en- of Highways Landscaping Section, countless new slopes create new prob- gineer in solving, or at least alleviat- and why these choices have been lems of settlement, slippage, and dis- ing, these and other problem condi- made. The four articles will be turbance of esthetic values. It is nections. But the planting itself is only made available to interested per- essary, too, that obstructions such as the first step. When the landscape sons as a reprint booklet under bridges and interchanges on these new contractor has finished his job, the single cover. high speed highways be clearly de- maintenance man starts in. And as The series has been prepared by lineated. John Robinson of the Public Infor- Smokers are another problem. High- mation with assistance Section the ways today must be considered a fire "ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE IN of various staff members concerned menace to every dry field and forest STANISLAUS COUNTY with planning, planting, and main- Ild 1895„ tenance of roadsides. they border, for although it is against both common sense and the law, "It is the custom to cover the every day thousands of smokers care- roads in the summer season with lessly throw lighted cigarettes and refuse straw, which is abundant. Iz xAS sEErr sho`vn how the earliest matches from cars. This is a more This the most temporary makeshift. road maintenance problems were difficult problem than the spark prob- The cost of this strawing varies from those of mud and dust, and that the lem of the early day railroads, which $40 to $45 per mile, and in many roadside tree was helpful in control- was solved by screens over the stacks instances must be repeated two or ling these problems. Later, with of the locomotives. three times a season. Nor is this all. straighter roads and modern design, It frequently happens that a lighted slope control also became a problem. Another relatively new maintenance match or cigar is dropped on a job is the With the gradual refinement of the care of headlight screen freshly strawe.d road, and the planting in the median. automobile as our main means of With today's whole roadway vanishes in smoke. high It is swell- transportation, many new maintenance speed vehicles bright headlights authenticated faet that, are needed, on one occasion on the day after problems have developed. Here are which in turn blind the a road had been strawed, a band some of these modern developments drivers of oncoming vehicles. The best solution to this problem so far of hungry cattle came along and which have complicated roadside actually ate the road up."—From maintenance. devised is the erection of some ob- struction between the opposing lanes the 1895-96 Report of the Califor- Today's cars are faster, longer and nia of of traffic. On most highways in Cali- Bureau Highways. lower. of automobile re- This kind fornia the cheapest and most decora- quires a different kind of highway tive solution is a living barrier of from the one used the famous with many other expenditures, both by shrubs. Model-A Ford with its high clearance, public and personal, "it im't the ini- good visibility, and short wheelbase. Then there is Jitterbugging —not tial cost, it's the upkeep". A driver of today's car is unable to exactly a new problem, but today These are some of the activities and see over slight rolls in the terrain, and many times magnified over what it considerations involved in roadside his speed demands more sight distance ~~as a generation ago, primarily be- planting maintenance: cause our technology has developed on curves for safety. Nor can he easily • Median plantings: As previously marvelous packaging of our foods, negotiate sharp curves even if he can stated, the Division of Highways land- tobacco products, and beverages. Un- see around them, because of his car's scape architects are in unanimous sped, weight, and long wheelbase. fortunately, this packaging is usually agreement that the most practical To a great degree, therefore, today's partly or entirely of paper (except in shrub for median planting for head- highways are dictated by automotive the cases of beverages, when it is tin, light screening is the oleander. But design engineers in Detroit. To be glass, or waxed cardboard). Further- despite its hardiness, it must be wa- safe for today's vehicles, high~~ays more, everybody is constantly deluged tered for several years after planting;

68 California Highways and Public Works rt must be pruned in locations where it affects sight distances; litter must be cleaned from around it; and it occasionally must be replaced after an accident.

B Fire control: Because of careless ~" smokers, "fire control" is necessary on thousands of miles of state highway, g a~`~ ~`~I ~~~~~~ ~° ~~~ to protect such flammable areas as for- ._ est, grassland, and grainfields. This is ~ another Proble m which does not ~, trouble states with adequate year- ~ ~'` around rainfall. _k , In most of California's rural areas ~ ~`. today, fire control simply means re- ., ~ ~ ;~ moval of all vegetation from afour- '~ toot strip outside the shoulder on 4 ~,,~~~ .' ~ either side of the road. Sometimes this ''~~~.~ is accomplished by discing or grading, but it is most likely to be done by chemical weed killers and sterilants. The sterilants are faster, neater, and leave no blackened roadside. Thirty years ago fire control was accomplished by spraying diesel oil on the roadsides; then, a week or two later, burning aten-foot strip beyond the shoulder. Today's four-foot strip has proved adequate, and presents little bare area for soil erosion to start. Where they can be used, evergreen ground covers are excellent fire controls. Unfortunately, because of the summer drought, it is impracticable ra attempt to grow ground covers along highways throughout most of the state, since there are no satisfactory

RUFUS J. W. COX demonstrates safety line iech- nique taught Division of Highways tree maintenance crews.

May-June 196 ground covers which can survive any length of time without water. The mesembryanthemums, or ice plants, have proved practical in certain cool coastal sections where fog is common. Where conditions are good for them, they are almost ideal plants for slope control, fire control, and pleasant effect. Certain ivies are also effective, but they must have sprinkler systems installed for their survival. All ground covers need some maintenance. The ice plant needs the least, but occasionally should be fertilized, and must be weeded assiduously until it is established (as must all plantings). • Roadside growth: In recognition of the farmer's troubles with noxious weeds, the State Department of Agri- culture has long been empowered to organize control methods to keep these expensive pests in check. There are several dozen species of weeds oi~ the state's list which are potentially dangerous. By decision of the County Agricultural Commissioner, any of them can be declared a noxious weed. in any county. The Division of Highways cooper- ates on county programs, for noxious weed control. In most cases, where the infestation is serious, payment is made from highway funds to the county, to pay the expense of using specialists to control the pest on State highways. These payments amount to about $100,000 per year statewide. Where infestation is light, Division of Highways maintenance crews do routine weed control, most of it by mowing. Whenever possible, weeds on the roadside are mowed early, before weeds go to seed, which gradually tends to reduce roadside growth to grasses only. Several more mowings are made during the season as necessary. Mowing reduces fire danger, and also makes a neater roadside. Road- side mowing costs have been significantly reduced in recent years, by the adoption of the modern rotary type mower. Roadside brush, which would otherwise gradually encroach on the roadway, particularly in foothill and mountain areas, must be kept in check. Brushcutters which cut a swath from the roadside and chippers, ingesting ornio Highways and Public Works Where medians are wide and midday traffic is not too heavy, power equipment can be used for maintenance. John Musitelli trims median on EI Camino Reol south of San Francisco.

