International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571

Review Article

Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases

B. Thanuja, R. Parimalavalli

Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India

Corresponding Author: R.Parimalavalli

ABSTRACT

Black rice is a type of rice species Oryza sativa L. and is consumed as functional food due to the usefulness to health. Black rice contains higher levels of proteins, vitamins and minerals than common white rice. Black rice contains essential amino acids like lysine, tryptophan; vitamins such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folic acid; and it is a good source of minerals including iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus and selenium. It contains the highest amount of antioxidants, protein and dietary fiber of all rice varieties, besides it has phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Antioxidants are first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum health and well- being. These antioxidant compounds have tremendous health benefits and can reduce the risk of developing various chronic diseases. This rice enhances health and longevity, protects heart health, reduces atherosclerosis, controls hypertension, improves digestive system, has anti-inflammatory action, reduces allergy, detoxifies the body, improves lipid profile , reduces risk of diabetes, helps in weight management, reduces growth of cancer, boost cognitive function and increases quality of life . Hence Black rice is an excellent alternative to white and brown rice, due to its nutrient density, high fiber content, and rich antioxidant content.

Key words: Black rice, Dietary fiber, Phenolics, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Antioxidant content, Free radicals.

INTRODUCTION It contains the highest amount of Rice is the staple food for most of antioxidants, protein and dietary fiber of all the people in different countries. Black rice rice varieties. [5] One serving of black rice is one kind of rice that is getting more (1/4 cup or 50g) contains approximately 160 popular recently and is consumed as calories. Each serving of this type of rice functional food due to the usefulness to contains 5g of protein and 2g of fiber and 1g health. [1] of iron. [6] Both brown rice and black rice Black rice is also known as purple contain vitamins, minerals, and dietary rice, forbidden rice, heaven rice, imperial fiber. However, black rice is superior when rice, king’s rice and prized rice. [2] Black compared with brown rice because it rice contains higher levels of proteins, contains more protein and fiber than brown vitamins and minerals than common white rice. And also black rice has an extremely rice. [3] Black rice contains essential amino high antioxidant content, which provides a acids like lysine, tryptophan; vitamins such number of additional health benefits. [7] as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folic acid; and it Pigmented black rice contains about 6 times is a good source of minerals including iron, more antioxidants than brown rice. Rice zinc, calcium, phosphorus and selenium. [4] (Oryza sativa L.) pigmented varieties, such Black Rice is a good source of fiber and as black rice, have a higher content of even a good source of plant-based protein.

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 241 Vol.8; Issue: 2; February 2018 R.Parimalavalli et al. Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases phenolic compounds as compared to other reacting with membrane lipids, nucleic rice varieties. [8] acids, proteins and enzymes, and other small Phytochemical content of the various molecules, resulting in cellular damage. [18] rice types were divided into several groups Oxidants are capable of stimulating cell such as carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, division, which is a critical factor in nitrogen and organosulfur containing mutagenesis. Thus, a mutation can arise compounds. Phenolic compounds were sub- which in turn is an important factor in grouped as phenolic acids, flavonoids, carcinogenesis. [19] Antioxidants are capable coumarins and tannins. Similarly, of stabilizing or deactivating free radicals anthocyanins are one of such flavonoid before they attack cells. It is believed that compounds. [9,10] Black rice has the highest antioxidants exert their protective effect by content of total anthocyanins (327.60 mg decreasing oxidative damage to DNA and 100 g−1) among all of the studied colored by decreasing abnormal increases in cell grains. [11] Anthocyanins as functional division. [20] ingredient has role in preventing chronic To protect the cells and organ and degenerative diseases due to their systems of the body against reactive oxygen antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, species, both endogenous and exogenous hypoglycemic activities. [12] Anthocyanins components function interactively and are also considered as powerful dietary synergistically to neutralize free radicals. antioxidants. [13] These components include: Today black rice is becoming  Nutrient-derived antioxidants like popular because of its health benefits. Black ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols rice provides many health benefits including and tocotrienols (vitamin E), prevention and treatment of diseases and carotenoids. conditions such as heart disease, cancer,  Antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide diabetes, high blood pressure, and extend dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and [14] the quality of life. glutathione reductase, which catalyze Several studies suggest that black rice free radical quenching reactions. components play a role in the maintenance  Metal binding proteins, such as ferritin, [15] of health and prevention of diseases. lactoferrin, albumin, and ceruloplasmin Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases that are capable of catalyzing oxidative Black Rice and Antioxidants reactions. Antioxidants are first line of defense  Numerous other antioxidant against free radical damage, and are critical phytonutrients present in a wide variety for maintaining optimum health and well – [21] [16] of plant foods. being. Oxygen is a highly reactive atom Epidemiological evidence that is capable of becoming part of consistently relates low antioxidant intake potentially damaging molecules commonly or low blood levels of antioxidants with called “free radicals.” Free radicals are increased health risk. The day to day capable of attacking the healthy cells of the concern about the side effects of synthetic body, causing them to lose their structure [17] antioxidants like butylated hydroxyl anisole and function. (BHA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a (BHT) have increased the interest among term which encompasses all highly reactive, researchers and nutritionists in exploration oxygen-containing molecules, including free of antioxidants from natural sources, which radicals. Types of ROS include the hydroxyl are both economically and physiologically radical, the superoxide anion radical, justified. [22] It has been validated by hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric researchers that changing the dieting habits oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, and from artificially processed to an naturally various lipid peroxides. All are capable of providing foods having high content of

