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Studies in Mughal India DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/studiesinmughali01sark_0 STUDIES IN MUGHAL INDIA JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A., Indian Educational Service (Bihar), Being Historical Essays, 2nd Edition, with 12 new Essays added. REISSUE LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London FOURTH AVENUE AND 30TH STREET, NEW YORK 1920 WORKS BY PROF. JADUNATH SARKAR. History of Aurangzib, based on original sources. Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan. ,, II. War of Succession. ,, III. Northern India, 1658-1681. ,, IV. Southern India, 1645-1689. Shivaji and His Times, an original life based on an exhaustive study of Persian, Marathi and Hindi sources, and English Dutch and Portuguese Records. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Studies in Mughal India, 22 historical essays. Economics of British India, 4th edition, brought up to 1917. Anecdotes of Aurangzib, (Persian text of Ahhcun-i-Alamgiri with English trans., notes, and a life of Aurangzib.) Mughal Administration, a study of its machinery, official duties, policy, procedure, achievements and failure. Chaitanya’s Life and Teachings, translated from the saint’s 16th century Bengali biography. CONTENTS. * The Daily Life of Shah Jahan 1 • The Wealth of Ind, 1650 ... 16 * The Companion of an Empress 21 * Who Built the Taj Mahal?... 27 s * Aurangzib 33 The Daily Life of Aurangzib 64 The Education of a Mughal Prince 72 Zeb-un-nissa 79 The Nemesis of Aurangzib ... 9i * A Muslim Heroine hi * The Feringi Pirates of Chatgaon 118 * The Conquest of Chatgaon 131 Shaista Khan in Bengal (1664-66) L53 # The Revenue Regulations of Aurangzib Orissa in the 17th Century... 198 A Great Hindu Memoir-writer 231 • An Old Hindu Historian of Aurangzib 242 William Irvine 250- * Khuda Bakhsh, the Indian Bodley 270 Art in Muslim India 286 Education in Muhammadan India 299 Oriental Monarchies 304 [•These were published in the ist edition of my Historical r.aays, 1912.] By the same author. History of Aurangzib, based on original Persian sources. Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan. „ II. War of succession. „ III. Northern India, 1658-1681. „ IV. Southern India, 1644-1689. Rs. 3-8 each. Shivaji and his Times, ... ... ,, 4. Economics of British India, 4th ed. ... „ 3. Chaitanya’s Pilgrimages and Teachings, ... „ 2. Anecdotes of Aurangzib, (Ahkam-i-Alamgiri) Persian text and Eng. translation, ... „ i-E M. C. Sarkar & Sons, 90/2 Harrison Road, Calcutta. W. Heifer & Sons, Cambridge (England.) STUDIES IN MUGHAL INDIA. THE DAILY LIFE OF SHAH .TAHAN. POPULAR VIEW WRONG. The Mughal palaces at Delhi and Agra every year- draw thousands of visitors from far and near. Their beauty and splendour have moved tlie wonder of the world and the rapture of admiring artists and eloquent writers. The globe-trotter in India gives them the foremost place in his tour programme. Photographs and lantern-slides- have made them familiar to far-off lands and home-staying people. But what is it that the common tourist sees in them? He may feast his eyes on their delicate mosaics and re¬ liefs; he may soothe his spirit in the cool recesses of those pure white domes. But what he looks at is after all stone,, bare stone. Does he ever reflect that these halls were once full of life, crowded with all the moving pageants of a Court? Does he try to realise that life of a bygone world, so distant, so unlike his ? If so, what is his mental picture of it? We are afraid that most Europeans still lie under the spell of the popular novelists. With them, all Oriental kings were heartless brainless despots, full of pride and ignorance, surrounded by pimps and sycoph¬ ants, squeezing the last farthing out of a down-trodden peasantry, and spending their hoards on sensual pleasure or childish show,—who passed their lives in toying with women in the harem, in listening to the fulsome praise o STUDIES IN MUGHAL INDIA. of faithless courtiers, or in stupefying themselves- with intoxicants,—men whose animal existence was never ennobled by intellectual exercise or spiritual musing, aesthetic culture or the discipline of work. Such is the Sultan (or Rajah) of nearly every English novel, with his jewelled turban, curled up moustaches, bloodshot eyes, nose high up in the air, and a small arsenal thrust into his waist-band. This idea lias been impressed on the general public of Europe by popular writers, who sacri¬ fice truth to literary effect, and whose ignorance of Eastern history is only equalled by their pride in every¬ thing Western. But a little reflection will show that this view can¬ not possibly be true. Erom Akbar to Aurangzib we had four great rulers, who reigned in unbroken