the cuttings and returning them to the low branches which obstruct vision Landscaped roadsides must be main- roadside as finely chopped twigs and and roadway clearances. Trees which tained indefinitely, This kind of main- leaves, are very effective, but some- are too high must be topped lest they tenance includes pruning, weed and what slow and expensive to operate. blow over in a high wind. When the pest control, fertilizing, and irrigat- Chemicals are widely used today for scope of any of these jobs is too great ing. Pruning is relatively light, usually brush control. for routine maintenance, they can be necessary only when a change in con- let out • Roadside tree maintenance: The to contract by professional tree ditions requires it, such as disease, die- California Division of Highways has care companies. back, or occasional unexpected growth tree maintenance crews throughout • General planting maintenance: to a size where foliage interferes with the state. These men are in a special Modern highway practice in Califor- sight distances. group which includes such job classi- nia calls for roadside beautification Weed control is very fications difficult on as Tree Maintenance Fore- wherever possible in densely new jobs, but gradually lessens man, settled as the Tree Surgeon, and Tree Trim- areas. planted shrubs and ground mer. This may be accomplished to a covers take limited extent over. Weed killer sprays and oil The thousands of with functional plant- miles of roadside sprays are used considerably pro- in the state highway ing, or where suitable billboard con- to system have tect young shrubs and young trees. many old plantings of trol laves have been passed, by a full trees which Because of the weed problem, high- must be maintained. Modern landscaping project. In either case, the planting way landscape architects today espe- practice also calls for generous use planting will not only be roadside of cially favor shrubs which branch out trees for delineation at ramps beautification, but will also and function right at the ground and grow in bridges. to absorb highway a noises, gases and dense globular shape, such as Lehman Dead limbs and unstable trees that dust, prevent fire, delineate traffic eucalyptus, dwarf blue eucalyptus, are a hazard must be removed; so must changes and control erosion. and oleander. This kind of plant is May-June 1961 71 ideal for screens, but unfortunately plants of this habit are not available for all of California's soils and cli- mates. Watering from a tank truck is expensive. This kind of watering is only done when sprinkler systems are impracticable. Usually, the tank truck is used only to water drought hardy plants the first couple of years they are in the ground, to give them a good start. This kind of watering is also dangerous; several of the tank trucks have been badly damaged by out-of-control vehicles, but luckily none of the operators was injured seriously. (Land- scape maintenance is a dangerous occupation. Workers are hit by flung beer cans and flying hub caps, catch poison oak, get bugs in eyes, are stung by bees, bitten by snakes and spiders, sometimes even by small rodents such as squirrels and muskrats. They also In the course of regular operations, maintenance workers Johnnie Sheppard, Robert Spencer, and Jack have their share of the more common Warman, District IV, replace a plant which has died. industrial accidents.) Where economically feasible, and generally on major freeway land- equipment for this work. Some of the of imagination" in its use of plant ma- scaping jobs, permanent sprinkling ne~~ back-pack power units with cut- terials, but the fact is the lack of vari- systems are installed. These not only ter attachments are being looked at ety springs from practical economic irrigate, but also wash the foliage. hopefully. However, over the years considerations, rather than lack of The water costs are high, however, the most fruitful channels explored to esthetic sensitivity. and limit this type of installation. help this problem have been earperi- The restriction of planting to these No way has yet been devised to ment and search among the plants easily maintained plants, plus an ener- eliminate what virtually amounts to themselves. getic and conscientious educational hand labor in performing most of The Division of Highways land- program given the landscape workers these chores of freeway landscaping scape architects have learned that ex- by their supervisors, has paid off hand- rr►aintenance. The many cuts and fills, cept where communities are willing somely. Ten years ago, the table of with their steep slopes, the odd shaped to absorb part of the maintenance organization called for one landscape pieces of land around interchanges, cost, landscaping today must be more laborer to maintain three acres of the difficulty of working close to and more restricted to certain tried highway landscaping. Today he main- heavy, fast-moving streams of traffic, and true "workhorse" shrubs, trees tains seven acres. all tend to limit the use of mechanized and ground covers, and that the thou- • The litterbugs In urban areas, sands of varieties of beautiful but deli- where there is a landscaped freeway, cate ornamentals which quickly suc- landscape maintenance men do consid- While the watering basin around young plant is cumb at the slightest rough treatment filling, Clyde Francis, Groundsman, Disfricf VII, erable litter removal. Disposal cans cleans up weeds. must be avoided. are obviously impracticable on these highspeed, heavily traveled routes, although the heavy traffic generates tre- mendous amounts of litter. The difficulties of enforcing the anti-litterbug law are obvious. The litter cans the state no~v provides in rural areas are serviced by maintenance forces, and they are collecting great amounts of litter, but many motorists still refuse to use them. Conversely, where cans

California Highways and Public Works are close to communities, local people often use them for disposing of house- hold garbage! An intensive public education campaign, backed up by firm enforcement when possible, has been going on for some time. It must be assumed that those who continue to strew our highways with litter are an irresponsible minority whom no campaign will reach. Better clean-up equipment may be invented, but because of the nature of the work, this seems unlikely in the near future. It begins to appear that we must resign ourselves either to a heavy annual bill for litter removal, or be willing to accept dirty, un- kempt roadsides. All these things, from the median screen to litter,. are over and above the job and the costs of removing snow, of repairing pavements, of re- Above: Newly landscaped interchange on the Golden State Freeway in Los Angeles showing redwood placing planting boxes surrounded by gravel over ster6lized soil. Original cost is less, and maintenance is mini- guard rails and signs, and those mized on Large areas by this type of planting. Below: Older planting of same type on San Eernardino other tasks normally associated with Freeway illustrates how this kind of Landscaping delineates and beautifies. highway maintenance. Aside from these unavoidable costs, maintenance of just the roadsides and of the trees, shrubbery, and ground covers on the right-of-way, whether it is functional planting or landscaping, increases in cost each year and is notiv approaching $5,000,0(30 annually. In addition, there is an annual bill for Mate highway litter cleanup in this state of about $1,250,0(10. There seems to be no hope these costs will evEr be less. In fact, we must expect them to be much more if we but consider that our present traffic loads will be doubled in about 20 to 25 years. Nor can we even expect that these costs will increase in simple ratio to traffic increase. Roadside maintenance costs on multilane divided highways are much higher than older-type two-lane roads because of medians, the large areas required for inter- tion of the total maintenance budget, (The next and final roadsides article changes, larger cuts and fills, more requires very careful control and exer- will be concerned with the plants and structures, heavier traffic use, and cise of judgment for installations in- trees used by the California Division wider right-of-way. volving continued ar more costly of Highways, and why they have Expenditures for maintenance and maintenance. been chosen.) administration of the State Highway System are limited to the revenue de- rive~ from one cent per gallon of the The State Department of Public The California Highway Commis- With tax on gasoline and diesel fuel. Works has awarded a $739,000 con- sion at its May meeting allocated $250,- necessary expenditures approaching tract for construction of five miles of 000 as the State's share of 15 traffic the legal limit, any further increase in two-lane highway on State Sign Route signal, highway lighting and channeli- landscape maintenance costs, which al- 53 between Harris Creek and Lower zation projects located throughout the ready constitute an appreciable por- Lake in Lake County. State.