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 242 Vol.8; Issue: 2; February 2018 R.Parimalavalli et al. Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases bioactive components including could also help to prevent certain types of antioxidants like tocopherols, tocotrienols, cancer. [27] oryzenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin- Another important health benefit of C, play an important role in defending the black rice is its ability to reduce body from attack of chronic diseases. [23] inflammatory responses in the body. Pigmented rice having pleasant taste and Inflammation is the body’s natural response odour are also associated with numerous to protect us from bacterial and viral health benefits. Pigmented rice possesses infections. Chronic inflammation seems to pigmented compounds such as Cyanidin-3- be at the root of many serious illnesses and O-β-D-glucopyranoside in abundant diseases. Research carried out on the anti- content, which is associated with diverse inflammatory effects of pigmented rice functional properties such as, protection proved that it helped to reduce against cytotoxicity, anti neurodegenerative inflammation. Other researchers found that activity, inhibition of glycogen a diet containing black rice bran helped to phosphorylase, and possessing antioxidant suppress inflammatory skin conditions like and scavenging activity higher than white dermatitis. They concluded by saying that rice varieties. [24] black rice bran is anti-inflammatory and Black rice bran has more anti-allergic and can be used to treat and anthocyanin antioxidants than blueberries. prevent diseases associated with chronic However, black rice bran has more health inflammation. That study also showed that benefits. It contains more fiber and vitamin brown rice had no effect on reducing E (another essential antioxidant) and less inflammation in the body. So, that is another sugar than blueberries. Antioxidants are able reason why black rice is superior to brown to neutralize free radicals, and can help to rice. [28] prevent oxidative damage. Studies show that Black Rice and Weight Management antioxidant supplementation can exert a Black rice has an extremely high preventive effect against the development of fiber content, which can promote gut health, serious conditions like cancer, and may and aid with digestive processes. improve overall health. [25] Furthermore, as fiber is digested slowly Black Rice and Anti-Inflammation (and subsequently stays in our stomach Systemic inflammation is considered longer), it can reduce feeling of hunger, and a key contributor to a number of diseases results reduction in daily energy intake. and illnesses prevalent in society today. This reduction in energy intake leads to This includes arthritis and other joint issues, weight loss. [29] Black rice contains twice asthma, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, the amount of fiber content of brown rice. and even cancer. Black rice bran has the Fiber bulks up the stool so it can be passed capacity to reduce inflammation at a cellular to the colon and out of the body effortlessly. level. This results in a reduction in the Fiber also binds with toxic compounds in amount of systemic inflammation within the the colon so it is flushed out from the body body, improving cell health, and acting as a as waste. [30] therapeutic agent for the treatment of Black Rice and Heart Health inflammatory disease and illness. [26] Black Black rice has also been rice contains anti-inflammation properties demonstrated to reduce plaque build-up that decrease reactive oxygen species in the within arteries. Plaque build-up within the body. Black rice also increases anti- arteries can cause the wall of those arteries inflammatory mediators such as superoxide to harden and become blocked. This dismutase, leading to better prevention negatively affects the function of those against allergies, joint pains, atherosclerosis, arteries, while also placing an increased and other symptoms related to aging. The demand on the heart, causing a significant anti-inflammation compounds found in rice rise in blood pressure. This is considered a