succession for a century and a half (1556 1707), extended their dominion, maintained peace at home and respect abroad, developed an administrative system in all its branches, and carried many arts towards perfection. Could this work have been done by sleepy voluptuaries? The world is not so easily governed. Inefficiency has a very short lease even in the East. An empire like that of the “ Great Mughals ” in its best days could not have been a dead machine; administration, arts and wealth could not have developed, as they did develop in that period, if we had had only faineants on the throne, in the council- chamber, and at the head of armies. Happily the contemporary Persian histories fully describe the Emperor’s daily routine of work and THE DAILY LIFE OF SHAH JAHAN. 3 enable us to picture the life of his Court. Let us see how Shah Jalian lived and worked in his beloved palace of Agra. (True, he founded New Delhi and named it .after himself, but Agra was the city of his heart.) Empekoh’s Daily Routine, A.M. 4 ...Wakes—Prayer—Reading. 6- 45...Appears at Darshan window—elephant combats— review of cavalry. 7- 40...Public Darbar (Diwan-i-am). 9-40...Private Audience (Diwan-i-klias). 11-40...Secret Consultation in the Shah Burj. 12 ...In harem—meal—siesta—charity to women. F.M. 4 ...Public Audience—Evening prayer. 6-30...Evening assembly in tire Diivan-i-khas. 8 ...Secret CounciL in the Shah Burj. 8- 30 ..In the harem—music. 10 ...Hears books read. 10-30...4 a.m.—Sleeps. MORNING PRAYER. The Emperor woke from his sleep about two hours Re fore sunrise, and after his morning toilet spent some time in religious devotions. After saying the customary prayer based on the Prophet’s Traditions, which is not obligatory on Muslims, he sat with his face towards Mecca, reciting the verses of the Quran and meditating on God. Shortly before sunrise, he performed the first obligatory prayer of the day in the palace mosque, and ihen engaged in his worldly duties. 4 STUDIES IN MUGHAL INDIA. DARSHAN. His first work was to sliow himself to Iris subjects. In the eastern wall of Agra fort, overlooking the fore¬ shore of the Jumna which stretches like a plain below,, there was a window called the jharol'ha-i-darshan, from the Sanskrit word darshan meaning the sight of some¬ one high or holy. Vast crowds of expectant people1 assembled on the bank every morning. The Emperor appeared at the window about 48 minutes after sunrise,, and showed his face to his subjects, who at once bowed,, while he returned their salute. From two to three quar¬ ters of an hour were spent here, not merely in showing himself, but also in business and pleasure. The plain being outside the fort walls, the public had free access; to it, and the oppressed could submit their petitions or make their complaints to the Emperor, without having to grease the palms of door-keepers and court-under¬ lings, or going through the tedious and costly process of a law suit. Thus the Emperor daily came in touch with the common people and could freely learn their tlioughts and feelings. Often a string was let down from the window, and the petitions tied to it and pulled up by the attendants above for immediate submission to the Emperor. This wise practice was instituted by the great Akbar. Curiously enough, there was a class of Brahmans, called the Darshanis, who did not begin their day’s work nor eat their breakfast until they had gazed5 at the auspicious face of the Emperor! THE DAILY LIFE OF SHAII JAIIAN. b After the public salute and admission of complaints were over, the plain was cleared, and elephant-fights took place there. This was the special prerogative of the Emperor, and not even the princes of the blood could ■order such a fight for themselves. Shah Jalian was specially fond of this sport, and on some days as many ns five pairs of elephants were made to fight single com¬ bats in succession for his delight. This spacious plain was a safe place for their wild charges, encounter, and pursuit. In the fort quadrangle hundreds of spectators would have been trampled to death by these moving mountains. Fierce war-elephants and newly captured ones, which had not been fully tamed, were here shown to the Emperor. II was impossible to take them, like the ■other elephants, to the court-yard inside the fort. On the river-side, too, war-elephants were trained to charge ■cavalry, and thus made to lose their natural fear of horses. Here were also paraded the horses of the Imperial army .and of the retainers of the nobles. DIWAN-I-AM. Xext took place the Public Harbar in the Diwan-i-ain ■or Hall of Public Audience. Akbar and Jahangir used to hold Court at the very same spot, but under canvas awnings stretched on poles set up for the occasion.
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