/y~py-June 19cS 1 73 State P-lelps on Guadalupe, em S — ~o ro Walnut Creek Projects

This is the second part of an article which appeared in the March-April issue. GUADALUPE RIVER CO-OPERATIVE DRAINAGE PROJECT By P. B. JANSEN, Associate Highway Engineer A MAJox co-oper- occurred. At the time of original high- of the flood control project any Dis~['x~cT ative project in- way construction it was therefore nec- money spent upon extension of the Ivvolving drainage is essary to bridge three historic over- overflow bridges would have been exemplified by the flow channels of the Guadalupe as wasted except for the relatively short co-operative agree- `yell as the main channel. This unsat- period in which they would serve to ment between the isfactory solution was the only one retain the existing drainage conditions. Division of High- possible at that time and the highway It was further recognized that subse- ways and the Santa has since been subjected to a number quent excavation of the channel im- Clara County Flood of inundations. provement would yield large quanti- Control District, In planning the additional lanes of ties of excess material which would providing for improvement of the this highway facility it was recognized probably present only a disposal prob- channel of the Guadalupe River in that unless channel improvement of lem, whereas integrated timing of conjunction with the project for con- the Guadalupe was undertaken prior the two projects would present an version and expansion to full freeway to or concurrently with the highway opportunity for economical use of the standards of the Bayshore Highway, project it would be mandatory to pro- channel excavation in the highway U.S. 101 Bypass, northwesterly of San vide bridges for the additional lanes embankment. Jose. at the overflow channels as well as at The reach of the Guadalupe influ- The Bayshore Highway, where it the Guadalupe River. encing highway considerations ex- crosses the flood plain of the Guada- tended from a point near Montague lupe, was originally constructed about Concurrent Studies Road 8,000 feet north of the freeway 1937 as a four lane highway with a At the same time the City of San crossing on the downstream side to a narrow dividing strip. It is currently Jose and the Santa Clara County Flood point 7,000 feet southeast of the free- being reconstructed as a six-lane, ulti- Control District were conducting way crossing on the upstream side. mate eight-lane, freeway with a fiill studies for channel improvement of The latter point was the downstream width median. the Guadalupe River, although it ap- terminus of a recent channel improve- The small channel of the Guadalupe peared unlikely that the flood control ment project. River in this area has been historically project could actually be undertaken Had the necessary flood control inadequate to handle the flows result- until some time after completion of works on the Guadalupe consisted of ing from major storms, hence flooding the freeway project. It was also real- channel improvement only, no finan- of the surrounding land has frequently ized that upon subsequent completion cial problem would have existed, since

/~ ~ ~~ i

SAN JOSE —.1I ALVISO ROAD .~~ ~ _~_°A4~ I~` ~ / \\~ ~ II I~iLANE

. CHANNEL IMPROVEMEfVgT g~ ~.F~'~ ;~ ,..,~. ~.,~ ..I a BY DIV.OF HIGH~I~AY.S o~`~~i CH. IMPE '' ~~~y~ , % FLOOO.001

0 Ff~ o R r ~ u~ ~11~' ... 6~~ END OF . ~ ~Q i PREVIOUS. ~' s'- ~nea~ov_E,,'j 1 ti app. ~J- y - - - ~ p a V - _ .- - ~/~~ ,y ~ ~ ~o~oQ ------~ ~\ _- ~ ~. i1 ~ _ 111, ,° If

t i O

l000 ~ i000 z000 F[ei .. // QP ~ h/ ~~ `Sgt`'?'q''~ Y ~ % P P

J SC4LE ~,- ~ RA ~ .~ G tom~/.~ y~.,

A map of the Guadalupe River near San Jose showing fhe area improved by fhe drainage project discussed in the accompanying article.

California Highways and Public Works the potential material from channel excavation could be economically utilized for the Bayshore Freeway and for the City of San Jose's Muncipal Air- port, Guadalupe Parkway and De La Cruz Boulevard. The financial problem centered around acquisition of right of ~~ay for the channel improvement and the cost of expensive structures which were essential appurte- nances to the channel improvement.

Channel Constriction The existing bridge at Brokaw Road, which crosses the Guadalupe River about 4,000 feet upstream of the Bayshore Freeway, constituted a severe constriction in the channel and its replacement with one of adequate span comprised one necessary struc- The Guadalupe 'River channel looking downstream from the Brokaw Road Bridge. ture. Other necessary structures were imposed by the nature of the soil and the terrain. Although the terrain looks relatively flat, its general slope is steep enough so that if the improved channel were built on this slope, erosive velocities would be produced in the channel and through the Bayshore Freeway bridge. The solution most adaptable to this difFiculty was the employment of drop structures. A drop structure is a concrete structure incorporated into a channel, the essential feature of which is a vertical drop, thus permitting the reaches of channel upstream and downstream of the drop to be constructed on a gradient more gentle. than that of the surrounding land. It ~~as decided that the most favorable A view of the improved Guadalupe River channel at Brokaw Road Bridge. sites for drop structures were at a point about 700 feet upstream of Bro- kaw Road and at another point about 800 feet upstream of Montague Road. Since properly timed construction of the improved river channel and its appurtenant structures would relieve the Division of Highways of the necessity of constructing bridges for the additional lanes at the thx•ee overflow channels, it was reasoned that the State could justifiably contribute toward the cost of the flood control structures an amount not to exceed the cost of these overflow structures. This amount was estimated at $150,000. In accordance with the above considerations a co-operative agreement was negotiated between the Santa County Flood Control District Clara A view of the drop structure in the river channel north of Brokaw Road.

May-June 1961 75

Works Public Public Highways Highways and and California California 76 76

arficle. Phis Phis change change in in channel channel discussed discussed fhe fhe Creek Creek map map showing showing Walnuf Walnuf area area the the of of A A to to up up Ygnacio dustrial dustrial Highway Highway

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prompted have have conditions conditions These These limb. limb.