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 243 Vol.8; Issue: 2; February 2018 R.Parimalavalli et al. Role of Black Rice in Health and Diseases key risk factor to both heart attacks and changes occur to these abnormal cells, strokes. By reducing plaque build-up in the leading to formation of malignant cells. [34] arteries, black rice can directly reduce the Oxidative stress is the result of an likelihood of developing cardiovascular and imbalance between the production and the heart disease, while also improving heart removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) health and function. [31] or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS or Adding black rice in the diet may RNS can be generated from exogenous and also help to alter cardiovascular parameters, endogenous sources. [35] The body’s leading to lower triglycerides, it also antioxidant defense mechanisms include improves HDL levels. Anthocyanins are glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and capable of preventing the progression of catalase, protect against oxidative stress. atherosclerotic plaques, the main cause of Excess production of ROS has been most heart attacks. Anthocyanins play a key associated with carcinogenesis with damage role in lowering triglycerides. Research to nucleic acids, proteins, or lipids. During published in The Journal of Nutrition found carcinogenesis, breaks in DNA strands and that black rice helps to increase high-density formation of abnormal DNA linkages have lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This is the been observed. Oxidative stress plays type of “good” cholesterol that a healthy important role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular system needs to function cancers. [36] properly. The study showed that black rice Cancer is caused by the interaction also helps to prevent hardening of the of dietary, genetic, and environmental risk arteries that can lead to heart failure. Black factors. Dietary factors are considered to rice is a rich source of dietary play a major role in cancer etiology. [37] fiber. However, dietary fiber has also been Healthy diet and lifestyle are excellent linked with preventing heart disease, high potential for cancer prevention and might blood pressure, stroke, and elevated blood reduce the burden of frequently occurring sugar levels. [32] cancers of the breast, prostate and colon. It was observed in the study “The Several epidemiological and laboratory role of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the studies suggest a strong relationship control of hypercholesterolemia in rats” that between colon cancer risk and dietary diet containing black rice reduced the level factors. There is increasing evidence that of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and risk is increased by high intakes of red meat low-density lipoprotein and improved high- and saturated fat, and that risk is decreased density lipoprotein values .The diet by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, and containing black rice was more effective in whole cereals. [38] controlling the hyperlipidemia. [33] Natural dietary agents have drawn a Black Rice and Cancer Prevention great deal of attention because of their Cancer is characterized by the potential to suppress cancers and to reduce proliferation of abnormal cells that fail to risk of cancer development by decreasing respond correctly to normal regulatory oxidative stress. [39] Although a mechanisms. Carcinogenesis, a term used to chemoprevention approach, which is a describe cancer development, is a multiple- relatively new and promising strategy to step process consisting of initiation, prevent cancer using natural dietary promotion, and progression of uncontrolled compounds and synthetic substances, cells. At the initiation step, damage to showed promising results in in vitro and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) occurs. Cells animal studies. Natural dietary agents have begin to proliferate and expand into drawn a great deal of attention because of abnormal cells during the promotion step. their potential to suppress cancers and to Finally during the progression step, further reduce risk of cancer development by decreasing oxidative stress. [40]

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Antioxidant phytochemicals may fatty acids, have been proposed as valuable modulate the initiation of carcinogenesis substitutions for anticipation and process by protecting against DNA damage. management of hepatotoxic effects and its Antioxidant phytochemicals could inhibit chronic complications. [46] cell proliferation and induce cancer cell Remarkable studies demonstrated death. [41] Antioxidants stop the formation of that the health promoting effects of free radicals, which in turn, protects the bioactive components of black rice have body from the onset and development of been frequently attributed to their cancer. antioxidant properties and facilitate to Furthermore, black rice consumption increase cellular antioxidant defense system has demonstrated in lowering tumor and thereby scavenge free radicals, inhibit metastasis (referring to the spread of cancer lipid peroxidation, augment anti- around the body). The antioxidant inflammatory potential, and further protect anthocyanins in black rice helps to protect the liver from damage. [47] The inclusion of from cell damage in the body that can cause black rice into the diet has shown to reduce cancer. In fact, extracts from black rice have risk factors that lead to fatty liver disease, been shown to have an anti-cancer effect suggesting its direct influence on liver and prevent the growth and spread of health. By supporting liver health and tumors. [42] function, black rice can further protect us One explanation for this relationship from a number of negative health issues. is that vegetables, fruits and whole grains The antioxidant properties of black rice can contain a wide variety of phytochemicals also help to detoxify liver and improve liver (like terpenes, isothiocyanates, carotenoids, function . Black rice increased fatty acid and flavonoids), which have potential to metabolism and helped to reduce the risk of modulate cancer development. Flavonoids elevated blood sugar levels and high are plant secondary metabolites, with a wide cholesterol. There was also a lower risk of variety of beneficial biological properties developing liver disease. [48] such as anticarcinogenic and antioxidative Black Rice and Management of Type 2 modes of action. Many researches proved Diabetes Mellitus anti carcinogenic effect of one class of The number of cases of type 2 flavonoids, anthocyanins. The prevention of diabetes is increasing worldwide. This cancer-cell invasion property of peonidin, disease can be characterized by insulin peonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction, and other major anthocyanins of black rice which lead to macro- and micro vascular has been reported. [43] In recent years, complications. [49] Anthocyanins are considerable studies have exhibited the flavonoids that occur naturally in plants and ability of anthocyanins to inhibit oxidative are responsible for their color. Studies with stress and to induce apoptosis in malignant cell lines and animal models and clinical cells which suggest that anthocyanins may trials in humans suggest that anthocyanins prevent carcinogenesis. Anthocyanins in black rice exhibit antidiabetic properties. extracted from black rice, especially Published data suggest that anthocyanins cyanidin and peonidin-3-glucoside, showed may lower blood glucose by improving an in vitro inhibitory effect on cancer cell insulin resistance, protecting β cells, proliferation a high protection of endothelial increasing secretion of insulin and reducing cells from oxidative stress events. [44,45] digestion of sugars in the small intestine. Black Rice and Liver Health The mechanisms of action are primarily Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, related to their antioxidant properties, but natural bioactive food components derived enzymatic inhibition and other pathways from plants and animals such as may also be relevant. [50] phytosterols, carotenoids, polyphenols and

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How to cite this article: Thanuja B, Parimalavalli R. Role of black rice in health and diseases. Int J Health Sci Res. 2018; 8(2):241-248.

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International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 248 Vol.8; Issue: 2; February 2018