CHANGE

CHANNEL CHANNEL

CREEK W4LNUT W4LNUT and life life to to danger danger increased increased and and costs costs

flood flood greater greater damage in in resulting resulting year year

to year year from from acute acute more more become become has has

problem flooding flooding the the watershed, watershed, the the

of industrialization industrialization and and urbanization urbanization

rapid With With frequent. frequent. been been has has areas areas

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Concord of of

north north to to Road Road Monument Monument and Bridge Bridge Carquinez Carquinez To To

of north north miles miles 0.6 0.6 from from way way of of right right

highway the the in in embankment embankment as as placed placed

GREEK

WALNUT WALNUT OF OF

/MPROYEMENT /MPROYEMENT PROPOSED PROPOSED

be will will obtained obtained when when borrow borrow of of

yards

cubic cubic

600,000 600,000

approximate approximate the the this this in in vicinity available available not not Contra Contra were were Costa Costa County. in in Creek Creek Walnut Walnut

and

realigned realigned

be be will will

channel channel

Creek Creek If If material embankment embankment realized. realized. be be for for agencies agencies realigning local local and and State State

Walnut

of of feet feet 5700 5700

Approximately Approximately the the to to will State State $667,000 $667,000 proximately proximately the between between agreement agreement operative operative co-

solution. ap- of of saving saving total total a a and and eliminated eliminated area area a to to led led Concord Concord the the in in freeway freeway

only

the the be be

would would distances distances haul haul will will be one one crossing crossing creek creek material, material, the the of of proposed construction construction the the for for

long

involving involving sites sites borrow borrow costly costly embankment providing providing to to addition addition In In material embankment embankment of of Scarcity Scarcity

Engineer Highway Highway Associate Associate LAGSDIN, LAGSDIN, S. S. A. A. By By

AGREEMENT CO- CREEK CREEK OPERATIVE OPERATIVE WALNUT WALNUT

eliminated. been been also also has has be material material the the to to value value the the of of 000; 000; $150,000.

loss, economic economic and and danger danger venience, venience, of contribution contribution $501,- total total is is a a exceed exceed excavation excavation channel channel of of portion portion

incon- public public to not not resultant resultant but but Bridge, Bridge, Road Road with with Brokaw Brokaw faciliries, faciliries, State's the the of of The The cost cost total total quired. quired.

the of of cost cost the the of of tures tures 20% 20% and and other and and Freeway Freeway Bayshore Bayshore of of ure ure re- been been otherwise otherwise have have would would which which

drop drop

two two struc- of of cost cost

the the the the

of of clos- and and flooding flooding potential potential years' years' eral eral borrow, imported imported expensive expensive more more

50%

contribute contribute shall shall State State

The The

Sev- surrounding surrounding lands. lands. the the of of ment ment the of of

instead instead embankments embankments

roadway roadway

the the of of State. the the property property

come come

develop- accelerated accelerated possible possible

makes makes

in in material material the excavation excavation channel channel

to to

levees levees of of

be-

construction construction and and

threat

flood flood the the of of

elimination elimination quent quent of use use the the from from accrue accrue will will State State

the the channel

old old

of of backfilling backfilling

conse- The The River. River. Guadalupe Guadalupe the the of of the to to financial financial State, State, the the from from benefits benefits

after remaining remaining excess excess

material material

plain flood flood the the of of portion portion significant significant

$150,000 of of

contribution contribution maximum maximum all of of Freeway,. Freeway,. stream stream Bayshore Bayshore

through through facilities facilities

control control flood flood of of to to the as as require require be be such such apparently apparently down- improvement improvement channel channel

completion early early the the possible possible made made has has will structures structures the the of of cost cost the the Since Since the construct construct shall shall State State The The 2. 2.

agreement operative operative co- this this benefits, benefits,

channel. Required Amount Amount Maximum Maximum

financial

direct direct the the addition addition to to In In

of of the maintenance maintenance operation operation and and point.

$651,000. of of benefit benefit the and and improvement improvement channel channel that downstream downstream from from construction construction

a a total above, above, for for noted noted as as $501,000 $501,000 the necessary necessary for for way way of of right right the the of of time time channel until until deferred deferred be be

channel channel in in excavation, work work State's State's of of of of all acquisition acquisition the the for for Bridge, Bridge, to Road Road is is which which Montague Montague near near ture ture

value the the and and of of structures, structures, the the cost cost Road Brokaw Brokaw tures tures the the and and of of the the struc- drop drop estimate estimate cost cost nary nary

the State State toward toward the the of of contribution contribution the the of of struc- drop drop construction construction from from prelimi- and and the the units units these these for for

of of 150,000 ~ ~ consists consists the the District District trol trol the for for Freeway, Freeway, of of Bayshore Bayshore the the prices from from bid bid estimated estimated be be can can

Flood Flood the the to to Con- benefits benefits Financial Financial upstream improvement improvement channel channel the the to to parties parties agreement the the to to benefits benefits

the construction construction of of sponsible sponsible for for $141,000. of of cost cost in in completed. completed. Financial construction construction nearly nearly are are Road Road

is is District District re- Flood Flood The The Control Control 1. 1. a a savings in in net net resulting resulting Brokaw $642,000, $642,000, is is drop drop the the structure structure near near and and

borrow, the the imported imported of of cost cost Bridge at at Brokaw Brokaw the the ured ured Road Road excavations, excavations, vides:

fig- embankment, embankment, roadway roadway the the channel Freeway, Freeway, in in the the used used pro- The The essentially essentially Bayshore Bayshore which which State State the the and and Looking south at the completed first stage of channel relocation which will serve for flows in excess of 7,000 cubic feef per second.

Valle~T Road and will increase the struction of Route 75-E; however, the creek along the old alignment the creek capacity from approximately County program made it necessary to cost would have been $90,000 to the 7000 cubic feet per second to 11,000 proceed with the channel change as County. cfs. This work will offer a reasonable soon as possible on a separate contract. After the EBMUD lines are relo- degree of protection to private prop- The State agreed to this arrange- cated, the next Walnut Creek channel erties and portions of State highways ment; however, the project appeared change work will either be done con- for floods approximately the 1955 and doomed when it was learned that the currently with work on the freeway 1958 magnitude in the Walnut Creek East Bay Municipal Utility District on a State contract or possibly as a watershed area. could not relocate their aqueducts, separate contract let by the State. The All work being done will fit into which cross the channel change, last old creek will be connected to the the creek improvement program to be year. This obstacle, however, was channel change with nominal size done by the United States Army En- overcome by a plan wherein an over- pipes upstream and downstream to gineers and designed to handle 18,000 flow channel 3 feet to 5 feet deep preserve existing riparian rights. cfs in the channel change reach. This with an average bottom width of 240 The co-operative agreements be- is the estimated required capacity after feet would be constructed along the tween the State and the Contra Costa full development of the watershed. same alignment as the channel change bounty agencies provide essentially The Army Engineers' work will ex- and fit into the ultimate channel sec- that the State will provide all plans tend from Suisun Bay through all tion. This channel would act as a by- and specifications and construct the reaches of Walnut Creek and a short pass for the present Walnut Creek channel change placing the excavated portion of the downstream reaches of channel in this area for runoff quanti- material in the freeway embankment the tributaries: Grayson, Las Trampas ties in excess of 7000 cfs and would and bear all costs involved in engineer- and San Ramon Creeks. cross over the East Bay Municipal ing, construction and right of way The channel change being done un- Utility District's lines. The old creek acquisition. der a co-operative agreement fits into and the bypass will handle a combined The Flood Control District will ac- the County's $672,000 program for drainage quantity of 11,000 cfs. cept and maintain the channel after improving drainage and will result in its completion. an overall saving of taxpayers' monies County Leis Contract to the State and the County. This work was done on a contract Substructure work on the Benicia- Originally it was planned to con- let by the County to the Ransome Martinez Bridge is about six weeks the struct channel change on a State- Company for $76,000 paid by the ahead of schedule and the superstruc- contract let concurrently with con- State. Had the County improved the ture contract is about on schedule.

Mpy_June 1961 77

78 78

California California Highways Highways Public Public and and Works

gineer gineer Encino Encino in in

of of of of charge charge Avenue Avenue construction construction and and Kelvin Kelvin on Avenue. Avenue. Obexg

ects.

No. No.

5.—

Ventura Ventura Freeway: Freeway: Between Between 0.3 0.3 mile mile east

Robert Robert

M. M. Innis, Innis,

Resident Resident State State En- sidered sidered in in judging judging best best the the ten ten proj-

Resident Resident Engineer.

Constructors, Constructors, Contractor; Contractor; J. J. D. D. Hetherington, ecution ecution factors factors are are also also are are which which con- 1960. OTl OTl S, S,

Allg''LlSt Allg''LlSt

Fickett Fickett

Street. Street.

Co., Co., Vinnell Vinnell and and

Inc. Inc. Vinnell

safety safety

and and of of

diligence diligence contract contract

pros-

The The winning winning project project completed was was Mission Mission Road Road and and Between Between Macy Macy Street Street and

ways: ways: Between Between Street Street Sucth Sucth mile mile

0.2 0.2

north north

ished ished pavement. pavement. Job Job

complexity,

and and 0.2 0.2 mile mile of of 124th 124th north north

Street.

No. No. 4.— Golden Golden and and State State San San Bernardino Bernardino Free-

of of and and work work smoothness smoothness

of of the the

fin-

0.5 0.5 tween tween S. S. K. K. south south Resident Resident mile mile of of 190th 190th Hoppe, Hoppe, Engineer. Street

vaxd. vaxd. Guy Guy F. F. Atkinson Atkinson various various on on cellence cellence the the major major Company, Company, Contractor;

items

section section

of of

the the

Harbor Harbor

Freeway Freeway

be- Boulevazd Boulevazd and and 0.3 0.3 mile mile

north north of of Venice Venice

Boule-

on on the the basis basis of of workmanship workmanship and and

ex-

No. No.

3. —San —San Diego Diego Freeway: Freeway: Between Between Jefferson

ing ing 1960. 1960.

The The winning winning contract contract was was a

The The Engineer.

contracts contracts

are are rated rated

primarily

highway highway contract contract in in District District VII VII dur- Company, Company, Contractor; Contractor; F. F. E. E. Sturgeon, Sturgeon, Resident

Drive Drive and and Venhua Venhua Freeway. Freeway. Kiewit Kiewit

Peter Peter

Resident Resident Sons'

Engineer.

Ltd. Ltd.

for for having having completed completed the the best

way way and and mile mile Between Between F. F. Ma~cwell Ma~cwell 0.3 0.3 Mulholland south south of of Contractors; Contractors; Company, Company, R. R. E. E. DeGxoff,

tween tween Boulevard Boulevard Lankexshim Lankexshim dino dino County County Constructors Constructors Line. Line. and and Fxee- pina, pina, Matich Matich San San Polich, Polich, Diego Diego and and W. and and J. J. Kral Kral E. E. Haddock,

No. No. 2.— Ventura Ventura mile mile and and east east Freeways: Freeways: San San of of Avenue Avenue San San Diego Diego Dimas Dimas and and Be- San San Bernar-

sented sented the the "Topper" "Topper"

to to

trophy trophy

Ukro-

No. No. —San —San Bernardino Bernardino 10. Between Between Freeway: Freeway: 0.2

Bonneroo, Bonneroo,

were:

Department Department of of Public Public Works, Works, dent dent Engineer. pre-

announced announced

Wednesday Wednesday night night at at the

exickson exickson Contcactoz; Contcactoz; & &

Kasler, Kasler,

T. T. W. W. Fera, Fera,

Resi-

Robert Robert

B. B. Bradford, Bradford,

Director Director

of of the

East East Street Street east east and and

of of East. East. 0.4 0.4 20th 20th mile mile Fxed-

best best

contracts contracts

completed completed 1960, 1960, in in as

No. No. 9.— Palmdale Palmdale Between Between Boulevard: Boulevard: 10th 10th Street

tion, tion,

acted acted

as as l~~aster l~~aster of of Ceremonies.

The The winners winners additional additional for for the the ten Engineer. Resident Resident

Assistant Assistant District District

Engineer, Engineer,

Construc-

nue. nue. IIkropina-

Polich -Kral, -Kral, Contractors; Contractors; P. P. Varvis,

in in

the the construction.

of of Placentia Placentia mile mile 2 2 east east and and of of 0.1 0.1 Route Route quality quality Ave- workmanship. workmanship.

B. B. Cressy, Frank Frank

Riverside Riverside No. No. S.— Between Between Freeway: Freeway: mile mile west 0.4 0.4

and and

State State

who who personnel personnel participated

engineers engineers

and and contractors contractors for for high

H. H. T. T. Antes, Antes, tractox; tractox;

Resident Resident Engineer.

presented presented

were were

to to all all

subcontractors nia nia Division Division the the City City of of of of Industry. Industry. Highways Highways Paving Paving Company, Company, A -1 -1 to to Con- reward

in in

the the

City City

of of Walnut Walnut

and and

Nogales Nogales

Street Street in

for for

the the

contractor. contractor. sored sored Similar Similar certificates by by District District VII VII of of

the the Califor-

No. No. 7.— Valley Valley Boulevard: Boulevard: Lemon Lemon Between Between Avenue

Annual Annual H. H. Bonneroo, Bonneroo, L. L. Benedict, Benedict, the the a a superintendents program program spon- traMOr; traMOr; B. B. J. J. Steele, Steele, Resident Resident Engineer.

San San Dimas. Dimas.

Hoddum Hoddum

Consuvction Consuvction Con-

Co., Co.,

Inc., Inc.,

ladium ladium

in in

Hollywood Hollywood

for for the the presented presented were were Tenth to to Henry Henry Rollston Rollston

and

No. No.

6. —Avow —Avow Between Between Highway: Highway:

Glendora Glendora and

struction struction

men men

assembled assembled in in the the Pal- award. award. similar similar Certificates Certificates of of Merit Engineer.

stxuction stxuction

Co., Co.,

Contxactox; Contxactox; P. P. Resident K. K. Mock, Mock, On On 19, 19, April April

1961, 1961, 900 900

highway highway con-

the the winning winning

project, project, was was presented presented a

Construction Construction Corp. Corp. and and Oberg Oberg Brothers Brothers Con-

Harbor Harbor Freeway Freeway Project Project Wins Wins Bonneroo Bonneroo Award Award Los Los in in Angeles

representatives.

Clerk Clerk 11 11

Evelyn Evelyn

Zazzi. Zazzi. members members Several Several other other Headquarters Headquarters of of the the Personnel Personnel Section Section are are seated seated tables tables at at the the various various along along with with the the district, district, shop shop and and department

Shown Shown at at the the

head head

fable fable

(background (background are, are, of of left left photo) photo) to to Training Training right, right, Officer Officer Richard Richard T. T. Personnel Personnel Soderberg, Soderberg, Officer Officer Marian Marian Smith, Smith, and and Supervising

development development program.

and and

equipment equipment

shops shops

plus plus several several departments departments headquartered headquartered in in Sacramento, Sacramento, ranged ranged from from compensable compensable documents documents injury injury to to the the new new employee employee appraisal appraisal and

on on 6 6

April April and and

7 7

for for intensive intensive study study and and discussion discussion of of current current problems problems and and procedures'. procedures'. The The agenda agenda personnel personnel for for the the clerks, clerks, representing representing all all 11 11 district district offices

the the people people

in in

charge charge of of the the processing processing hundreds hundreds of of thousands thousands of of personnel personnel fakes fakes transactions transactions !o !o it it a a 14,000 operate operate - employee employee organization organization met met in in Sacramento

PERSONNEL PERSONNEL AIDES AIDES CONFER CONFER NEW NEW ON ON PROCEDURES Bridge Bonds Sold for Terminal Island Span Highway Employee Is The California Toll Bridge Author- Cisco-Oakland Bay Bridges. The main Co-author of Book ity sold $S 000 in revenue bonds span will be 1,500 feet between tow- 000 A Division of Highways employee on April 11~ to complete the financing ers, and each of the side spans will be has entered the ranks of published for construction of a suspension bridge 506 feet long. book authors. over the main channel of Los Angeles The bridge towers will rise 370 feet Harbor between San Pedro and Ter- above the water line. Vertical clear- He is John Robinson, Associate Edi- minal Island. ance for ships in the main channel will tor of California Highways and Public The successful bidder was a group be 185 feet. The bridge deck will be Works, whose book "State Parks of represented by the First Western Bank 52 feet wide between curbs, providing California", written with Alfred Ca- and Trust Company which offered to four traffic lanes. lais, Information Officer for the State purchase the bonds at a net interest Plans call for the start of approach Division of Beaches and Parks, was rate of 4.8743 per cent per annum. roadway and toll plaza construction published by Sunset magazine in April. Expiration date of the bonds is July 1, next fall, with the entire project due In addition to descriptions of each 2000. for completion late in 1963. of the State's 170 odd parks and his- The bonds are expected to be de- The bridge will be located near the torical monuments, the book also has livered to the successful bidder within west end of Terminal Island, slightly more than 170 photos, all taken by 30 days. north of the present route of the Ter- Robinson, whose articles and photos The only other bidder today was minal Island Ferry which it will re- have previously appeared in many The First Boston Corporation which place. well-known magazines including Sun- offered to buy the bonds at a net in- On the San Pedro side the approach set, Better Hones aryad Gardens, Fana- terest rate of 4.9999 per cent. will extend to Pacific Avenue near ily Circle, House Beautiful, American The $5,000,000 in revenue bonds Amar Street, crossing over and con- Home,House and Garden, This Week will be added to money from other necting with Harbor Boulevard near and various newspaper supplements. sources to finance the $21,000,000 San Regan Street. Robinson and Calais visited each of Pedro-Terminal Island project. A to- On Terminal Island, where the toll the parks to take the photos and get tal of $12,400,000 in state highway plaza will be located, the project will on-the-spot material for their descrip- funds is available for the project, plus end on the south side of Seaside Ave- tive write-ups. $4,000,000 in state highway user tomes nue near Mormon Street. Their book is published as one of allocated to Angeles the City of Los the Sunset Travel Series. and Los Angeles County. Robinson The April 11 bid opening was the joined the Division of Commission Highways third time the Toll Bridge Authority Approves in 1957. A native of Farm- ingdale, had met to receive bids on bonds to More F.A.S. Jobs New Jersey, he served with help finance the San Pedro-Terminal the U.S. Navy from 1928 to 1948, in- The California Highway Commis- cluding atwo year tour of duty in Island project. sion at its May meeting approved No bids were received last Septem- Pago Pago, American Samoa from eight projects on Federal Aid Second- 1939 to 1941. ber when $7,000,000 in bonds were ary County Roads with a total esti- Following his retirement from the offered for sale. Last month the Au- mated cost of $1,130,000. thority rejected the only bid received Navy, Robinson studied at the Uni- The projects approved were: on $5,000,000 in bonds because of a versity of California at Berkeley and legal question concerning a possibility Lake County—Constructing a new did free-lance writing and photogra- of a conflict of interest. bridge over Putah Creek on Big Can- phy. The Division of Highways in March yon Road near Middletown. Robinson is also the author of the received low bids totaling $14,008,040 Plumas County — Widening 2 %2 series of articles "California Roadsides" for contracts to construct the bridge miles of the Bucks Lake Road in currently appearing in California High- substructure and superstructure. Later Quincy between U.S. 40 and 2 %Z ways and Public Works. contracts will provide for construc- miles west. tion of roadway approaches and the Plumas County—Surfacing of nine installation of toll collection equip- Santa Barbara—Widening of a sec- miles of Beckwourth-Calpine Road ment. tion of Cathedral Oaks Road and con- between the Sierra County line and strucrion of a bridge over Maria The bridge will be Southern Cali- U.S. 40 Alternate near Beckwourth. fornia's first state toll bridge. The sus- Ygnacia Creek west of Santa Barbara. Sierra County—Reconstruction of pension type structure with steel gir- Tuolumne County—Reconstruction two miles of the Ridge Road between der approach spans will be 6,010 feet of %z mile of the 11 and 9 miles west of Alleghany. Tuolumne-Sonora long. Road east of Sonora. The project in- The bridge will have the third long- Napa County—Resurfacing sections cludes construction of anew rein- est span in California, exceeded only of the Silverado Trail and Old So- forced concrete bridge over Turn- by the Golden Gate and San Fran- noma Road near Napa. back Creek.

Mpy-June 1961 79

09F3CE 09F3CE 5 -61 -61 (n (n LIP LIP ORNIA ORNIA '~177~ '~177~ STATE STATE ~RINT1.~'G ~RINT1.~'G }Tiitl¢(t }Tiitl¢(t CA CA 45~2~

Service Service Officer Area Area III, III, Los Los MAAG MAAG ERNST ERNST Administrative Administrative Angeles CLARENCE CLARENCE T. T. ALAN ALAN A. A. WIMMAW WIMMAW TROOP TROOP Area Area III, III, Los Los Angeles

Area Area M. M. II, II, A. A. Sacramento EWING EWING

'. '.

Management Project Project Supervisor Supervisor of of

T. T. LEWANDOWSKI LEWANDOWSKI J. J. WILLIAM WILLIAM II, II, COOK COOK Area Area

Sacramento

Area Area I, I, San San W. W. CHEESfBROUGH CHEESfBROUGH Francisco f. f.

Ofliee THOMAS THOMAS Los Los Angeles Angeles M. M. Area Area I, I, CURRAN CURRAN Oakland

Schoolhouse Schoolhouse Section

Area Area Corostrucfion Corostrucfion Supervisors Engineers Area Area Structural Structural

Officer

Information Information FRANK FRANK B. B. JR, JR, DURKEE, DURKEE,

Chief Chief Engineer HERD HERD Construction Construction M. M. sertvic¢— CHARLE

S S

CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION

Management Management Analyst Division Division JUSTIN JUSTIN DuCRAY DuCRAY

C. C. Supervising Supervising Specification Specification H. H. Services JACKSON Writer Office Office Structural Structural Supervisor Supervisor BROWNFIELD of of Supervising Supervising A. A. H. H. Engineer W. W. F. F. PARKS PARKS

Chief Chief

Architectural Architectural J. J.

R. R.

CHEESMAN CHEESMAN Draftsman Electrical Electrical . ANDREW ANDREW Supervising Supervising Engineer LOUARGAND . . Administrator Contract Contract

JAMES JAMES i. i. RANSDALL RANSDALL

ROBERT ROBERT 1. 1. Supervising Supervising Estimator Mechanical Mechanical PALEN PALEN PRESTON PRESTON . Engineer Supervising Supervising ROCHE

Officer Accounting Accounting I. I. I. I. LEVINE LEVINE

supervising supervising Electrical Electrical LEONARD LEONARD Engineer Principal Principal

CHERNOFF 0. 0.

E. E. Engineer ANDERSON

Service Service Officer Administrative Administrative

HENRY HENRY R. R. CROWLE CROWLE Supervising Supervising Mechanical Mechanical C. C. W. W. RHODES Engineer Chief Chief Specification Specification GUSTAV GUSTAV B. B. Writer VEHN

LESTER LESTER and and Control H. H. Principal Principal MULLEN Supervisor Supervisor of of Scheduling Scheduling Engineer Architectural Architectural Draftsman L. L. THOMAS THOMAS Chief Chief CLIFFORD CLIFFORD IVERSON CHINN CHINN

CHARLES CHARLES Principal Principal

Structural Structural

PETERSON Engineer Principal Principal EDWARD EDWARD G. G. SCHiEIGER Estimator . . Coordination Project Project Supervisor Supervisor of of

IAN IAN LEE LEE

WATSON WATSON

JAMES JAMES Principal Principal A. A. Architect GILLEM Principal Principal CARLTON CARLTON Architect L. L. CAMP

Management Project Project .Principal .Principal Architect — R. R.

W. W. VICK VICK

Assistant Assistant TOM TOM State State MEREi Architect Assistant Assistant ARTHUR ARTHUR State State Architect F. F. DUDMAN

Headquarters Headquarters OHiee Office Headquarters Headquarters Angeles Angeles Office Los Los

SERVICE ENGINEERING ADMLNISTRATIVE ADMLNISTRATIVE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE AND AND SERVICE

EARL EARL W. W. Administrative Deputy Deputy Deputy Deputy Chief, Chief, Chief, HUBERT HUBERT HAMPTQN HAMPTQN Architecture, Architecture, S. S. HUNTER HUNTER Engineering, Engineering, and and Construction

State State ANSON ANSON Chief Chief BOYD of of Architect, Architect, Division

ARCHITECTURE DIVISION OF OF

Principal Principal Bridge Bridge BALALA BALALA BEN BEN Engineer

Chief Chief NORMAN NORMAN of of Division C. C. RAAB RAAB

FRANCISCO FRANCISCO BAY BAY SAN SAN CROSSINGS TOLL TOLL DIVISION DIVISION OF OF

JONES JONES Assistant Assistant Chief Chief HOLLOWAY HOLLOWAY Assistant Assistant Chief Chief HARRY HARRY S. S. FENTON FENTON NADLEY NADLEY GfORGf GfORGf C. C. Chief Assistant Assistant

REED REED . . ROBERT ROBERT Chief Chief Counsel E. E.

RIGHTS CONTRACTS CONTRACTS -WAY -WAY AND AND OF OF -OF DIVISION DIVISION (LEGAL)

State•owned State•owned Toll Toll Bridges Area Southern Southern Bridge Bridge Engineer — DOWNING DOWNING . DALE DALE

C. C. WOOD HOWARD HOWARD Bridge Bridge Engineer Operations Bridge Bridge Engineer 0. 0. — IAHLSTROM IAHLSTROM . I. I.

District District 1. 1. DEKEMA XI, XI, San San Diego Special Special Projects Bridge Bridge Engineer — C. C. HOLLISTER L. L.

District District JOHN JOHN X, X, G. G. MEYER Stockton Planning Bridge Bridge Engineer A. A. L. L. — ELLIOTT

District District C. C. A. A. IX, IX, SHERVINGTON Bishop operative operative .Engineer .Engineer of of and and Co- M. M. H. H. WEST WEST Projects Cify Cify

VIII, VIII, C. C. Bernardino KANE KANE . District District San San V. V. Traffic Traffic Engineer G. G. M. M. WEBB

District District GEORGE GEORGE VII, VII, Los Los Angeles A. A. HILL Engineer Engineer of of Design WARREN W. W. L. L.

District District A. A. VII, VII, L. L. Los Los HIMELHOCH Angeles Equipment Equipment Engineer . SORENSON SORENSON EARL EARL E. E.

WELCH District District I.. I.. VI, VI, Fresno W, W, Survey Survey Engineer .. .. Planning Planning M. M. REYNOLDS REYNOLDS , f. f.

E. E. R. R. FOLEY District District V, V, San San Luis Luis Obispo Budget Budget Engineer Program Program and and J. J. PETERSON E. E. L. L.

R. R. A. A. HAYLER District District IV, IV, San San Francisco NASH Systems Systems Research Research A. A. M. M. Engineer

District District L. L. A. A. WEYMOUTH

IV, IV, San San Francisco

H. H. Office Office C. C. McCARTY Engineer

ALAN ALAN S. S. HART HART . District District III, III, Marysville

SCOTT SCOTT H. H. Public Public LATHROP Personnel Personnel and and Information

MILES District District H. H. S. S. II, II, Redding

H. H. B. B. LA LA FORGE Engineer Engineer of of Federal Federal Secondary Secondary Roads

SAM SAM HELWER

District District I, I,

Eureka

F. F. N. N. HVEEM HVEEM . Materials Materials

and and Research Research Engineer JACK JACK COOPER, COOPER, Secretary Secretary Sacramento

District Engineers

MILTON MILTON HARRIS Construction Construction Engineer JOHN JOHN ERRECA ERRECA Los Los Banos

E. E. T. T. TELFORD Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway Engineer

1. 1.

L. L.

FUNK FUNK

. Planning Planning Engineer

JOHN JOHN J. J. PURCHIO PURCHIO

Hayward

District District VII FRANK FRANK E. E. BAXTER

Maintenance Maintenance Engineer

S. S. ROGER ROGER WOOLLfY WOOLLfY Diego San San

E. E. R. R. HIGGINS HIGGINS .

Comptroller

1. 1. P. P. SINCLAIR Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway Engineer

ARTHUR ARTHUR T. T.

LUDDY LUDDY

Sacramento

GEO. GEO. ►rict ►rict Assistant Assistant LANGSNER

State State Highway Highway Engineer

Dis IV

ROBERT ROBERT E. E. McCLURE McCLURE

1. 1. M011iCd

Sanfa Sanfa E. E. McMAHON Assisfant Assisfant State State Highway Highway Engineer

~ACQUES ~ACQUES T. T. ZEEMAN Assistant Assistant Chief

LYMAN LYMAN R. R. GILLIS Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway Engineer

San San Bernardino

R. R.

5. 5. J. J. PIANEZZI PIANEZZI .

Assistant Assistant

Chief

1. 1. A. A. LEGARRA Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway

Engineer

DAMES DAMES

A. A. GUTHRIE GUTHRIE Vice Vice Chairman RAY RAY E. E. O'BIER Assistant Assistant Chief

1. 1. W. W.

TRASK

Depufy Depufy State State Highway Highway Engineer DEXTER DEXTER D. D. MacBRiDE Assistant Assistant Chief Director Director of of Public Public Works

J. J.

P. P.

MURPHY

Depufy Depufy Sfafe Sfafe Nighway Nighway

Engineer RUDOLF RUDOLF HESS HESS . Chief Chief Right- of•Way of•Way Agent ROBERT ROBERT B. B. BRADFORD BRADFORD

and

Chaifmali Chaifmali

CHAS. CHAS.

E. E. WAITE WAITE . Deputy Deputy State State Highway Highway Engineer

Right -Way -of

HIGHWAY HIGHWAY COMMISSION

1. C. C. WOMACK WOMACK State State Highway Engineer, Engineer, Chief of of Division

CALIFORNIA

DIVISION DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS

HARRY HARRY

D. D. FREEMAN FREEMAN

Deputy Deputy Director Director (Planning) (Planning) JOHN JOHN H. H. STANFORD STANFORD Assistant Assistant Director Director S. S. ALAN ALAN WHITE Departmental Departmental Personnel Personnel Officer

RUSSELL RUSSELL J. J.

GOONEY GOONEY , , Deputy Deputy Director Director (Management) (Management) T. T. f. f. BAGSHAW BAGSHAW . . Assistant Assistant Director Director JUSTIN JUSTIN DuCRAY Departmental Departmental Analyst Management Management

FRANK FRANK A. A. CHAMBERS CHAMBERS . . Chief Chief Depufy Depufy Director

ROBERT ROBERT B. B. BRADFORD BRADFORD Director

PUBLIC PUBLIC WORKS WORKS BUILDING BUILDING — — 1120 1120 N N STREET, STREET, SACRAMENTO

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF OF PUBLIC PUBLIC WORKS

G. G. EDMUND EDMUND BROWN, BROWN, Governor

STATE STATE OF OF CALIFORNIA THEN !

This issue's "Then and Now" page departs from the usual commentary on our changing times, and depicts a piece of the rolling stack of the Division of Highways in the District VI parking lot as it looked before and after it made contact with another vehicle. Robert R. McDonnell of Porterville, Highway Engineering Associate, was proceeding south on U.S. 99 on state business when he saw a pickup coming toward him in his lane going the wrong direction. He made every effort to avoid collision, but could not. Driver of the pickup was killed. McDonnell was wearing his seat belt and was able to walk away from his wrecked car. .~r,`~ ~_~, ~ ~. ~.> ~. -~ ~ ~..,,,_r..,~ ~.,,

r win .wab. ____ ,...... a

4 t t ,q., 'gip: `~ ~~

"~`.e~ ~,

~ ;~